2000年8月第五篇
Questions 40-50
Line
(5) it loses its water and can crack, so the potter added a temper to the clay, a substance that
(10) helped reduce shrinkage and cracking.
Since surface finishes provided a pleasing appearance and also improved the durability in day-to-day use, the potter smoothed the exterior surface of the pot with wet hands. Often a wet clay solution, known as a slip, was applied to the smooth surface. Brightly colored slips were often used and formed painted decorations on the vessel. In later times, glazes
(15) came into use in some areas. A glaze is a form of slip that turns to a glasslike finish during high-temperature firing. When a slip was not applied, the vessel was allowed to dry slowly until the external surface was almost like leather in texture. It was then rubbed with a round stone or similar object to give it a shiny, hard surface. Some pots were adorned with (20) (25)
题目解析：
40. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Why archaeologists study prehistoric pot making
(B) How early pottery was made and decorated
(C) The development of kilns used by early potters
(D) The variety of decorations on Prehistoric pottery
解析：第一段说记录陶罐制作的文献很丰富，第2、3、4段分别从选料、外表、烧制等几方面来描述陶罐的制作，因此正确选项为B。
41.The word “ meticulously” in line 6 is closest in meaning to
(A) heavily
(B) initially
(C) carefully
(D) completely
解析：heavily，沉重地，猛烈地；initially，最初地；carefully，小心谨慎地；completely，完全地。文中要表达的意思是说粘土的平滑性至关重要：它被精心地捣碎并用水混合以使它的质地完全平滑。由此可知正确选项为C。
42. Which of the following was a process used by prehistoric potters to improve the texture of the clay?
(A) Adding temper
(B) Removing the water
(C) Beating on the clay
(D) Mixing the clay with plastic substances
解析：文中第6行至第7行”By careful kneading”，是说陶工小心翼翼的揉捏来除去气泡，提高品质，即把气泡打出去。因此正确选项为C。
43.The word “durability” in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(B) endurance
(C) adaptability
(D) applicability
解析：quality，品质；endurance，耐性；adaptability，适应性；applicability，适用性。正确选项为B。
44. Prehistoric potters applied slips and glazes to their vessels in order to do which of the following?
(A) Improve the appearance of the vessels
(B) prevent the vessels from leaking
(C) Help the vessels a leather like quality
(D) Give the vessels a leather like quality
解析：文中第13行”… known as a slip, was applied to the smooth surface”，是说slip 是用来使表面光滑的。文中第15行”A glaze is a form of slip that turns to a glasslike finish”，是说glaze可以形成一种玻璃似的涂层。因此正确选项为A。
45. Which of the following was a method used by some potters to give vessels a glossy finish?
(A) Smoothing them with wet hands
(B) Mixing the clay with colored solutions
(C) Baking them at a very high temperature
(D) Rubbing them with a smooth hard object
解析：文中第17行至第18行”It was then rubbed with a round stone or similar object to give it a shiny, hard surface.”是说用一块圆石或者类似的东西打磨，可以得到一个光亮、坚硬的表面。因此正确选项为D。
46.The word “incised” in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) designed
(B) carved
(D) painted
解析：design，设计；carve，雕刻；detail，详述；paint，油漆，涂，绘画。文中的意思是一些陶罐用雕刻或印花来装饰。因此正确选项为B。
47.The word “they” in ling 26 refers to
(A) kilns
(B) firings
(C) pots
(D) cracks
解析：文中第25行至第26行”Once fired, the pots were allowed to cool slowly, and small cracks were repaired before they were ready for use.”意思是说，烧完一次后，可以让陶器慢慢冷却，在它们可用之前要把小隙缝补上。在这里，they指代的是pots。正确选项为C。
48. According to the passage, the advantage of kilns over open fires was that the kilns
(A) required less wood for burning
(B) reached higher temperatures
(C) kept ashes away from the pots
(D) baked vessels without cracking them
解析：文中第22行”Far higher temperatures were attained…” 是说用这种特殊的烤炉里可以得到高得多的温度。因此正确选项为B。
49. Look at the terms “temper”(line9), “glazes”(line14), “kilns”(line23), and “compounds”(line24). Which of these terms is NOT defined in the passage?
(A) temper
(B) glazes
(C) kilns
(D) compounds
解析：temper，文中第9行至第10行”a substance that helped reduce shrinkage and
cracking”；glaze，文中第15行至第16行”A glaze is a form of slip that turns to a glasslike finish during high-temperature firing”；kilns，文中第23行至第24行”which would not only bake the clay and remove its plasticity, but also dissolve carbons and iron compounds”。正确选项为D。
50.The passage mentions that when pottery is fired under burning wood ,the ashes help
(A) prevent the clay from cracking
(B) produce a more consistently baked pot
(C) attain a very high temperature
(D) give the vessel a glasslike finish
解析：文中第21行至第22行”as it burned, the ashes would all around the pots and bake them evenly over a few hours”，正确选项为B。
文章翻译：
描述陶罐制作的考古文献非常丰富。和现代工业的陶工不同，史前陶工独立地制作每一件作品，技术极其简单，但却展示了他们制作和装饰器皿的非凡技艺。
在史前陶罐制作中，第一考虑的就是粘土的选用，通常要经过相当远的距离换购而来。粘土的平滑性至关重要：它被精心地捣碎并用水混合以使它的质地完全平滑。经过小心翼翼的揉捏，陶工去除了气泡使得粘土尽量可塑，从而可以在烧制时把它塑成要造成的形状。粘土失水会碎裂，所以陶工在粘土里加了调和剂，这是一种有助于减少收缩和碎裂的物质。
由于表面处理不但能提供一种赏心悦目的外观而且可以提高日常使用的耐久性，陶工用湿手抚平外陶罐的表面。一种称为泥釉的湿土处理方式被用来平滑表面。绚烂的泥釉经常被使用并形成了器皿表面的彩饰。后来，某些地方开始采用釉。釉是泥釉的一种形态，经过高温煅烧而成的一种玻璃似的涂层。没有采用泥釉的时候，器皿可以慢慢烘干直到外表面差不多变成皮革样的质地。然后用一块圆石或者类似的东西打磨得到一个光亮、坚硬的表面。一些陶罐用铭文或雕刻来装饰。
大多数早期的陶器在敞开的炉子上烧制。这些器皿盖上易燃的木头，随着木头的燃烧，灰烬将会覆盖陶器周围，均匀地烤上几个小时。在砖窑这种特殊的烤炉里可以得到高得多的
温度，砖窑不但能烘烤粘土去除它的可塑性，还能融化碳和铁的化合物。砖窑也可以用来上釉，需要烧两次，烧完一次后，可以让陶器慢慢冷却，在它们可用之前要把小隙缝补上。
文章生词：
Paragraph 1
archaeological adj. 考古学的
literature n. 文学，著作，文艺
description n. 描写，形容，叙述，说明书
n. 罐，壶
pot
v. 把...装罐
potter n. 陶工，陶艺家，陶器匠
artisan n. 工匠，技工
demonstrate v. 示范，演示，证明，示威
remarkable adj. 不平常的，显著的，值得注意的
adorn v. 装饰，使生色，佩戴
Paragraph 2
a. 极度的，最远的
utmost
n. 极限，最大可能considerable adj. 相当的，重要的，可观的
v. 揉，按摩，捏制
knead
vt. 按摩，揉（面粉等）
n. 泡沫，幻想
bubble
v. 冒泡，沸腾，滔滔不绝地说
a. 塑料的
plastic
n. 塑料，（外科）整形的
n. 模子，雏型，霉
mold
v. 形成，塑造，发霉
n. 裂缝，声变
crack
v. 打开，破裂，变声
n. 脾气，调剂，趋向temper
v. 锻练，调剂，缓和substance n. 物质，主旨，实质shrinkage n. 收缩，减低，缩水
Paragraph 3
appearance n. 外表，出现，登台
a. 平稳的，流畅的，安祥的smooth
v. 使...光滑，变平滑
n. 外部，外型，表面exterior
adj. 外部的，表面的，外在的slip n. 【陶器】泥釉，滑泥decoration n. 装饰，装饰品
vessel n. 船，脉管，容器
n. 釉，覆罩的一层
glaze
v. 装以玻璃，上釉，变成为光滑apply v. 应用，申请，涂
n. 外部，外面
external
adj. 外部的，表面的，客观的
a. 皮革制的
leather
n. 皮革
texture n. 质地，肌理，纹理
rub n. 摩擦，困难，障碍
v. 擦，搓，摩擦
shiny adj. 有光泽的，辉煌的，发光的stamp
n. 印，邮票，打印器
v. 捺印，顿足，贴上邮票
Paragraph 4 hearth n. 炉床，炉边，灶台
ash n. 灰，灰烬
oven n. 炉，灶，烤箱
kiln n. 窑，干燥炉，炉plasticity n. 可塑性，塑性
carbon n. 碳，复写纸
compound n. 混合物，复合物
a. 复合的，混合的，合成的v. 混合，调合，妥协
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2020年12月13日托福阅读答案解析12月13日托福阅读词汇题： Obviously=clearly Widespread=common Dense=thick Thus=consequently resultant Shallow=small depth exercise Profound=very strong Emergence=rise Tactic=strategy Adjacent to=near to Parallel=match 12月13日托福阅读第一篇 题材划分：生物类 主要内容：板块运动能够改变生物多样性，提到生物区的划分，少于百分之二十的物种相似度就是不同的区越多说明那里的多样性越高。比如板块分开的时候，多样性增加，反之亦然。一个山脉能够把原本的湿润风给挡了，就变成沙漠不适合生长了。或者一个障碍的形
成能够把本来的一个物种分成两个，一南一北，等到在合并的时候， 发现北部的能够到南部生活，但南部的很少到北部生活。 相似TPO练习推荐 TPO31- Speciation in Geographically Isolated Populations 相关背景知识： Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. The biologist Orator F. Cook was the first to coin the term 'speciation' for the splitting of lineages or "cladogenesis," as opposed to "anagenesis" or "phyletic evolution" occurring within lineages. Charles Darwin was the first to describe the role of natural selection in speciation.There is research comparing the intensity of sexual selection in different clades with their number of species. There are four geographic modes of speciation in nature, based on the extent to which speciating populations are isolated from one another： allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric. Speciation may also be induced artificially, through animal husbandry, agriculture, or laboratory experiments. Whether genetic drift is a minor or major contributor to speciation is the subject matter of much ongoing discussion. All forms of natural speciation have taken place over the course of evolution; however, debate persists as to the relative importance of each mechanism in driving biodiversity. One example of natural speciation is the diversity of the three-spined stickleback, a marine fish that, after the last
老托福阅读真题及答案：PASSAGE 19 The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the North American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe they grew over a period of centuries from town economies to their present urban structure. In North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a century. In the early colonial days in North America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic Coastline, mostly in what are now New England and Middle Atlantic states in the United States and in the lower Saint Lawrence valley in Canada. This was natural because these areas were nearest to England and France, particularly England, from which most capital goods (assets such as equipment) and many consumer goods were imported. Merchandising establishments were, accordingly, advantageously located in port cities from which goods could be readily distributed to interior settlements. Here, too, were the favored locations for processing raw materials prior to export. Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Montreal, and other cities flourished, and, as the colonies grew, these cities increased in importance. This was less true in the colonial South, where life centered around large farms, known as plantations, rather than around towns, as was the case in the areas further north along the Atlantic coastline. The local isolation and the economic self-sufficiency of the plantations were antagonistic to the development of the towns. The plantations maintained their independence because they were located on navigable streams and each had a wharf accessible to the small shipping of that day. In fact, one of the strongest factors in the selection of plantation land was the desire to have its front on a water highway. When the United States became an independent nation in 1776, it did not have a single city as large as 50,000 inhabitants, but by 1820 it had a city of more than 10,000 people, and by 1880 it had recorded a city of over one million. It was not until after 1823, after the mechanization of the spinning had weaving industries,
托福阅读总是做错的2个常见易错原 因分析 托福阅读总是做错?2个常见易错原因分析。今天给大家带来了托福阅读总是做错的2个常见易错原因分析,希望可以帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 托福阅读总是做错?2个常见易错原因分析 托福阅读易错原因：没有认真背单词 单词量不足除了影响对全文理解外，还直接影响托福阅读里面的很多词汇题的解答。所以，托福一定要背单词，单词真的是王道。而且，考生考托福是为了什么?不就是为了出国吗?从这个根本目标出发，单词的积累也是重要的。 或许有人会问，看哪本托福词汇书? 实际上，市面上常见的任何一本单词书拿来应对考试都不会有什么问题。关键在于是否能持之以恒，坚持长时间不间断的记忆词汇。有人或许会问，专业词汇到底看不看，看的话当然最好，不看只要不影响理解*并解答题目也不是不行。当然如果考生时间比较紧张的话，专业术语词汇还是建议混个脸熟就足够了。 托福阅读易错原因：不熟悉*长度与句子架构
托福阅读中的长难句非常讨厌，也是干扰考生理解*的罪魁祸首之一。其实要想适应托福阅读考试中的长难句，就是多进行句子分析，或者多看阅读*。这里必须要强烈推荐托福官方真题，原因是考生对付阅读需要把ETS出题的角度和考题给出的正确选项都研究透了，才能保证练习的质量，而研究官方真题也是真正可以提高我们阅读能力的途径。 如果某一道题你做错了，那么请你对完答案之后，多花两分钟的时间来思考你的选项和给出的正确选项之间有什么差别?是语气不对?还是我们没有从那一段的整体把握的角度来做出正确的判断?亦或是其它什么原因?哪句话是解题的核心?我们通过这句话能获得或者说提炼什么有效的信息? 托福考试之阅读备考方法介绍 1. 托福考前几条建议 有时间和条件的话，建议考生可提前去看考场，熟悉考试的实战环境，并准备好考试所需证件; 托福考试正式考试时间为北京时间九点，考生们至少应提前半小时，即8:30前到达考场，因为在托福考试开始之前还要签署保密协议、寄存个人物品、排队等候拍照、核对身份等操作，千万不要因迟到而影响考试心态，无法正常发挥。
托福阅读TPO1题目解析 TPO是托福备考圣经，但是并不是有“圣经”就能完全把握托福考试。还要看大家怎么去利用这份资料。针对原文，我们可以最大限度的剖析再剖析。直到把文章掌握得滚瓜烂熟。而大家又是怎样对待其中的每个考题呢？是做完对对答案，记下答对率；还是认真分析每个考题在考什么，找出托福阅读的“点”在哪？前者居多吧！ 所以关于托福阅读TPO，小编希望最大限度地利用这些ETS提供的阅读题目。在题目中，找到每个题目考察点，给出最全最有逻辑的解析。今天，小编分享给大家的是关于TPO1Timberline Vegetation on Mountains的题目分析。 Timberline Vegetation on Mountains 山上树带界线的植被 1.The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one.Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters,trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs,herbs,and grasses.This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line.In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge,usually because of a lack of moisture. 2.The upper timberline,like the snow line,is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regions.It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to4,500meters in the dry subtropics and3,500-4,500meters in the moist tropics.Timberline trees are normally evergreens,suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees(those that lose their leaves)in the extreme environments of the upper timberline.There are some areas, however,where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline.Species of birch,for example, may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas. 3.At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed.This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes,which tend to attain greater heights on ridges,whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys.This is because middle-and upper-latitude timberlines are strongly influenced
老托福阅读真题及答案：PASSAGE 11 Plants are subject to attack and infection by a remarkable variety of symbiotic species and have evolved a diverse array of mechanisms designed to frustrate the potential colonists. These can be divided into preformed or passive defense mechanisms and inducible or active systems. Passive plant defense comprises physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens, such as bacteria, or render tissues unpalatable or toxic to the invader. The external surfaces of plants, in addition to being covered by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes, which either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect larvae. Other trichomes are sticky and glandular and effectively trap and immobilize insects. If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. The success of the Colorado beetle in infesting potatoes, for example, seems to be correlated with its high tolerance to alkaloids that normally repel potential pests. Other possible chemical defenses, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycoproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes that degrade cell walls. These enzymes are often produced by bacteria and fungi. Active plant defense mechanisms are comparable to the immune system of vertebrate animals, although the cellular and molecular bases are fundamentally different. Both, however, are triggered in reaction to intrusion, implying that the host has some means of recognizing the presence of a foreign organism. The most dramatic example of an inducible plant defense reaction is the hypersensitive response. In the hypersensitive response, cells undergo rapid necrosis — that is, they become diseased and die — after being penetrated by a parasite; the parasite itself subsequently ceases to grow and is therefore restricted to one or a few cells
【阅读题型】托福阅读指代题实例解析（一） 托福阅读中的指代题是出镜率相当高的题型之一，此外，在非托福的各种考试中，学生也常常会遇到类似的指代题，所以掌握指代题的题型分类和解题技巧对考学来说都是非常重要技能。 例一：It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land. The word “It” in the passage refers to (A) Pakicetus (B) fish (C) life (D) ocean 例二：The popular is replacing the folk in industrialized countries and in many developing nations, Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to use, or lends more prestige to the owner. The word “their” in line 26 refer to (A) folk (B) nations (C) countries (D) objects 例三：It quickly proved a financial success as well. The prosperity of the Erie encouraged the state to enlarge its canal system by building several