中高级口译词汇必备——教育类词汇
（大学的）研究小组；讨论会seminar
（国家）助学金（state）stipend/subsidy
（系）主任chairman; chairperson
爱国主义教育education in patriotism
百分制100-mark system
班主任Class Discipline Adviser/Head Teacher
办学效益efficiency in school management
必修课required/compulsory course
毕业典礼graduation ceremony; commencement
毕业生graduate
毕业证书diploma; graduation certificate
博士doctor （Ph.D）
博士后post doctorate
成绩单school report; report card; transcript
成人教育adult education
成为有理想，有道德，有文化，守纪律的劳动者to become working people with lofty ideals, moral integrity, education and a sense of discipline
初等教育elementary education
辍/失学青少年school dropout/leaver
德才兼备to combine ability with character; equal stress on integrity and ability
低年级学生lower grade pupil/student; pupil/student in junior grades
分数mark; grade
分校branch school
辅导员assistant for political and ideological work
附属中学attached middle school
副教授associate professor
副修minor
岗位培训undergo job-specific training
高等教育higher/tertiary education
高等学校institution of higher education
高中senior middle school
公费生government-supported student
公开课open class
共产主义道德品质communist ethics
共产主义教育education in communism
基本框架basic framework
基础科学the fundamentals
基础课basic course
集体主义教育education in collectivism
假期工作vacation jobs
奖励rewards
奖学金scholarship
奖学金生prize fellow
教书育人to educate the person as well as impart book knowledge
教学、科研、生产的"三结合" "3-in-1 combination" involving teaching, research, and production
教学大纲teaching program; syllabus
教学内容content of courses
教学人员the faculty; teaching staff
教研室/组teaching and research section/group
教研室主任Head of the Teaching and Research Section
教育必须为社会主义现代化服务，必须同生产劳动相结合，培养德智体全面发展的建设者和接班人。Education must serve the needs of socialist modernization, be integrated with productive labor, and train builders and successors who are well developed morally, intellectually and physically.
教育部Ministry of Education
教育程度educational background
教育方针guideline（s）/guiding principle（s）for education
教育投入input in education
教育系Department of Education
教育要面向现代化，面向世界，面向未来Gear education to the needs of modernization, the world and the future
课程course; curriculum
课程包括curriculum included
课程表school timetable
课程重点部分educational highlights
课外辅导instruction after class
课外活动extracurricular activities
课外阅读outside reading
courses taken 所学课程
social practice 社会实践
part-time jobs 业余工作
physical activities 体育活动
recreational activities 娱乐活动
academic activities 学术活动
social activities 社会活动
excellent League member 优秀团员
excellent leader 优秀干部
student council 学生会
off-job training 脱产培训
in-job training 在职培训
educational system 学制
academic year 学年
semester 学期（美）
term 学期（英）
tutor 家庭教师
monitor 班长
Party branch secretary 党支部书记
commissary in charge of publicity 宣传委员
degree 学位
master 硕士
bachelor 学士
graduate student 研究生
abroad student 留学生
returned student 回国留学生
undergraduate 大学肄业生，（尚未取得学位的）大学生government-supported student 公费生
commoner 自费生
prize fellow 奖学金生
与学校相关词汇
primary education 初等教育
secondary education 中等教育
higher education 高等教育
the three R's 读、写、算
school year 学年
semester 学期
school day 教学日
curriculum 课程
subject 学科
discipline 纪律
timetable 课程表
homework 家庭作业
to learn by heart 记住,掌握
to revise, to go over 复习
examination oral, written examination 口试,笔试assessment method 评估方法
backwash 反拨作用
checklist 清单
class assignment 课堂作业
comparing function 比较功能
diagnostic assessment 诊断评估
interview 面试
open-ended question 开放式试题
options 选择项
proficiency assessment 水平评估
progress achievement test 成绩进展考试selection test 选拔考试
self-assessment 自我评估
stem 题干
teaching objective 教学目标
teaching procedure 教学步骤
occupational history 工作经历
Professional history 职业经历
specific experience 具体经历responsibilities 职责
second job 第二职业
achievements 工作成就，业绩breakthrough 关键问题的解决；突破demonstrate 证明，示范
decrease 减少
effect 效果，作用
eliminate 消除
enlarge 扩大
enrich 使丰富
improve 改进，提高
initiate 创始，开创
innovate 改革，革新
overcome 克服
perfect 使完善；改善
perform 执行，履行
able 有才干的，能干的adaptable 适应性强的
active 主动的，活跃的aggressive 有进取心的amiable 和蔼可亲的amicable 友好的
analytical 善于分析的apprehensive 有理解力的capable 有能力的，有才能的careful 办理仔细的competent 能胜任的constructive 建设性的cooperative 有合作精神的creative 富创造力的dedicated 有奉献精神的dependable 可靠的diplomatic 老练的，有策略的disciplined 守纪律的
dutiful 尽职的
well--educated 受过良好教育的efficient 有效率的
energetic 精力充沛的expressivity 善于表达
faithful 守信的，忠诚的
frank 直率的，真诚的generous 宽宏大量的
genteel 有教养的
gentle 有礼貌的
humorous 有幽默
impartial 公正的independent 有主见的industrious 勤奋的
ingenious 有独创性的motivated 目的明确的intelligent 理解力强的modest 谦虚的
objective 客观的
precise 一丝不苟的
punctual 严守时刻的
realistic 实事求是的responsible 负责的
sensible 明白事理的
sporting 光明正大的
steady 踏实的
systematic 有系统的
purposeful 意志坚强的
sweet-tempered 性情温和的temperate 稳健的
tireless 孜孜不倦的
objective 目标
job objective 工作目标
career objective 职业目标
to seek a better job 找一份更好的工作
hobbies 业余爱好
travelling 旅游
listening to symphony 听交响乐literature 文学
philosophy 哲学
history 历史
art 艺术
sociology 社会学
linguistics 语言学
psychology 心理学
相关教育单词
kindergarten 幼儿园
elementary education 初等教育secondary education 中等教育higher education 高等教育
adult education 成人教育
day-care center 幼儿园（美）nursery school 托儿所
universal education 普及教育undergraduate 本科
assistantship 助学金
scholarship 奖学金
auditorium 礼堂
individual coaching=tutorial 个别指导
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料c h a p t e r 文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]
Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split.
试题三 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.(30%) 1.According to the degree of similarity, homonyms can be classified into ( ) A. perfect homonyms B. homonyms C. homophones D. all the above 2.Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example ( ) A. ad for “advertisement” B. dish for “food" C. fond for “affectionate” D. an editorial for “an editorial article" 3.It is a general belief that the meaning does not exist in the word itself, but it rather spreads over ( ) A. the reader’s interpretation B. the neighbouring words C. the writer's intention D. the etymology of the word 4.Which of the following is a prefix of time and order? A. extra- B. pro- C. re- D. semi- 5.Which of the following dictionaries is not a specialized dictionary? A. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology B. Chamber's Encyclopedic English Dictionary C. Longmont Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs D. Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms 6.Which of the following statements is Not true? A. Reference is the relationship between language and the world. B. The relationship between a word and its referent is arbitrary. C. Concept is universal to all men alike. D. Sense denotes the relationships outside the language. 7.The words which occur before or after a word and may affect its meaning form ( ) A. physical context B. grammatical context C. lexical context D. linguistic context 8."Smith is an architect. He designed World Trade Center. "The clue provided in the context is ( ) A. definition B. explanation C. example D. hyponym 9.The term "vocabulary" is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that ( ) A. it can refer to the common core of a language B. it can refer to the total number of the words in a language C. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical period D. it can stand for words in given dialect or field 10.The idiom "a dark horse" is a ( ) A. simile B. metaphor
《英语词汇学教程》（2004 年版）练习答案 Chapter 1 7. Choose the standard meaning from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the left. a. tart: loose woman b. bloke: fellow c. gat: pistol d. swell: great e. chicken: coward f. blue: fight g. smoky: police h. full: drunk i. dame: woman j. beaver: girl 8. Give the modern equivalents for the following archaic words. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave / the sea bade = bid 12. Categorize the following borrowed words into denizens, aliens, translation loans, and semantic loans. Denizens: kettle, die, wall, skirt, husband Aliens: confrere, pro patria, Wunderkind, mikado, parvenu Translation loans: chopstick, typhoon, black humour, long time no see Semantic loans: dream Chapter 2 1. Why should students of English lexicology study the Indo-European Language Family? The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. Knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2. Make a tree diagram to show the family relations of the modern languages given below.
教育常用词汇 课外阅读outside reading办学效益efficiency in school management 协调发展coordinated and balanced program of development 教育投入input in education 优化教师队伍optimize the teaching staff 实行分区规划practice regional planning 社会参与communal participation 新增劳动力incoming labor force 职前教育pre-service education 岗位培训undergo job-specific training 提高......的思想品德enhance the moral awareness of ... 职业道德professional ethics 重点学科key disciplinary areas or priority fields of study （大学）专科Major Types of Education in China short 2- to 3- year higher education programs 扫盲班literacy class 注册人数enrollment 年龄段（层）age bracket 反复灌输inculcate 希望工程Project Hope 学龄儿童school-ager 人才枯竭exhaustion of human resources 辍/失学青少年school dropout/leaver 基金会foundation 服务性行业service trade 在职培训on-the-job/in-service training 国际劳工组织International Labor Organization 基础科学the fundamentals 学分制the credit system 三学期制the trimester system 双学士制a double BA degree system 主副修制a system of a major field of specialization plus a minor field 教学、科研、生产的"三结合" "3-in-1 combination" involving teaching,research, and production 三结合联合体tripartite complex 定向招生students are admitted to be trained for pre-determined employers 包分配guarantee job assignments 燎原计划the Prairie Fire Program 示范试点demonstration pilot project 结合、使加入incorporate 动员mobilize 税收tax revenue 多学科的multi-disciplinary 重点大学key university 授予（学士）confer 被授权be authorized to do 博士后科研流动站center for post-doctoral studies 专业speciality 爱国人士patriotic personage 国家发明奖National Invention Prize 国家自然科学奖National Prize for Natural Sciences 国家科技进步奖National Prize for Progress in Science and Technology 学术报告会，专题讨论会symposium 记者招待会press conference 国家教委主任Chairman of the State Education Commission 国家统计局the State Statistical Bureau 国家教育经费national expenditure on education 财政拨款financial allocation 半文盲semiliterate; functional illiterate 占百分比account for ...% 专任教师full-time teacher 资料中心data center 国际文化交流intercultural communication 教育方针guideline(s)/guiding principle(s) for education 教育必须为社会主义现代化服务，必须同生产劳动相结合，培养德智体全
一、选择题 1．I’d like to________the mall because it’s crowded and noisy. A．visit B．hang out C．walk D．go off 2．It’s ________ of the soldiers to rush into the fire to save people. A．stupid B．proud C．honest D．brave 3．In modern life, shopping online is________ used by many people, especially for teenagers. A．exactly B．badly C．heavily D．widely 4．—Oh, my God! I have ________ five pounds after the Spring Festival. —All of the girls want to lose weight, but easier said than done. A．given up B．put on C．got on D．grown up 5．— Sorry, I can't afford to go abroad. — What about having a country travel with a little________ price? A．cheaper B．higher C．lower D．less 6．My sister Nancy often gets lost because of her bad _____ of direction. A．sense B．feeling C．experience D．information 7．—Help yourselves! The drinks are ________ me. —Thank you. You’re always so generous. A．above B．in C．on D．over 8．Her only problem, ________ you can call it a problem, is that she expects to be successful all the time. A．if B．because C．though D．since 9．We should learn_______ each other. A．to B．from C．for D．of 10．We loved the food so much, ________the fish dishes. A．special B．especial C．specially D．especially 11．— Is your home close to the school, Tom? — No, it's a long way, but I am________ late for school because I get up early daily. A．always B．usually C．never D．sometimes 12．Remember to return the book to the school library in time, ________ you will be fined(罚款). A．or B．and C．but D．so 13．—Billy, you are very confident all the time, how do you make it? —I think confidence is more than just an attitude, it comes from a strong ________ to take responsibility rather than just let life happen. A．present B．care C．promise D．protect 14．—Does she have a ________? — Yes, she ________ in a food shop. A．job; work B．job; works C．work; job
全国高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832 Ⅰ．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.（30%）1．According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.（） A．meaning B．Sound C．combination of sounds D．Group 2．The pronunciation has changed ______ spelling over the years.（） A．more slowly than B．As quickly as C．more rapidly than D．Not so quickly as 3．Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by ______.（）A．use frequency B．notion C．origin D．sound 4．Rapid growth of science and technology breeds such new words as the following EXCEPT______.（） A．green revolution B．fast food C．moon walk D．space shuttle 5．Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new ______ to meet the new need. （）A．form B．meaning C．look D．pronunciation 6．Reviving archaic words also contribute to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, in American English “fall” means ______ in British English.（） A．four B．fell C．for D．autumn 7．The plural morpheme “-s” is realized by /s/after the following sounds EXCEPT ______. （）A．/t/ B．/g/ C．/p/ D．/k/ 英语词汇学试卷第 1 页共9 页
11 C h a p t e r 1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （he definition of a word comprises the following points: (1) a minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity; (3) a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional. A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 p ol ysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 semantic-loans 借义词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点
英语词汇学试题 Introduction and Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabula ry（练习1） I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. 1.Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of _________construct. A. word B. form C. morpheme D. root 2.________ is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. A. Semantics B. Linguistics C. Etymology D. Stylistics 3.Modern English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes. A. Greek B. Roman C. Italian D. Germanic 4. Semantics is the study of meaning of different _________ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc. A. linguistic B. grammatical C. arbitrary D. semantic 5.Stylistics is the study of style . It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effects A. situation B. context C. time D. place 6.Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form , meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a _______ difference. A . spelling B. semantic C. pronunciation D. pragmatic 7. Terminology consists of _______ terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas. A. technical B. artistic C. different D. academic 8. __________refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades, and professions communicate among themselves. A. Slang B. Jargon C. Dialectal words D. Argot 9 ._________ belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words. A. Jargon B. Argot C. Dialectal words D. Slang 10. Argot generally refers to the jargon of _______.Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups and outsiders can hardly understand it. A. workers B. criminals C. any person D. policeman 11.________ are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question. A. Argot B. Slang C. Jargon D. Dialectal words 12. Archaisms are words or forms that were once in _________use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. A. common B. little C. slight D. great 13. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on ______meanings. A. new B. old C. bad D. good 14. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals. A. functional B. notional C. empty D. formal 15. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called _______words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category. A. content B. notional C. empty D. new
《英语词汇学教程》参考答案 (注：参考答案仅供参考。有些题目的答案并非是唯一的) Chapter 1 1. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Y et, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions uses different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon. 2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door. (2) Y ou boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o‘clock. (3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting. 3. (1) when it follows ?-t‘ and ?-d‘, it is pronounced as [id]; (2) when it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t]; (3) when it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d]. 4. (1)They are words that can be included in a semantic field of ―tree‖. (2)They represent the forms of the verb ―fly‖ and have a common meaning. (3)They belong to a lexical field of ?telephone communication‘.. (4)They are synonyms, related to human visual perception. Specifically, they denote various kinds of ―looking‖. 5. (a) ?blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black) ; ?blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in colour (the primary stress in on black); ?greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black), ?White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black). 0 (b) black ?board: any board which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); black ?bird: any bird which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); grey ?hound: any hound that is grey in colour (both words receive primary stress); ?white ?house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress). 6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words. 7. (a) The ?bull‘ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal. (b) ?Take the bull by the horn‘ is an idiom, meaning ?(having the courage to) deal with someone or something directly.
education 学历 educational background 教育程度educational history 学历 curriculum 课程 major 主修 minor 副修 educational highlights 课程重点部分curriculum included 课程包括specialized courses 专门课程courses taken 所学课程 courses completed 所学课程 special training 特别训练 social practice 社会实践 part-time jobs 业余工作 summer jobs 暑期工作 vacation jobs 假期工作 refresher course 进修课程extracurricular activities 课外活动physical activities 体育活动recreational activities 娱乐活动academic activities 学术活动 social activities 社会活动
rewards 奖励 scholarship 奖学金 "Three Goods" student 三好学生excellent League member 优秀团员excellent leader 优秀干部student council 学生会 off-job training 脱产培训 in-job training 在职培训educational system 学制academic year 学年 semester 学期（美） term 学期（英） president 校长 vice-president 副校长 dean 院长 assistant dean 副院长 academic dean 教务长 department chairman 系主任professor 教授 associate professor 副教授 guest professor 客座教授 lecturer 讲师
Key to chapter 1 1 .What is a word? 1.A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function. 2.In what way are words related to vocabulary? V ocabulary refers to the sum total of all the words in a language. In other words, vocabulary is composed of words and words make up vocabulary. If we compare vocabulary to a family, words are family members. 3.Illustrate the relationship between sound and meaning with examples . Sound is the physical aspect of a word and meaning is what the sound refers to. Sound and meaning are not intrinsically related and their collection is arbitrary and conventional. For example, tree/tri:/ means 树in English because the English-speaking people have agreed to do so just as Chinese people use/shù/ (树) to refer to the same thing. This explains why people of different languages use different sounds to express the same concept. However, in the same languages, the same sound can denote different meanings, e.g. /rait/ can mean right, rite, and write. 4 .Enumerate the causes for the differences between sound and form of english words There are generally four major causes of the differences between sound and form. ⑴ There are more phonemes than letters in English, so there is no way to use one letter to represent one phoneme. ⑵ The stabilization of spelling by printing, which breaks the synchronized change of sound and spelling. ⑶ Influence of the work of scribes, who deliberately changed the spelling of words and ⑷ borrowing, which introduces many words which are against English rules of pronunciation and spelling. 5 .Give examples to show the influence of early scribes on english spelling Early scribes changed the spelling of many words while copying things for others because the original spelling forms in cursive writing were difficult for people to recognize, such as sum, cum, wuman, munk and so on. Later, the letter u with vertical lines was replaced with o, resulting in the current spelling forms like some, come, woman, monk. The changed spelling forms are more distinguishable to readers. 6.What are the characteristics of basic word stock Words of the basic word stock form the common core of the English language. They are the words essential to native speakers’ daily communication. Such words are characterized by all national character, stability, polysemy, productivity and collocability. 7.choose the standard meaning form from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the left A tart loose woman b. bloke fellow c.gat pistol d. swell great e. chicken coward F .blue fight g. smoky police h full drunk i. dame woman j. beaver girl 8.given the modern equivalents for the following archaic words haply = perhaps albeit= although methinks = it seems to me eke= also bade= bid smooth= truth morn= morning troth= pledge ere= before quoth = said hallowed= holy billow= wave/ the sea 9.Explain neologisms with examples Neologisms refer to newly-coined words or old words with new meanings. For example, euro(欧元), e-book(电子书), SARS(非典), netizen(网民), are newly-coined words. Words like mouse(鼠标),web(网络),space shuttle(航天飞机) etc. are old words which have acquired new meanings. 10.What is the fundamental difference between content and functional words By notion, words fall into content words and functional words. Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals, which have clear notions; whereas functional words are void of notions but are mainly used to connect content words into sentences. Content words are numerous and changing all the time, while functional words are small in number and stable. But functional words have much higher frequency in use than content words. 11.How do you account for the role of native words in english in relation to loan words ? Native words form a small portion of the English vocabulary, but they make up the mainstream of the basic word-stock which belongs to the common core of the English language. Compared with most loan-words, native words are mostly essential to native speakers’ daily communication and enjoy a much higher frequency in actual use.