年度国家标准外文版翻译项目汇总表
一、名词解释（5*2=10） PMI, Project Management Institute, 美国项目管理学会 PMP, Project Management Professional, 项目管理专业人员认证 PMBOK, Project Management Body of Knowledge, 项目管理知识体系 PLC, project life cycle, 项目生命周期 RFP, Request for proposal, 需求建议书 WBS, Work Breakdown Structure, 工作分解结构 CPM, Critical path method, 关键路径法 PERT, Project Evaluation and Review Technique, 计划评审技术 AOA, Activity-On-Arrow, 双代号网络图法 AON, Activity-on-node, 单代号网络图 CPI, Cost Performance Index, 成本绩效指数 (挣值(EV)/实际成本(AC)) RAM, Responsibility Assignment Matrix, 职责分配矩阵 P&L, Profit and loss损益 VAT, value-added tax, 加值税、增值税 QA, Quality Assurance, 质量保障 二、填空题（5*2=10）。 1. A project is an endeavour to accomplish a specific objective through a unique set of interrelated tasks and the
中英文对照外文翻译文献 中英文对照外文翻译 The Internet is Applicated in Real Estate The Real Estate Industry and the World Wide Web: Changing Technology, Changing Location.The Internet, in its Web based graphics version, has captured the imagination of both consumers and businesses. Its convenience, speed, low cost and versatility are being exploited on a daily basis in ever-changing ways. Together with its capacity to transform existing businesses, promote new businesses and facilitate exchange of information and data, its other striking attribute has been the speed with which this new technology has spread throughout the global economy. Keywords:The internet;Real Estate;Applicated The number of computer hosts grew by more than ten-fold between 1995 and early 1999. The number of Web sites increased almost 100-fold, to over two million, between 1995 and 1998.Ｂy the year 2000, there will be approximately 400-500 million Internet users in the world, and the total number of Web sites will exceed five million. This new technology has the potential for affecting the real estate industry directly and indirectly. Directly, it may become a tool that allows a real estate business to expand its information and sales network. Indirectly, it may change the location equation where and how firms do business which in turn will affect the role of firms involved in real estate development, investment and transactions. Measuring the Spread of the Web
经典文档下载后可编辑复制 湖北文理学院 毕业设计(论文)英文翻译 题目有限元热分析的陶瓷离合器 专业车辆工程 班级Xxx 姓名Xxxx 学号2010138xx 指导教师 职称Xxx 副教授 2014年2月25日
Fethermal analysis of a ceramic clutch 1. Introduction Abrasive dry running vehicle clutches are force closure couplings. Torque and speed transmission are ensured by the frictional force generated between two pressed surfaces. Reasons for the application of ceramic as a friction medium include good heat and wear resistance properties, which provide the opportunity to drive higher pressures, and a low density. Thus, an increasing power density is enabled with a parallel minimization of construction space. Measurements with a first prototype of a clutch disk using ceramic facings were performed at Karlsruhe University in a laboratory specialized in passenger car drive system testing. In the course of analysis the finite element (FE) model was to be constructed with the knowledge of measurement data and measurement conditions. Calculations were intended to determine the temperature distribution of the clutch disk and its environment at each moment in time corresponding to measurements. It is essential to be familiar with the temperature range in order to examine the wear characteristics of the system. Thus, important information is derived from measurement data. In critical load cases, the highest expected temperatures must be forecast in space and time in order to protect measuring instruments close to the location of heat generation. The goal of this study is to analyze and modify the clutch system to provide better operating conditions by improving the heat conduction and convection of the system or to increase the amount of the energy converted into frictional heat. Furthermore, it is desired to find better design solutions for more efficient clutch systems. Calculations were performed by the Cosmos Design Star software. During model development, great care had to be taken for proper simplification of geometry, the selection of element sizes, and the correct adjustment of time steps due to the substantial hardware requirements for transient calculations. Changes in thermal parameters such as the surface heat convection coefficient and thermal load had to be taken into consideration on an on-going basis in terms of time and location. The two sides of the analyzed test clutch system can only be managed by two independent models linked by heat partition,
本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译 译文： ASP ASP介绍 你是否对静态HTML网页感到厌倦呢？你是否想要创建动态网页呢？你是否想 要你的网页能够数据库存储呢？如果你回答：“是”，ASP可能会帮你解决。在2002年5月，微软预计世界上的ASP开发者将超过80万。你可能会有一个疑问什么是ASP。不用着急，等你读完这些，你讲会知道ASP是什么，ASP如何工作以及它能为我们做 什么。你准备好了吗？让我们一起去了解ASP。 什么是ASP? ASP为动态服务器网页。微软在1996年12月推出动态服务器网页,版本是3.0。微软公司的正式定义为:“动态服务器网页是一个开放的、编辑自由的应用环境,你可以将HTML、脚本、可重用的元件来创建动态的以及强大的网络基础业务方案。动态服务器网页服务器端脚本,IIS能够以支持Jscript和VBScript。”(2)。换句话说,ASP是微软技术开发的,能使您可以通过脚本如VBScript Jscript的帮助创建动态网站。微软的网站服务器都支持ASP技术并且是免费的。如果你有Window NT4.0服务器安装,你可以下载IIS（互联网信息服务器）3.0或4.0。如果你正在使用的Windows2000,IIS 5.0是它的一个免费的组件。如果你是Windows95/98,你可以下载(个人网络服务器(PWS),这是比IIS小的一个版本，可以从Windows95/98CD中安装，你也可以从微软的网站上免费下载这些产品。 好了，您已经学会了什么是ASP技术，接下来，您将学习ASP文件。它和HTML文 件相同吗？让我们开始研究它吧。 什么是ASP文件？ 一个ASP文件和一个HTML文件非常相似，它包含文本，HTML标签以及脚本，这些都在服务器中，广泛用在ASP网页上的脚本语言有2种，分别是VBScript和Jscript，VBScript与Visual Basic非常相似，而Jscript是微软JavaScript的版本。尽管如此，VBScript是ASP默认的脚本语言。另外，这两种脚本语言，只要你安装了ActiveX脚本引擎，你可以使用任意一个，例如PerlScript。 HTML文件和ASP文件的不同点是ASP文件有“.Asp”扩展名。此外，HTML标签和ASP代码的脚本分隔符也不同。一个脚本分隔符,标志着一个单位的开始和结束。HTML标签以小于号(<)开始(>)结束，而ASP以<%开始，%>结束，两者之间是服务端脚本。
Automobile Brake System汽车制动系统 The braking system is the most important system in cars. If the brakes fail, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes. Two complete independent braking systems are used on the car. They are the service brake and the parking brake. The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The primary purpose of the brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking brake foot pedal or hand lever is set. The brake system is composed of the following basic components: the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood, and is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses” connect the master cylinder to the “slave cylinders” located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme conditions, fills the system. “Shoes” and “pads” are pushed by the slave cylinders to contact the “drums” and “rotors” thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows the c ar. The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder (Figure). Basically, all car brakes are friction brakes. When the driver applies the brake, the control device forces brake shoes, or pads, against the rotating brake drum or disks at wheel. Friction between the shoes or pads and the drums or disks then slows or stops the wheel so that the car is braked.
管理信息系统外文翻译-标准化文件发布号：（9456-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII
英文文献翻译 二〇年月日
科技文章摘译 Definition of a Management Information System There is no consensus of the definition of the term "management information system". Some writers prefer alternative terminology such as "information processing system", "information and decision system", "organizational information system", or simply "information system" to refer to the computer-based information processing system which supports the operations, management, and decision-making functions of an organization. This text uses “MIS” because it is descriptive and generally understood; it also frequently uses “information system” instead of “MIS” to refer to an organizational information system. A definition of a management information system, as the term is generally understood, is an integrated, user-machine system for providing information to support operations, management, and decision-making functions in an organization. The system utilizes computer hardware and software; manual procedures; models for analysis planning, control and decision making; and a database. The fact that it is an integrated system does not mean that it is a single, monolithic structure; rather, it means that the parts fit into an overall design. The elements of the definition are highlighted below. 1 Computer-based user-machine system Conceptually, management information can exist without computer, but it is the power of the computer which makes MIS feasible. The question is not whether computers should be used in management information system, but the extent to which information use should be computerized. The concept of a user-machine system implies that some tasks are best performed by humans, while others are best done by machine. The user of an MIS is any person responsible for entering input data, instructing the system, or utilizing the information output of the system. For many problems, the user and the computer form a combined system with results obtained through a set of interactions between the computer and the user. User-machine interaction is facilitated by operation in which the user’s input-output device (usually a visual display terminal) is connected to the computer. The computer can be a personal computer serving only one user or a large computer that
Drive force control of a parallel-series hybrid system Abstract Since each component of a hybrid system has its own limit of performance, the vehicle power depends on the weakest component. So it is necessary to design the balance of the components. The vehicle must be controlled to operate within the performance range of all the components. We designed the specifications of each component backward from the required drive force. In this paper we describe a control method for the motor torque to avoid damage to the battery, when the battery is at a low state of charge. Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Inc. and Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction In recent years, vehicles with internal combustion engines have increasingly played an important role as a means of transportation, and are contributing much to the development of society. However, vehicle emissions contribute to air pollution and possibly even global warming, which require effective countermeasures. Various developments are being made to reduce these emissions, but no further large improvements can be expected from merely improving the current engines and transmissions. Thus, great expectations are being placed on the development of electric, hybrid and natural gas-driven vehicles. Judging from currently applicable technologies, and the currently installed infrastructure of gasoline stations, inspection and service facilities, the hybrid vehicle, driven by the combination of gasoline engine and electric motor, is considered to be one of the most realistic solutions. Generally speaking, hybrid systems are classified as series or parallel systems. At Toyota, we have developed the Toyota Hybrid System (hereinafter referred to as the THS) by combining the advantages of both systems. In this sense the THS could be classified as a parallel-series type of system. Since the THS constantly optimizes engine operation, emissions are cleaner and better fuel economy can be achieved. During braking, Kinetic energy is recovered by the motor, thereby reducing fuel consumption and subsequent CO 2 emissions. Emissions and fuel economy are greatly improved by using the THS for the power train system. However, the THS incorporates engine, motor, battery and other components, each of which has its own particular capability. In other words, the driving force must be generated within the limits of each respective component. In particular, since the battery output varies greatly depending on its level of charge, the driving force has to be controlled with this in mind. This report clarifies the performance required of the respective THS components based on the driving force necessary for a vehicle. The method of controlling the driving force, both when the battery has high and low charge, is also described. 2. Toyota hybrid system (THS) [1,2] As Fig. 1 shows, the THS is made up of a hybrid transmission, engine and battery. 2.1. Hybrid transmission The transmission consists of motor, generator, power split device and reduction gear. The power split device is a planetary gear. Sun gear, ring gear and planetary carrier are directly connected to generator, motor and engine, respectively. The ring gear is also connected to the reduction gear. Thus, engine power is split into the generator and the driving wheels. With this type of mechanism, the
Study on Project Cost Control of Construction Enterprises By: R. Max Wideman Abstract With the increasing maturity of construction market, the competition between construction enterprises is becoming fierce. The project profit is gradually decreasing. It demands that all construction enterprises enhance their cost control, lower costs, improve management efficiency and gain maximal profits. This paper analyses the existing problems on project cost control of Chinese construction enterprises, and proposes some suggestions to improve project cost control system. Key Words ：Construction enterprises, Project management, Cost control After joining the WTO, with Chinese construction market becoming integrated, the competition among architectural enterprises is turning more intense. Construction enterprises must continually enhance the overall competitiveness if they want to develop further at home and abroad construction market. Construction Enterprises basically adopt the "project management-centered" model, therefore, it is particularly important to strengthen project cost control. 1.The Current Domestic Project Cost Classification and Control Methods Cost refers to the consumption from producing and selling of certain products, with the performance of various monetary standing for materialized labor and labor-consuming. Direct and indirect costs constitute the total cost, also known as production cost or manufacturing cost. Enterprise product cost is the comprehensive indicator to measure enterprise quality of all aspects. It is not only the fund compensation scale, but also the basis to examine the implementation of cost plan. Besides, it can provide reference for product pricing According to the above-mentioned definition and current domestic cost classification, construction project cost can be divided into direct costs and indirect costs. Direct costs include material cost, personnel cost, construction machinery cost, material transportation cost, temporarily facility cost, engineering cost and other direct cost. Indirect costs mainly result from project management and company's cost-sharing, covering project operating costs (covering the commission of foreign projects), project's management costs (including exchange losses of
Introduction to database information management system The database is stored together a collection of the relevant data, the data is structured, non-harmful or unnecessary redundancy, and for a variety of application services, data storage independent of the use of its procedures; insert new data on the database , revised, and the original data can be retrieved by a common and can be controlled manner. When a system in the structure of a number of entirely separate from the database, the system includes a "database collection." Database management system (database management system) is a manipulation and large-scale database management software is being used to set up, use and maintenance of the database, or dbms. Its unified database management and control so as to ensure database security and integrity. Dbms users access data in the database, the database administrator through dbms database maintenance work. It provides a variety of functions, allows multiple applications and users use different methods at the same time or different time to build, modify, and asked whether the database. It allows users to easily manipulate data definition and maintenance of data security and integrity, as well as the multi-user concurrency control and the restoration of the database. Using the database can bring many benefits: such as reducing data redundancy, thus saving the data storage space; to achieve full sharing of data resources, and so on. In addition, the database technology also provides users with a very simple means to enable users to easily use the preparation of the database applications. Especially in recent years introduced micro-computer relational database management system dBASELL, intuitive operation, the use of flexible, convenient programming environment to extensive (generally 16 machine, such as IBM / PC / XT, China Great Wall 0520, and other species can run software), data-processing capacity strong. Database in our country are being more and more widely used, will be a powerful tool of economic management. The database is through the database management system (DBMS-DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM) software for data storage, management and use of dBASELL is a database management system software. Information management system is the use of data acquisition and transmission technology, computer network technology, database construction, multimedia
工程项目管理 12 成本控制，监视和会计 12.1 成本控制问题 在项目的实施过程中，项目控制的常规程序和记录的保持已成为项目经理和其他参加者在建筑过程中不可缺少的工具。这些工具提供了两个作用，它记录了项目相关的财务往来，同时给项目经理提供项目的进展情况和存在的问题。项目控制的问题在项目的一个老的定义中总是被总结为“结束预算后大部分模糊相关的活动的汇集”。⑴项目控制系统的任务是给这些问题的存在和程度一个公平的提示。 在这章中，我们讨论与项目过程中资源运用、会计、监控相关的问题。在这次讨论中，我们强调会计信息在项目管理中的作用。项目账户的解释在项目完成之前通常不是很直接的。正因为这种账户说明太晚以至于不能影响项目管理，甚至到了项目结束之后，会计结果可能还是不清晰的。因此，为了成本管理的目的，项目经理需要知道要怎样说明会计信息。然而，在考虑管理问题过程中我们需要讨论一些常见的会计体系和条约，尽管我们的目的不是提供一个对会计程序的全面调查。 项目控制目标的局限性应该作为重点。项目控制程序主要是为了辨析实际与项目计划的偏差而不是建议可能的办法来节省成本。这个特征是项目控制变得重要的先进阶段的具体反映。项目成本的节省主要是在项目计划和设计期间，在实际建筑阶段，变动可能会推迟项目进度并代之费用的无节制增加。实际上，项目控制的重点是履行原定计划或说明实际与计划的偏差，而不是成本的重大改善和节省，它只是在建筑计划过程中经常发生变动时的援助行为。 最后，要讨论一下与信息的综合化相关的问题。项目管理的活动和功能事务是紧密相连的，尽管许多情况下技术不能促进项目活动的全面或联合的考虑。
例如，项目进度表和成本账户通常是被分离的，结果项目管理者必须从关于项目的不同报告和他们自己的观察角度来综合一个全面的观点。特别是，经理常常被迫推测因改变进度表而带来的费用增加，而不是获得为进度表的调整而提供的帮助。各种类型信息的交流和综合化可以提供一定数量的有益作用，虽然他在项目控制规程的常理过程中要特别注意。 12.2 项目预算 为了项目的成本控制，建筑计划的伴生的现金流动估计可以为税后的项目监控提供参考依据。为了进度表，可以将各个单独活动的进展和完成重点工程所获得的成就与工程进度相比，以监控项目的进展程度。合同和施工规范为估计和保证建筑所必须的质量提供标准。最终或详细的成本估计为项目期间财政表现的评估提供参考依据。在将费用列为详细成本估计的基础上，可以认为项目是在财政控制下的。特定类别成本的超支提示了可能存在的问题并且对可能遇到的问题提出确切的提示。建筑计划和控制所发生的费用重点在于最终成本估计所包括的类别，这个焦点对一些少量活动或大量重复活动如铺车行道这类工程最为适宜。 为了控制或监测的目的，原始的详细成本估计被特地转换成方案预算，并且在随后被作为管理的指南。详细成本估算中的具体项目成为工作成本因素。项目过程中酸发生的费用被分类别记录在具体成本账户以便于于是成本比较。因此，单独的成本账户一般代表成本控制的基本单元。不可避免地，成本账户也许被分开也许被划入那些与特殊预定活动和特殊成本账户相关的工作元素中。 除了成本数额之外，关于每个工作账户上的材料数量和劳力投入也会被特别保留在方案预算中。通过这个信息可以将实际材料使用率和劳力与预期要求相比较。结果，可以分析出特殊项目上的费用超支或节约的原因，或许是单价的变化，或许是劳动生产率变化或材料消耗的变化。