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2013版自考英语（二）课文第三单元翻译Unit 3 Text AReflections: Friendship and Loyalty思考友谊和忠诚度How many of us recognize true loyalty in a friend? Loyalty consists of a friend, who will stick by you, though thick and thin. A friend who is always honest with you and never betrays the friendship with lies is a loyal friend. If you have a loyal friend, you have indeed found a true virtue in that friend.我们中有多人能够结识真正忠诚的朋友？忠诚的朋友既是你遇到艰难险阻也会不离不弃。
一个朋友总是对你诚心诚意，从来不用谎言背叛友情这才是忠诚的朋友。
如果你有一个忠诚的朋友，你会真真切切的发现一个真正的友情美德。
The current trend on the internet is befriending anyone who requests to be your friend. However, this new trend may lead to disasters. It may be popular and trendy to have a network filled with a multitude of mutual friends. However, one true loyal friend may be the only friend you need.当今互联网的趋势是任何人都可请求成为你的好友。
然而，这种新的形势可能导致麻烦。
自学考试英语（二）阅读资料（2）Euthanasia: For and Against”We mustn’t delay any longer … swallowing is difficult … and breathing, that’s also difficult. Those muscles are weakening too … we mustn’t delay any longer.”These were the words of Dutchman Cees van Wendel de Joode asking his doctor to help him die. Affected with a serious disease, van Wendel was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating.V an Wendel’s last three months of life before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands. The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown, it starts a nationwide debate on the subject.The Netherlands is the only country in Europe which permits euthanasia, although it is not technically legal there. However, doctors who carry out euthanasia under strict guidelines introduced by he Dutch Parliament two years ago are usually not prosecuted.The guidelines demand that the patient is experiencing extreme suffering, that there is no chance of a cure, and that the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia. In addition to this, a second doctor must confirm that these criteria have been met and the death must be reported to the police department.Should doctors be allowed to take the lives of others? Dr.Wilfred van Oijen, Cees van Wendel’s doctor, explains how he looks at the question:”Well, it’s not as if I’m planning to murder a crowd of people with a machine gun. In that case, killing is the worst thing I can imagine. But that’s entirely different from my work as a doctor. I care for people and I try to ensure that they don’t suffer too much. That’s a very different thing.”Many people, though, are totally against the practice of euthanasia. Dr. Andrew Ferguson, Chairman of the organisation Healthcare Opposed to Euthanasia, says that “in the vast majority of euthanasia cases, what the patient is actually asking for is something else. They may want a health professional to open up communication for them with their loved ones or family - there’s nearly always another question behind the question.”Britain also has a strong tradition of hospices - special hospitals which care only for the dying and their special needs.Cicely Saunders, President of the National Hospice Council and a founder member of the hospice movement, argues that euthanasia doesn’t take into account that there are ways of caring for the dying. She is also concerned that allowing euthanasia would undermine the need for care and consideration of a wide range of people: “It’s very easy in society now for the elderly, the disabled and the dependent to feel that they are burdens, and therefore that they ought to opt out. Ithink that anything that legally allows the shortening of life does make those people more vulnerable.”Many find this prohibition of an individual’s right to die paternalistic. Although they agree that life is important and should be respected, they feel that the quality of life should not be ignored. Dr. Van Oijen believes that people have the fundamental right to choose for themselves if they want to die: “What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven’t the right. And that when people are very ill, we are all afraid of their death. But there are situations where de ath is a friend. And is those cases, why not?”But “why not?” is a question which might cause strong emotion. The film showing Cees van Wendel’s death was both moving and sensitive. His doctor was clearly a family friend; his wife had only her husband’s interests at heart. Some, however, would argue that it would be dangerous to use this particular example to support the case for euthanasia. Not all patients would receive such a high level of individual care and attention.安泰死：赞同还是反对”我们再也不能耽误了，……我难以咽下食物……呼吸也有困难……，浑身疲乏无力，……不要再拖了。
山东自考本科英语二课本原文及翻译Unit 1 Text AHow Difficult Is English? 英语有多难Like the national push for Asian literacy （n.有文化，有教养，有读写能力）in Australia，there has been foreign languages fervor in China，with English on top of the list.就如澳大利亚在全国推行学亚洲语言一样，中国也掀起一股外语热，在这股热潮中，英语高居榜首。
English is not only taught at schools，colleges and universities，but also at evening classes，on radio and TV．不仅各级学校教英语，夜校、电台、电视台也都设有英语课程。
Parents hire private tutors for their school children；adult English learners would sacrifice the weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with peop1e of the same interest and determination.父母为学龄的孩子聘请英语家教，成年英语学习者会牺牲周末休息日，到公园参加英语角，与志趣相投的英语学习者练习口语。
Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of time and energy before it is mastered ?英语真的有这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗?The answer，if I am asked to offer，is undoubtedly，yes．如果我被问及这个问题，那么毫无疑问，我的答案是：是的。
Unit 3 Text BA Tribute to the Dog狗的赞歌The best friend a man has in this world may turn against him and become his enemy. His son or daughter whom he has reared with loving care may prove ungrateful. Those who are nearest and dearest to us, those whom we trust with our happiness and our good name, may become traitors to their faith.一个人在世上最好的朋友可能背叛他，变成他的敌人。
他精心养育的儿女可能会忘恩负义。
那些和我们最亲近的人，那些我们信任，将自己的幸福和名誉托付给他们的人也许会背信弃义。
The money that a man has he may lose. It flies away from him, perhaps when he needs it most. A man's reputation may be sacrificed in a moment of ill-considered action. The people who are prone to fall on their knees to do us honor when success is with us may be the first to throw the stone of malice when failure settles its cloud upon our head s. The one absolutely, unselfish friend a man may have in this selfish world, the one that never deserts him, the one that never proves ungrateful or treacherous, is his dog.一个人拥有的钱财可能会失去。
Unit 9 Facing Life’s ChallengesA Famous Quote:The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.- Franklin Delano RooseveltFranklin Delano Roosevelt(1882-1945), the 32nd President of the United States (1933-1945), he led the nation out of the Great Depression and later into World War II. Before he died, he cleared the way for peace, including establishment of the United Nations. His presidency is widely regarded as one of the greatest in US history.Text A: 300 HurdlesPre-reading Questions:1. Have you ever done hurdles? What do you think of it?2. What kinds of difficulties and challenges have you ever met in your life?Life may give you negative, but don’t despair – it may just develop into a beautiful picture one day. This year, I realized my theory that I have on life. Life is like a 300m hurdle race. Since I run the 300m hurdles, I would know what the race is like.The first thing to any race is worrying about whether you are going to win or not. This relates to worrying about the petty things in life. Does it really matter if you win? Is it really going to be the end of the world? Or will you be upset if you lose and forget about it? In life we worry too much and live in the moment too little.Next is the lining up in our own individual lanes. We each start at different spots, but the race is still the same distance for everyone. This relates to our lives taking us to different places and putting us in different situations, but hopefully we will end up in the same place, but maybe at different times.Now comes the beginning of the race. We all try to keep up with everyone and pace ourselves with other people. This symbolizes that at times in everyone’s lives we worry about fitting in or being the same as other people, instead of worrying about being unique. If anyone were the same, the world would be incredibly boring.Now comes the first hurdle. This hurdle is the easiest to get over because you are not worn out from running. We all make it over this hurdle with ease. This symbolizes those obstacles in life that we struggle to get over, but wealways manage to do so. You can look at that hurdle in two ways: “I can’t make it over, I’m tired” or “I am one more hurdle closer to finishing this race.” This is an example of taking a negative situation and seeing something positive in it.The next part of the race is every hurdle between the first and the last one. These hurdles get tougher and tougher and you may feel as though you can’t go on. This happens a lot in life too. There may be a situation that arises where you feel as though you can’t make it and all you can think is giving up. You may fall over that “hurdle” or struggle getting over it, but somehow you find it in yourself to jump over it and move on with the race.Next is that last 100m of the race. You feel as though you just want to say, “No I can’t do this.” Again, you must find it in yourself that you can do it, and you must finish the race stronger than when you had started it.Now lastly is the last hurdle. This hurdle is the toughest out of all of them. In life we find ourselves falling and falling, and maybe getting too lost in our problems that we feel like we have been through enough and there’s no hope. That last hurdle symbolizes these situations. It’s one step close to the end of the race.Once you finish, you look back on it and you realize that you made it not by leaping, but step by step. “Yard by yard, life is very hard. But inch by inch, life can be a cinch.”All it takes is one step at a time, one hurdle at a time.第9课Text A300米跨栏生活也许会充满荆棘坎坷，但不要灰心绝望——也许有一天它便会勾勒出一幅美丽的画卷。
汉语言自考本科英语（二）教材中英文对照（1-6课）第1课Text A Critical ReadingCritical reading applies to non-fiction writing in which the author puts forth a position or seeks to make a statement. Critical reading is active reading. It involves more than just understanding what an author is saying. Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying, and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying. Here are the things you should do to be a critical reader.批判性地阅读批判性阅读适合于那种作者提出一个观点或试图陈述一个说法的纪实类写作。
批判性阅读是积极阅读。
它不仅仅包括理解作者说了些什么，还包括质疑和评价作者的话，并对此形成自己的观点。
成为一名批判性阅读者需要做到以下几点。
Consider the context of what is written. You may be reading something that was written by an author from a different cultural context than (=from) yours. Or, you may be reading something written some time ago in a different time context than yours. Ineither case, you must recognize and take into account any differences between your values and attitudes and those represented by the author.考虑写作背景。
Text 1. Do we need extra vitamins?Many people believe that taking vitamin supplements is the best safeguard against the dangers of an incomplete diet, but this should be ①a last resort (最后手段)rather than a way out of a problem. Even if there is a genuine need for extra vitamins, then sooner or later the question arises "which ones do I need, how much of them, and how often?" There is really no simple answer to this question. The Food Standards Committee (guardians②保护者of our laws on food purity, labelling and advertising clams and descriptions) suggest in their recent report to the government that we do not need any extra vitamins. They say that they are "not necessary for a healthy individual eating a normal diet". Whilst few of us would challenge their authority on the subject of nutrition it is, perhaps, pertinent to ask the question "how many of us are healthy, and what is a normal diet? "There is an element of doubt in many minds about these two aspects and though few people are familiar with the wording of the Food Standards Report they do wonder instinctively if they are eating the right things. The blame for faulty eating habits is often placed at the door of the ubiquitous③（a. being everywhere, esp. at the same time 普遍存在的）junk and convenience foods. As we have seen, some of these are not the criminals they are made out to be White bread is only slightly less nutritious than brown bread and frozen vegetables can be almost as "fresh" as fresh food. There are very few foods which can really be described as pure rubbish. Many pre-packed goods contain too much sugar and we would all benefit by avoiding these, but most tinned, processed and dried foods contain useful amounts of fat, protein, carbohydrate④（n. 碳水化合物）, vitamins and minerals. The addition of a small amount of fruit or a side salad toconvenience foods such as pizzas or hamburgers can turn a snack into a well-balanced meal.许多人认为，服用维生互补剂是防止出现饮食营养不均衡情况的最好防范办法，但这是解决这一问题的方法中最不可行的作法。
2014年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语（二）试卷（课程代码00015）阅读选择全文翻译及重点Kindness or Strangers友善还是漠视1）At the store where I worked,I noticed1a young boy of about ten shopping alone2with his school list3. He placed4everything in his basket and went to the checkout5.【译文】在我工作的那家商店，我注意到一个十岁左右的小男孩独自拿着他的学校清单在购物。
他把所有东西都放在篮子里，然后去结账。
【重点掌握】1.notice：v.意识到；注意n.注意；通知；预告；启事；短评2.alone：adj.独自的；孤苦伶仃的；单一的；孤独的adv.独自；仅仅；单独3.list：n.清单；（船）倾斜v.列举；把…列入单子；（尤指船）倾侧4.place：n.地方；城镇；场所；…地方；表面的某处；某点；座位；地位；入学机会；队员身份；恰当位置；适当处所；名次；住处；（数学）位；广场名称adv.到处v.放置；安顿；以某种态度看待；认出；下单；排名次；使处于；刊登（广告）；给出（联系人的电话号码）；下（赌注）5.checkout：n.检验，校验；结账；借阅2）The young shop assistant1told him the total2price,$37.60.the boy was instantly3disappointed4and said he had only been given$20.He took out one thing at a time until he got down to his$20.With eyes full of tears5,he asked if he could phone his mum to pick him up6.When he got through,it appeared that even this was inconvenient7for his mother.【译文】年轻的店员告诉他总价是37.60美元。
綜合英語二上冊課文翻譯lesson1学校要是教给我们这12种本领就好了卡尔·萨根1.二战刚结束，我在纽约和新泽西的公立学校上了初中和高中。
现在想来似乎是很久远的事了。
学校的设施、教师的水平在当时的美国大大高于一般水准。
因而，那时的我可以说是受益匪浅。
我所学到的最重要的一点，就是要学的东西实在是太多，而我还没有学到的东西也太多。
有时候，我想那时要是能学点真正重要的东西，今天我会多么地心存感激。
在有些方面，当时的教育十分狭窄；关于拿破仑，在学校里我所学到的仅仅是美国从他手里买下路易斯安那。
（在一个约95％的居民不是美国人的星球上，学校当局认为只有美国历史才值得讲授。
）在拼写、语法、数学基础知识以及其他重要的学科的教授上，我的老师们做得相当不错。
但是还有许多其他的东西，我曾希望他们教授给我。
2.或许该教而没教的缺陷自那以后已经得以纠正。
照我看来似乎有许多东西（主要是态度问题、认识问题，而不是简单的对事实记忆的问题）学校应当教授——那些在以后的生活中真正有用的东西，即那些能使国家更强大、世界更美好，也能使人们更幸福的东西。
人类乐于学习。
这是我们人类比这个星球上其它物种做得好些的为数有限的几件事中的一件。
每个学生都应该经常体验一下说出“啊，原来是这么一回事！”时的感受——也就是你以往不懂的或是不知道自己不懂的事情，一下子变得豁然开朗时的感受。
3.下面就是我列出的方法:挑一件难事，从中学习4.希腊哲学家苏格拉底曾经说过这是人类最大的乐趣之一，确实也是如此。
与其涉足多门学科而略知一二，莫如选其一两个学科学深学透。
只要你对所选的课题感兴趣，只要你的研究不脱离课题本身更为广阔的人文环境，你的课题是什么并不重要。
教会你自己一个课题以后，你就会对教授你自己另一课题的能力更加充满信心。
你会逐渐发现你已获得了一种主要技能。
世界的变化日新月异，你必须在一生中不断地教授你自己。
但不要沉溺于你感兴趣的或你擅长的第一门学科而止步不前。
自考英语(二)课文翻译Unit One What Is a Decision ?何为决策 ?A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.决策是一种选择，来自可以获得的、任择其一的行动步骤。
作决策的意图是要确立和实现机构的目标和目的。
作决策的原因是有问题存在、目标和目的不正确、或者有某种东西妨碍目标或目的的实现。
Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. Although managers cannot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions . Sometimes the consequence s of a poor decision are slight; at other times they are serious.因此，作决策的过程对管理人员来说至关重要。
Unit 1 The Power of LanguageText A Critical Reading批判性地阅读（翻译）批判性阅读适合于那种作者提出一个观点或试图陈述一个说法的纪实类写作。
批判性阅读是积极阅读。
它不仅仅包括理解作者说了些什么，还包括质疑和评价作者的话，并对此形成自己的观点。
成为一名批判性阅读者需要做到以下几点。
考虑写作背景。
你所读的可能是与你有不同文化背景的人所写的，或者是与你有不同时代背景的人多年以前所写的。
无论哪种情况，你都必须注意并考虑你的价值观和态度与作者所代表的价值观和态度有何不同。
质疑作者的论点。
不要轻信作品的表面意思。
在接受作者观点前，首先要确定作者作出的每一个论点都有足够的论据支持。
找出能支持该论点的事实、实例、和数据。
另外，注意作者是否参考了权威著作。
与同主题文章进行比较。
查看该作者的文章与其他作者关于同一主题的文章是否有一致性。
如果存在不一致性，对不一致的地方背后的论据支持要进行仔细甄别。
分析作者提出的假设。
假设是作者认为具有正确性的前提，基于这些前提作者才能提出论点。
很多时候作者的假设并没有直接说明，这就意味着你必须通过仔细阅读来发现这些假设。
一旦发现某一假设，你必须判断这一假设是否合理。
鉴别文章出处。
鉴别时要确保文章出处真实可信。
例如，如果文章是关于物理学里程碑式的成就，那么爱因斯坦的论述就是可靠的出处。
此外还要确保出处具有相关性。
如果文章主题是诗歌，那么爱因斯坦的论述就不是相关出处。
最后，如果作者写的是某个主题当前的情形，那就要确保出处来源也是当前最新的。
例如，如果作者讨论的是物理学知识的现状，那么爱因斯坦在二十世纪早期进行的研究可能就不适合作出处了。
甄别作者可能带有的偏见。
有关美国政治的书面论述可能因作者是共和党人或民主党人迥然而异。
作者所写的内容很可能反映其带有偏见的立场。
阅读时要考虑到这种偏见存在的可能性。
也就是说，要对文章内容“半信半疑”。
成为一名批判性阅读者，你的思路会不断拓宽，观点会更加合理。
Unit 1 The Power of LanguageText A Critical Reading批判性地阅读（翻译）批判性阅读适合于那种作者提出一个观点或试图陈述一个说法的纪实类写作。
批判性阅读是积极阅读。
它不仅仅包括理解作者说了些什么，还包括质疑和评价作者的话，并对此形成自己的观点。
成为一名批判性阅读者需要做到以下几点。
考虑写作背景。
你所读的可能是和你有不同文化背景的人所写的，或者是和你有不同时代背景的人多年以前所写的。
无论哪种情况，你都必须注意并考虑你的价值观和态度和作者所代表的价值观和态度有何不同。
质疑作者的论点。
不要轻信作品的表面意思。
在接受作者观点前，首先要确定作者作出的每一个论点都有足够的论据支持。
找出能支持该论点的事实、实例、和数据。
另外，注意作者是否参考了权威著作。
和同主题文章进行比较。
查看该作者的文章和其他作者关于同一主题的文章是否有一致性。
如果存在不一致性，对不一致的地方背后的论据支持要进行仔细甄别。
分析作者提出的假设。
假设是作者认为具有正确性的前提，基于这些前提作者才能提出论点。
很多时候作者的假设并没有直接说明，这就意味着你必须通过仔细阅读来发现这些假设。
一旦发现某一假设，你必须判断这一假设是否合理。
鉴别文章出处。
鉴别时要确保文章出处真实可信。
例如，如果文章是关于物理学里程碑式的成就，那么爱因斯坦的论述就是可靠的出处。
此外还要确保出处具有相关性。
如果文章主题是诗歌，那么爱因斯坦的论述就不是相关出处。
最后，如果作者写的是某个主题当前的情形，那就要确保出处来源也是当前最新的。
例如，如果作者讨论的是物理学知识的现状，那么爱因斯坦在二十世纪早期进行的研究可能就不适合作出处了。
甄别作者可能带有的偏见。
有关美国政治的书面论述可能因作者是共和党人或民主党人迥然而异。
作者所写的内容很可能反映其带有偏见的立场。
阅读时要考虑到这种偏见存在的可能性。
也就是说，要对文章内容“半信半疑”。
成为一名批判性阅读者，你的思路会不断拓宽，观点会更加合理。
Unit 1第一部分 Text A【课文译文】怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者“学习一门语言很容易，即使小孩也能做得到。
”大多数正在学习第二语言的成年人会不同意这种说法。
对他们来说，学习一门语言是非常困难的事情。
他们需要数百小时的学习与练习，即使这样也不能保证每个成年语言学习者都能学好。
语言学习不同于其他学习。
许多人很聪明，在自己的领域很成功，但他们发现很难学好一门语言。
相反，一些人学习语言很成功，但却发现很难在其他领域有所成就。
语言教师常常向语言学习者提出建议：“要用新的语言尽量多阅读”，“每天练习说这种语言”，“与说这种语言的人住在一起”，“不要翻译——尽量用这种新的语言去思考”，“要像孩子学语言一样去学习新语言”，“放松地去学习语言。
”然而，成功的语言学习者是怎样做的呢?语言学习研究表明，成功的语言学习者在许多方面都有相似之处。
首先，成功的语言学习者独立学习。
他们不依赖书本和老师，而且能找到自己学习语言的方法。
他们不是等待老师来解释，而是自己尽力去找到语言的句式和规则。
他们寻找线索并由自己得出结论，从而做出正确的猜测。
如果猜错，他们就再猜一遍。
他们都努力从错误中学习。
成功的语言学习是一种主动的学习。
因此，成功的语言学习者不是坐等时机而是主动寻找机会来使用语言。
他们找到(说)这种语言的人进行练习，出错时请这些人纠正。
他们不失时机地进行交流，不怕重复所听到的话，也不怕说出离奇的话，他们不在乎出错，并乐于反复尝试。
当交流困难时，他们可以接受不确切或不完整的信息。
对他们来说，更重要的是学习用这种语言思考，而不是知道每个词的意思。
最后，成功的语言学习者学习目的明确。
他们想学习一门语言是因为他们对这门语言以及说这种语言的人感兴趣。
他们有必要学习这门语言去和那些人交流并向他们学习。
他们发现经常练习使用这种语言很容易，因为他们想利用这种语言来学习。
你是什么样的语言学习者?如果你是一位成功的语言学习者，那么你大概一直在独立地、主动地、目的明确地学习。
第一部分 Text A & 第二部分 Text B第一部分 Text A【课文译文】怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者决策是从可供挑选的行动方案中作出选择，目的在于确定并实现组织机构的目标或目的。
之所以要决策是因为存在问题，或是目标或目的不对，或某种东西妨碍目标或目的实现。
因此，决策过程对于管理人员非常重要。
管理者所做的一切几乎都与决策有关，事实上，有人甚至认为管理过程就是决策过程。
虽然决策者不能预测未来，但他们的许多决策要求他们必须考虑未来可能会发生的情况。
管理者必须对未来的事情作出最佳的猜测，并使偶然性尽可能少地发生。
但因为总是存在着未知情况，所以决策往往伴随着风险。
有时失误的决策带来的后果不很严重，但有时就会不堪设想。
选择就是从多种选项中进行取舍，没有选择，就没有决策。
决策本身就是一个选择的过程，许多决策有着很广的选择范围。
例如，学生为了实现自己获得学位的目标，可能会从多门课程中进行选择，对于管理者来说，每一个决策都受到政策、程序、法律、惯例等方面的制约，这些制约存在于一个组织的各个部门里。
选项就是可供选择的种种可行的行动方案。
没有选项，就没有选择，因而也就没有决策。
如果看不到任何选项，这意味着还没有对问题进行彻底的研究。
例如，管理者有时会用“非此即彼”的方式处理问题，这是他们简化问题的方法。
这种简化问题的习惯常常使他们看不到其他的选项。
在管理这个层次上，制定决策包括：识别选项和缩小选项范围，其范围小到微乎其微，大到近乎无限。
决策者必须有某种方法来断定几种选项中的最佳选项，即哪个选项最有利于实现其组织的目标。
组织的目标是指该组织努力完成或达到的目标或现状。
由于个人(或组织)对于怎样实现其目标的方式都有不同的见解，最佳的选择就在于决策者了。
常常是一个组织的下属部门做出的决策对自己有利，而对上一级的部门来说，就不是较佳选择了。
这种增加部门的局部利益而减少其他部门的局部利益所作出的权衡，叫做局部优化。
Unit 1 The Power of LanguageText A读前问题：1．通常情况下，你是否会反对作者提出的观点？你认为什么是积极阅读？2．你希望作者就批判性阅读提出什么样的建议呢？批判性阅读批判性阅读适用于非小说类文学写作，作者要么提出观点，要么陈述事实。
批判性阅读就是积极阅读，不仅仅要解决作者所说的话，还要对其提出质疑，进行评价，进而形成自己的独特的观点。
要想成为批判性读者，就要做到以下几点：考虑写作的语境。
你所阅读的文章，其作者的文化背景也许与你截然不同，抑或文章是以前写的，与你所处的时代也完全不同。
无论哪种情况，你都必须意识到你的价值观和态度与作者所述的价值观和态度是不同的，要充分考虑这些差异。
质疑作者提出的观点。
不要按照字面意思来理解文章的内容，在此之前，一定要搞清楚作者是否提供了足够的证据，证明他的观点是正确的。
查找事实、例证和统计数据，还要看看作者是否结合了各学术权威的著作。
对比该文章与相关话题的其他文章。
看一下文章是否与别人写的相关话题的文章一致，如果有不一致之处，就要仔细评价作者所提供的证据。
分析作者的假设。
假设就是作者为了提出观点而认为正确的东西。
在很多情况下，作者的假设都不是直接表述出来的，这就是说你必须认真阅读才能找到假设。
一旦找到了假设，就必须确定是否合理。
评价作者利用的资料。
在评价时，一定要确认资料来源是可靠的。
例如，要想写物理学上取得的里程碑式的成就，那么爱因斯坦就是可靠的资料来源。
此外，还要保证资料的相关性，有关诗歌的话题与爱因斯坦就不相关了。
最后，如果作者写的是当今的话题，那就必须用当今的资料。
例如，如果作者讨论的是目前物理方面的知识，那么就不适合引用爱因斯坦在20世纪早期所做的研究了。
发现作者可能持有的偏见。
有关美国政治的书面论述可能因作者是共和党或民主党迥然而异。
文章内容可能会反映作者的偏见，因此在阅读作者的文章时就要考虑到这种可能存在的偏见，这就是所谓的“质疑一切”。
Text 1.Do we need extra vitamins?Many people believe that taking vitamin supplements is the best safeguard against the dangers of an incomplete diet, but this should be ①a last resort (最后手段)rather than a way out of a problem. Even if there is a genuine need for extra vitamins, then sooner or later the question arises "which ones do I need, how much of them, and how often?" There is really no simple answer to this question. The Food Standards Committee (guardians②保护者 of our laws on food purity, labelling and advertising clams and descriptions) suggest in their recent report to the government that we do not need any extra vitamins. They say that they are "not necessary for a healthy individual eating a normal diet". Whilst few of us would challenge their authority on the subject of nutrition it is, perhaps, pertinent to ask the question "how many of us are healthy, and what is a normal diet? "There is an element of doubt in many minds about these two aspects and though few people are familiar with the wording of the Food Standards Report they do wonder instinctively if they are eating the right things. The blame for faulty eating habits is often placed at the door of the ubiquitous③（a. being everywhere, esp. at the same time 普遍存在的） junk and convenience foods. As we have seen, some of these are not the criminals they are made out to be White bread is only slightly less nutritious than brown bread and frozen vegetables can be almost as "fresh" as fresh food. There are very few foods which can really be described as pure rubbish. Many pre-packed goods contain too much sugar and we would all benefit by avoiding these, but most tinned, processed and dried foods contain useful amounts of fat, protein, carbohydrate④（n. 碳水化合物）, vitamins and minerals. The addition of a small amount of fruit or a side salad to convenience foods such as pizzas or hamburgers can turn a snack into a well-balanced meal.许多人认为，服用维生互补剂是防止出现饮食营养不均衡情况的最好防范办法，但这是解决这一问题的方法中最不可行的作法。
即使真的需要补充维生素，迟早会出现“我需要哪些维生素？需要多少？多久服一次？”这样的问题。
对于这一问题，确实没有简单的答案。
食品标准委员会（我们在食品纯度、标识和食品广告申请、宣传方面的法律卫士）在最近呈送给政府的报告中建议说，人们不需要补充维生素。
他们说，“饮食正常的健康人不需要它们”。
尽管我们没有几个人对他们在营养方面的权威有什么异议，但或许会问“我们中多少人是健康的？正常的饮食是什么样的饮食？”这样的问题。
许多人心里对这两个问题还有点拿不不准尽管没有多少人熟悉食品标准委员会所呈报告中的措辞，但人们确实不由得要问，他们的饮食是否合理。
不良的饮食习惯常常归咎到随处出售的没营养的食品和方面食品上。
如我们所知，这些食品中的某些食品并不象人们认为的那要间（形成不良饮食习惯的）罪魁祸首。
白面包比黑面包只是稍微少了点儿营养，而冷冻的蔬菜几乎和新鲜的食物一样的“新鲜”。
真正可以说成是纯粹没有营养的食物是非常少的。
许多包装好的食品含糖太多，避开它们对我们都有好处，多数罐装食品、加工食品和烘干食品含有大量的脂肪、蛋白质、碳水化合物、维生素和矿物质。
往方便食品（如比萨饼或汉堡包）上加少许的水果或另外添加一道色拉会把快餐变成搭配均匀的营养餐。
'Junk' food is difficult to define. White sugar is proba bly the nearest contender⑤（n. rival, competitor）竞争者，对手 for the title. It contains plenty of calories for energy but not much else, and is often described as an "empty calorie" food. Alcohol is also high in calories, but beer and wine contain some of the B vitaminsand wine is a good source of iron, so even a teetotaler ⑥（a person who never drinks alcohol）滴酒不沾的人could not describe all alcohol as useless, nutritionally speaking. Calories measure the energy we derive from the food we eat, and sugar and alcohol are sometimes described as having a high energy density. There is a limit to the amount of energy we need each day (2,000-2,200 calories is the average for women and 2,500-3,000 for men) and if we eat too much sugar and alcohol there is no appetite left for the vitamin-rich foods we need -- fish, meat, fruit and vegetables. Buying vitamins can be predicted by psychological as well as nutritional motives and it is prudent to investigate why we think we need them and what benefits we expect from them before we rush off to the health shop to make our purchases.给真正“没营养”食品下定义并不容易。
白糖可能是这一头衔的最有力竞争者。
它含有很多提供能量的大卡，但含别的营养不多，因而常常被称为“只含大卡”的食物。
酒含大片也很高，但啤酒和果酒含有一些B族维生素，而果酒富含铁质。
因而从营养角度说，甚至滴酒不沾的人也不能把酒都说成是毫无益处的东西。
大卡测量我们吃食物所得到的能量，而糖和酒有时被说成是单位能量高的物质。
我们每天需要的热量有一个限度（妇女平均为２０００－２２００大卡，而男人为２５００－３０００大卡）。
如果我们糖或酒用得太多，就留不下胃口去享用我们需要的含维生阁下高的食物－－鱼、肉、水果和蔬菜。
具有讽刺意味的是，真正吃“没营养”食物可能需要补充维生素的人几乎从没想到要补充维生素，而我们这些偶尔吃些食物的人却觉得我们必须把所有能想到的维生素都用来去补充所缺的营养。
购买维生素有的是出于营养方面的动机，有的是受心理因素的驱使。
要认真地考虑一下，我们为什么觉得我们需要维生素，我们希望它们给我们带来什么益处，然后再跑到营养品商店去购买。
Most of us buy vitamins for one of three reasons. Either we believe that they are prophylactic⑦(a. 预防性的), that is they will ward off advancing ills, or they are therapeutic⑧(a. 治疗的) and will deal with the ills we have already, or finally we may believe they are wonder drugs and will lift us into a state of super health, with all its attendant⑨（a. connected with）伴随的，有联系的 delights. We are protected from some of these wild imaginings by the laws which control advertising but even without false promise we still believe that v itamins will “do us good”. Belief is a very potent state of mind and the power of the placebo（10n. 安慰剂） pill is never underestimated in clinical trials used to test new drugs. A placebo is a harmless substance given to one group of patients in the trial and it is similar in taste and appearance to a new drug which is given to a second group of patients. Theoretically the drug should cure or relieve any symptoms and the placebo should have no effect. Often these trials produce surprising results and the placebo group recover as well as the group taking the new drug. This has been explained in the light of modern psychology because many of us react favourably to any kind of interest taken in our problems and derive as much benefit from that as we would from a medical drug. It is a “mind over matter” philosophy and for some of us it works. Vitamin pills can sometimes fall into this category.我们多数人是基于三个原因之一购买维生素的。
