中国政法大学2008考博英语真题及其解析
Section I Use of English
Directions：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C，and D on ANSWER SHEET1(10 points)
By1830the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations.The roughly20million__1__of these nations looked__2__to the future.Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism，many of the leaders of independence__3__the ideas of representative government，careers__4__to talent，freedom of commerce and trade，the__5__to private property，and a belief in the individual as the basis of society，__6__there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states，large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a__7__set of laws.
Geng duo yuan xiao zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:__4__ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu_7_ba,huo jia zi xun qq:_7_qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.
On the issue of__8__of religion and the position of the church，__9__，there was less agreement__10__the leadership.Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one__11__by the Spanish crown，__12__most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism __13__the official religion of the new states，some sought to end the__14__of other faiths.The defense of the Church became a rallying
__15__for the conservative forces.
The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian，valuing equality of everything.Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had__16__in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated.By1854slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain's__17__colonies.Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much__18__because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies__19__Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was__20__self-rule and democracy.
1.[A]natives[B]inhabitants[C]peoples[D] individuals
2.[A]confusedly[B]cheerfully[C]worriedly[D] hopefully
3.[A]shared[B]forgot[C]attained[D]rejected
4.[A]related[B]close[C]open[D]devoted
5.[A]access[B]succession[C]right[D]return
6.[A]Presumably[B]Incidentally[C]Obviously[D] Generally
7.[A]unique[B]common[C]particular[D]typical
8.[A]freedom[B]origin[C]impact[D]reform
9.[A]therefore[B]however[C]indeed[D]moreover
10.[A]with[B]about[C]among[D]by
11.[A]allowed[B]preached[C]granted[D]funded
12.[A]Since[B]If[C]Unless[D]While
13.[A]as[B]for[C]under[D]against
14.[A]spread[B]interference[C]exclusion[D] influence
15.[A]support[B]cry[C]plea[D]wish
16.[A]urged[B]intended[C]expected[D]promised
17.[A]controlling[B]former[C]remaining[D]original
18.[A]slower[B]faster[C]easier[D]tougher
19.[A]created[B]produced[C]contributed[D] preferred
20.[A]puzzled by[B]hostile to[C]pessimistic about[D] unprepared for
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions：
Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A，B，C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40points)
Text1[410words]
If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in2006's World Cup tournament you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk elite soccer later months.If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks，you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more
pronounced.
What might account for this strange phenomenon?Here are a few guesses：a)certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills.
b)winter-born bathes tend to have higher oxygen capacity which increases soccer stamina.c)soccer mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime at the annual peak of soccer mania.
d)none of the above.
Anders Ericsson，a58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University，says he believes strongly in“none of the above.”Ericsson grew up in Sweden，and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology.His first experiment nearly years ago，involved memory：training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers.“With the first subject.after about20 hours of training his digit span had risen from7to20，”Ericsson recalls.“He kept improving，and after about200hours of training he had risen to over80numbers.”
This success coupled with later research showing that memory itself as not genetically determined，led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.In other words，whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize those differences are swamped by how well each person“encodes”the information.And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully，Ericsson
determined，was a process known as deliberate practice.Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task.Rather，it involves setting specific goals，obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.
Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits，including soccer.They gather all the data they can，not just predominance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own lavatory experiments with high achievers.Their work makes a rather startling assertion：the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or，put another way，expert performers whether in memory or surgery，ballet or computer programming are nearly always made，not born.
21.The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to
[A]stress the importance of professional training.
[B]spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.
[C]introduce the topic of what males expert performance.
[D]explain why some soccer teams play better than others.
22.The word“mania”(Line4，Paragraph2)most probably means
[A]fun.
[B]craze.
[C]hysteria.
[D]excitement.
23.According to Ericsson good memory
[A]depends on meaningful processing of information.
[B]results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.
[C]is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.
[D]requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.
24.Ericsson and his colleagues believe that
[A]talent is a dominating factor for professional success.
[B]biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.
[C]the role of talent tends to be overlooked.
[D]high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.
25.Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?
[A]“Faith will move mountains.”
[B]“One reaps what one sows.”
[C]“Practice makes perfect.”
[D]“Like father，like son”
Text2[451words]
For the past several years，the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called“Ask Marilyn.”People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant，who at age10had tested at a mental level of someone about23years old;that gave her an IQ of 228-the highest score ever recorded.IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies，to envision paper after it has been folded and cut，and to deduce numerical sequences，among other
similar tasks.So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe(whose IQ is100)as，What's the difference between love and fondness?Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence?It's not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.
Clearly，intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it means to be smart?How much of intelligence can be specified，and how much can we learn about it from neurology，genetics，computer science and other fields?
The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score，even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.The test comes primarily in two forms：the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales(both come in adult and children's version)。Generally costing several hundred dollars，they are usually given only by psychologists，although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible，because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age pecks，rather tan simply dividing the mental are by the chronological age and multiplying by100.Other standardized tests，such as the Scholastic Assessment Test(SAT)and the Graduate Record Exam(GRE)，capture the main aspects of IQ tests.
Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements
necessary to succeed in school and in life，argues Robert J.Sternberg. In his article“How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”. Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge，components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover，IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change.Research has found that IQ predicted leadership sills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions，but under high-stress conditions.IQ was negatively correlated with leadership-that is it predicted the opposite.Anyone who bas toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters，whether it‘s knowing when to guess or what questions of skip.
26.Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?
[A]Answering philosophical questions.
[B]Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.
[C]Telling the differences between certain concepts.
[D]Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.
27.What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph3?
[A]People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.
[B]More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.
[C]The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.
[D]Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.
28.People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant's because
[A]the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.
[B]creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.
[C]vos Savant's case is an extreme one that will not repeat.
[D]the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.
29.We can conclude from the last paragraph that
[A]test scores may not be reliable indicators of one's ability
[B]IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.
[C]testing involves a lot of guesswork.
[D]traditional tests are out of date.
30.What is the author's attitude towards IQ tests?
[A]Supportive.
[B]Skeptical.
[C]Impartial.
[D]Biased.
Text3[421words]
During the past generation，the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself
financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.Now a pink slip，a bad diagnosis.or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.
In just one generation，millions of mothers have gone to work，transforming basic family economics.Scholars，policymakers，and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes，but few have looked at the side effect family risk has risen as well.Today's families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status.As a result they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback-a back-up earner(usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick.This“added-worker effect”could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times.But today，a disruption to family fortunes can not longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.
During the same period，families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income.Steelworkers，airline employees，and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates，stock market fluctuation，and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money.For much of the past year.President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings-account model，with retirees
trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.For younger families，the picture is not any better.Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen-and newly fashionable
health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers，with much higher deductibles and a large new does of investment risk for families‘future healthcare.Even demographics are working against the middle class family，as the odds of having a weak elderly parent-and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance have jumped eightfold in just one generation.
From the middle-class family perspective，much of this，understandably，looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility，and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.The financial fallout has begun，and the political fallout may not be far behind.
31.Today's double-income families are at greater financial risk in that
[A]the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.
[B]their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.
[C]they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.
[D]they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.
32.As a result of President Bush's reform，retired people may have
[A]a higher sense of security.
[B]less secured payments.
[C]less chance to invest.
[D]a guaranteed future.
33.According go the author，health-savings plans will
[A]help reduce the cost of healthcare.
[B]popularize among the middle class.
[C]compensate for the reduced pensions.
[D]increase the families investment risk.
34.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that
[A]financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.
[B]the middle class may face greater political challenges.
[C]financial problems may bring about political problems.
[D]financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.
35.Which of the following is the best title for this text?
[A]The Middle Class on the Alert
[B]The Middle Class on the Cliff
[C]The Middle Class in Conflict
[D]The Middle Class in Ruins
Text4[416words]
It never rains but it pours.Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles，and improved their feeble corporation governance，a new problem threatens to earn them-especially in America-the sort of nasty
headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite：data insecurity.Left，until now，to odd，low-level IT staff to put right，and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking，telecoms and air travel，information protection is now high on the boss's agenda in businesses of every variety.
Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year-from organizations as diverse as Time Warner，the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California.Berkeley-have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate11systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.
“Data is becoming an asset which needs no be guarded as much as any other asset.”says I am Mendelson of Stanford University's business school“The ability guard customer data is the key to market value，which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders”Indeed，just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles(GAAP)。perhaps it is time for GASP.Generally Accepted Security Practices，suggested Eli Noam of New York's Columbia Business School.“Setting the proper investment level for security，redundancy，and recovery is a management issue，not a technical one.”he says.
The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest exccutive that trust，that most valuable of economic assets，is easily destroyed and hugely
expensive to restore-and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.
The current state of affairs may have been encouraged-though not justified-by the lack of legal penalty(in America，but not Europe) for data leakage.Until California recently passed a law.American firms did not have to tell anyone，even the victim，when data went astray，I hat may change fast lots of proposed data-security legislation now doing the rounds in Washington.D.C.Meanwhile.the theft of information about some40million credit-card accounts in America，disclosed on June17th.overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America's Federal Trade Commission(FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.
36.The statement：“It never rains but it pours”is used to introduce
[A]the fierce business competition.
[B]the feeble boss-board relations
[C]the threat from news reports.
[D]the severity of data leakage.
37.According to Paragraph2，some organizations check their systems to find out
[A]whether there is any weak point.
[B]what sort of data has been stolen.
[C]who is responsible for the leakage.
[D]how the potential spies can be located.
38.In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that
[A]shareholders interests should be properly attended to.
[B]information protection should be given due attention.
[C]businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.
[D]the market value of customer data should be emphasized.
39.According to Paragraph4，what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to
[A]see the link between trust and data protection.
[B]perceive the sensitivity of personal data.
[C]realize the high cost of data restoration.
[D]appreciate the economic value of trust.
40.It can be inferred from Paragraph5that
[A]data leakage is more severe in Europe.
[B]FTC's decision is essential to data security.
[C]California takes the lead in security legislation.
[D]legal penalty is a major Solomon to data leakage.
Part B
Directions：
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A——G that best fits the meaning of
each numbered part of the text(41——45)。The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered.There are two extra headings that you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)
A.Set a Good Example for Your Kids
B.Build Your Kid's Work Skills
C.Place Time Limits on Leisure Activities
D.Talk about the Future on a Regular Basis
E.Help Kids Develop Coping Strategies
F.Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They Are
G.Build Your Kids Sense of Responsibility
How Can a Parent Help?
Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids.Even if a job's starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult's need for rapid content，the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move.Here are a few measures，drawn from my book Ready or Not，Here Life Comes，that parents can take to prevent what I call“work-life unread ness”。
41._________________________________
You can start this process when they are11or12.Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings,like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating.Also,identify the kinds of interests they keep
coming back to,as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.
42._________________________________
Kids need a range of authentic role models-as opposed to members of their clique,pop stars and vaunted athletes.Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are.Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do,they should be discouraged from saying “I have no idea.”They can change their minds200times,but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.
43._________________________________
Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn;parents should e responsible for teaching them how to work.Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met.Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills,such as managing time and setting priorities.
44._________________________________
Paying video games encourages immediate content.And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way.At the same time,listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors.
All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jods.
45._________________________________
They should know how to deal with setbacks,stresses and feelings of inadequacy.They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts,ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.
What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood?Parents still have a major role to play,but now it is more delicate.They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult(as na?ve or ill conceived as it may seem)while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future.Most of all,these new adults must fell that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.
Part C
Directions：
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10points)
The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities.However,only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities.(46)Traditionally,legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.Happily,the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.
If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education,its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism https://www.doczj.com/doc/76677408.html,w is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment.On the one hand,it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice,democracy and freedom.
(47)On the other,it links these concepts to everyday realities in
a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.For example,notions of evidence and fact,of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law.Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist's intellectual preparation for his or her career.
(48)But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the
established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.Politics or,more broadly,the functioning of the state,is a major subject for journalists.The better informed they are about the way the state works,the better their reporting will be.(49)In fact,it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear preps of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.
Furthermore,the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists.While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly,there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers.(50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories,it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.
Section III Writing
51.Directions：Write an essay of160-200words based on the following drawing.In your essay,you should
1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning, and then
3)support your view with an example/examples.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20points)
参考答案
Section I Use of English
西安交通大学考博英语试题及其解析 I.In each question,decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET,(15points) EXAMPLE: I was caught_the rain yesterday. A.in B.by C.with D.at ANSWER:(A) l.Those two families have been quarrelling__each other for many years. A.to B.between C.against D.with 2.There are many things whose misuse is dangerous,bur it is hard to think of anything that can be compared___ A.in B.with C.among D.by 3."How often have you seen cases like this?"one surgeon asked another."Oh,__times,I guess,"was the reply. A.hundred of B.hundreds C.hundreds of D.hundred 4.Give me your telephone number__I need your help. A.whether B.unless C.so that D.in case 5.You sang well last night.We hope you'll sing__. A.more better B.still better C.nicely D.best 6.Those people__a general understanding of the present situation. https://www.doczj.com/doc/76677408.html,ck of B.are lacking of https://www.doczj.com/doc/76677408.html,ck D.are in lack 7.Alone in a desert house,he was so busy with his research work
2018考博英语翻译练习题及答案【十篇】 仰望天空时，什么都比你高，你会自卑;俯视大地时，什么都比你低，你会自负;只有放宽视野，把天空和大地尽收眼底，才能在苍穹泛土之间找到你真正的位置。无须自卑，不要自负，坚持自信。以下我无忧考网为考生整理的《2018考博英语翻译练习题及答案第二部分【十篇】》供您查阅。 2018考博英语翻译练习：泡腊八蒜 考博英语翻译题型多为汉译英，各博士招生院校大多都有此题型，考博英语复习初期阶段新东方在线考博频道为考博生们整理了一些考博英语翻译练习，供大家平日复习。 泡腊八蒜是中国北方，尤其是华北地区的一个习俗。顾名思义，就是在阴历腊月初八的这天来泡制大蒜。其实材料非常简单，就是醋和大蒜瓣儿。做法也是极其简单，将剥了皮的蒜瓣儿放到一个可以密封的罐子、瓶子之类的容器里面，然后倒入醋，封上口放到一个冷的地方。慢慢地，泡在醋中的蒜就会变绿，最后会变得通体碧绿的，如同翡翠碧玉。老北京人家，一到腊月初八，过年的气氛一天赛过一天，
华北大部分地区在腊月初八这天有用醋泡蒜的习俗。 译文参考： Laba garlic bulbs in the north,particularly in North China,a custom. As the name suggests,at the eighth daytime of the twelfth lunar day the Chinese people are apt to cook garlic.In fact,the materials is very easy, that is,vinegar and garlic petal.Approach is extremely simple too,the rinded garlic cloves can be sealed into a jar,flasks and the favor inside the container,then pour vinegar,sealed port into a cold location. Slowly, the garlic drenched in vinegar ambition turn green,and finally transform entire body green as emerald jade.Old Beijing human,1 to the eighth daytime of the twelfth lunar month,one day outdo the air of Chinese New Year day in most parts of north China this day be serviceable in the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month vinegar and garlic bulbs custom. 解析： 大蒜：garlic
2012年复旦大学考博英语真题及详解 Paper One Part I Vocabulary and Structure (15%) Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center. 1. It was very difficult to find the parts needed to do the job because of the ______ way the store was organized. A. logical B. haphazard C. orderly D. tidy 【答案】B 【解析】句意：由于店铺东西摆放杂乱无章，干活时找寻所需东西相当困难。haphazard 随意的；无计划的；胡乱的。orderly整齐的；有组织的。 2. Mississippi also upholds the South’s well-deserved reputation for warm, hospitable people; balmy year-round weather; and truly ______ cuisine. A. destructive B. horrible
四川大学2012考博英语真题及答案详解 阅读 1）Sign has become a scientific hot button. Only in the past 20 years have specialists in language study realized that signed languages are unique—a speech of the hand. They offer a new way to probe how the brain generates and understands language, and throw new light on an old scientific controversy: whether language, complete with grammar, is something that we are born With, or whether it is a learned behavior. The current interest in sign language has roots in the pioneering work of one rebel teacher at Gallaudet University in Washington, D. C., the world’s only liberal arts university for deaf people. When Bill Stokoe went to Gallaudet to teach English, the school enrolled him in a course in signing. But Stokoe noticed something odd: among themselves, students signed differently from his classroom teacher. Stokoe had been taught a sort of gestural code, each movement of the hands representing a word in English. At the time, American Sign Language (ASL) was thought to be no more than a form of pidgin English (混杂英语). But Stokoe believed the “hand talk” his students used looked richer. He wondered: Might deaf people actually: have a genuine language? And could that language be unlike any other on Earth? I t was 1955, when even deaf people dismissed their signing a s “substandard”. Stokoe’s idea was academic heresy (异端邪说). It is 37 years later. Stokoe—now devoting his time to writing and editing books and journals and to producing video materials on ASL and the deaf culture—is having lunch at a cafe near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution. For decades educators fought his idea that signed languages are natural languages like English, French and Japanese. They assumed language must be based on speech, the modulation (调节) of sound. But sign language is based on the movement of hands, the modulation of space. “What I said,” Stokoe explains, “is that language is not mouth stuff—it’s brain stuff.” 21. The study of sign language is thought to be _____C___. A) a new way to look at the learning of language B) a challenge to tradi t ional, views on the nature of language C) an approach: to simplifying the grammatical structure of a language D) an attempt to clarify misunderstanding about the origin of language（C） 22. The, present growing interest in sign language was stimulated by ___C_____. A) a famous scholar in the study of the human brain B) a leading specialist in the study of liberal arts C) an English teacher in a university for the deaf D) some senior experts in American Sign Language（C） 23. According to Stokoe, sign language is _____B___. A) a Substandard language B) a genuine language C) an artificial language D) an international language（B）
Part Two:Structure and Written Expression(20%) Directions:For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked、Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet、 11. Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing”for human being is a question that a wide solution、 A.admits of B、requires of C、needs of D、seeks for 12.In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message、 A.accustomed to split and divided B.accustomed to splitting and dividing C.accustomed to split and dividing D.accustomed to splitting and divided 13.Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value、 A、at itself B、as itself C、on itself D、in itself 14. us earlier, your request to the full、 A、You have contacted…we could comply with B、Had you contacted…we could have complied with C、You had contacted…could we have complied with D、Have you contacted…we could comply with 15.The American Revolution had no medieval legal institutions to or to root out, apart from monarchy、 A、discard B、discreet C、discord D、disgorge 16、Living constantly in the atmosphere of slave, he became infected the unconscious their psychology、No one can shield himself such an influence、 A、on…by…at B、by…for…in C、from…in…on D、through…with…from 17、The effect of electric technology had at first been anxiety、Now it appears to create 、 A、bore B、bored C、boredom D、bordom 18、Jazz tends to be a casual dialogue form of dance quite in the receptive and mechanical forms of the waltz、 A、lacked B、lacking C、for lack of D、lack of 19、There are too many complains about society move too fast to keep up with the machine、 A、that have to B、have to C、having to D、has to 20、The poor girl spent over half a year in the hospital but she is now for it、 A、none the worse B、none the better C、never worse D、never better 21、As the silent film sound, so did the sound film color、 A、cried out for…cried out for B、cry out for…cry out for C、had cried out for…cried out for D、had cried out for…cry out for 22、While his efforts were tremendous the results appeared to be very 、 A、trigger B、meager C、vigor D、linger 23、Western man is himself being de-Westernized by his own speed-up, by industrial technology、 A、as much the Africans are detribalized B、the Africans are much being detribalized C、as much as the Africans are being detribalized D、as much as the Africans are detribalized 24、We admire his courage and self-confidence、 A、can but B、cannot only C、cannot but D、can only but 25、In the 1930’s, when millions of comic books were the young with fighting and killing, nobody seemed to notice that the violence of cars in the streets was more hysterical、
General English Admission Test For Non-English Major Ph.D. program (Harbin Institute of Technology) Passage One Questions 1-7 are based on the following passage: According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed over two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that originated from molten granitelike bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth. This theory is contrary to the widely held view that the systems were deposited from metamorphic fluids, that is, from fluids that formed during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks. The recently developed theory has considerable practical importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered during the original gold rushes were exposed at the Earth’s surface and were found because the y had shed trails of alluvial gold that were easily traced by simple prospecting methods. Although these same methods still leas to an occasional discovery, most deposits not yet discovered have gone undetected because they are buried and have no surface expression. The challenge in exploration is therefore to unravel the subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the position of buried minerals. Methods widely used today include analysis of aerial images that yield a broad geological overview, geophysical techniques that provide data on the magnetic, electrical, and mineralogical properties of the rocks being investigated, and sensitive chemical tests that are able to detect : the subtle chemical halos that often envelop mineralization. However, none of these high-technology methods are of any value if the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized. Such ground selection relies to varying degrees on conceptual models, which take into account theoretical studies of relevant factors. These models are constructed primarily from empirical observations of known mineral deposits and from theories of ore-forming processes. The explorer uses the models to identify those geological features that are critical to the formation of the mineralization being modeled, and then tries to select areas for exploration that exhibit as many of the critical features as possible. 1. The author is primarily concerned with . A. advocating a return to an older methodology. B. explaining the importance of a recent theory. C. enumerating differences between two widely used methods D. describing events leading to a discovery 2. According to passage, the widely held view of Archean-age gold-quartz vein
北京外国语大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析 Directions: In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A―G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. A new volcano was being born.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba ,huo jia zi xun qq: qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi. The volcano in the cornfield grew until it was bigger than the cornfield! 1 People called the volcano the Little Monster because it grew so fast. Scientists came from all over the world to study it and watch it grow. It is not often that people get a chance to watch a volcano from the very beginning. Most of the volcanoes have been here for a very long time. Some have been here so long that now they are cold. They are called dead volcanoes. They have stopped throwing out fire and melted rock and smoke. It is safe to walk on them. Farms are plowed on the quiet slopes, and people have built houses there. Some volcanoes have stopped throwing out hot rock, but they still smoke a little now and then. They are "sleeping" volcanoes. Sometime they may "wake up". 2 Today volcanoes are not so dangerous for people as they were a long time ago. Now we know more about why volcanoes do what they do, and we can usually tell when they are going to do it. 3
2015年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解 Paper One Part I Vocabulary and Structure(15%) Directions:There are30incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the centre. 1.Mo Yan is_____as one of China’s most talented writers. A.acclaimed B.claimed C.blamed D.studied 【答案】B 【解析】句意：莫言被称为中国最有才华的作家之一。be claimed as意为“被称为”，符合句意，故选B项。 2.There has been no twentieth-century anthropologist more_____or more controversial than Margaret Mead. A.imaginative B.hard-working C.celebrated D.strong-minded 【答案】C 【解析】句意：20世纪的人类学家中没有谁比玛格丽特·米德更著名或者说更有争议。备受争议从侧面说明了她比较出名，celebrated“著名的，有名望的”符合句意。故选C项。 https://www.doczj.com/doc/76677408.html,munication satellites transmit information more_____than do ordinary shortwave radios. A.conveniently B.reliably C.accessibly D.concisely 【答案】B 【解析】句意：通讯卫星比普通的短波无线电通讯传送信息更加可靠。reliably可靠地。conveniently便利地，合宜的。accessibly可接近地，可得到地。concisely简洁地。这里强
北京语言大学考博英语真题及其解析Directions:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about preparing in the academic community.Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph(41-45).The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered.There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points) Long before Man lived on the Earth,there were fishes,reptiles, birds,insects,and some mammals.Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today,others are now extinct,that is,they have no descendants alive now. 41Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin,so that, apart from color,we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago.That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land,often of the plants that grew on it,and even of its climate. 42Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action,and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water.Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals,birds,and insects of which we know noting.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi. 43There were also crablike creatures,whose bodies were covered
2011年复旦大学考博英语真题及详解 Paper One Part Ⅰ Vocabulary and Structure （15%） Directions:There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET I with a single line through the center. 1. He’s color-blind and can’t ______ the difference between red and green easily. A. detect B. discover C. distinguish D. determine 【答案】C 【解析】句意：他是色盲，难以辨出红色和绿色的区别。distinguish区分，辨别，分清。 2. As many as 100 species of fish, some ______ to these waters, may have been affected by the pollution. A. unusual B. particular C. typical D. unique
【解析】句意：多达100种鱼可能会受到污染的影响，而且有些鱼类是这些水域所特有的。be unique to为惯用搭配，指“只有……才有的；对……独一无二的”。其他选项也包含“特有的”意思，其区别在于：unusual指事物时表示某事极少发生，或极少被人耳闻目睹；particular指某事物存在专有特点，以此与其他事物相区别；typical侧重指“典型”，指某个群族中共有、而区别于其他群族。因此本题答案为D项。 3. In her bright yellow coat, she was easily ______ in the crowed. A. accessible B. identifiable C. negligible D. incredible 【答案】B 【解析】句意：她穿着亮黄色的外套，因此很容易就可从人群中将她辨认出来。identifiable 可辨认的；可识别的。accessible易接近的；可理解的；易相处的。negligible可以忽略的；微不足道的。incredible不可思议的；惊人的；难以置信的。 4. Some people find that certain foods ______ their headaches. A. introduce B. trigger C. summon D. create
https://www.doczj.com/doc/76677408.html,中国考博辅导首选学校 2014考博英语真题分析 大家都知道，考博考到最后是在考英语，考英语考到最后是在考阅读， 得阅读者得天下，由此可看出考博阅读在考博中占据的重要性。 历年考纲都明确规定了阅读理解A部分主要考查考生的八个方面，要 求考生掌握这几方面的要求，同时在试题的考查中体现出了考纲对阅读理 解A的考查，细节题体现出了考博考纲中要求掌握细节的一点，主旨题也体 现出了考纲中需要掌握文章大概框架的要求等等，前些年细节题占据了考题 的很大一部分，这些年考查细节方面题的数量稍有减少，相应的其他类型题 的数量稍有增加。 （PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537)这几年阅读理解文章难度，整体上趋于平稳。今年的阅读题题型和11 年有相似之处，话题都是大家比较熟悉的话题，这样就不会出现10年时候出 现的文章大意都看不懂的现象，但是这样也会出现另外一个现象，大家熟悉 的话题就很容易加入自己的主观想法，就如05年第三篇讲梦的文章，大家都 知道日有所思，夜有所梦，很多考生在做第一题的时候很容易选择C答案： 梦反映出我们内心最深处的欲望与恐惧，另一方面，从06年到现在，答案的 干扰性越来越强，以前的答案设置中有两个是错误答案，很多时候剩下的一 个选项的无关干扰答案，与主题是没有关系的，这一个通常可以根据主题来 排除掉，而近几年的阅读题答案的干扰就是以文章里面出现的信息作为干扰 项，今年的考题也印证了这印证了这样一个趋势，不像10年的题，话题都 是专业的，很多学生文章都没看明白，但是从11年开始，很多考生似乎文章 都看懂了，但是答案就是做不对，有时文章不是很难，但是题目会出的稍微 拐的弯多一些。有些答案设计过程中确实是有些难度的。近几年考博阅读的 难度系数比较稳定，一般是在5道左右。06到12年阅读题都是5道左右。 本文由“育明考博”整理编辑
吉林大学考博英语真题解析 Section I Listening Comprehension（20points） Part A（5points） 1.highlands； 2.20； https://www.doczj.com/doc/76677408.html,d； 4.November； 5.22. Part B（5points） 6.A（technology）forecaster； https://www.doczj.com/doc/76677408.html,ernment agencies； 8.（a）meaningful（exercise）； 9.open to change； 10.Trust and cooperation. Part C（10points） 11.D12.B13.C14.D15.A16.C17.B18.A19.A 20.C Section II Use of English（10points） 21.C22.D23.A24.D25.A26.B27.C28.D29.A 30.B31.A32.C33.D34.B35.A36.B37.B38.D39.A 40.C Section III Reading Comprehension（50points） Part A（40points） 41.C42.A43.D44.B45.C46.A47.D48.C49.B 50.D51.D52.A53.B54.A55.C56.C57.A58.D59.B
60.C Part B（10points） 61.希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根更多院校的考博英语真题及其解析或考博英语辅导体验请拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八，加咨询扣扣七七二六七八五三七。 62.我们之所有感激他们（两位先驱），是因为在此之后，这些（土著）语言中有一些已经不复存在了，这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡了，或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言。 63.这些新近被描述的语言与已经得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著，以至于有些学者甚至指责Boas和Sapir编造了材料。 64.Who r f对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，逐渐形成了这样的观点：在一个社会中，语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。 65.Who r f进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点，其极端说法是：语言禁锢思维，语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。 Section IV Writing（20points） 66.（略） 评分标准 I听力： A节：5小题，每题1分，共5分。 B节：5小题，每题1分，共5分。 C节：10小题，每题1分，共10分。 A、B两节对大、小写（专有名词除外）和标点符号不做要求，英、美拼法均可接受，但拼写错误不给分。