新概念3 课后练习的作文答案
Lesson1 A puma at large
作文：
Mrs. Stone had spent the whole morning picking blackberries in the countryside near her home. It was nearly lunch time, so she decided to return for lunch. She was just picking up her basket when she heard a noise in the bushes. Then she saw an animal which looked like a cat. She knew it was not a cat because it was so large. The animal suddenly turned round to look at her and she thought it was going to come towards her and perhaps attack her. She dropped her basket and screamed loudly. Hearing the sound, the animal disappeared into the bushes, after which Mrs. Stone picked up her basket and ran all the way home.She told her neighbours that she had seen a puma in the countryside, but they did not believe her. She also telephoned the police but they didn't believe her either. (148 words) Lesson 2 Thirteen equals one
摘要：
At one o'clock in the morning, the church clock striking the hours woke the vicar up as it struck thirteen times. The vicar went into the clock tower, taking a torch with him. He saw Bill Wilkins, the local grocer there and Bill explained he was trying to repair the clock but hadn't succeeded because at one o'clock it struck thirteen times. However, the vicar was pleased the bell was working and offered the grocer a cap of tea. (79 words)
作文：
A sticky business
We were used to hearing our church bell striking the hours in our small village. For as long as anyone could remember, the bell had struck the hours day and night. However, one night the church bell remained silent and the next morning we saw that the clock had stopped at exactly one a.m. Our
clock was clearly damaged, but no one could explain how this had happened.
Armed with a torch, our vicar climbed into the church tower to see what was going on. He heard a loud buzz as he went towards the clock and in the torchlight he found it had been invaded by bees. He was lucky they didn't sting him! He shone his torch into the great bell and saw that it was full of wax and honey. No wonder it wasn't working!
A bee keeper was called in to deal with the situation. He immediately removed the queen bee to one of his bee hives and the other bees followed. The clock was cleaned and was soon working again. We not only enjoyed hearing it strike the hours day and night, but we enjoyed eating the honey as well. (195 words)
Lesson3 An unknown goddess
摘要：
Archaeologists found clay fragments in an ancient temple. These represented the fifteen statues of goddesses which had once been painted. The body of one statue was found among remains from the fifteenth century B.C. while its head was found among remains from the fifth century B.C. When the Unit 1 Lesson 3 fragments were reconstructed, they turned out to be a goddess which stood three feet high. Her hands rested on her hips and she was wearing a full-length skirt. Her identity is unknown. (80 words)
作文：
After walking round the ancient city, the archaeologists discovered an ancient temple. This temple had obviously been a place of worship because it contained a sacred room. On entering the sacred room, the archaeologists found the clay fragments of fifteen statues, each of which was a goddess which had once been painted. After this, workmen began digging and soon discovered the head of a statue among remains dating from the fifth century B.C. They also found the body of this statue among remains from the fifteenth century B.C. The archaeologists carefully put the fragments
together. They were astonished to find that the figure was a goddess. The goddess was a modern-looking woman. She had her hands on her hips and she was wearing a full-length skirt. Although the archaeologists tried very hard to identify her, they were unable to find out her name. (143 words) Letter 4 The double life of Alfred Bloggs
摘要：
When he got married, Alfred Bloggs told his wife he worked for the Corporation. Though he dressed in a smart black suit every morning, he changed into overalls at work and spent the day working as a dustman. Then he took a shower and changed back into his suit at night. This lasted for two years and his fellow dustmen kept his secret. His wife will never learn the truth because her husband will be an office worker in future. (80 words )
作文;
Nearly caught
One morning Alf and three other dustmen were collecting rubbish in Merton Street and they stopped outside Mrs. Frost's house.
Though Alf didn't know it, his wife was visiting Mrs. Frost at the time. She and Mrs. Frost were old friends, though Mrs. Frost had never met Alf. Alf was just getting out of the dustcart to go into Mrs. Frost's backyard when he saw his wife leaving Mrs. Frost's house. He quickly returned to the dustcart and hid in the driving cabin. While he was hiding, his fellow dustmen helped him by collecting Mrs. Frost's rubbish. Meanwhile, Alf's wife and Mrs. Frost talked on the doorstep. It looked as though their conversation would never end!
At last Mrs. Bloggs said goodbye to Mrs. Frost. She waved to one of the dustmen whom she recognized and she went towards the dustcart to greet him. The dustman waved back and gave her a big smile as the dustcart disappear down the street. Then she began to walk home. …It's all right, Alf,? his friend said. …She can't see you now.?
…Thanks, Jim,? Alf said. …That was a lucky escape!? (200 words )
lesson5 The facts
摘要：
Though the journalist immediately set out to get the facts after receiving instructions from his editor, he did not send them at once. Meanwhile, the editor was getting impatient, so he sent three faxes, finally threatening to fire the journalist. When the last fax was unanswered, the article was published in its original form. The journalist sent the editor a fax a week later explaining he had been imprisoned after counting the steps and measuring the height of the wall. (80 words)
作文：
The journalist counted the number of steps as he wearily climbed up to the high wall surrounding the president's palace. On arriving at the main gate, he sat down to get his breath back. He then produced a tape measure in order to measure the wall. While he was busy measuring the wall, a policeman approached him and asked him what he was doing.
Though the journalist explained he was a reporter and his editor had asked him to find out the exact height of the wall, the policeman refused to believe him. He was arrested and sent to prison because the police thought that he might be a spy or might even want to assassinate the president. When the journalist insisted he was innocent, he made things worse for himself. This proved to the police that the man certainly was guilty and deserved to stay in prison indefinitely. (149 words)
Lesson6 Smash-and-grab
摘要：
A large car entered an arcade near Piccadilly and stopped outside a jeweller's. Two thieves got out and smashed the shop window. The owner of the shop was upstairs at the time, so he threw furniture at thethieves hitting one of them with a heavy statue. The raid lasted only three minutes and the thieves drove away. Running after them, the owner threw ashtrays and vases,
but the thieves got away, stealing thousands of pounds worth of diamonds.
(79 words)
作文;
They got away
Seeing the thieves' car join the traffic on Piccadilly, Mr. Taylor took a taxi and followed them. The taxi driver drove at full speed when Mr. Taylor told him what had happened.
There wasn't too much traffic at this time of the morning so there was a mad chase through the streets of London. For a short time, the thieves' car was on the wrong side of the road and hit another car, but it did not stop. Two policemen in a police car watched in amazement as the two vehicles went past, both breaking the speed limit. Lights on and horn blaring, the police car chased both the speeding cars. Mr. Taylor's taxi stopped when the traffic lights turned red. The thieves ignored the traffic lights and got away. Meanwhile, the police caught up with the taxi at the traffic lights and the taxi driver was charged with speeding. They refused to let the driver off, even though Mr. Taylor carefully explained the situation.
However, the police informed another police car of the chase and ten minutes later the thieves' car was found abandoned in a side street. The thieves had escaped on foot and disappeared among the crowd. (200 words) Lesson7 Mutilated ladies
摘要;
John Butlin runs a successful furniture business and after a very good day, he put his wallet containing ￡3,000 into the microwave oven for safekeeping. Then he and his fianc6e, Jane, went horse-riding, after which Jane cooked their dinner in the microwave oven only to find to their dismay that the money had been destroyed. John went to see his bank manager who sent the remains to the Mutilated Ladies department who identified the remains and returned the money. (79 words)
作文：
Jane opened the oven door and saw that her meal was ready to serve. She took the food out of the oven and in doing so, noticed something strange inside the oven which she couldn't recognize. So she went to find John and told him about it. In dismay, John quickly explained that he had put his wallet containing the day's takings into the oven for safekeeping. They both rushed to the oven and saw that the money had been destroyed At first, they didn't know what to do. John wanted to throw the money away, but Jane wouldn't let him. …It's best not to disturb the wallet,? Jane said. …You can see all the money is there, even if it has been destroyed ?Jane told John to go and see his bank manager for advice, so the next day John took the wallet and the ashes to the bank (150 words)
Lesson8 A famous monastery
摘要：
The St. Bernard's Pass is visited by thousands of people in summer, who cross the Pass in cars. Because there are so many people about, the dogs are kept in a special enclosure. As the temperature in winter falls to -30°, there are few visitors, so the monks prefer this season. The dogs are also free to wander outside their enclosure. Parties of young skiers regularly visit the monastery in winter, during Christmas and Easter when they are warmly welcomed. (80 words)
作文：
Rescue
One very cold morning, a monk took two St. Bernard's dogs out for exercise. He immediately noticed that the dogs were very restless. Suspecting a traveller might be in difficulty, the monk returned to the monastery to organize a search party.
The two dogs led four monks through the snow. Two of the monks pulled a sledge behind them, in case they needed it. There had been very high winds
the previous night, but now everything was still and visibility was bad because there was a heavy fog. Moreover, the temperature had fallen to -20°.The dogs led the monks towards the Pass and as the monks got near, they heard cries in the distance. The dogs soon found a man who was trapped under the snow and immediately dragged him out. The man was alive, and took him back to the monastery.
The man was unconscious, but he soon recovered in the warm atmosphere of the monastery where he was given plenty of hot drinks and food. When the traveller was able to speak, the monks listened with interest as he told them what had happened the previous night. (200 words)
Lesson9 Flying cats
摘要：
The New York Animal Medical Centre recently made a study of 132 cats. All these cats had one thing in common: they had fallen off high buildings, yet only eight had died from shock or injuries. One cat, Sabrina, had fallen 32 storeys but only suffered from a broken tooth. When falling at speeds up to 60 miles per hour, cats stretch out their legs which increases their air－resistance and reduces the shock of impact on hitting the ground.(79 words) 作文：
Human beings like to keep dogs and cats. Dogs are submissive and faithful to their masters, but cats like to be independent. Cats are especially lovable when they are still kittens. As kittens they like to play by chasing anything that moves. That's how they learn to hunt mice, birds, insects and other small creatures. A lot of people keep cats so they can have a pet . As kittens grow into cats, they like to stay indoors. They like regular meals and enjoy sleeping in front of a nice fire. However, they also like going out. During the day time and at night they like to go hunting. Sometimes during the night they have fights with other cats. Cats are very clean animals. You often see them washing themselves. Human beings are fascinated by their behaviour
because cats are domestic animals, while at the same time they enjoy their independence. (150 words)
Lesson10 The loss of the Titanic
摘要：
The Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic when an iceberg was spotted by a lookout. After the alarm was given, the ship turned sharply and sailed alongside it. Suddenly, a faint noise was heard from below, so the captain went down to investigate, only to find that five of the sixteen compartments had been flooded. On hearing the order to abandon ship, people jumped overboard, but 1,500 drowned because there were not enough lifeboats. (79 words)
作文;
Abandon snip
The Titanic began to sink, slowly at first. The order to abandon ship was unexpected, so passengers and crew were completely unprepared. It was the middle of the night. Some people were asleep in their cabins. Others were on deck admiring the brilliant night sky and the giant icebergs rising above them. Others were eating and dancing in the wonderful ballrooms on the ship.
The immediate effect was panic and confusion. People began rushing in all directions, wondering what to do next. The cold was indescribable and many passengers were still in their night clothes. Members of the crew came up from below and began to lower the lifeboats. It was a case of women and children first, but it soon became obvious that there weren't enough lifeboats for everyone, so people jumped overboard into the freezing water in order to save their lives. Some of those swimming in the water struggled to get into the lifeboats, but most of them were already full.
The Titanic sank rapidly, carrying many people down with it. There were cries of despair from people in the water as they watched the lifeboats moving away and were left to drown in the (200 words)
Lesson11 Not guilty
摘要：
Though the writer had nothing to declare, the Customs Officer made him unlock his case. Searching the case carefully, the Officer found a small bottle, which he thought was perfume.
The writer told the Customs Officer that it was hair gel, which he had made himself. As the Officer did not believe this, the writer encouraged him to try it. The unpleasant smell convinced him the writer was telling the truth, so he let him pass through Customs. (79 words)
作文;
When the Customs Officer asked the traveller if he was carrying anything valuable, the man said that he had nothing to declare. The Officer asked the man to open his suitcase. Although the case contained only a suit and some dirty clothes, it was very heavy. This made the Customs Officer suspicious, so he removed all the clothes from the case. The case was soon empty and when the Officer lifted it, he found that it was still very heavy. The Officer examined the case carefully and saw that the bottom was very shallow. He pressed the base hard and removed the bottom part of the case which contained a quantity of emeralds and other precious stones. While the Officer was looking at an emerald, the man tried to escape. For a moment the man disappeared among the passing holiday travellers, but he was soon caught and placed under arrest. (150 words)
Lesson12 Life on a desert island
摘要：
As the two men's boat was damaged, they were taking it to Miami when on the way it began to sink. After loading a rubber dinghy with food, matches and beer, the two men rowed a few miles across the Caribbean until they arrived at a tiny coral island. There they collected rainwater in the dinghy
and caught fish and lobster with a spear gun. For five days, they …ate like kings? unt il they were rescued by a passing tanker. (80 words)
作文：
Shipwrecked
The ship went down and everyone was drowned. I was the only one who managed to jump into the sea. I clung to a plank in the water for several hours till I was washed up on a desert island.
I slept on the beach for a very long time----I can't remember how long. When I woke up, I was hungry and thirsty, so I decided to explore the island. It was uninhabited, but I found plenty of fruit which had fallen from the trees. I lived on coconuts and pineapples and there was plenty of fresh spring water. I tried to hunt wild animals with my bare hands(small pigs and other creatures), but I failed to catch anything. So I spent my days swimming in the warm clear water and lying in the sun.
One afternoon while I was lying on the beach as usual, I saw a boat on the horizon. I signalled with my white shirt and shouted as loudly as I could. Fortunately ,someone on the boat saw me and I was rescued. Of course, I was pleased to get back to civilization, but I was very sorry to leave this island paradise. (200 words)
Lesson13 “It?s only me”
摘要：
Mrs. Richards had dressed up as a ghost and was just going into the dining room when there was a knock on the door. Thinking it was the baker, she hid in the storeroom under the stairs. She heard footsteps in the hall and then the man from the Electricity Board opened the storeroom door. Though she said …It's only me?, he got a bad fright. When she walked towards him, he fled, slamming the front door behind him. (79 words )
作文：
Mrs. Richards immediately went upstairs and took off her costume. She felt sorry for the poor man from the Electricity Board, but at the same time she was rather amused. Suddenly, there was a knock at the front door and Mrs. Richards opened it at once. The electricity man had returned, accompanied by a policeman, so she invited both in. The man told Mrs. Richards that he had tried to read her metre and that there was a ghost in the storeroom. Though Mrs. Richards explained that she had dressed up as a ghost, he refused to believe her. She told him to open the storeroom door, but he was too frightened, so she opened it herself. While the electricity man and the policeman were looking for the ghost in the storeroom, Mrs. Richards fetched her costume. She showed it to both men and only then did they believe her. (150 words)
Lesson14 A noble gangster
摘要：
After Sir John Hawkwood settled near Florence six hundred years ago, he hired soldiers to the princes of city-states in times of war. In times of peace he threatened to destroy a city-state unless protection money was paid. In spite of this, the Italians regarded him as a sort of hero. Sir John was eighty when he died and the Florentines not only gave him a state funeral but had a picture painted of him, dedicated to his memory.(79 words)
作文：
Hawkwood defeated :
News that Hawkwood and his men were approaching caused panic among villagers who prepared to defend their farms. Hawkwood had a bad reputation among farmers because they knew he would not hesitate to kill them and to burn their farms.
The farmers fought very hard, even though they were poorly armed. With their sticks and spades, they were no match for Hawkwood's well-armed soldiers who had horses, swords and bows and arrows. During the battle, a great many farmers were killed. After Hawkwood destroyed their farms, he
sent a message to the prince of the city-state demanding a large amount of protection money. He said that if this money was paid, he would go away and cause no more trouble. However, if it wasn't paid, he would invade the city. To Hawkwood's amazement, this demand was refused, so he and his men invaded the city. As a result, many buildings were destroyed and thousands of people were killed, including quite a few of Hawkwood's soldiers.
The city people fought very hard until Hawkwood and his men were finally driven off. Because the city people defended themselves so well, Hawkwood never attacked them again. He and the prince even became friends. (200 words )
Lesson15 Fifty pence worth of trouble
摘要：
George was going to the sweet shop when he lost fifty pence down a drain. After removing his jacket, he put his arm through the drain cover. He couldn't find his money and couldn't get his arm out. A crowd of people gathered round him and a lady rubbed his arm with soap and butter. She failed to free him, but two firemen succeeded with a special type of grease. The sweet shop owner presented George with a large box of chocolates. (80 words )
作文：
I was walking along the street when I saw a crowd ahead of me. I could hear people shouting and making a noise. On arriving at the scene, I saw a small boy on the pavement with his arm in a drain cover. A lady carrying a large bar of soap and a saucepan of water knelt down beside the boy. She asked the boy if he was in pain and he said he wasn't. Then she rubbed his arm with butter, but he couldn't get it free. Meanwhile, someone had telephoned the fire brigade. The boy had begun to cry, but when he saw the firemen, he cheered up. At first, the firemen decided to cut through the drain cover, but they changed their minds and rubbed the boy's arm with a special type of
grease. The boy was soon free and though his arm hurt, he was smiling. (150 words)
Lesson16 Mary had a little lamb
摘要;
When Dimitri came home, Mary told him that her white lamb had been stolen. On learning that his neighbour, Aleko, had acquired a lamb, Dimitri went to Aleko's house and accused him of stealing it. When Aleko showed his lamb, Dimitri saw it was black, so he apologized. After staying in Aleko's house for a while because it had begun to rain, Dimitri got a surprise outside when he found the lamb was almost white. It had been dyed black!
(80 words)
作文;
Not so black
Dimitri was surprised to find that the lamb had turned white. He took a close look at it and recognized it as his own.
This discovery immediately led to an angry scene between Dimitri and Aleko. Dimitri repeated his accusation that Aleko had stolen the lamb, but Aleko still denied any theft. During the violent argument, Dimitri said the rain had proved that the lamb had been dyed black and he recognized it immediately as the one he had given to his wife. When Aleko finally admitted he had stolen the lamb, Dimitri called the police. Aleko was arrested and Dimitri took his lamb home.
The story caused a lot of excitement in the village. The villagers didn't often have the opportunity to talk about such an important event and they were greatly amused by what had happened. Some thought Aleko had been very clever. Others thought he had been extremely stupid. Others said God had sent the rain to punish Aleko for his crime and to prove he was a thief. They discussed the event at great length for a long time, as there wasn't much else to talk about in a village where nothing much ever happened. (199 words) Lesson17 The longest suspension bridge in the world
Summary
The Verrazano Bridge, which joins Brooklyn to Staten Island, has a span of 4,260 feet. Its two great towers support four huge cables. The towers are built on platforms made of steel and concrete, extending over 100 feet under the sea and rising nearly 700 feet above the surface of the water. The bridge is suspended from four huge cables, each of which contains 26,108 lengths of wire. It is not only very strong, but simple and elegant as well. (80 words) 作文：
The bridge I know best is called the Sydney Harbour Bridge. It joins either side of Sydney Harbour. From far away it looks like a great arch, but when you get near, you can see a great deck under the arch. It is made of steel and supported by two towers. If you stand on the bridge early in the morning, you can see the Parramatta River to the west and the open sea to the east. At this time everything is quiet. During the day, however, the harbour becomes busy with small boats and large ships moving in all directions. I enjoy standing on the bridge at night when you see the magnificent Opera House looking like a great sailing ship. In the darkness you can see the city lights. In the stillness the traffic and the movement of the sea are the only sounds that can be heard. (150 words)
Lesson18 Electric currents in modern art
摘要：
On entering the art gallery, the writer saw a notice which forbade people to touch the exhibits because they were dangerous. The exhibition consisted of pieces of moving sculpture.Against a wall, the writer saw long thin wires attached to metal spheres which attracted and repelled each other. In the centre of the hall were tall structures containing coloured lights which went on and off. Sparks were emitted from small black boxes and red lamps flashed on and off. (79 words)
作文;
An interesting exhibition
Recently I went to the Royal Academy in London to see the summer exhibition. The work of many artists was on display and the exhibition aroused a lot of public interest. Crowds of people filled the galleries.
The pictures were, with a few exceptions, mainly by relatively unknown artists. Many of them were traditional pictures of landscapes and portraits. I particularly liked a picture of an old farmhouse by a stream with a few sheep in a field. The strangest picture I saw was an untitled abstract painting by a well-known modern artist. It consisted of swirls of different colours which had been rubbed into the canvas with the artist's fingers. The picture looked a mess, but was also very effective, attracting a lot of comment.
I couldn't help overhearing what people said, things like …I could paint a picture like that with my eyes shut? or …Look how perfect the sunset is in that painting. I'd love to own a picture like that?, and so on. There is no doubt it was an excellent exhibition because there were so many different styles on display. There was something to suit everyone, but only if you could afford the high prices! (200 words)
Lesson19 A very dear cat
摘要：
Mrs. Ramsay received an anonymous letter three days after her cat's disappearance. The writer of the letter demanded ￡1,000 for the return of the cat, and warned she would never see him again if she went to the police. She had to put the money in a cardboard box and leave it outside her door. After drawing ￡1,000 from her band, she acted on the kidnapper's instructions. The money disappeared the following morning, and Rastus returned at seven o'clock that evening. (80 words)
作文：
In a bar one night, Mr. X was talking to a workman who told him that he often worked in Mrs. Ramsay's flat. The workman added that Mrs. Ramsay
was wealthy and she lived alone with her cat. Every day, Mr. X stood outside Mrs. Ramsay's block of flats. As the cat took a short walk every evening, he saw that it had regular habits. He found out as much as he could about Mrs. Ramsay and learnt that she loved this cat very much. One evening, as the cat was leaving the block of flats, he kidnapped it. He took the cat to a secret address. During the next three days, he walked past Mrs. Ramsay's flat on several occasions and noticed that no other cat ever appeared. Now he was sure he had the right cat, so he wrote a letter in which he stated his demands. (150 words)
Lesson20 Pioneer pilots
摘要;
Bleriot and Latham arrived in Calais on July 21st, 1909. Though it looked as if there would be a race on July 25th, Latham didn't take part, because he didn't get up early enough. After making a short test flight,Bleriot crossed the Channel in thirty-seven minutes. A policeman greeted him when he arrived in https://www.doczj.com/doc/77152069.html,tham got within half a mile of Dover the following week, having to land on the sea a second time because his engine failed.(80 words) 作文：
My flight across the Channel
It was early morning. I looked around, but there was no sign of Latham, so I decided to go on a test flight first.
At 4.15, I took off and flew over Calais for fifteen minutes. When I landed there was still no sign of Latham. At 4.45 I took off again. This time I was determined to fly across the Channel. When I looked down there was no sign of the ship below, which was supposed to be following me, I suddenly felt alone and was worried whether I was flying in the right direction. All I could see was sea and sky. I could feel the high winds against the plane and the engine got very hot. Fortunately, it began to rain and the rain cooled my engine. Suddenly, I could see land ahead. Dover!
I flew over Dover, looking for somewhere to land. I saw a field below and brought the plane down. I was still sitting in the cockpit, hardly able to believe the flight was so successful---- just thirty-seven minutes to cross from Calais---- when a British policeman arrived. He smiled broadly at me and said, …Good morning!? I smiled back and said, …Bonjour!? (200 words) Lesson21 Daniel Mendoza
摘要：
When the two men quarrelled, they settled the argument by a fight. This took place at Stilton. It lasted an hour and Humphries won. When they met again, Mendoza lost again, but in their third match in 1790, Mendoza finally beat Humphries to become Champion of England. He founded a successful boxing Academy and earned a lot of money, but was so extravagant he was always in debt. He was finally sent to prison and died in poverty in 1836.
(80 words)
作文：
The first fight
The first fight between Humphries and his pupil Mendoza, after a quarrel, was held at Stilton and attracted a lot of attention. At the time, Richard Humphries was the most eminent boxer in England and had many supporters. But the young Mendoza had his supporters, too.
The atmosphere before the fight was electric. Half of the people there made bets on Humphries, the other half bet on Mendoza. When the two fighters entered the ring, there was a lot of shouting and cheering.
The referee called both fighters to the middle of the ring, spoke to them and the fight started. At first, both men were very wary. After all, this was a fight between teacher and pupil, so they knew very well what the other could do ---- and they were fighting with bare fists. Each of the boxers fought well for most of the match, but in the end Humphries was too strong and too experienced for the young Mendoza. He knocked him down once: Mendoza got up. He knocked him down again, and although Mendoza tried
to get up, he just couldn't. The referee counted ten and that was the end of the match.
When Mendoza got up, he was very angry, but eventually congratulated Humphries. However, his defeat made him determined to go on and fight his teacher again so that he could finally become champion. (229 words) Lesson22 By heart
摘要：
The aristocrat was sitting in his cell when the gaoler entered and handed him the letter----a blank sheet of paper. The aristocrat looked at it, squinted and said: …The light is dim. Read me the letter.? He handed the letter back to the gaoler, who sai d: …The light is indeed dim. I'll get my glasses.? He left the stage and returned with a pair of glasses and the real letter, which he read to the prisoner. (79 words)
作文：
Six short weeks
A couple of years ago, a new play called The World Tomorrow was going to be shown in our local theatre. There was a great deal of advertising for it and there was considerable public interest, mainly, I think, because the cast contained a number of famous actors and actresses.
Most actors and actresses are usually nervous on the first night of any play, and no one really knows what can go wrong or how the audience will react. In the case of The World Tomorrow, no one forgot their lines, but the play was not well received. It was a comedy, so it was supposed to be funny, but nobody laughed----not in the right places anyway----and people even walked out before the end. The cast suspected that they would get bad reviews the following day, and they did. One review described it as …the saddest comedy I've ever seen? ; another th ought it was …the most professionally acted disaster we have ever seen on our local stage?.
In spite of the reviews, however, the play still ran for six weeks. The last performance, on the last Saturday evening, attracted a small audience, and
the actors struggled through to the end. At the end of six terrible weeks, however, there was one final moment of relief. When the last line was spoken: …Our six short weeks have hastened to their end,? the audience saw the funny side of it and laughed. Even the actors and actresses laughed. (248 words)
Lesson23 One man's meat is another man's poison
摘要
The writer collected several dozen snails, put them in a paper bag and took them to Robert who was delighted to see him, and pleased with the snails. The writer left the bag in the hall and he and
Robert went into the living room and talked for a couple of hours. He had forgotten the snails until Robert invited him to dinner, and he followed Robert into the hall to find snails everywhere. They had escaped from the bag. (80 words)
作文：
Snails, snails, snails!
The snails had escaped from the paper bag and they were everywhere----on the walls, on the ceiling, on the carpet, and even on the large hall mirror. When we began to look carefully, we found that they were even in coat pockets in the clothes hanging on the clothes hooks in the hall. It was disgusting! Snails move slowly, but it's amazing how far they can travel in a couple of hours!
It took Robert and me ages to collect them. He fetched a pair of steps for me and ladders for himself, and we collected them in two buckets. There were snail marks everywhere, too, and it took hours to clear up the mess----remember, there were several dozen of them. Snails may not be fast, but we had been talking for a couple of hours, and they can travel. Even now I am sure we didn't find them all: some are still crawling round Robert's house.
The ones that we did not find were lucky! Robert was amused, but I wasn't. He decided to cook the snails and invited me to stay. I said before that I didn't fancy the idea, so I left him to his meal for one. I just couldn't look at the snails and have never been able to face them since then. (220 words) Lesson24 A skeleton in the cupboard
摘要：
The writer started to unpack and put his shirts and underclothes into drawers and then decided to hang a suit in the cupboard. He opened the cupboard and stood petrified: there, dangling in front of him, was a skeleton. It was swaying and ready to leap out at him. He dropped his suit and dashed downstairs to tell George. George was unsympathetic and told the writer it was Sebastian, a skeleton he had when he was a medical student. (79 words) 作文
A weekend with Sebastian
Now that George had explained about the skeleton, I felt better, but I still didn't want to sleep in the room with a skeleton hanging in the cupboard. I asked George to remove him, but he refused. …There's nowhere else to put hi m,? said George, …so he'll have to stay.?
I couldn't disagree of course, but the moment I lay down to sleep, I knew it was going to be an uncomfortable night. In the end, I decided that I would take Sebastian somewhere for the night and bring him back up to my room early in the morning. So I took him out of cupboard and walked around the house with him trying to find somewhere to put him.
George's maid was just going to bed as I walked along the landing. She saw Sebastian apparently walking around, screamed and fainted. She had obviously woken Carlton who appeared from his bedroom and, when the girl had regained consciousness, explained everything to her. He accused me of being stupid and sent me and Sebastian back to …our? room where I hung him up in the cupboard again.
SCI论文摘要中常用的表达方法 要写好摘要，需要建立一个适合自己需要的句型库（选择的词汇来源于SCI高被引用论文） 引言部分 （1）回顾研究背景，常用词汇有review, summarize, present, outline, describe等 （2）说明写作目的，常用词汇有purpose, attempt, aim等，另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的壮语老表达 （3）介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围，常用词汇有study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等 方法部分 （1）介绍研究或试验过程，常用词汇有test study, investigate, examine,experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等 （2）说明研究或试验方法，常用词汇有measure, estimate, calculate等 （3）介绍应用、用途，常用词汇有use, apply, application等 结果部分 （1）展示研究结果，常用词汇有show, result, present等 （2）介绍结论，常用词汇有summary, introduce,conclude等 讨论部分 （1）陈述论文的论点和作者的观点，常用词汇有suggest, repot, present, expect, describe等（2）说明论证，常用词汇有support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify等 （3）推荐和建议，常用词汇有suggest,suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose,necessity,necessary,expect等。 摘要结构 一般摘要为一个自然段（one paragraph）。摘要的主要结构可以概括为以下四个部分，按顺序排列： （1）存在问题和主要研究的目的（Motivation/Problem Statement）。 （2）实验设计与方法（Methods/Procedure/Approach）。 （3）最重要的结果（Results/Findings/Product）。 （4）主要结论（Conclusion/Implications）。 摘要的具体内容 背景资料问题研究目的What did you investigate and why? Introduction
01 - Sales Strategies How can a company improve its sales? One of the keys to more effective selling is for a company to first decide on its “sales strategy”. In other words, what is the role of the salespe the salesperson’s job narrative, suggest ive, or consultive? The “narrative” sales strategy depends on the salesperson moving quickly into a standard sales presentation. His or her pitch highlights the benefit for the customer of a particular product or service. This approach is most effective for customers whose buying motives are basically the same and is also well suited to companies who have a large number of prospects on which to call. The “suggestive” approach is tailored more for the individual customer. The salesperson must be in a position to offer alternative recommendations that meet a particular customer’s n key aspect of the suggestive approach is the need for the salesperson to engage the buyer in some sort of discussion. The salesperson can then use the information from the customer to suggest an appropriate product or service. The final strategy demands that a company’s sales staff act as “consultants” for this role, the salesperson must acquire a great deal of information about the customer. They do this through market research, surveys, and face-to-face discussions. Using this information, the salesperson makes a detailed presentation tailored specifically to a consumers needs. More and more sales teams are switching from a narrative or a suggestive approach to a more consultative strategy. As a result, corporations are looking more at intangibles (无形资产) such as creativity and analytical skills and less at educational background and technical skills. Sales strategies are classified as narrative, suggestive and consultive. Salespeople use the narrative strategy to promote products with standard presentations. The suggestive approach requires the salesperson to recommend a suitable product after talking with customers. The consultive strategy demands that salespeople acquire information about customers and act as their “consultants”. Nowadays more and more sales teams prefer the consultive approach. (60 words) 02 - When You Hear the Final Whistle One of the hardest things for any sportsperson to do is to know when to retire. But even harder is finding the answer to the question “What am I going to do with the rest of my life?
随着科学技术的不断发展和市场竞争的加剧，我国制造业进入了一个更为激烈的竞争环境。而目前我国许多企业生产效率和经济效益低下，与一些发达国家相比，普遍存在着消耗大、成本高、效率低等问题。据统计，在制造型企业中，用于物料搬运的成本占总成本的20％～50％，而优良的设施布置可以使此费用至少减少10％～30％，在降低制造成本的同时，工厂需要的空间也可比常规制造厂减少40％～60％。设施规划作为工业工程的一个重要的分支，是提高生产率重要和最有效的手段之一。 本论文从设施布置与物料搬运的概念出发，系统阐述了设施布置的发展、目标、基本形式和分析方法以及物料搬运系统设计的分析方法等。接着研究福达公司总装车间设施布置不合理所导致的生产车间物流混乱、物流成本和产品质量成本居高不下等问题。根据总装车间存在的一些问题，运用程序分析技巧、操作分析、设施布置与物料搬运思想和方法，运用设施布置流程分析以及系统搬运分析技术，对总装车间的设施布置和生产流程进行分析改善，从而优化总装车间的设施布置，整理出三套改善方案，对改善后的方案进行评价，并对改善前后的车间设施布置进行比较分析。本论文提出的改善方案对福达公司总装车间的设施布置具有一定的参考价值。 关键词：设施布置；物料搬运；程序分析 摘要 现场管理是企业生存和发展的必要条件，是其他管理方法得以实施的前提和基础。针对生产环节加强现场管理是制造业企业永恒的课题。而6S管理能够营造安全、规范工作环境，构筑产品品质保证，减少浪费，提高效率，促进作业标准化，提升企业形象，提高员工素质。 本论文首先对6S的基本定义和基本理论进行了说明，然后在对顺达公司调查的基础上，通过实施6S管理来提高企业的现场管理工作和改善企业其他管理。对于实施6S管理中的六个重要环节，论文详细阐述了每个环节出现的一些问题以及针对这些问题，制定有效的推进方法。阐述中，充分利用顺达公司实施过程中的一些图表，以图表说明问题和对实施前后的效果进行比较论证。最后，论文对顺达公司实施6S活动中，如何对其进行有效的评价作出了详细的分析。 关键词：现场管理；6S管理；目视管理；定置管理
高中英语写作指导-《概要写作》 该题型提供一篇350词以内的短文,要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。原文以说明文、议论文为主,概要,基本就是段落大意。每段用一句话概括,或者两段一个大意,最多用两句话概括。 (一)高分要诀 1.概要应包括原文中的主要事实,略去不必要的细节。 这就要求考生在写作时要找关键词和主题句,准确理解、分析原文要点,归纳段落大意。 2.各要点的表达既要相对独立,又要有适当的衔接,要用适当的关联词语贯通全文,切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子,但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语,以免显得生硬。 3.所用句型力求简单,安排好篇幅的比例,概要应同原文保持协调,即用较多的文字写重要内容,用较少的文字写次要内容。 4.不排斥用原文的某些词句,但不要照搬原文的句子,如果不能完全用自己的话语表达,至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换,如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
此外,在写作时,要尽量使用短句,慎用长难句。例如,尽量少用关系代词which,who 等引导的定语从句,而采用动词-ing形式和过去分词做定语。 5.多使用概括性词语,少用具体描述性词语。注意要点之间的衔接。 概要写作中的衔接过渡词汇:
列举过渡目的过渡让步过渡承接过渡first of all first second third in the first place initially to start with furthermore in addition moreover what’s more finally with the aim of for the sake of with a view to for the purpose of although it is true...that even though of course certainly admittedly indeed true as soon as as a matter of fact so to speak however as it were day after day year in and year out 举例理由时间总结 as an illustration for instance one example for example just as in particular such as namely to illustrate a case in point take...for since by virtue of so given as a result of because (of) due to in view of on account of owing to the reason why in other words lead to for this reason before since as until meanwhile at the moment when whenever as soon as just as according to all in all to summarize in summary in conclusion as a consequence lastly by and large finally consequently to sum up hence
毕业论文摘要的书写要求 一．学位论文的基本要求 硕士学位论文，要求对所研究的课题有新见解或新成果，并在理论上或实践上对社会主义现代化建设或本门学科发展具有一定的意义，表明作者在本门学科上掌握坚实的基础理论和系统的专门知识，具有从事科学研究工作或独立担负专门技术工作的能力，学位论文应在导师指导下，由硕士研究生本人独立完成。 学位论文必须是一篇(或由一组论文组成的一篇)系统的完整的学术论文。 不符合上述要求的，不得授予学位。 二．学位论文各部分书写的一般格式 1．硕士学位论文，一般应包括下述几部分： (1)题目：应能概括整个论文最重要的内容，简明、恰当、引人注目。题目应力求简短，一般不宜超过20个字。 (2)摘要：论文第一页为内容提要，300—400字，应说明本论文的目的、研究方法、成果和结论。要突出本论文的创造性成果或新见解。语言力求精炼、准确。在本页的最下方另起一行，注明本文的关键词(3—5个)。 (3)英文提要：论文第二页为英文提要，上方应有题目，内容与中文提要同。最下方一行为关键词(3—5个)。硕士学位论文可不写英文提要。 (4)目录：既是论文的提纲，也是论文组成部分的小标题。 (5)引言(或序言)：内容为：本研究领域的国内外现状，本论文所要解决的问题，该研究工作在经济建设、科技进步和社会发展等某方面的实用价值与理论意义。 (6)正文：是学位论文的主体。(学科专业不同、论文的选题不同，可以有不同的写作方式。) (7)结论：论文结论要求明确、精炼、完整、准确，认真阐述自已创造性成果或新见解在本领域的意义。(应严格区分本人的研究成果与导师或其他人的科研成果的界限。) (8)参考文献：按学位论文中所引用文献的顺序，列于文末。 文献是期刊时，书写格式为：． [编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名(外文可缩写)、年份、卷号、期数、页码。 文献是图书时，书写格式为： [编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。
上海高考英语题型训练: 写作 2020高三第一学期期末质量抽查 IV. Summary Writing （10 分） Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point （s）of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. 松江 It goes without saying that the language spoken by the majority of British people has the same name as the language spoken by most citizens of the U.S.A. Nonetheless, quite apart from well-documented lexical （词汇的）differences - pavement/sidewalk, lift/elevator, etc. - there are still some words and phrases which can cause confusion and misunderstanding between speakers of the two different forms. That's why sonic people say that Great Britain and the United States are nations separated by a common language. There are practical reasons for this. When the first English settlers arrived in what we now call America, the language they spoke was naturally the same as that spoken by their compatriots （同胞）on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. However, they immediately saw things which didn't exist in Europe, often items used and made by Native Americans, such as canoes and moccasins and creatures such as buffalo. They also picked up words which they heard being used by other European immigrants. The word "boss”,for example, was used by settlers from Holland in New York in the mid-17th century. It comes from the Dutch word "baas'" which means master. The word "cookie" also comes from the Dutch "koekje”. There are many words, phrases and even grammatical structures which are mistaken for Americanisms （美式英语用语）in Britain when they are nothing of the sort. Very often, they represent not an American import, but an original form of British English which has disappeared in Britain. The verbs "guess” meaning think and “loan” me aning lend and the adjective "mad" meaning angry are frequently criticized as Americanisms, yet they all appeared in British English hundreds of years ago. In the case of “loan”, it was used as long ago as 1,200 years! In fact, English spoken in the UK has changed so thoroughly in the last 500 years that American English now represents the last place where some original British English forms can be found. 参考答案：Although American English and British English are the same language, there are great differences. Two reasons account for the phenomenon. New words were created after the first English settlers in America saw new things and learned words from other Europeans. Additionally, some original expressions have been changed by British people while they are still being used by Americans. 崇明 Giving Thanks This is the season for taking the time to reflect on what we're thankful for in life. Spending that time with friends and family to give thanks is what makes the holidays so special. But why should we limit it to just a few weeks in the years? Gratitude is a
如何写一篇文章的摘要 如何写一篇文章的摘要？ 摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁 的语言概括了原文的主题。写摘要主要包括三个步骤： 阅读；(2)写作；(3)修改成文。第一步：阅读 A. 认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就 多读两 遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 B. 给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的 单词、短 语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作 为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题 有助于确定文章的中心思想。 C. 现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次 重要了。 对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。 D. 简要地记下主要观点 主题、标题、细节等你认 为对概括摘 要重要的东西。掌握原文总的意思和结构，明确 全文的主题(the main theme )和各段的段落大意(the idea ) 第二步：动手写作 A. 摘要应该不超过原文的三分之一或四分之一长。摘 要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。 B. 摘要应用自己的话完成。尽量不要引用原文的句子。 C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织 (1) main
观点、事实。 D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。 E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧： 1）删除细节。只保留主要观点。 2）选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的 例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 3）把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 4）避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说 明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。 5）压缩长的句子。如下列两例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion- like. ”可以概括为：” He was very brave in battle. ” “ He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor. ”可以概括为：“ He was in financial difficulties. ” 6）你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的 例子: Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting
高考英语作文之概要写作五篇及答案全套 一 My wife has watched me write, blog and make speeches for a few years now. I’ve encouraged her to do her own video blog (vlog), too, because she is always watching them, but she hasn’t been interested in the spotlight. Now that enough time has passed, she is ready to go for it! Angelika is a great cook, so she is going to do a cooking show where she doesn’t have to be on camera. I am just thrilled that she has found a passion to pursue in a way that works for her. I’m smart enough to step back and let her go at her own pace (节奏). I know that being there for emotional support or however she needs me is important. Now that my wife will have a studio worthy of her talents and personality, she will only make the kitchen look better. Part of me hopes that I will spend the rest of my life watching and tasting her creations. When you start to express your creative drive, it can be a wonderful ride, a bit of a roller coaster at times, but worth the price of admission. When the love of your life takes the ride with you, and starts to drive, it’s a pretty cool way to travel through life. I am at my best when being creative, whether in front of a keyboard or a live audience. I have always encouraged creative answers to life. There is always more than one right way to do something.
会计摘要的规范 一、会计摘要书写规范要求 编制记账凭证，所有人员力求使用统一格式、统一措辞、语法通顺。这样使得会计账簿的摘要体现整体一致性，更重要的是能够充分发挥计算机查询系统中“模糊查询”板块的功能。所以，对日常收支业务采用“主语＋谓语＋宾语”的句式。即具备经济行为的主体、对象和内容三个最基本的要素。统一措辞虽然在执行初期比较困难，只要大家在工作中注意交流、相互沟通、认真总结，相信很快就能做到统一协调。例如：张平用现金购买办公用笔150元。摘要为：张平报销办公笔费用。采用这种句式，在账务“模糊”查询时，只要输入“张平”，当年及往年所有张平经手的业务，所需数据一目了然。充分体现会计电算化方便、高效、快捷的优越性。 (一)简单明了、一看便知。 会计凭证中有关经济业务的内容摘要必须真实。在填写“摘要”时，既要简明，又要全面、清楚，应以说明问题为主。写物要有品名、数量、单价；写事要有过程；银行结算凭证，要注明支票号码、去向；送存款项，要注明现金、支票、汇票等。遇有冲转业务，不应只写冲转，应写明冲转某年、某月、某日、某项经济业务和凭证号码，也不能只写对方账户。要求“摘要”能够正确地、完整地反映经济活动和资金变化的来龙去脉，切忌含糊不清。 有些会计人员单纯追求“简单”，但却不明了。如收、付款凭证，只写“收款”、“付款”二字。转账凭证，只写“转成本”、“调整科目”等。其实只要稍微多加几个字，其意义就会很清楚，对收付款业务，摘要应写明收付款的性质，即写明收什么款，付什么款、如写成“收某学校2016年秋书款”、“领2016年12月报账款”：“付王平A4纸款”、“付2016年11月电费”等。 （二）内容要与附件相符，但不能照抄。在实际工作中，有的摘要写着“归还某单位的借款”，可实际凭证是汇出销货款，有的将收入款计入应付款，当然，有的是笔误所致，有的是对业务不十分理解，实际工作中，有的是为了隐瞒业务真相。总之，附件能真正表明业务的发生及完成情况，应根据附件的内容总结业务的性质，概括其业务内容，给人以一目了然的感觉。但又不能照抄原始凭证，有的会计将原始凭证的内容全写入“摘要栏”。 （三）摘要的编写要准确 对反映不同经济内容的同一张记账凭证，每项经济内容准确对应一个摘要，不能笼统
论文摘要的撰写方法 一、论文摘要的定义 摘要一般应说明研究工作目的、实验方法、结果和最终结论等．而重点是结 果和结论。中文摘要一般不宜超过300字，外文摘要不宜超过250个实词。除了实在迫不得已，摘要中不用图、表、化学结构式、非公知公用的符号和术语。摘要可用另页置于题名页(页上无正文)之前，学术论文的摘要一般置于题名和作 者之后，论文正文之前。 二、论文摘要的分类 根据内容的不同, 摘要可分为以下三大类: 报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道-指示性摘要 (1) 报道性摘要: 也常称作信息性摘要或资料性摘要, 其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论. 通常, 这种摘要可以部分地取代阅读全文. (2) 指示性摘要: 也常称为说明性摘要、描述性摘要或论点摘要, 一般只用二三句话概括论文的主题, 而不涉及论据和结论, 多用于综述、会议报告等. 该类摘要可用于帮助潜在的读者来决定是否需要阅读全文. (3) 报道-指示性摘要: 以报道性摘要的形式表述一次文献中的信息价值较高的部分, 以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分. 目前，我国期刊上发表的论文，多采用报道性摘要。即包括论文的目的、方 法、结果和结论等四部分内容。而毕业论文的摘要的写法多是采用指示性摘要的 写法，即概括文章的主题和主要内容。在指示性摘要的写作过程中，作者首先 应该对论文的写作背景做简单介绍，然后应该对文章的主要内容进行简单的介 绍，主要是对文章的提纲做简要的介绍，最后要对文章的研究意义进行介绍。
三、论文摘要写作的注意事项 (1)摘要中应排除本学科领域已成为常识的内容；切忌把应在引言中出现的内容写入摘要；一般也不要对论文内容作诠释和评论(尤其是自我评价)。 (2)不得简单重复题名中已有的信息。比如一篇文章的题名是《几种中国兰种子试管培养根状茎发生的研究》，摘要的开头就不要再写：“为了……，对几种中国兰种子试管培养根状茎的发生进行了研究”。 (3)结构严谨，表达简明，语义确切。摘要先写什么，后写什么，要按逻辑顺序来安排。句子之间要上下连贯，互相呼应。摘要慎用长句，句型应力求简单。每句话要表意明白，无空泛、笼统、含混之词，但摘要毕竟是一篇完整的短文，电报式的写法亦不足取。摘要不分段。 (4)用第三人称。建议采用“对……进行了研究”、“报告了……现状”、“进行了……调查”等记述方法标明一次文献的性质和文献主题，不必使用“本文”、“作者”等作为主语。 (5)要使用规范化的名词术语，不用非公知公用的符号和术语。新术语或尚无合适汉文术语的，可用原文或译出后加括号注明原文。 (6)除了实在无法变通以外，一般不用数学公式和化学结构式，不出现插图、表格。 (7)不用引文，除非该文献证实或否定了他人已出版的著作。 (8))缩略语、略称、代号，除了相邻专业的读者也能清楚理解的以外，在首次出现时必须加以说明。科技论文写作时应注意的其他事项，如采用法定计量单位、正确使用语言文字和标点符号等，也同样适用于摘要的编写。目前摘要编写中的主要问题有：要素不全，或缺目的，或缺方法；出现引文，无独立性与自明性；繁简失当。
请同学们对下列摘要做出评述，指出其优点与缺点。 “花园路叙事”初探” ——以电影《禁闭岛》中的文本世界分析为例 摘要：以根据丹尼斯·勒翰的同名小说改编的电影《禁闭岛》为例，运用认知诗学中的文本世界理论透视后现代叙事中的一类特殊现象—花园路叙事，具体分析花园路叙事对观众理解所产生的特殊认知效果。结论认为:：文本世界理论在解读叙事作品, 尤其是电影叙事方面具有强大优势，它对读者的动态识解过程给出了合理的描述, 尤其是在处理诸如花园路叙事等特殊现象时显示出巨大的灵活性和解释力。 摘要中没有实质性的结论，而且论述不够清晰，比如“特殊认知效果”是指什么样的效果？“读者的动态识解过程”是什么过程？“显示出巨大的灵活性和解释力”是什么样的灵活性和解释力？……这是论文开题时常犯的错误，同学们要注意此类问题。 “月”境的认知诗学研究 ——以唐诗三百首中月为例 摘要：认知诗学强调语境在意义建构中的重要作用。本文以认知诗学为理论框架，以《唐诗三百首》中的98个“月1”为例，探析“月”的主要诗学意义以及认知语境在意义建构中的作用机制。研究发现，诗人试图用人化的“月”表达诗学意义，读者作为一种反映者，如果要更接近诗人的用意，必须依靠读者自身的认知图式（主要包括社会、文化、诗人背景、诗歌特点等），建构一个“临时性”语境，在想象和意念中体验诗人建构的意境，从而达到赏心悦目之目的。 关键词：“月”境；认知诗学；认知语境；图式 此篇摘要是相对较好的一篇，通过摘要，读者可以大致了解到此论文的大致框架以及论文是运用什么理论如何开展的，最后提出自己的论点。论述清晰，结论明确，是一篇比较成功的摘要。 1在《唐诗三百首》中，87首出现了“月”（指月亮）的表达，有5首唐诗有两个以上的“月”表达，本研究不包括月指月份的表达。
研究生学位论文的摘要和结论写作要点 一、摘要写作 1、“摘要”是什么？ 不加注释和评论，对文献内容的精确和扼要的表达；按照中国国家标准：以提供文摘内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。 摘要是论文全文的提炼和骨架，是全面而简洁的工作介绍。摘要是全文的缩影，是可以单独使用的文体。 2、“摘要”写什么？ 摘要内容应包括如下几个方面。 ①研究目的：简述课题背景和重要性，提出论文要研究解决的问题； ②主要研究方法和研究内容、重要结果（特别是创新成果）和结论； ③成果的应用前景或理论意义。 3、写作摘要时要注意什么？ ①以第三人称，简短陈述，不宜对论文内容作诠释和评论(尤其是自我评价)； ②摘要中应排除本学科领域已成为常识的内容； ③避免将应在引言和结论中出现的内容写入摘要； ④避免出现公式、化学结构式、插图和表格，不引文，不举例。 ⑤少用或不用符号、缩略语、略称和代号，不用非公知公用的术语符号和非法定的计量单位； ⑥列举关键词时要考虑到让同行很容易地检索您的论文。 二、结论写作 1结论写什么？ 在总结概括全文的基础上，重点回答论文提出的问题是否解决？解决的怎么样？研究目的是否达到？重点阐述研究成果及意义、结论和推论。如有必要，可简要地指出存在的不足和遗留问题，以及对解决这些问题的可能关键点和方向，提出研究建议。 2结论写作要注意什么？ ①避免与摘要的简单重复。不要赘述研究目的和研究方法等；从更高的角度、更广阔的背景上来总结全文和深化主题，所做结论也要更具深度和广度，而不是简单重复摘要所列成果和结论，更不是各章节小结的简单拼凑。 ②突出创新和贡献：经过本论文的研究获得哪些发现和发明？对前人工作的做了哪些改进和发展？对前人的观点作了哪些修正、补充、证实或否定？ ③恰如其分地强调和评价成果意义，指出研究结果说明了什么问题，以及可能会产生的影响。 ④未经正文充分证明的设想、推测和见解不能列为结论。既不要勉强杜撰凑数，也不要漏过一条真正的结论（否定的、负面的结论也是重要结论）。 ⑤观点要鲜明，不宜用“可能”、“大概”和“似乎是”等模棱两可的字眼。 ⑥注意结论的适用范围，推论要适可而止。 ⑦简明扼要，准确完整，可以列出若干条，各条自成段落。 ⑧中文摘要采用较为纯净的中文文字（参考“摘要写作”第3项④和⑤条），避免中英文掺杂（此条适用于全文写作）
摘要的写作和要求 目前，作者写作的中英文摘要，绝大多数都比较粗糙，尤其是英文摘要，与国际学术交流的要求相距甚远，需要进行大的修改，有时甚至是重写。这一方面是由于论文作者的英文写作水平有限，另一方面也是由于大多数作者对英文摘要的写作要求和国际惯例不甚了解而致。 为了提高英文摘要的写作质量，根据Ei提出的要求，将英文摘要的写作要求详解如下，以供参考。 1摘要的要素 1.1简述 根据Ei检索对英文摘要的写作要求，英文摘要的写作并没有一成不变的格式，但一般来说，英文摘要是对原始文献不加诠释或评论的准确而简短的概括，并要求它能反映原始文献的主要信息。并且，根据中译英的要求，英文摘要不必做到词、句的一一对应翻译，意译最好。 Ei检索要求文摘应该用简洁、明确的语言，将论文的“目的(Purposes)”，主要的研究“过程(Procedures)”及所采用的“方法(Methods)”，由此得到的主要“结果(Results)”和得出的重要“结论(Conclusions)”表达清楚。如有可能，还应尽量提一句论文结果和结论的应用范围和应用情况。 (1) 目的或要解决的问题：研究、研制、调查等的前提、目的和任务，所涉及的主题范围。 (2) 解决问题的方法及过程：所用的原理、理论、条件、对象、材料、工艺、结构、手段、装备，以及程序等。 (3) 结果：实验的、研究的结果、数据，被确定的关系，观察结果，得到的效果、性能等。 (4) 结论：结果的分析、研究、比较、评价、应用，以及提出的问题等。 (5) 本文的创新、独到之处(What is new and original in this paper?)。 1.2详解 研究的问题（What I want to do?） 主要说明作者写作此文的目的，或本文主要解决的问题。一篇好的英文摘要，开头就应该把本文的目的或要解决的主要问题非常明确地交待清楚。必要时，可利用论文中所列的最新文献，简要介绍前人的工作，但这种介绍一定要极其简练。在这方面，Ei提出了两点具体要求： (1) Eliminate or minimize background information(不谈或尽量少谈背景信息)． (2) Avoid repeating the title or part of the title in the first sentence of the abstract (避免在摘要的第一句话重复使用题目或题目的一部分)。 过程与方法(How I did it?) 主要说明作者主要工作过程及所用的方法，也应包括众多的边界条件，使用的主要设备和仪器。在英文摘要中，过程与方法的阐述起着承前启后的作用。在开头交待了要解决的问题(What I want to do)之后，接着要回答的自然就是如何解决问题，而且，最后的结果和结论也往往与研究过程及方法是密切相关的。大多数作者在阐述过程与方法时，最常见的问题是泛泛而谈、空洞无物，只有定性的描述，使读者很难清楚地了解论文中解决问题的过程和方法。因此，应结合(指向)论文中的公式、实验框图等来进行阐述，这样可以既给读者一个清
上海高考英语概要写作技巧 Rubrics for summary writing (2019-9-14) 评分标准: 1. 本题总分为15分, 其中内容10分, 语言5分。（这部分还有待最终确认，可能是5+5） 2. 评分时应注意的主要方面: 内容要点、信息呈现的连贯性和准确性。 3. 词数超过60，酌情扣分。 各档次给分要求: 内容部分 A. 能准确、全面地概括文章主旨大意，并涵盖主要信息。 B. 能准确概括文章主旨大意，但遗漏个别主要信息。 C. 能概括文章主旨大意，但遗漏部分主要信息。 D. 未能准确概括文章主旨大意，遗漏较多主要信息或留有过多细节信息。 E. 几乎不能概括文章的主旨大意，未涉及文中有意义的相关信息。 F. 完全未作答或作答与本题无关。 语言部分 A. 能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述。 B. 能用自己的语言较连贯、正确地表述，但有个别语言错误。 C. 基本能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述，但连贯性较差，且有少量不影响表意的语言错误。 D. 基本能用自己的语言表述，但连贯性较差，且严重语言错误较多。 E. 几乎不能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述。 F. 完全未作答或作答与本题无关。 把握文体特点 记叙文：what who when where why how 议论文：opinion/ idea+ argument (supporting ideas / reasons) 说明文：phenomenon/ problem + reason + solution (cause and effect), introduction of an object (how it is made, how it is used, how it may change, what makes it new or significant) 新闻：a focus on the first paragraph, and the first or last sentence of the other paragraphs 样题解读 Dirt Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out. Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine.