Text 1.
Do we need extra vitamins?
Many people believe that taking vitamin supplements is the best safeguard against the dangers of an incomplete diet, but this should be ①a last resort (最后手段)rather than a way out of a problem. Even if there is a genuine need for extra vitamins, then sooner or later the question arises "which ones do I need, how much of them, and how often?" There is really no simple answer to this question. The Food Standards Committee (guardians②保护者 of our laws on food purity, labelling and advertising clams and descriptions) suggest in their recent report to the government that we do not need any extra vitamins. They say that they are "not necessary for a healthy individual eating a normal diet". Whilst few of us would challenge their authority on the subject of nutrition it is, perhaps, pertinent to ask the question "how many of us are healthy, and what is a normal diet? "There is an element of doubt in many minds about these two aspects and though few people are familiar with the wording of the Food Standards Report they do wonder instinctively if they are eating the right things. The blame for faulty eating habits is often placed at the door of the ubiquitous③（a. being everywhere, esp. at the same time 普遍存在的） junk and convenience foods. As we have seen, some of these are not the criminals they are made out to be White bread is only slightly less nutritious than brown bread and frozen vegetables can be almost as "fresh" as fresh food. There are very few foods which can really be described as pure rubbish. Many pre-packed goods contain too much sugar and we would all benefit by avoiding these, but most tinned, processed and dried foods contain useful amounts of fat, protein, carbohydrate④（n. 碳水化合物）, vitamins and minerals. The addition of a small amount of fruit or a side salad to convenience foods such as pizzas or hamburgers can turn a snack into a well-balanced meal.
许多人认为，服用维生互补剂是防止出现饮食营养不均衡情况的最好防范办法，但这是解决这一问题的方法中最不可行的作法。即使真的需要补充维生素，迟早会出现“我需要哪些维生素？需要多少？多久服一次？”这样的问题。对于这一问题，确实没有简单的答案。食品标准委员会（我们在食品纯度、标识和食品广告申请、宣传方面的法律卫士）在最近呈送给政府的报告中建议说，人们不需要补充维生素。他们说，“饮食正常的健康人不需要它们”。尽管我们没有几个人对他们在营养方面的权威有什么异议，但或许会问“我们中多少人是健康的？正常的饮食是什么样的饮食？”这样的问题。许多人心里对这两个问题还有点拿不不准尽管没有多少人熟悉食品标准委员会所呈报告中的措辞，但人们确实不由得要问，他们的饮食是否合理。不良的饮食习惯常常归咎到随处出售的没营养的食品和方面食品上。如我们所知，这些食品中的某些食品并不象人们认为的那要间（形成不良饮食习惯的）罪魁祸首。白面包比黑面包只是稍微少了点儿营养，而冷冻的蔬菜几乎和新鲜的食物一样的“新鲜”。真正可以说成是纯粹没有营养的食物是非常少的。许多包装好的食品含糖太多，避开它们对我们都有好处，多数罐装食品、加工食品和烘干食品含有大量的脂肪、蛋白质、碳水化合物、维生素和矿物质。往方便食品（如比萨饼或汉堡包）上加少许的水果或另外添加一道色拉会把快餐变成搭配均匀的营养餐。
'Junk' food is difficult to define. White sugar is proba bly the nearest contender⑤（n. rival, competitor）竞争者，对手 for the title. It contains plenty of calories for energy but not much else, and is often described as an "empty calorie" food. Alcohol is also high in calories, but beer and wine contain some of the B vitamins
and wine is a good source of iron, so even a teetotaler ⑥（a person who never drinks alcohol）滴酒不沾的人could not describe all alcohol as useless, nutritionally speaking. Calories measure the energy we derive from the food we eat, and sugar and alcohol are sometimes described as having a high energy density. There is a limit to the amount of energy we need each day (2,000-2,200 calories is the average for women and 2,500-3,000 for men) and if we eat too much sugar and alcohol there is no appetite left for the vitamin-rich foods we need -- fish, meat, fruit and vegetables. Buying vitamins can be predicted by psychological as well as nutritional motives and it is prudent to investigate why we think we need them and what benefits we expect from them before we rush off to the health shop to make our purchases.
给真正“没营养”食品下定义并不容易。白糖可能是这一头衔的最有力竞争者。它含有很多提供能量的大卡，但含别的营养不多，因而常常被称为“只含大卡”的食物。酒含大片也很高，但啤酒和果酒含有一些B族维生素，而果酒富含铁质。因而从营养角度说，甚至滴酒不沾的人也不能把酒都说成是毫无益处的东西。大卡测量我们吃食物所得到的能量，而糖和酒有时被说成是单位能量高的物质。我们每天需要的热量有一个限度（妇女平均为２０００－２２００大卡，而男人为２５００－３０００大卡）。如果我们糖或酒用得太多，就留不下胃口去享用我们需要的含维生阁下高的食物－－鱼、肉、水果和蔬菜。具有讽刺意味的是，真正吃“没营养”食物可能需要补充维生素的人几乎从没想到要补充维生素，而我们这些偶尔吃些食物的人却觉得我们必须把所有能想到的维生素都用来去补充所缺的营养。购买维生素有的是出于营养方面的动机，有的是受心理因素的驱使。要认真地考虑一下，我们为什么觉得我们需要维生素，我们希望它们给我们带来什么益处，然后再跑到营养品商店去购买。
Most of us buy vitamins for one of three reasons. Either we believe that they are prophylactic⑦(a. 预防性的), that is they will ward off advancing ills, or they are therapeutic⑧(a. 治疗的) and will deal with the ills we have already, or finally we may believe they are wonder drugs and will lift us into a state of super health, with all its attendant⑨（a. connected with）伴随的，有联系的 delights. We are protected from some of these wild imaginings by the laws which control advertising but even without false promise we still believe that v itamins will “do us good”. Belief is a very potent state of mind and the power of the placebo（10n. 安慰剂） pill is never underestimated in clinical trials used to test new drugs. A placebo is a harmless substance given to one group of patients in the trial and it is similar in taste and appearance to a new drug which is given to a second group of patients. Theoretically the drug should cure or relieve any symptoms and the placebo should have no effect. Often these trials produce surprising results and the placebo group recover as well as the group taking the new drug. This has been explained in the light of modern psychology because many of us react favourably to any kind of interest taken in our problems and derive as much benefit from that as we would from a medical drug. It is a “mind over matter” philosophy and for some of us it works. Vitamin pills can sometimes fall into this category.
我们多数人是基于三个原因之一购买维生素的。我们要么认为维生互具有预防疾病功能，也就是它们会防止疾病的到来，要么以为它们具有治疗功能，会医治我们身上的病，或者最后一点，我们可能会认为它们是特效药，会使我们进入最佳身体状态，并随之带给我们各种快乐。广告法保护我们，使我们免受某些这类不切实际想象的危害。但即使没有虚假的广告承诺，我们仍然认为对新药进行临床试验中安慰药的作用从未被低估过。安慰药是一种在试验中给一组病人服用的无害物质，它在味道和外观上与给第二组病人服
用的新型药物相似。从理论上讲，新型药物有治疗或减轻各种病症作用，而安慰药应该没有效果。这类试
验常常产生令人惊讶的结果：服用安慰药的一组与服用新型药物的一组恢复的一样好。当代心理学对这种情况的解释是，我们多数人一旦对我们患的疾病有了信心，就会产生良好的结果，从而会得到药物相同的好处。这是一种“精神高于物质”的哲学，而且它对我们中的一些人起作用。维生素丸有时可以归入这一类。维生互不是药，但它们有和安慰药相似的功效。适当采用这种自我疗法没有害处，甚至还有助于取得我们想达到的结果。
Vitamins B and C cannot be retained (11. v. avoid losing 保留) in the body so if we take more than we need of these they are soon excreted （12. v. get rid of waste from the body 排泄）in the urine. The possible exception here is the theory about the increased body “pool” of vitamin C, but even this is limited and is still largely unproven. Taking too much of the fat soluble vitamins can be dangerous and vitamins A and D should never be taken indiscriminately. Vitamin E has not been found to have any toxic（13. a. poisonous 有毒的） effect in large doses but neither do there seem to be any noticeable benefits. This is an unexplored area in vitamin research and the only known advantages of vitamin E are confined to specialised medical cases.
维生素B和C不能在体内储存，因此如果服用量超过身体所需，它们很快在尿液中排出。在此可能出现的例外就是关于维生素C在体内“储量”增加的说法。不过即使这一储量也是有限的，而且在很大程度上还没有得到证实。服用过多的脂溶性维生素可能会有危险，因而维生素A和维生素D绝不能随便服用。大剂
量服用维生素E没发现有什么副作用，但似乎也没有任何明显的好处。维生素E是维生素研究中的一个未
探查的领域，它仅知的好处局限在特定的医学例上。
Text ２
Women and tobacco
1. When smoking amongst women was not as widespread as it is now, women were considered to be almost free from cardiovascular( a. 心血管的) diseases and lung cancer. Unhappily, the situation has changed, and smoking kills over half a million women each year in the industrialized world. But it is also an increasingly important cause of ill health amongst women in developing countries.在女性吸烟人数还没有今天这样多时，人们认为女性几乎不会得心血管疾病和肺癌。不幸的是，现在已今非昔比，在世界工业化国家，每年因吸
烟而致死的女性已超过５０万。在发展中国家，吸烟也日益成为女性健康不佳的重要原因。
2. A recent WHO consultation on the statistical aspects of tobacco-related mortality(2 n. the number of deaths from a certain cause 死亡数) concluded that the toll (3 n. the cost in health, life, etc., from illness, an accident 重大的代价，损失，（事故的）伤亡人数) that can be attributed to smoking throughout the world is 2.7 million deaths per year. It also predicted that, if current patterns of cigarette smoking continue unchanged, the global death toll from tobacco by the year 2025 may increase to eight million deaths per year. A large proportion of these will be amongst women.最近，世界卫生组织搞了一次与吸烟有关的死亡人数的评估会，统计结果表明，全世界每年因吸烟而致死的人数为２７０万。世界每年因吸烟而致死的人数将增加到８００万，其中很大一部分将为女性。
3. Despite these alarming statistics, the scale of the threat that smoking poses to women's health has received surprisingly little attention. Smoking is still seen by many as a mainly male problem, perhaps because men were the first to take up the habit and therefore the first to suffer the ill-effects. This is no longer the case. Women who smoke like men will die like men. WHO estimates that, in industrialized countries, smoking rates amongst men and women are very similar,, at around 30 per cent; in a large number of developed countries, smoking is now more common among teenage girls than boys.尽管这些数字令人吃惊，但吸烟对女性身体健康所造成的严重危险并未引起人们多大关注，这令人震惊。在许多人看来，吸烟仍然主要是男人的问题。这或许是因为首先是男人养成了吸烟的习惯并最先吃到了苦头。但现在的情形决不是这样了。像男人那样吸烟的女人也会像男人那样死去。据世界卫生组织估计，在工业化国家中，男人和女人的吸烟率非常接近，大约为总人口的３０％；在许多发达国家中，未成熟的青少年中吸烟的女性超过了男性。
4. As women took up smoking later than men, the full impact (4 n. the force of an idea, invention, system, etc. 效果，影响，冲击)of smoking on their health has yet to be seen. But it is clear from countries where women have smoked longest, such as the United Kingdom and the United States, that smoking causes the same diseases in women as in men and the gap between their death rates is narrowing. On current trends, some 20 to 25 per cent of women who smoke will die from their habit. One in three of these deaths will be among women under 65 years of age. The US Surgeon General has estimated that, amongst these women, smoking is responsible for around 40 per cent heart disease deaths, 55 per cent of lethal strokes (5 由中风引起的死亡)and, among women of all ages, 80 per cent of lung cancer deaths and 30 percent of all cancer deaths. Over the last 20 years, death rates in women from lung cancer have more than doubled in Japan, Norway Poland, Sweden and the United Kingdom; have increased by more than 200 per cent in Australia, Denmark and New Zealand; and have increased by more than 300 per cent in Canada and the United States.由于女性的吸烟史短于男性，对她们身体的影响还没有充分表现出来。但有一些是毋庸置疑的，即吸烟史上最长的那些国家里的女性，比如英国和美国，吸烟能在男女性身上引起同样的疾病，而且所造成的死亡率差别正在缩小。根据目前的趋势看，大约有２０％到２５％的女性吸烟者会因此而丧生，其中三分之一死时年龄不超过６５岁。所美国卫生局医务主任估计，在这些６５岁以下的女性中，因吸烟导致心脏病而死亡的人约占４０％，因吸烟导致中风而死亡的占５５％；如果包括所有的年龄段，因肺癌而死的占８０％占因各种癌病而死的总人数的３０％。在过去的２０年中，在日本、挪威、波兰、瑞典及英国，女性的肺癌死亡率已翻了一番多；在澳大利亚、丹麦和新西兰翻了两番多；在加拿大和美国则翻了三番多。
5. There are dramatically increasing trends in respiratory (6 a. connected with breathing 呼吸用的，呼吸系统的) cancer among women in developed countries, and the casual relationship of smoking, rather than air pollution and other factors, to lung cancer is very clear. In the United States, for instance, the mortality rate for lung cancer among female non-smokers has not changed during the past 20 years. During the same period, the rate among female smokers has increased by a factor of half. In South-East Asia, more than 85 per cent of oral cancer cases in women are caused by tobacco habits.在发达国家中，女性患呼吸系统癌病的人有大幅度增加的势头。而且人们已经清楚，在吸烟与肺癌―而不是空气污染或其它别的因素－存在着某种关系。比如在美国，在过去的２０年中，不吸烟女性的肺癌死亡率并没有改变，而在吸烟女性中这种病的死亡率却增加了约５０％。在东南亚，有超过８５％的女性喉咽癌患者与吸烟有关。
6. Women's health is also affected by the smoking of others, that is, by passive or involuntary
smoking; for example, it has been shown that non-smoking wives of heavy smokers run a higher risk of lung cancer.女性的健康还因其他人吸烟而受到影响，即所谓的被动吸烟。例如，不吸烟的妻子与其烟瘾很大的丈夫一样有较大的患肺癌可能性。
7. What can be done to halt (7 v. to (cause to) stop使停止) and reverse (8. v. change to the opposite 颠倒，反向) the tobacco epidemic amongst women? The challenge is twofold, to reduce the already high level of smoking among women in the industrialized world and to ensure that the low level of smoking in developing countries does not increase. In order to achieve these goals, all countries need to develop comprehensive anti-tobacco programs which take into account and address the needs of women. Whilst these programs should be culture-specific and tailored to meet the local situation, experts agree that to be successful they must contain three key elements; protection, education and support.应该采取什么措施才能阻止并扭转在女性中流行的吸烟风气呢？应该从两方面入手，一是减少世界上发达国家中业已很高升。为做到这两点，所有国家都需要制订一套全面的反吸烟计划，在这些计划中必须考虑到并且突出女性的需要，这些计划应该考虑为了保证这些计划获得成功，计划中必须包含下述三方面主要内容：保护，教育和支持。
8. Young girls and women need to be protected from inducements (9 n. an incentive, something that helps bring about an action or a desired result 引诱物，刺激，诱因) to smoke. Tobacco is multinational, multi-billion dollar industry. It is also an industry under threat; one quarter of its customers, in the long-term, had been killed by using its product and smoking is declining in many industrialized countries. To maintain profits, tobacco companies need to ensure that at least 2.7 million new smokers, usually young people, start smoking every year. Women haven been clearly identified as a key target group for tobacco advertising in both the industrialized and developing worlds. Billions of US dollars each year are spent on promoting this lethal product specifically to women.要保护年轻的女性免受吸烟的诱惑。烟草工业遍布世界各地，而且利润很高，但它又是一个随时都受到威胁的产业。烟民中的四分之一最终要因吸烟而死亡，吸烟习惯在许多工业化国家中正在逐渐被摒弃。为了确保利润不下降，烟草公司必须保证每年发展２７０万新烟民，通常都是年轻人。无论在工业化国家中还是在发展中国家里，烟草公司的广告明确地把女性作为其发展新烟民的主要对象。每年都有几十亿美元被用来促销这种致命的产品，这种促销尤其针对着广大的女性。
9.This strategy has been highlighted( 10 v. to emphasize or make prominent使显著) by several tobacco journals which have carried articles on "Targeting the female smoker" and suggesting that retailer should "look to the ladies". Among the 20 US magazines that received the most cigarette advertising revenue(11 n. income, esp. that which the government receives as taxes 收入) in 1985, eight were women’s magazines. In the same year, a study on the cigarette advertising policies of 53 British women's magazines (read by more than half of all British women) showed that 64 per cent of the magazines accepted cigarette advertising, which represented an average of seven per cent of total advertising revenue.这种促销策略充分体现在几本烟草杂志上，登载了诸如“瞄准女烟民”的系列文章，并建议零售商要“关心女士们”。１９８５年在美国２０家接受香烟广告费最多的杂志中有８家是妇女杂志。同年，在５３家英国妇女杂志（阅读对象占全英国妇女一半以上）的香烟广告策略所做的一次研究表明，６４％的杂志都刊登香烟广告，平均占总广告费的７％。
10. Research in industrialized countries has shown the subtle(12 a. delicate, hardly noticeable, and esp. pleasant 精巧的，敏感的) methods used to encourage young girls to smoke. The impact of such methods is likely to be even greater in developing countries, where young people are generally less knowledgeable about smoking hazards(13 n. danger 危险，冒险)and may be more attracted by glamorous, affluent（14 a. having plenty of money or other possessions 丰富的，富裕的）, desirable images of the female smoker. This is why WHO, together with other national and international health agencies, has repeatedly called or national legislation banning all forms of tobacco promotion, and for an appropriate "high price" policy which would slow down the "enthusiasm" of young women for tobacco consumption.在工业化国家所做的研究表明，为了鼓励年轻女性吸烟，在烟草广告中使用了一些细微巧妙的方法。这些方法在发展中国家所产生的影响可能会更为巨大，因为那里的年轻人一般对吸烟的害处了解较少，因而更容易被吸烟女性那副充满魅力，显得富有和令人羡慕的形象所吸引。这就是为什么世界卫生组织及其他国家和国际卫生组织反复呼吁各国立法，禁止任何形式的香烟促销活动，并且呼吁对香烟实行适当“高价”政策，以期降低年轻女性对香烟消费的“热情”。
11. Young girls and women have a right to be informed about the damage that smoking can do to their health. They also need to acquire skills to resist pressures to star smoking or to give it up. Several countries have developed integrated school and preschool health education programs which have successfully reduced girls' smoking rates; but this education should not be restricted to what happens in school. There are many other examples of effective cessation (15 n. a short pause or a stop 停止)programs in the workplace and primary health centers. Unfortunately, many women do not have the opportunity to be involved in such programs, and programs have generally been less successful with women than men.年轻女性有权知道吸烟对她们的健康可能造成的损害。她们也需了解一些方法来抵制学吸烟时的压力或戒烟。有些国家创建了综合学校并制订了学前保健教育计划，这些措施都成功地降低了女性吸烟率。但这种教育不宜只局限在学校范围内，还有许多例子说明在工厂和基层保健中心同样能实施有效的戒烟计划。遗憾的是，许多妇女并没有参加这些活动的机会，而且一般来说，这类计划对女性的成功率不及男性。
12. In order for women to become, and remain, non-smokers they need support. Support over these difficult days when the addiction cycle is broken. Support to help them deal in other less damaging ways with the reasons that caused them to smoke. Environments need to be created which enable them to break free of this health damaging behavior, to make the healthy choices the best choices.为了让女性成为不吸烟者并坚持下去，她们需要支持，在她们烟瘾发作的困难时刻帮助她们。对她们的支持要能帮助她们用较少有害的方式去消除掉想吸烟的各种理由。要创造出一种坏境，在这种环境中，使她们能够摆脱掉这种对健康有害的行为，让她们把选择健康作为她们的最佳选择。
13. Smoking amongst women has already reached epidemic proportions and will continue to escalate (16. v. rise one after the other 逐步上升) unless action is taken now. Delays can only cause further suffering and deaths of women; this is hwy WHO's new program on Tobacco or Health is giving high priority to action to protect women and children.女性吸烟已经到了四处蔓延的程度，而且如果不采取行动还将继续蔓延下去。拖延时间只会加重女性的痛苦并导致更多的女性死亡。为此世界卫生组织提出了“要香烟还是要健康”的新行动纲领，并优先付诸实施以保护妇女和儿童。
14. But what can be done to tackle(17 v. deal with (a matter) 处理，解决) this problem? Community health workers can develop health education programs for young girls. Primary care workers can ensure that all women receive information, advice and support to help them give up the habit. Governments, national and international organizations, and WHO in particular, can act as advocates (18 n. a person who speaks for or supports an idea, way of life , etc. 鼓吹者，提倡者)for women's health to ensure that the issue of women and tobacco is put high on the health and political agenda, by pressing for action to protect women.但是应该做些什么来解决这个难题呢？社区保健人员可以为年轻女性开设保健教育课程；基层管理人员可以保证使所有女性都获得有关的知识、建议和支持，以便帮助她们改掉吸烟习惯；政府、各国和国际组织，尤其是世界卫生组织可以倡导增强女性健康，确保把女性和吸烟问题排在卫生和政治事务日程表上的重要位置，迫切要求采取行动保护妇女。
15. Only by exposing the previously hidden problem of women and tobacco, only by putting women in the picture, will we be able to secure major improvements in the health of women worldwide.只有把以前有关女性和吸烟的隐匿问题暴露出来，只有让女性们了解到实际情况，我们才能保证在全世界使妇女的健康水平得到根本的改观。
Text 3
ARE THESE THE BEST YEARS OF YOUR LIFE?
這些是我们生命中的黄金时期吗？
(Which are the best years of life? All of us ask ourselves this question from time to time, and we probably come up with different answers. The reason seems to be that different periods are related to different kinds of achievement and relates these areas to specific periods of life.)（哪段时光是人生的黄金岁月？我们所有的人都经常问自己这个问题，而且我们得出的答案可能各不相同。原因似乎是不同的阶段与不同的成就相关联，而这些不同的领域又与生命的各个具体阶段相联系。）
The ups and downs of life may seem to have no predictable (1a. that can be seen or told in advance 可预言的) plan. But scientists now know there are very definite life patterns that almost all people share. Today, when we live 20 years longer than our great-grandparents, and when women mysteriously outlive (v. live longer than 活过……，比……活得长) men by seven years, it is clearer than ever that the “game of life” is really a g ame of trade-offs. As we age, we trade strength for ingenuity (n. skill and cleverness in making and arranging thins 机灵，独创性), speed for thoroughness, passion for reason. These exchanges may not always seem fair, but at every age, there are some advantages. So it is reassuring to note that even if you’ve passed some of your “prime (n. the time of greatest perfection, strenth or activity 全盛时期)”青春的，精华的, you still have other prime years to experience in the future. Certain important primes seem to peak later in time.生活中的沉浮似乎并没有什么可预见的计划，但现在科学家们知道，几乎所有的人都有一些非常固定的生活模式。今天，当我们比祖辈多活20年的时候，当女性神秘地比男性寿长７岁的时候，“人生的游戏”实际上就是“交换的游戏”，这一点比以往任何时候都更加清楚。随着年龄的增长，我们用智慧代替力量，用全面代替速度，用理性代替激情。这些交换似乎并不总是那么公正的，但在每一个年龄段上，人都有各自的某些优势。所以，不妨尽可放心地看到，尽管你已经逾越了生命中的某些黄金时期，你在未来仍然有另外的黄金岁月去度过，某些重要的颠峰时期在时间上出现得比较晚。
WHEN ARE YOU SMARTEST? From 18 to 25, according to I. Q., scores; but you are more experienced with increasing age. You’re sharpest in your 20’s; around 30, memory begins to decline (v. decrease, move from a better to worse position 减少，下降), p articularly your ability to perform mathematical computations. “But your I. Q. for other tasks climbs,” says Berkeley psychologist. Arthur Jensen. Your vocabulary at age 45, for example, is three times as great as when you graduated from college. At 60, your brain possesses almost four times as much information as it did at age 21. This trade-off between sharpness and wisdom has led psychologist Dr. Leopold Bella to suggest that “maturity quotients（成熟商数）” (M.Q. s instead of I. Q. s) be adopted for adults.你什么时候最聪明？根据智商分数推算，18到25岁时最聪明。但随着年龄的增长，你的智慧和经验会越来越多。人２０岁时最机敏，３０岁左右时记忆力开始衰退，尤其是数学计算能力。伯克利心理学家阿瑟。詹森说：“但你做其他事情的能力却在增长。”比如，你４５岁时的词汇量是你大学刚毕业时的三倍；６０岁时，你大脑中拥有的信息量几乎是你２１岁时的四倍。这种机敏与智慧之间的交换使得心理学家利奥普。白洛克博士提出建议，应该用“成熟商数”来衡量成年人。
WHEN ARE YOU HEALTHIEST? For men, from 15 to 25; for women 15 to 30.
“A man is in his best shape in the decade before age 25,” says New York internist Dr. Donald Tompkins. “His muscles are firmest, his resistance to colds and infections (n. the state of result of disease being put into body 传染，感染) is highest, and his body is most efficient in utilizing nutrients. “Women, for reasons scientists do not understand, get a five-year bonus (n. anything pleasant, but unexpected 意想不到的收获). Peak health begins to decline when the body process called anabolism (n. cell growth 细胞生长) (cell growth) is overtaken by the opposite process, catabolism (n. cell death 细胞死亡) (cell death). “Cells have been dying since birth,” says Tomkins, “but in our late 20’s, they start dying faster than they are replaced.” Also, muscl e is replaced with fat. 你什么时候身体最健康？男性１５到２５岁，女性１５到３０岁。纽约内科医生唐纳德。汤姆金斯说：“男性２５岁前的１０年身体状况最佳，肌肉最结实，对感冒和传染的抵抗力最强，食物消化能力也最强。”连科学家也说不清楚，女性要（比男性）多５年最健康时间。当人体中的细胞死亡数量超过细胞生长数量时，健康就从高峰期开始衰退。汤姆金斯说：“细胞从出生就在死亡，但当我们接近３０岁时，细胞的死亡速度超过其被更换速度。”肌肉也在被脂肪所取代。
Women also get an additional bonus of good health later in life. The figures of National Institute of Health show that the onset of such “old age” disease as arthritis(n. inflammation of a joint, as in gout or rheumatism 关节炎), rheumatism（n. any disorder of the extremities or back, characterized by pain or stiffness 风湿病）, and heart ailments (n. illness 疾病) deny the generally greater fitness of women: Life expectancy for men is now 68.3; for women 75.9. Says U. S. aging authority William Kennel, “Older women with low blood pressure are practically important.” However, psychologists believe that by entering the competitive job market in increasing numbers, women may eventually give up their statistical (a. of collected numbers which represent facts or measurement 统计的) advantage.在生命的晚期，女性也格外身体好。国家健康研究所数字显示，这种诸如关节炎、风湿病和心脏病的“老年”病的发作，总体来说对适应性较强的女性并不多见。男人的估计寿命是６８.3岁，女人则为７５.9岁。年龄权威人士威廉姆.凯纳尔说：“年龄较大的女性保持低血压实际上是非常重要的。”但心理学家认为，随着愈来愈多的女性
进入竞争激烈的就业市场，女士最终可能不再具有现在统计数字上的优势。
WHEN ARE YOU MOST LIKELY TO DEVELOP MENTAL DISORDERS? From 30 to 35.This surprisingly narrow peak is very real. The National Institute of Mental Health (INMH) reports that more than half of the patients in mental hospitals, male and female, are in this age group (men leading women by about 20%)什么时候你最容易患精神错乱病症？是３０到３５岁之间。这种十分短暂的患这种病的高峰期是千真万确的。全国精神健康研究所的报告称：在精神病医院里，在这个年龄段内的男女患者超过总数的一半（男性比女性高２０％）
But if we are most neurotic (a. 患神经病的) between 30 and 35, apparently we recover quickly. Admissions to mental hospitals drop sharply around age 40 and stay down until age 65. Yet, say psyc hologists, between 40 and 55, more people report they “feel” on the verge (n. 边缘) of a nervous breakdown. Relatively few actually occur. “We become veterans (n. a person who has had long experience 老手，有经验的人) at coping,” says psychologist Marvin Marlins.但如果我们在３０到３５岁之间最易患神经病，很明显，我们会很快康复。精神病医院接纳的４０岁左右的病人数量急剧减少，而且一直持续到６５岁的患者都很少。不过心理学家说，在４０到５５岁之间的人罗多的人说他们“感到”处在神经崩溃的边缘，实际发生的却相对很少。心理学家马文.卡林斯说：“我们在处置这类情况时很有经验。”
Suicide, a measure of mental problems, peaks from 20 to 24 and then again around 70. Incidences of suicide are smallest among people with intact marriages, highest among the divorced.自杀是精神问题的一种，高峰期出在２０到２４岁之间和７０岁左右。完整婚姻中的自杀率最低，而在离异家庭中自杀率最高。
WHEN ARE YOU HAPPIEST? You have the best physical sense of yourself from 15 to 24; the best professional sense from 40 to 49. Pessimism (n. tendency to look at the worst aspect of things 悲观主义) peaks between 30 and 39. San Diego State University psychologists Marilyn Barges and Linda Dutton found that before age 24, we believe that our happiest years are yet to come; over 30, we believer that they’re behind us. A National Health Survey agrees: After age 30, we “become more realistic and do not view happiness as a goal in itself. If we maintain our health, achieve professional and emotional goals, then happiness, we feel, we follow.”你什么时候最幸福？你对自己的身体状况感到最满意是１５至２４岁，对事业感到最满意是４０至４９岁，悲观情结最严重是３０至３９。对地亚哥州立大学心理学家玛里琳.博格斯与琳达.达顿发现，24岁之前，我们认为我们最幸福的日子还没到来；过了３０岁，我们又认为最幸福的日子已经过去了。国家健康调查报告认为，过了３０岁以后，我们“变得较为现实，而且并不把幸福就当作目的本身。如果我们保持身体健康，实现了事业和感情的目标，那么我们就会感到我们获得了幸福。”
The American Institute of Public Opinion says that the pessimism peak occurs when we realize that talent and determination aren’t enough to guarantee (v. to assure, ensure保证，担保) success. Lady Luck must help.美国公共舆论研究所认为，当我们认识到才能与意志并不足以保证我们获得成功时，严重的悲观情绪就会产生了，此时就要靠“运气女神”帮忙了。
Also, you th’s good physical sense of self apparently does little to foster happiness. “Parents who tell their teenage children, ‘ These are the happiest years,’” says Lagged, “couldn’t be more wrong. Adolescence is very difficult. Only when you are 49 and looking back does youth look blissful (a.
extremely happy 非常幸福的，极其快乐的).”另外，年轻人对自己的身体状况感觉良好很明显并不能产生幸福感。“父母对他们未成年的孩子说：‘这是最幸福的岁月。’”利格特说：“这样说就大错特错了。青春时期，荆刺遍地。只有当你４０岁回首往事时才会发现青春是极为美好的。
WHEN ARE YOU MOST CREATIVE? Generally between 30 to 39, but the peak varies with different professions.
Mozart wrote a symphony and four sonatas (奏鸣曲) by age eight, and Mendelssohn composed his best-known work, A Midsummer Night’s dream, at 17. Psychologist H. C. Lehman presents the years for peak work in many fields. Though the peak in most fields comes early---most Nobel Prize winners did their top research in their late 20’s and 30’s----creative people continue to produce quality work throughout their lives.你什么时候最富有创造力？一般说是在３０至39岁之间，但其高峰期又因职业而异。莫扎特８岁时即创作出一部交响曲和四首奏鸣曲。门德尔松17岁时谱写了他的广为人知的作品《仲夏夜之梦》。心理学家H.C.莱曼描绘了许多领域里高峰期代表作的不同年龄。尽管在大多数领域中，这种高峰期均来得很早－大多数诺贝尔奖获得者都是在其３０岁前那几年和３０至４０岁之间作出了最突出的成就－但具有创造力的人终其一生都能做出高质量的工作。
By viewing life’s various peaks, we can easily get the feeling that we are part of a giant give-and –take plan. Though statistically the plan is there, we must remember that every peak has many exceptions. Says Mulish, “The human life journey cannot be charted by a single curving line.”通过观察一生中不同的高峰期，我们很容易得到这种印象，即我们都是一项放庞大的（给予与索取）计划中的一部分。虽然从统计上看确有这么一个计划，我们必须记住，所有的高峰期都具有例外的。麦克利什说:“人的生命历程不能用单一的曲线来勾划。”
Text 4
Our disappearing wildlife
Animal life first appeared on the earth about 400 million years ago. Through the passing millennia (millennium n. a period of 1,000 years), thousands of animal species have come and gone. Until recently, this process was gradual, the result of change in climate, in habitat (the natural home of a plant or animal ), or in the genes of the animals themselves, but the tremendous expansion of modern civilization now threatens to upset the natural balance, putting unprecedented (a. 无前例的) pressure on the survival of our wildlife.大约４０亿年前，地球上就有了动物。经过数千年，成千上万的物种繁衍灭绝。直到最近，由于气候、栖息地或动物本身基因的变化而引起的，这一物种灭绝的过程是逐步而缓慢的，但如今现代文明的大规模入侵似将破坏这种平衡，从而为我们野生动物的挽救工作带空前的压力。
This imbalance can be traced to many causes. Most arise in the greed and poor planning of man himself. With each increase in man’s population, the wilderness areas where the animals live get smaller. The use of pesticides（杀虫剂）to control injurious (a. causing harm) insect also harms wild birds and animals. Water pollution kills fish in our rivers, lakes, and oceans, Hunters have almost exterminated (v. destroy utterly) many of the larger animals like the bighorn sheep (大角羊)
and the grizzly bear（灰熊）. And farmers destroy smaller animals like the prairie dog (草原犬鼠) and coyote(郊狼，小狼). As a result of this unrelenting pressure, our wildlife is disappearing at the rate of one species or subspecies per years.这种不平衡可溯自很多原因。而大多数都源于人类自身的贪婪和缺乏计划性，人口的每一次增长都会导致野生环境的缩小。用杀虫剂控制害虫的同时也危害着野生鸟类和兽类。水污染会毒死江河湖海里的鱼类。狩猎者几乎灭绝了象大角羊、灰熊这样形体较大些的动物。农民们则去消灭象草原犬鼠和狡狼那类小一些的动物。正是这种未减弱的压力导致我们的野生动物正在以每年一处物种或亚种的速度消亡。
of all the continents, the most drastic reduction in wildlife has occurred in north America, where the transition from a rural to a highly industrialized society has been most rapid. Among the victims are birds, mammals and fish. We will never again see the passenger pigeon or the eastern elk( n. 麋). They have been wiped out. Of many other species, only a few representatives still survive in the wild. The U.S. Department of the Interior has put no fewer than 109 species on the endangered species list. (An endangered species is one with poor prospects for survival and in need of protection.) This list includes everything from the timber wolf （林狼） to the whooping crane（鸣鹤）. Even the bald eagle, our national symbol, is threatened.在各大州中，北美洲的野生动物减少幅度最大，因为它由乡村向高度工业化社会转变得最快。鸟类、哺乳动物、鱼类就是其中的受害者。我们再也见不到旅鸽和麋了，因为它们已经灭绝。在许多其他的物种中，也只有几个代表仍幸存于荒野。美国内务部将不下１０９个物种列入面临灭绝的物种名单（面临灭绝的物种指那种生存前景不乐观，需要保护的物种）。这个名单包括了所有象林狼和鸣鹤那样的稀有动物。就连我国的象征－秃鹰也受到了威胁。
Animals that kill other game for food are called predators.（n. 捕食者）The predators include the wolf, mountain lion, fox, babcat, and bear. Attack against these animals began with the arrival of the first European settlers, who wished to protect their livestock (n. animals kept on a farm 家畜，牲畜). Eventually, a reward was offered to hunters for every predator that was killed, this reward is called a bounty（n. money given for reward）. Ironically, the Federal government is the chief funder of predator control programs.
捕食其他猎物的动物叫做食肉动物。食肉动物包括狼、美洲狮、狐狸、野猫和熊等。对这些动物的捕杀始于第一批欧洲移民的到来，因为他们希望能保住自己的牲畜。捕猎者只要杀死一个食肉动物就会得到一份奖赏。这种奖赏叫作赏金。具有讽刺意味的是联邦政府是食肉动物控制项目的主要资金提供者。
the settlers also brought with them their old world fears and superstitions concerning predators. Whether preying on livestock or not, predators were shot on sight. This attitude continues to this day for coyotes, eagles, foxes, mountain lions, and bobcats, and is largely responsible for placing the eastern timber wolf, grizzly bear, and bald eagle on the endangered species list.
这些移民还带来了在欧洲时那种对食肉动物所怀有的恐惧和迷信。他们只要看见食肉动物就开枪打死，不管它们是否在捕食家畜。直至今日，这种观点对于郊狼、鹰、狐狸、美洲狮和野猫还同样奏效。东部林狼、灰熊和秃鹰被列入面临灭绝的物种名单也主要是这种观点作用的结果。
yet every animal, including the predator, has its place in nature’s grand design. Predators help maintain the health of their prey species by eliminating the diseased, young, old, and injured.
Predators like the mountain lion and the wolf help to keep the deer herds healthy. Their kill also provider food for scavengers (n. 食腐动物) that feed on carrion. Occasional loss of livestock must be weighed against the good these animals do in maintaining the balance of nature.
然而，每种动物，包括食肉动物，在大自然的总体设计中都有一席之地。食肉动物除掉老幼病残的动物会有助于维持所猎动物的健壮。像美洲狮和狼这样的食肉动物就能保持鹿群的健壮。被它们弄死的猎获物还为靠吃腐肉为生的食腐动物提供了食物。因此我们必须把家畜的偶尔损失与这些动物对保持生态平衡所做的贡献加以权衡考虑。
the mountain lion has especially suffered from trapping and hunting. This great cat had the widest distribution of any mammal in the western hemisphere. Its range extended from northern British Columbia to the tip of South America. And from the Atlantic to the Pacific. But by the turn of 19th century this splendid animal was almost extinct in the eastern United States. In the West, the pattern of persecution was similar to that suffered by other predators. As the sheep and cattle empires grew, so did the war on the mountain lion.
美洲狮尤其遭到了诱捕和追杀。这种狮子在西半球哺乳动物中分布得最广。其分布范围从不列颠哥伦比亚北部一赶延伸到南美洲之端，从大西洋延伸到太平洋。但以１９世纪末２０世纪初时，这种威武的动物几乎在美洲东部绝迹。在西部捕杀的方式同其他食肉动物所遭受的相似。随着羊群和牛群的增加，对美洲狮的捕杀也在升级。
overhunting an animal is an obvious form of extermination, but there are more subtle processes that often have the same fatal result. One of these is destruction of habitat. When farmers introduced sheep and cattle to North America, the domestic animals competed with the wild animals for the available grazing land. Animals like the buffalo and the pronghorn antelope（叉角羚）, which once roamed the plains in countless numbers, were either killed or pushed off the grasslands. Today, a few remnants (n. a part that remains) of these giant hers are protected from hunters in national game preserves and wildlife refuges.
过量地捕杀一种动物是致使其灭绝的明显的形式，还有一些更隐晦的过程带有同样致命的后果。其中之一就是对野生动物栖息地的破坏。农民们一将羊和牛引入北美，家畜和野兽就为争夺可食草地展开了竞争。象野牛、叉角羚这样曾经数以万计地漫步在草原上的动物不是被杀死就是被成群逐出了草地。如今，这些大兽群中的为数不多的残存者被留在国家鸟兽禁猎区和野生动物保护区以免受狩猎者的追杀。
pesticides have also taken their toll. In 1947 a new chemical poison called DDT was introduced. It proved very effective in controlling insect pests like the potato beetle and the boll weevil (棉铃象鼻虫). But pesticides, which decompose（分解）very slowly, accumulate in animals which feed on pest or their predators, and the accumulated poisons attack their nervous systems. Pesticides also interfere with the formation of calcium in birds, which then lay eggs with very thin shells or no shell at all. When wildlife fail to reproduce, it isn’t very long before they disappear. The bald eagle, 12 species of hawks, and the pelican have been seriously reduced by chemicals.
杀虫剂也使鸟兽遭受了死亡。１９４７年，一种新的化学毒药滴滴涕被引进并证实在控制象马铃薯甲虫、棉铃象虫等方面很有效。但由于杀虫剂分解得很慢，所以会聚积在以吃这些害虫为生的动物体内或与这些动物为敌的食肉动物身上。杀虫剂还影响鸟类钙的形成，致使鸟
下的蛋只有很薄的一层壳或根本没有壳。野生动物一旦不能繁殖后代，它们来绝之日也就不远了。秃头鹰、１２种隼、鹈鹕都由于化学物质的作用而减少了很多。
10. why should we care about the extinction of these birds and animals? The answer is simple enough. Every species that becomes extinct is gone forever. With each departure a small part of the diversity of nature that makes life so interesting is also gone. What has man got to look forward to –endless cities and houses and roads that cross barren country devoid of birds and animals ? is that the world we want for ourselves and our children?我们为什么要关心鸟类和兽类的灭绝呢？答案很简单。每一个物种一旦灭绝，将不复存在。随着每一次物种的灭亡，使生活如此丰富多彩的自然界多样性中的一小部分也将永远消失。人们所期待的将是什么？难道是无数城市、房屋和道路纵横交错在没有鸟类和兽类的荒地上？那是我们为自己和孩子设计的世界吗。
Text 5
POLLUTION IS A DIRTY WORD 污染是个脏词
Consume, consume, consume! Our society is consumer oriented-dangerously so. To keep the wheels of industry turning, we manufacture consumer goods in endless quantities, and, in the process, are rapidly exhausting (v. use up 耗尽) our natural resources. But this is only half the problem. What do we do with manufactured products when they are worn out? They must be disposed of, but how and where? Unsightly junkyards (n.
a place where old useless things are discarded 垃圾场) full of rusting automobiles already surround every city in the nation. Americans throw away 80 billion bottles and cans each year, enough to build more than ten stacks (n. a pile of something, like lumber 堆，垃圾堆) to the moon. There isn’t room fo r much more waste, and yet the factories grind on(无情地向前移动). They cannot stop because everyone wants a job. Our standard of living, one of the highest in the world, requires the consumption of manufactured products in ever-increasing amounts. Man, about to be buried in his own waste, is caught in a vicious (a. dangerous, cruel 邪恶的) cycle恶性循环. “Stop the world, I want to get off,” is the way a popular song put man’s dilemma (n. a situation for which there is no desirable solution 困境).消费、消费、消费！我们的社会以消费者为中心－这是很危险的。为了让工业的车轮保持转动，我们大量地生产消费品，并在此过程中迅速地消耗我们的自然资源。但这只是问题的一半。当这些工业产品被用过之后我们拿它们怎么办呢？它们必须被处理掉，但是如何或在哪里处理呢？堆满生锈汽车的垃圾场已经包围了这个国家的每一座城市。美国人每年扔掉８００亿个瓶罐，这些东西中够从地球向月球上10多次。再也没有空间放更多的废物了，但是工厂还在继续生产着。工厂不能停下来，因为每个人都需要工作。我们的生活水平是世界上最高的之一，这就要求我们大量地消费已生产的产品。马上就要被自己制造的垃圾淹没的人类处于一种恶性循环之中。“让世界停下来，我要走开。”一首流行歌曲就是这样描述人类的困境的。
It wasn’t always like this. Only 100 years ago man lived in harmony with nature. There weren’t so
many people then and their wants were fewer. Whatever wastes were produced could be absorbed by nature and were soon covered over. Today this harmonious relationship is threatened by man’s lack of foresight (n. ability to see into the future预见力) and planning, and by his carelessness and greed. For man is slowly poisoning his environment.事情并非一直如此。仅在100年前，人与自然仍在和谐相处。那时没有这么多的人口，人们的需求也比现在少得多。制造出的任何一种垃圾都能被自然界吸收，并很快被掩盖起来。现在这种和谐关系正在面临威胁，这是由于人们缺乏远见和计划以及冷漠贪婪造成的。人类正在慢慢慢地毒害他周围的环境。
Pollution is a “dirty” word. To pollute means to contaminate (v. make dirty, impure or diseased 弄脏，污染)---to spoil something by introducing impurities (n. foreign material which make something unfit for use 杂质), which make it unfit or unclean to use. Pollution comes in many forms. We see it, smell it, taste it, drink it, and stumble through it. We literally live in and breathe pollution, and, not surprisingly, it is beginning to threaten our health, our happiness, and our very civilization.污染是个脏词，污染意味着玷污－即用不洁之物弄污某物，使之不净或不宜使用。污染表现为很多种形式。我们可以看见它闻到它，尝到它，喝到它，甚至踩到它。毫不夸张地说，我们就生活在污染中，呼吸着它。并不奇怪，它已在危害我们的健康、幸福甚至文明。
Once we thought of pollution as meaning simply smog---the choking, stinging, dirty air that hovers (v. remain in the air at one place 盘旋，翱翔) over cities. But air pollution, while it is still the most dangerous, is only one type of contamination among several which attack the most basic life functions.我们曾经认为污染仅指烟雾－即盘旋在城市上空那令人窒息、气味刺鼻的肮脏空气。然而空气污染，虽然仍是最危险的一种污染，但它只是危害人类最基本生活活动的几种污染之一。
Through the uncontrolled use of insecticides, man has polluted the land, killing the wildlife. By dumping sewage and chemicals into rivers lakes, we have contaminated our drinking water. We are polluting the oceans, too, killing the fish and thereby depriving ourselves of an invaluable (a. too valuable for the worth to be measured 无价的) food supply.由于不加限制地使用杀虫剂，人类污染了大地，杀死了野生动物；由于向河里和湖里倾倒污水和化学制品，我们已经污染了饮用水。我们正在污染海洋，杀害鱼类，从而也使我们自己失去了一项宝贵的食物来源。
Part of the problem is our exploding population. More and more people produce more wastes. But this problem is intensified (v. make stronger or more serious 使强化，加剧)by our “throw-away” technology. Each year Americans dispose of (to get rid of as useless 扔掉，丢弃)7 million autos, 20 million tons of waste paper plates. It is easier and cheaper to buy a new one and discard(v. to get rid of as useless丢弃，扔掉) the old, even though 95 percent of its parts may still be functioning. Baby’s diapers(a piece o f clothing made of thick soft paper or cloth which is fastened around a baby’s bottom and between its legs to absorb its urine and excrement 尿片，尿布), which used to be made of reusable( a. that can be used again 再利用的) cloth, are now paper throwaways. Soon we will wear clothing made of paper: “Wear it once and throw it away,” will be the slogan of the fashion conscious. 迅速膨胀的人口也是问题的一部分。越来越多的人口制造出越来越多的垃圾。这一问题由于我们采用“用过就扔”的办法而变得俞加严重。美国人每年扔掉700万辆汽车，2000万吨废纸，2500吨牙膏皮和4800万个罐头皮。我们扔掉口香糖包装包装纸，报纸和纸碗盘。把它们扔掉换新既容易又便宜，尽管其中95％仍可使用。孩子的尿布以前是用可
以重复使用的布做的，而现在是纸制一次性用品。不久我们就能穿上纸做的衣服。“穿一次就扔”将成为时尚意识的标准。
Where is this all to end? Are we turning the world into a gigantic dump, or is there hope that we can solve the pollution problem? Fortunately, solutions are in sight.
A few of them are positively ingenious.这一切何时能结束？难道我们正在把世界变成一个大垃圾场吗？亦或我们有希望治理污染问题？幸运的是，眼前已有了些解决办法，其中有
一些还非常巧妙。
Take the problem of discarded automobiles, for instance. Each year over 40,000 of them are abandoned in New York City alone. Eventually the discards end up in a junkyard. But cars are too bulky to ship as scrap to a steel mill. They must first be flattened. This is done in a giant compressor which can reduce a Cadillac to the size of a television set in a matter of minutes. Any leftover scrap metal is mixed with concrete and made into exceptionally strong bricks that are used in buildings and bridges. Man’s ingenuity has come to his rescue.就拿废弃汽车为例。在纽约一市每年就要扔掉4万多辆。最终这些废物就要烂在垃圾场。但是汽车太大，不可能象碎铁片那样被运到钢铁厂。它们首先得被压扁。这项工作可由一辆巨大的压缩机完成。它在几分钟内就可以把一辆卡迪拉克压缩成电视机大小。余下的金属碎片可与水泥混合真情为制成特别坚硬的砖，用于楼房与桥梁，人的创造力拯救了人类。
What about water pollution? More and more cities are building sewage\treatment plants. Instead of being dumped into a nearby river or lake, sewage is sent through a system of underground pipes to a giant tank where the water is separated from the solid material, purified, and returned for reuse to the community water supply. The solid material, called sludge (thick mud; the product of sewage treatment 淤泥，污泥) is converted (v. to change something from one form into another 使转化)into fertilizer. The sludge can also be made into bricks.那么水污染呢？越来越多的城市在建废水处理厂。废水不再被排到附近的河或湖里而是通过一个地下管道输送到一个巨大容器里面。在这
里水与固体物质分开、净化，然后重新被社区供水系统利用。那些固体物质被称为固体沉积物。可以被转化成肥料，也可以用来做砖。
Controlling air pollution is another crucial(a. decisive; of deciding importance 决定性的，紧要关头的) objective. Without food, man can live about five weeks, without water about five days. Without air, he can only live five minutes, so pure air is a must. Here the wrongdoer is the automobile. Where there is a concentration of automobiles, as in our big cities, air pollution is severe. It is important to see that our cars are equipped with pollution-control devices. Such devices effectively reduce the harmful gases emitted (v. to send out 发出，排放出)from the engine.控制空气污染也是件至关重要的事情。没有食物，人大约能活５周；没有水，人能活5天。没有空气，人只能活５分钟，所以纯净的空气是必不可少的。在这件事上作崇的是汽车。在汽车集中的地方，空气污染就很严重，比如我们的大城市。我们要务必使汽车都装上控制污染的装置。这样的装置可以有效地降低发动机散发出来的有害气体。
Power plants, factories, and apartment buildings can also avoid air pollution. When possible they should use clean fuels like gas and oil. And the smokestacks (n. chimney used by factories to discharge smoke into the upper air 大烟囱) of these buildings should be equipped with filters and other smoke-reduction devices.发电厂、工厂和
公寓楼也可避免污染空气。如有可能，应使用液化气及油这类洁净燃料。这些建筑物上的烟囱应装上过滤或其他减少烟雾的装置。
Can we eliminate pollution altogether? Probably not. Modern man pollutes with everything he does, so total elimination would require drastic measures. Every power plant would have to shut down. Industries would have to close. We would have to leave all our automobiles in the garage. Every bus and truck and airplane would have to stop running. There would be no way to bring food to the cities. There would be no heat and no light. Under these conditions, our population would die in a short time.我们能根除污染吗？也许不能。现代人无论做什么都在污染环境，所以要根除污染就要采取极端措施。关闭所有的电站，关停所有的工业，把所有的轿车都放在车库里，停止运行所有的公共汽车、卡车和飞机。这样食物将无法被运到大城市，也将没有光和热。在这种情况下人不久就会都死掉。
Since such a drastic solution is impossible, we must employ determined public action. We can reduce pollution, even if we can’t eliminate it altogether. But everyone must do his part. Check your car to see if the pollution-control device is working. Reduce your use of electricity. Is air-conditioning really necessary? Don’t dump garbage or other waste on the land or in the water. Demand that government take firm action against polluters. We can have a clean world, or we can do nothing. The choice is up to you. 由于这种极端措施是不可行的，我们必须坚决发动公众行动起来，我们可以减少污染，尽管我们不能将它根除。但我们生个人必须尽到自己的责任。检查一下你的车，看看防污染装置是否运转正常。减少你的用电量。空调真的是很必要吗？不要向大地或水里面倾倒垃圾或其他废物。要球政府采取严厉措施。我们可以拥有一个洁净的世界，我们也可以什么都不做。选择权在你。
Text 6
KEEPING FOOD ON THE TABLE
It’s early August and the countryside appears peaceful. Planting庄稼 has long been finished and the fields are alive with strong, healthy crops. Soybeans and wheat are flourishing under the hot summer sun, and the corn, which was “knee-high by the fourth of July”, is now well over six feet tall. Herds of dairy and beef cattle are grazing peacefully in rolling pastures which surround big, red barns and neat, white farmhouses. Everything as far as the eye can see radiates a sense of prosperity. Welcome to the Midwest—one of the most fertile agricultural regions of the world.八月上旬，乡间田野呈现出一派宁静的景象。春耕播种早已结束，地里的庄稼在茁壮成长，大地充满了微生机。大豆小麦在夏日的骄阳下长势喜人。在７月４日国庆时，玉米还高不没膝，而现在已有六英尺多高了。成群的奶牛和菜牛在绵延起伏的草场上安静地啃食青草，在牧场的中间座落着几栋红色大牲口棚和几幢整洁的白色住房。放眼望去，到处都展现着繁荣的景象。欢迎到中西部来――这里是全世界最富饶的农业地区之一。
The tranquility of the above scene is misleading. Farmers in the Midwest put in some of the longest workdays of any profession in the United States. In addition to caring for their crops and livestock, United States. In addition to caring for their crops and livestock, they have to keep up with new farming techniques, such as those for combating soil erosion and increasing livestock production. It is essential that farmers adopt these advances in technology if they want to continue to meet the
growing demands of a hungry world.上面所描述的宁静景象会使人产生错觉。其实中西部的农民在美国所有的职业中投入的工作量最大。除了照料庄稼和牲畜外，他们还得跟上最新的农业技术，比如防止土壤侵蚀的技术、增加牲畜产量的技术。如果农民想继续满足这个充满饥饿的世界日益增长的食品需求，那他们采用这些先进技术就是至为关键的。
Agriculture is the number one industry in the United States and agricultural products a re the country’s leading export. American farmers manage to feed not only the total population of the United States, but also millions of other people throughout the rest of the world. Corn and soybean exports alone account for approximately 75 percent of the amount sold in world markets.农业是美国的第一产业，农产品是美国的主要出口产品。美国农民不但要努力为本国所有人提供食品，而且还要为世界其他地区百万人提供食品。仅玉米和大豆两项出口产品就大约占世界市场销售总量的75％。
This productivity, however, has its price. Intensive cultivation exposes the earth to the damaging forces of nature. Every year wind and water remove tons of rich soil from the nation’s croplands, with the result that soil erosion has become a national problem concerning everyone from the farmer to the consumer.但这样的生产力也有基代价。这种集约耕种使土壤受到了自然界破坏力量的侵袭。每年自然界的风和雨水都要从这个国家耕地上带走大量肥沃的土壤，结果土壤侵蚀现已成为一个关系到从农民到消费者每一个人的全国性问题。
Each field is covered by a limited amount of topsoil, the upper layer of earth which is richest in the nutrients and minerals necessary for growing crops. Ever since the first farmers arrived in the Midwest almost 200 years ago, cultivation and, consequently, erosion have been depleting the supply of topsoil. In the 1830s, nearly two feet of rich, black top soil covered the Midwest. Today the average depth is only eight inches, and every decade another inch is blown or washed away. This erosion is steadily decreasing the productivity of valuable cropland. A United States Agricultural Department survey states that if erosion continues at its present rate, corn and soybean yields in the Midwest may drop as much as 30 percent over the next 50 years.每块耕地的表层土壤都是有限的，而庄稼生长所必需的养分和矿物质在表层土壤最丰富。自从第一批农民在近二百年前来到中西部地区以来，农耕及由此引起的土壤侵蚀一直在消耗着表土资源。在19世纪３０年代，中西部地区肥沃的黑土层还有近二英尺厚，而今天的厚度则只有八英寸了，而且每隔十年就有一寸被刮农业部的一项调查显示，如果按目前这个速度侵蚀下去，那么５０年后美国中西部地区的玉米和大豆产量将下降30％。
So far, farmers have been able to compensate for the loss of fertile topsoil by applying more chemical fertilizers to their fields; however, while this practice has increased crop yields, it has been devastating for ecology. Agriculture has become one of the biggest polluters of the nation’s precio us water supply. Rivers, lakes, and underground reserves of water are being filled in and poisoned by soil and chemicals carried by drainage from eroding fields. Furthermore, fertilizers only replenish the soil; they do not prevent its loss.迄今为止，农民只能靠向田地里施用更多的化肥来弥补肥沃表层土被侵蚀所造成的损失。尽管这种作法提高了粮食产量，但对生态却是场大灾难。农业已成为宝贵的水资源的最大污染源之一。从受侵蚀的田地里的排水系统中排出的水夹杂着泥土和化学物质（化肥），这些水正在流入并污染着河流、湖泊及地下水资源。另外化肥只能补充土壤中的养分，却不能防止其流失。
Clearly something else has to be done in order to avoid an eventual ecological disaster. Conservationists insist that the solution to the problem lies in new and better farming techniques. Concerned farmers are building terraces on hilly fields, rotating their crops, and using new plowing methods to cut soil losses significantly. Substantial progress has been made, but soil erosion is far from being under control.很明显，为了避免最终出现的生态灾难，应该采取别的措施。自然资源保护论者坚持认为出
路在于推出更新更好的农业技术。为了大幅度地减少土壤损失，农民正在山坡地上修梯田，
轮种庄稼并采用新的耕作方法。这一切都取得了重大成就，但土壤侵蚀问题仍远未得到控制。
The problems and innovations of the agricultural industry in the Midwest are not restricted to growing crops. Livestock raising, which is big business in the certral region of the United States, is also undergoing many changes. Recent developments in technology have enabled farmers to raise not only healthier animals, but more animals as well. By employing the techniques of super-ovulation, artificial insemination, and embryo transfer, farmers can more than triple the number of offspring produced by a single cow per year.中西部地区农业产业的问题及革新并不只局限在增加粮食上。家畜养殖是美国中部地区的一大产业，而且现在也正在经历着种种变革。技术上的最新发展已使农民不但能饲养出健康的家畜来，而且还能增加其数量。通过采用增多排卵、人工授精和胚胎移植技术，农民可以使每母牛产崽数增加两倍多。
The procedure of accomplishing this remarkable feat is as follows. First, the farmer chooses a cow on the basis of certain valuable traits, such as rapid weight gain or high milk production. A veterinarian then injects the cow with hormones which cause the animal to super-ovulate, that is, to produce more eggs, or “ova”, than the usual one or two. As many as ten or more ova may be released in one super-ovulation.实
施这项了不起的技术的过程如下：首先，农民根据某些有价值的特性，比如增重快或产奶量
高而挑选出一头母牛，之后兽医给这头母牛注射能促其增加排卵的激素（荷尔蒙），就是说
要使其排出比正常情况下１－２个更多的卵子或卵细胞。在一次增加排卵中能够排出多达10个甚至更多的卵细胞。
While the ova are moving down the Fallopian tubes toward the uterus, about five days after super-ovulation, the cow is artificially inseminated with semen from a prize bull. If the insemination is successful, the eggs are fertilized and become living embryos, each of which has the potential to develop into a calf.大约在为增加排卵而注射激素的５天后，当卵子顺着输卵管向子宫移去时，就用优种公牛的精液对母牛进行人工援精。如果授精成功，卵了受精并成活为胚胎，每个胚胎都有可能长成一牛犊。
Next comes the process of embryo transfer. After the embryos have developed in the uterus for six to eightdays, they are carefully removed and examined for defects. Each healthy embryo is then implanted in the uterus of a different cow, where it continues to develop. Nine months later the surrogate mother gives birth to a healthy calf to which she is not genetically related.下一步就是胚胎移植。当胚胎在子宫发育６至８天后，要把它们小心地取出来并检查是否有缺陷，之后把每一个健康的胚胎移植到不
同的母牛子宫内，在那里继续发育成长。９个月后代孕母体就会产下一头健康的小牛犊，代
孕母体与这头小牛犊并无遗传关系。
The result of the entire procedure is that a farmer can increase the size of a herd of cows at a rate which was previously impossible. Although three to four calves are the average, as many as ten or
more may be produced from the embryos of one mother cow. The possible applications of these techniques are overwhelming when one considers that by freezing an embryo until its sister embryo has been born and become sexually mature, it is even possible for a cow to give birth to its identical twin sister!整个过程的结果就是农民能够以先前不可能有的速度增加其牛群的数量。虽然一头母牛的胚胎通常产３到４头小牛，但多时可达10头或10头以上。这种技术的应用可能性是极大的。当人们想到用冷冻办法先把一只胚胎冷冻起来，等到它的姐妹胚胎降生并性发育成熟时再移植其体内，那么甚至都可能让一头母牛产出一头和它一模一样的母牛来。
As the world’s population continues to increase, farmers will be called upon to produce more and more life-sustaining food. Constant technological advances in soil conservation and livestock production will be required to keep pace with this ever-growing need. One concern, however, is that while this technology is solving old problems, it may be creating new ones in the process.随着世界人口不断增多，农民需要生产越来越多的维持生活的食物。在土壤保护和家畜生产方面要求技术要不断革新，
以便满足这种日益增长的需求。但有一点需予以注意，即技术在解决老问题的同时也许会在
其过程中产生出新的问题.
Text 7
How to be Happy
lead-in
Everyone wants to live a happy life. How can one be happy? Read the following passage and see whether you can find an answer to that question.
Text
1. Britain's most prestigious(a. 有声望的) scientific institution, the Royal Society, will host a meeting for some of the world's top psychologists. Their aim is to find out why it is that some people's lives go so right. What is it that makes them happy and fulfilled, while others seem doomed to founder in misery, dissatisfaction and dejection (n.沮丧，气馁)
英国最负盛名的科研机构--皇家科学院,将要召开一个世界顶级心理学家大会.目的是找出为什么一些人过得如此的好.是什么使他们开心与充实.当其它人却好像命中注定要沉沦在痛苦,不满和沮丧之中.
2. Psychologists have known for some time that optimism is a good defence against,unhappiness. "If you're optimistic and you think life is going to get better, it will become a "self－fulfilling prophecy(3)n预言 ," says Baylis. "You will involve yourself more, you'll put yourself forward more, you will take more care of yourself. You'll figure that if you do more exercise and not booze (v. drink alcoholic liquor, excessively or habitually 豪饮)' as much, life will be better.
心理学家认为乐观是一个很好的防止不开心的方法. "如果你很乐观,而且你认为一切都会变得更好, 这将变成一种"自我满足先兆", B说,你会把自己与更多的事情联系起来, 更多的考虑到自己,更加关心自己. 你会认为如果你再多些运动并且不要过多饮酒,你的生活会变得更好.
3. But some of us are just not natural optimists. What are we supposed to do?
但我们中的一些人并不是天生的乐天派.我们该怎么做(才能使我们的生活变好)呢？
4. Positive psychologists believe optimism can be learned, and we can teach ourselves to see a half-empty glass as half-full. All we have to do is to spend time mulling (v. ponder or consider 深思)' over all the things that have gone right for us, rather than dwelling on what has gone badly. "Research on depression shows that one of the biggest causes of depression is ruminating （ruminate v. meditate, ponder 沉思）' about something that went wrong in the past," says Baylis. "What happens is you look into the past and think about some event and keep turning it over, saying, `I messed up, I messed up,' and you let it hurt you. You keep feeding it the oxygen of attention and the flames keep burning you.
积极的心理学家的认为乐观是可以学习的. 我们可以告诉自己去这样去看待半杯水:不是"差一半就没了"而是"差一半就满了".所有我们要做的, 只是去花时间去多想想事情对我们好的一面. 而不是停留在对我们不好的一面. "在对压郁心情的研究表明，导致压郁的最大的原因是经常去想一些以前不好的事情" B说: “这也许是这样的"你老回想过去的一些事情, 念叨着’是我弄糟了它的,是我弄糟了它的’,这样最终也伤害了你." 你越是关注它，它就越是伤害你
5. But just as dwelling on negative events can lead to depression, dwelling on things that have gone well can help pick you up, he says: "You have to thank your lucky stars about what goes right on a daily basis. Whenever you get the feeling of being negative about things, just take a moment out and remind yourself of the stuff that has gone well. It could be anything from a conversation to your garden looking nice, or tl.1,t it didn't rain on you when you were out on your bike. It's an extremely powerful technique. "
正如徘徊在消极的事情上会导致我们郁闷一样, 停留在事情对我们积极的一面却能帮助我们重新振作, 他指出: “你要从心底里去感谢你的幸运星在它使得一些事情都是变得那么美好。你要去感谢你的幸运星，使你每天都有个好心情。无论什么时候一些事情让你感到消极，你都要找出一点时间来考虑，提醒你自己去想事情变得好的一方面。无论什么事情都可以，从一次交谈到你美丽的花园, 或者是当你在外面骑着自行车的时候没有淋着雨。这是一个非常有用的方法.”
6. By reminding ourselves what went well instead of what went wrong, positive psychologists believe we can build a buffer (n. 减震器，缓冲器)' against unhappiness, making us better able to take life's knocks when they come.
通过提醒我们去想事情好的一面而不是坏的一面, 积极心理学家认为，我们可以让痛苦来得慢一些，当我们的生活遭受到打击时，我们会更有能力去应付它。
00596英语阅读（二）自考模拟试题（一） I. Vocabulary. ( 10 points, 1 point for each) Scan the following passage and find the words which have roughly the same meanings as those given below. The number in the bracket after each word definition refers to the number of paragraph in which the target word is. Write the word you choose on the ANSWER SHEET. About three hundred years ago, there were approximately half a billion people in the world. In the two centuries that followed the population doubled, and, by 1850, there were more than a billion people in the world. It took only 75 years for the figure to double once more, so that now the population figure stands at approximately six and one half billion. Each day the population of the world increases by about 150,000. In former centuries the population grew slowly. Famines, wars, and epidemics, such as the plague and cholera, killed many people. Today, although the birth rate has not changed significantly, the death rate has been lowered considerably by various kinds of progress. Machinery has made it possible to produce more and more food in vast areas, such as the plains of America and Russia. Crops have increased almost everywhere and people are growing more and more food. New forms of food preservation have also been developed so that food need not be eaten as soon as it has grown. Meat, fish, fruit and vegetables can be dried, tinned or frozen, then stored for later use. Improvement in communications and transportation has made it possible to send more food from the place where it is produced to other places where it is needed. This has helped reduced the number of famines. Generally speaking, people live in conditions of greater security. Practices such as the slave trade, which caused many useless deaths, have been stopped. 1. one hundred years (Para. 1) 2. symbol for a number (Para. 1) 3. an extreme scarcity of food (Para 2) 4. an outbreak of a contagious disease that spreads rapidly and widely (Para.2) 5. importantly (Para.2) 6. much; a great deal (Para. 2) 7. preparation of food to resist decay (Para. 3) 8. to reserve or put away for future use (Para.3) 9. a means or system of carrying passengers or goods from one place to another (Para. 4) 10. the state of being safe (Para. 5)
Unit1 1.背离传统需要极大的勇气 1) It takes an enormous amount of courage to make a departure from the tradition. 2.汤姆过去很腼腆，但这次却非常勇敢能在大庭广众面前上台表演了。 2) Tom used to be very shy, but this time he was bold enough to give a performance in front of a large audience. 3.很多教育家认为从小培养孩子的创新精神是很可取的。 3) Many educators think it desirable to foster the creative spirit in the child at an early age. 4.假设那幅画确实是名作，你觉得值得购买吗？ 4) Assuming (that) this painting really is a masterpiece, do you think it’s worthwhile to buy/purchase it? 5.如果这些数据统计上市站得住脚的，那它将会帮助我们认识正在调查的问题。 5) If the data is statistically valid, it will throw light on the problem we are investigating. Unit2 1.该公司否认其捐款有商业目的。 1) The company denied that its donations had a commercial purpose.
Unit 1 Text A How Difficult Is English? 英语有多难 Like the national push for Asian literacy （n.有文化，有教养，有读写能力）in Australia，就如澳大利亚在全国推行学亚洲语言一样，there has been foreign languages fervor[f??v?] in China，中国也掀起一股外语热，with English on top of the list. 在这股热潮中，英语高居榜首。English is not only taught at schools，colleges and universities，but also at evening classes，on radio and TV．不仅各级学校教英语，夜校、电台、电视台也都设有英语课程。Parents hire private tutors for their school children；父母为学龄的孩子聘请英语家教，adult English learners would sacrifice the weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with peop1e of the same interest and determination. 成年英语学习者会牺牲周末休息日，到公园参加英语角，与志趣相投的英语学习者练习口语。Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of time and energy before it is mastered ? 英语真的有这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗? The answer，if I am asked to offer，is undoubtedly，yes．如果我被问及这个问题，那么毫无疑问，我的答案是：是的。From my personal experience, 从我个人的经验来看，I think learning English means far more than learning its pronunciation，its grammatical rules，its words，etc．英语学习不仅仅是学习英语发音、语法规则、词汇等，It involves learning everything about the countries where it is used and the people who use it．它包括学习与使用该语言的国家和民族有关的所有内容。Without such a complete understanding of the language, 对英语没有这样全面的理解，the English a foreigner speaks will inevitably sound strange or even unintelligible though there is not anything wrong with his pronunciation，sentence structure and the words he uses．即使发音、句子结构、措辞毫无错误，一个外国人所讲的英语也难免听起来稀奇古怪甚至难以理解。The social customs and habits of the English-speaking people contribute a lot to the difficulty a foreigner has in learning it．讲英语民族者的社会风俗习惯增加了外国人学习英语的难度。Take the Chinese English learners for example．以学英语的中国人为例，" Hello "and "Good morning" may sound a little bit simple to Chinese people．"你好"和"早上好"是非常简单的。It is totally beyond the understanding of a Chinese English learner that native English speakers would be annoyed when they're addressed "Where are you going?"，which is a commonly used addressing among the Chinese．"你去哪儿?"是中国人常用的问候语，若英语母语者被问及"你去哪儿?"，他们会因此感到不悦，这一点让中国的英语学习者大为不解。Is there anything wrong with the English sentence structure ? 这个英语句子结构不对吗? Of course not．当然不是。It takes quite some time for a Chinese English learner to understand the western concept of privacy being violated in this address. 学英语的中国人得费点儿时间才能理解这一问候语侵犯了西方人的隐私。By the same token，同样，"Have you eaten?"(which is another addressing term the Chinese people usually use)will sound to native English speakers that the Chinese are so hospitable that they invite people to meals off-handedly. 英语母语者听到"你吃了吗?"(中国人常用的另外一个问候语)，会觉得中国人非常好客，会在事先毫无准备的情况下请人吃饭。Meanwhile，the Chinese would be shocked to hear，"Oh，it's very nice of you．When?"，if the addressee happens to have a craving for Chinese cooking and has not had his dinner yet.如果听话者此刻正希望品尝一下中国美食，又碰巧没有吃饭，他会回答"太好了，什么时候?"，中国人为此也会大吃一惊。 "We can say we are going to have chicken for dinner．Why can't we say pig，bull or sheep for dinner instead of pork，beef or mutton?" Chinese English learners may raise such questions．中国的英语学习者可能会这样问："我们可以说吃鸡，为什么不能说吃猪、吃牛、吃羊，而要说吃猪肉、牛肉、羊肉呢?"Figuring out the reasons for the peculiar English vocabulary is no easy task for Chinese English learners．对学习英语的中国人来说，为这些特殊的英语词汇找出理由并非易事。But the problem is that memorizing English words mechanically would be devastating and inefficient if they did not know what had happened in British history．问题在于如果不懂英国历史，死记硬背英语单词毫无效率。Thus learning English(and other languages as well)involves learning the history of the countries where it is spoken．所以说，学英语(其他语言亦如此)还包括学习使用该语言国家的历史知识。A task of this kind is more difficult for Chinese English learners than for people who speak
Unit 3 Friendship and Loyalty I. New words and expressions New words 1. reflection n. （关于某主题的）思考，回忆 2. loyalty n. 忠诚；忠实；忠心耿耿 3. recognize v. 承认；意识到 4. betray v. 辜负；对…不忠 5. indeed adv. 其实；实际上 6. virtue n. 高尚的道德；正直的品性；德行 7. trend n. 趋势；趋向；倾向；动态；动向 8. befriend v. 做（尤指需要帮助者的）朋友；友善相待 9. request v. （礼貌或正式地）请求，要求 10. trendy adj. 时髦的；赶时髦的 11. multitude n. 众多；大量 12. mutual adj. 共有的；共同的 mutual respect / understanding 辨析：mutual / manual / manure / mature / menu / mental 13. term n. 词语；术语：措辞 14. site n. 网站；站点 15. acronym n. 首字母缩略词
16. perish v. 丧失；湮灭；毁灭 17. thought n. 想法；看法；主意；记忆 18. gossip n. 流言蜚语 19. challenge v. 考查…的能力；考验…的技巧 20. akin adj. 相似的；类似的 21. deposit n. 存款 22. account n. 账户 accountant current account deposit account 23. interest n. 利息 24. well-being n. 健康；安乐；康乐 25. welfare n. （个体或群体的）幸福，安全与健康 26. essence n. 本质；实质；精髓 27. seek v. 寻找 28. notoriety n. 恶名；坏名声 notorious 相当于infamous 29. premise n. 前提；假定； 30. exploit v. 利用（…为自己谋利） 31. reconnect v. 再联系；再联络 32. virtual adj. （通过计算机软件，如在因特网上）模拟的，虚拟的 33. assure v. 使确信；向…保证
2014年4月自考英语二00015试题及答案 第一部分：阅读判断（10*1分） Running: sport or way of life? You go through the channels several times and find that once again there’s nothing on TV that interests you. Not a problem! Just put on some running shoes and comfortabl e clothes and go for a run. One of the best things about the sport of running is that you d on’t need expensive equipment. All you need is a good pair of running shoes and a safe environment. But d on’t be fool ed into thinking the sport of running is easy. It requires discipline and concentration. Running is good for you both physically and mentally. It strengthens your heart, lungs, and muscl es. It makes you more aware of your body. Running also improves your body so that you d on’t get sick as easily. It can even help you to stay more focused in school because exercise helps you to think more cl early. How d o you get engaged in the sport if you d on’t know much about it? Most schools offer running programs. A simpl e Internet search can help you find some in your area. The programs show you how running can offer competition or just be for fun. They also teach runners to set practical goals and take care of their bodies. Runners have great respect for each other because they know how difficult the sport can be. If you go to a race, you’ll see peopl e cheering for all the runners. Running isn’t always about how fast you are running or how far you’re going. It’s about getting out there and d oing it. Participation is more important than competition, and effort is recognized over talent. It you’re looking for more than just a sport, running may be the perfect choice for you. 1.You may find it interesting to go for a run. A.True B. False C. Not Given 2.The sport of running is easy. A.True B. False C. Not Given 3.It’s hard to find a safe environment for running.
Text 1. Do we need extra vitamins? Many people believe that taking vitamin supplements is the best safeguard（保护、保卫）against the dangers of an incomplete diet, but this should be ①a last resort (最后手段)rather than a way out of a problem. Even if there is a genuine（真实的，真正的；诚恳的）need for extra vitamins, then sooner or later the question arises（出现；发生；站立）"which ones do I need, how much of them, and how often?" There is really no simple answer to this question. The Food Standards Committee guardians②保护者of our laws on food purity, labelling（标记，贴标签；标明）and advertising clams（保持沉默，闭嘴不言）and descriptions) suggest in their recent report to the government that we do not need any extra vitamins. They say that they are "not necessary for a healthy individual个人的；个别的； 独特的 个人，个体eating a normal diet". Whilst同时；时时，有时；当… 的时候few of us would challenge their authority on the subject of nutrition it is, perhaps, pertinent相关的，相干的；中肯的；切题的to ask the question "how many of us are healthy, and what is a normal diet? "There is an element of doubt in many minds about these two aspects方面；方向；形势；外貌and though few people are familiar熟悉的；常见的；亲近的with the wording措辞；用语；语法of the
Unit 11 Cyber World A Famous Quote The Internet is becoming the town square for the global village of tomorrow. - Bill Gates Bill Gates (1955- ), American business magnate, investor, philanthropist, and author. Gates is the former chief executive officer (CEO) and current chairman of Microsoft, the software company he founded with Paul Allen. Text A Cyber Love Pre-reading Questions: 1. Have you ever made a friend on the Internet? How did you develop your friendship? 2. What suggestions can you give if one hopes to make friends on the Internet? Thanks to the late 20th century technology, Maria of Denmark and Martijin of Holland met on a chatline. For months they’ve talked and sent letters to each other with the help of their computers as they found themselves falling head over heels in love. It was then that they decided to meet in the real, not only the virtual, world. It was not easy to arrange as the young man and his lady were separated by 700 very real kilometers, but the date was a success and Maria and M artijin have been living together happily ever since. They’ve created a home page to let the world know how they’ve found happiness via the Internet and introduce couples who’ve met under similar circumstances. Throughout history men and women have used a variety of means to find each other. Internet romance, according to some, is a bizarre method, and to others it is a natural way for the 90’s to meet potential mates. Romances formed on the Internet follow a characteristic script. The development of emotional intimacy is a long progress, sometimes taking several months. “Love at first byte” is rare although there are examples. The initial light exchanges, whether by e-mail or in chat rooms, are generally followed by increasingly self-revealing topics, and then after a while, the two strangers perceive each other as a true friend. Hearts open, an avalanche of e-mail crosses cyberspace carrying literary quality, and electronic messages are even enhanced with verse and virtual gifts (flowers, kisses, animated pictures). Could any heart with romantic inclinations resist? When you reach
Unit11CyberWorld I.Newwordsandexpressions Newwords 1.chatlinen.（消遣性的）热线电话交谈服务 2.variety?n.（同一事物的）不同种类，多种式样 varyvaryfrom…to… 比较：range/shiftfrom…to… various 3.romance?n.恋爱；爱情 romantic https://www.doczj.com/doc/7e787425.html,arreadj.极其怪诞的；异乎寻常的 5.potentialadj.潜在的；可能的 6.scriptn.剧本；广播（或讲话等）稿 7.intimacy?n.亲密；关系密切 intimate 8.initialadj.最初的；开始的 9.perceivev.将…视为；认为 10.avalanchen.雪崩；山崩 11.literary?adj.文学的；文学上的 literature literal literary literate liberal
12.versen.诗；韵文 13.animatedadj.栩栩如生的；（似）能活动的 14.inclination?n.倾向；意愿 incline inclined 15.sweatyadj.满是汗的；汗津津的 16.palmn.手掌；手心 17.varyv.相异；不同 18.conveyv.表达，传递（思想、感情等） 19.polishv.修改；润饰；润色 20.intellectn.（尤稻高等的）智力，思维逻辑领悟力 21.personalityn.性格；个性；人格 22.sequencen.顺序；次序 23.reversev.颠倒；彻底转变；使完全相反 24.veil?v.掩饰；掩盖 unveil揭露，揭开 25.intellectualadj.智力的；脑力的；理智的 26.familiarity?n.熟悉；通晓 familiar familiarize 27.appearance?n.外貌；外表 28.intensity?n.强烈；紧张；剧烈 intense 29.stirringn.（感情、想法或发展的）开始，出现，萌发
必修二 Unit1 IN SEARCH OF THE AMBER ROOM寻找琥珀厅Frederick William I, the King of Prussia, could never have imagined that his greatest gift to the Russian people would have such an amazing history. This gift was the Amber Room, which was given this name because several tons of amber were used to make it. The amber which was selected had a beautiful yellow-brown colour like honey. The design of the room was in the fancy style popular in those days. It was also a treasure decorated with gold and jewels, which took the country's best artists about ten years to make. 弗雷德里克?威廉?我,普鲁士国王,从未想像过这恩赐与俄罗斯人会令人惊喜的历史。这个礼物,琥珀屋的,赐给这个名字,因为好几吨的琥珀被用来制造它。琥珀被选有一个美丽的黄棕色的颜色就像蜂蜜。房间的设计是别致的流行的日子。这也是一种珍惜用金子来装饰和珠宝,将国家的最好的艺术家们大约10年了。 In fact, the room was not made to be a gift. It was designed for the palace of Frederick I. However, the next King of Prussia, Frederick William I, to whom the amber room belonged, decided not to keep it. In 1716 he gave it to Peter the Great. In return, the Czar sent him a troop of his best soldiers. So the Amber Room became part of the Czar's winter palace in St Petersburg. About four metres long, the room served as a small reception hall for important visitors. 事实上,这个房间没有是作为礼物送人的。它是设计出用于弗雷德里克的宫殿。然而,普鲁士的下一任国王弗雷德里克威廉?我、就是琥珀属于,决定不去保持它。在1716他给了彼得最重要的东西。作为回报,沙皇送给他一群他最好的士兵。所以琥珀房成了沙皇的一部分在圣彼得堡冬宫。大约四米长,房间作为一个小接待大厅为重要的游客。 Later, Catherine II had the Amber Room moved to a palace outside St Petersburg where she spent her summers. She told her artists to add more details to it. In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted. Almost six hundred candles lit the room, and its mirrors and pictures shone like gold. Sadly, although the Amber Room was considered one of the wonders of the world, it is now missing. 后来,凯瑟琳二世琥珀屋的搬到一座宫殿外面圣彼得堡她在她的夏天。她告
Unit 9 Facing Life’s Challenges A Famous Quote: The only thing we have to fear is fear itself. - Franklin Delano Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt(1882-1945), the 32nd President of the United States (1933-1945), he led the nation out of the Great Depression and later into World War II. Before he died, he cleared the way for peace, including establishment of the United Nations. His presidency is widely regarded as one of the greatest in US history. Text A: 300 Hurdles Pre-reading Questions: 1. Have you ever done hurdles? What do you think of it? 2. What kinds of difficulties and challenges have you ever met in your life? Life may give you negative, but don’t despair – it may just develop into a beautiful picture one day. This year, I realized my theory that I have on life. Life is like a 300m hurdle race. Since I run the 300m hurdles, I would know what the race is like. The first thing to any race is worrying about whether you are going to win or not. This relates to worrying about the petty things in life. Does it really matter if you win? Is it really going to be the end of the world? Or will you be upset if you lose and forget about it? In life we worry too much and live in the moment too little. Next is the lining up in our own individual lanes. We each start at different spots, but the race is still the same distance for everyone. This relates to our lives taking us to different places and putting us in different situations, but hopefully we will end up in the same place, but maybe at different times. Now comes the beginning of the race. We all try to keep up with everyone and pace ourselves with other people. This symbolizes that at times in everyone’s lives we worry about fitting in or being the same as other people, instead of worrying about being unique. If anyone were the same, the world would be incredibly boring. Now comes the first hurdle. This hurdle is the easiest to get over because you are not worn out from running. We all make it over this hurdle with ease. This symbolizes those obstacles in life that we struggle to get over, but we
Unit 7 Inner Voice I. New words and expressions New words 1. inner adj. 内心的；隐藏的 2. precisely adv. 准确地；恰好地 precise precision 联想：accurate, accuracy 比较：simply, possibly, subtly, truly / definitely, rarely, fortunately, likely / luckily, heavily 3. bombard v. 大肆抨击；连珠炮似地质问；提供过多信息， 4. dreaded adj. 令人害怕的；可怕的 5. small talk n. 寒喧；闲谈；聊天 6. hesitation n. 犹豫 hesitate hesitant hesitancy / hesitation 7. wonder v. 想知道；想弄明白；琢磨n. 奇迹 wonder wh-… do / work wonders / miracles
精选文库 8. prompt v. 促使；导致；激起 9. complete adj. （用以强调）完全的，彻底的 10. upset adj. 难过的；不高兴的；沮丧的 11. roll v. （使）翻滚，滚动 12. despite prep. 即使；尽管 despite / in spite of that fact that … 13. feeble adj. 无效的；无力的 14. attempt n./ v. 企图；试图；尝试 attempted 15. wipe v.（用布、手等）擦干净，抹掉 16. profusely adv. 大量地；连连地 17. address v. 写（收信人）姓名地址；致函 18. receptionist n. 接待员 19. attach v. 把…固定，把…附（在…上） attach …to… attached 依恋的；附加的；附属的 attachment 依恋；附件 20. emotion n. 强烈的感情；情感；情绪 emotional emotionless 21. contain v. 控制，克制，抑制（感情） 22. apparently adv. 据…所知；看来；显然