Unit 1 Pressure and Mental Health
Lead-in Activities
Topics for Discussion
1.
What do you do for a living? Do you feel satisfied with your work performance? 2.
How many hours do you have to work for a day? What about a week? 3.
How many hours did you spend with your family last week? 4.
Do you feel depressed when you have to work extra time? 5. How do you balance your work and personal life?
Self-Scoring Stress Questionnaire
HOW STRESSED ARE YOU?
In some way, pressure can help you excel at work. But too much stress makes you ineffective,
and at worst physically ill. So how will you cope with stress, and how stressed are you already?
Find out whether you are suffering from certain level of stress with this short questionnaire.
Simply choose the option that best fits your feelings about each statement.
[How likely am I to suffer stress? ]
1) I am not in control of the success or failure I make of my life.
1. I strongly disagree.
2. To some extent
3. I strongly agree.
2) I accept that my work has and will change and welcome the opportunities this gives me.
工作压力又称“职业应激”(occupational stress), 是由工作或与工作直接有关的因素造
成的。现代社会中，工作紧张、竞争激烈、社会变迁快速，使职场人士感受到不同程度
的压力。适度的压力能使人挑战自我，挖掘潜力，激起创造性，而不良的压力，不管其
来源是什么，对个体的影响都是严重的。工作压力会引起焦虑、沮丧、发怒等情绪反应，
也会造成各种生理方面的疾病，如癌症，心血管疾病、糖尿病等等。世界卫生组织称工
作压力是“世界范围的流行病”。
调查发现，科技进步所形成的资讯饱和、全球化的速度、机能失调的办公室政治、工
作过量和工作不稳定是导致工作压力的主要因素。超过七成的职场人士表示，工作中的
压力已导致有抑郁倾向。压力带来的职场心理问题已成为现代职场中的普遍现象，应引
起社会广泛关注，并采取积极措施应对。
1. I strongly agree.
2. To some extent
3. I strongly disagree.
3) I have someone who I can confide in.
1. I can be totally honest with that person/those people.
2. I have to be careful with what I say to that person/those people.
3. I have no-one to confide in.
4) If there's a disagreement about work, I yield to other people's judgment and abilities.
1. Rarely
2. Sometimes
3. Most of the time
5) If a project that I am working on fails, __________.
1. I learn from the experience and move on to the next job.
2. I tend to think over the failure for a long time.
3. I blame myself whether it was my fault or not.
[How stressed am I? ]
6) I spend so long at work that my family relationships are suffering.
1. Not at all
2. Sometimes
3. Most of the time
7) I'm so busy that I find it increasingly difficult to concentrate on the job in front of me.
1. Rarely
2. Sometimes
3. Most of the time
8) I always get a good night's sleep without worrying about work
1. Most of the time
2. Sometimes
3. Rarely
9) Recently I've found it more difficult to control my emotions.
1. Not at all
2. Sometimes
3. Most of the time
10) I feel tired during the day.
1. Very rarely
2. Sometimes
3. Most of the time
Analyzing your score:
Add up the numbers next to the statements you most agreed with for the first five questions, then do the same for the second five. The higher you score in the first half the more likely you are to suffer stress; the higher you score in the second half, the more stressed you feel. Scores over 10 in either half suggest that you are either likely to experience stress or are feeling stressed at the moment.
Text A
A Story About Stress
Are you tired, overloaded and stressed? If so, you are not alone —it's a North American epidemic. If you'd like to learn how to gain back control of your life and enjoy your workday, this article will help you.
Barry trips over his kids' toys on the way out of the door, yells at his wife, and sits in a traffic jam on his way to work. When he arrives at his office, muscles tensed, he stares at his computer and prepares to answer the 42 e-mails he has so far.
In addition, there's a mountain of work to be done; that means he'll have to skip lunch and dinner — again, and with numerous cups of coffee.
When his 12 hour workday is over he drives his 1 hour commute and picks up some junk food for dinner along the way. It is now 11 p.m. He missed seeing his wife and young children as they have been in bed for hours.
Exhausted he heads to bed, sleeps erratically, gnashing his teeth through the night. Morning
arrives all too soon and he wakes up to do it all over again.
There's no relief in sight, no time for himself, little time to see the kids, and his wife is beginning to look like a figment of his imagination. It‘s no wonder that the divorce rate is now up to 62% in North America.
This sounds dramatic, but for many of us it has become our life. Whether we're a farmer, a fisherman, or a banker — we're stressed, burnt-out and overloaded; and the stress is killing us.
A recent survey reported that 51% of the population works 40-60 hours a week; and 12% work more than 60 hours a week.
There's an epidemic of overwork these days and we're paying the price for it. Stress is a "wear and tear" disease. Certain diseases have increased — Prostate Cancer in men, Breast Cancer in women, Type II Diabetes, and etc. Less dramatic, but more common symptoms are insomnia, headaches, low back pain and digestive disorders.
Did you know that heart disease is the number 1 killer of Canadian men and women? The cost of treating heart disease is about $18 billion per year.
Child obesity is at an all time high and Health Canada reports that half of Canadians aged 5 to l7 are not active enough for optimal growth and development. That applies to the rest of the family too; in general Canadians don't get enough physical activity to keep them mentally alert and to ward off certain physical and mental disorders. Outdoor physical activity also stimulates mental health because it encourages curiosity, problem-solving and creative thinking.
"There's also something that boosts you psychologically when you're in the great outdoors," says Dr. Michael Evans, head of patient education at the University of Toronto who bikes to work each day. "Walking, skiing and other outdoor physical activities are as good as anti-depressant drugs at treating moderate depression," he says.
So how much more evidence do we need that what many of us are doing just isn't working anymore? We're not Superman or Superwoman, we can't just put a new battery in and keep on "going and going". Our lives are not a reality TV show.
"We're living a martyr lifestyle. It's time to re-assess where we are and where we need to be," says Lynda Miller, co-author of BY FORCE OR BY CHOICE, Managing Stress in the Workplace. "When my associates and I are delivering stress-management training, we can actually see and feel the high stress levels most of you are experiencing. It's one of the reasons we called our company Overloaded Enterprises."
We seem to have lost our balance and our common-sense and our patience somewhere along the way. We're getting to be a "selfish society"; losing some of our social graces; ethical and moral values being eroded on the way. In these days of global links and an ever increasing pace of life, we all feel that we have too much to do, and never have time to do it in.
Remember weekends? Weekends were invented for a reason — they are the week's end. Time to sleep in, time to spend with family and friends, to reflect and rest. Please don't e-mail me at 11 p.m. Saturday night or 4 a.m. Sunday morning. That's my personal and family time. Human beings are not robots and we ARE NOT meant to work 24 hours a day.
We live on fast time, and technology greatly impacts our professional and personal lives. We have our e-mails, our pagers, cell phones, Blackberrys and I-Pods, yet we never seem to be caught up no matter how fast we work. When the target is in sight, they move it.
Technology, the economy, business and government are having a greater impact on our lives. Nothing stays the same anymore. We've lost our "security blanket" and our "safety nets." We've
lost our "down time" and our "think time", and some of us are losing our sense of hope.
Our bodies, minds and spirits need food, sleep and exercise. Did you know that sleep deprivation is one of the major causes contributing to disease?
Everyone has physical, social, emotional and spiritual needs, only some of which can be met at work. "You can't take back time while you're busy. Life is not to be taken for granted; and if you do — you will pay a high price — your health and possibly your life!"
Will we work "smarter" not "harder"? Will we look at new processes, more equipment and hire staff when we're at peak capacity? Will we focus on "quality" not just "quantity". Will we remember that $$$ is not necessarily success? Will we communicate, not just provide information? Will we allow all people in the workplace to make a difference; to learn and grow; to be innovative; to create better processes; and to contribute to something larger than themselves?
Will we foster brainstorming and best practices? Will we use good manners and common courtesy? Will we use experience, intuition and common-sense? Will we remember to have some fun along the way and make it better for others? Will we remember to spend more time with our family and friends?
We are all connected to each other. If we all try our best, we all contribute to a happier, healthier world. WE WORK TO LIVE, NOT LIVE TO WORK. Life is Not A Dress Rehearsal. New Words
epidemic / epi'demik/ n. a sudden rapid increase in how often something bad happens 流行；蔓延；
trip / trip/ v. (over) to catch your foot on something and fall or almost fall 绊；绊倒；
tense / tens/ v. (muscles) become tight and stiff, especially because you are not relaxed 使拉紧，使紧绷；
skip / skip/ v. not do something that you usually do or should do 略过，漏掉；
commute / k?'mju:t/ n. the journey that a person makes when they go to work 通勤；exhausted / ig'z?:stid/ adj. very tired 筋疲力尽的；
erratic / i'r?tik/ adj；not happening at regular times 不稳定的；古怪的；
gnash / n??/ v. 咬牙；
figment /'figm?nt/ n. something that somebody has imagined and that does not really exist虚构的事物；
dramatic/ dr?'m?tik/ adj. exaggerated in order to create a special effect and attract people's attention 戏剧性的；夸张的；
burnt-out / 'b?:nt'aut/ adj. feeling as if you have done something for too long and need to have a rest 倦怠的，耗尽的；
prostate / 'pr?steit/ adj. 前列腺的；
diabetes / dai?'bi:ti:z/ n. 糖尿病；
insomnia /in's?mni?/ n. the condition of being unable to sleep失眠症；
obesity / ?u'bi:siti/ n. very fat, in a way that is not healthy 肥胖，肥胖症；
optimal / '?pt?m?l/ adj. the best possible; producing the best possible results 最佳的，最理想的；alert / ?'l?:t/ adj. able to think quickly; quick to notice things 机敏的，灵活的；
ward / w?:d/ v. (off) to protect or defend yourself against danger, illness, attack, etc 避开，避免；stimulate/ 'stimjuleit/ v. to make something develop or become more active; to encourage something 刺激；激励；
boost / bu:st/ v. to make something increase, or become better or more successful 促进；提高；moderate / 'm?d?rit/ adj. that is neither very good, large, hot, etc. nor very bad, small, cold, etc 中度的；中等的；
martyr / 'mɑ:t?/ a person who suffers very much or is killed because of their religious or political beliefs 烈士；殉难者；
assess / ?'ses/ v. to make a judgement about the nature or quality of somebody/something 评估，估价；
enterprise / 'ent?praiz/ n. a company or business企业，事业；
erode / i'r?ud/ v. to gradually destroy the surface of something through the action of wind, rain, etc; to be gradually destroyed in this way 腐蚀，侵蚀；
reflect / ri'flekt/ v. to think carefully and deeply about something 反思，思考；
deprivation /depri'vei??n/ n. the fact of not having something that you need, like enough food, money or a home 剥夺，损失；
peak / pi:k/ adj. the point when somebody/something is best, most successful, strongest, etc. 高峰，最高点；
capacity / k?'p?siti/ n. the ability to understand or to do something 能力，才能；
innovative / 'in?uveitiv/ adj. introducing or using new ideas, ways of doing something, etc 创新的；
foster / 'f?st?/ v. to encourage something to develop 培养，促进；
courtesy / 'k?:tisi/ n. polite behaviour that shows respect for other people 礼貌，殷勤；
intuition/ intju:'i??n/ n. the ability to know something by using your feelings rather than considering the facts 直觉，直观；
rehearsal / ri'h?:sl/ n. an experience or event that helps to prepare you for something that is going to happen in the future预演，排练；
Topics for Further Discussion
1.What kind of life do you dream to live?
2.Do you have some effective ways to release your stress?
3.How do you understand Quality Lifestyle?
Comprehension Check
I Choose the best answer for each of the following.
1.When Barry arrives at his workplace, he is ________.
A)tired B) relaxed C) satisfied D) worried
2.Barry has to skip his lunch and dinner because he __________.
A)has a mountain of work to do
B)is in a bad mood
C)has a stomach disease
D)is busy with his personal problems
3._______ is not the health problems caused by overstress.
A)breast cancer in woman
B)diabetes
C)flu
D)digestive disorders
4.According to the passage, outdoor physical activity will stimulate mental health because it
encourages __________.
A)us to be improve our working skills
B)us to work with our opponents
C)us to sacrifice more to others
D)curiosity, problem-solving and creative thinking
5.In these days of global links, we all feel __________.
A)we have realized our dreams
B)we are heading for a bright future
C)we have too much to do
D)we like this fast-pace of life
6.According to the passage, ________ is one of the major causes contributing to disease?
A)jealousy
B)dissatisfaction
C)forgetfulness
D)sleep deprivation
7.What is not a good way to deal with the job stress?
A)We should keep a balance between daily work and personal life.
B)We should remember that money is not necessarily success.
C)We should communicate more effectively instead of giving more information.
D)We should devote all our life time into working in order to achieve success. Language Focus
Part I Vocabulary
Words to Remember
tense skip exhausteddramatic obesity optimal
alert ward stimulate boost moderate assess
erode reflect deprivation peak capacity innovative
foster courtesy intuition
Fill in the blanks with the words given in the box. Change the form if necessary. And you don‘t have to use all of them.
1. A massage will relax those _________ muscles.
2.The __________ climbers were rescued by helicopter.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/6a18003125.html,ck of exercise contributes to _________ and health problems.
4. A picture can __________ one's own imagination.
5.It' s difficult to __________ the impact of the President' s speech.
6.He __________ how difficult it would be to escape.
7.Their reasoning _________ must be developed.
8.We should deepen the reform of the educational system, encourage _________ approaches to
education.
9.Frequent cultural exchange will certainly help __________ friendly relations between our
two universities.
10.He had an _________ that there was something wrong.
Part II Cloze
Choose the best word to complete the following passage.
Marital Stress
Perhaps half of the adults suffering from severe stress blame the relationships on their spouse. Looking at the ________(growing, decreasing) rate of divorces, physical abuses and single parents, it does seem as if _______(handling, ending) a relationship can be a tricky issue. The possible causes of stress can be _______(endless, limited), but some major factors are:
? An unaffectionate spouse
? Unforgiving attitude of a spouse
? Handling of monetary affairs
? Lack of proper communication between spouses
? Una ble to find quality time for each other
? Extramarital relationships
? Dealing with in-laws
More often than not, stress _______(arising, arose) from marital relationships is manifested （表明）in chronic disorders such as depression, insomnia and hypertension（高血压）. Since a relationship depends on the nature of the persons _______(involving, involved), it helps to seek the middle path when the individual differences surface. It often helps t o change one‘s attitude, talk openly with your spouse about problems facing your relationship.
Most people believe it is important to handle stress in marital relationship at the ______ (peak, primary) level through proper communication. This can be done by letting others know the exact issue that is ________(bothering, bothered) you. In one word: " Honest communication is a great tool in family bonding and a quick problem _______ (solver, solving) that helps one view a problem from different perspectives."
Part III Translation
Put the following English passage into Chinese.
Job stress can be defined as the harmful physical and emotional responses that occur when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities, resources, or needs of the worker. Job stress can lead to poor health and even injury.
The concept of job stress is often confused with challenge, but these concepts are not the same. Challenge energizes us psychologically and physically, and it motivates us to learn new skills and master our jobs. When a challenge is met, we feel relaxed and satisfied. Thus, challenge is an important ingredient for healthy and productive work. The importance of challenge in our work lives is probably what people are referring to when they say "a little bit of stress is good for you.
But when the challenge has turned into job demands that cannot be met, relaxation has turned to exhaustion, the sense of satisfaction has turned into feelings of stress. In short, the stage is set for illness, injury, and job failure.
Lead-in Activities
Discuss the following questions with your partner.
1. Do you view yourself as mentally and physically healthy?
2. What are the typical characteristics of mental health?
3. Do you know any person with mental disability? How is he/she treated in the society?
New Words
diagnose / 'dai ?gn ?uz/ v. to say exactly what an illness or the cause of a problem is 诊断；
cognitive /'k ?gnitiv/ adj. connected with mental processes of understanding 认知的；
resilience /ri'zili ?ns/ n. the ability of people to feel better quickly after something unpleasant, such
as shock, injury, etc. 恢复力；
infirmity / in'f ?:miti/ n. weakness or illness over a long period 体弱，虚弱；
determinant / di't ?:min ?nt/ n. a thing that decides whether or how something happens 决定因素
vulnerable / 'v ?ln ?r ?bl/ adj. weak and easily hurt physically or emotionally 脆弱的，易受伤的；
exclusion / iks'klu:??n/ n. the act of preventing somebody/something from taking part in
something 排除，排斥；
intervene /int ?'vi:n/ v. to prevent something happening 干预，妨碍；
empower /im'pau ?/ v. to give somebody the power or authority to do something 授权，许可；
disseminate / di'semineit/ v. to spread information, knowledge, etc. so that it reaches many people
散播，宣传；
世界卫生组织给心理健康(mental health)下的定义为：―健康是一种身体上、精神
上和社会适应上的完好状态，而不是没有疾病及虚弱现象。‖从广义上讲，心理健康是
指一种高效而满意的、持续的心理状态。从狭义上讲，心理健康是指人的基本心理活动
的过程内容完整、协调一致，即认识、情感、意志、行为、人格完整和协调，能适应社
会，与社会保持同步。
一个身心健康的个体能够适应发展着的环境，具有完善的个性特征；且其认知，情
绪反应，意志行为处于积极状态，并能保持正常的调控能力。在生活实践中，能够正确
认识自我，自觉控制自己，正确对待外界影响，使心理保持平衡协调，就已具备了心理
健康的基本特征。
integrate / 'intigreit/ v. to combine two or more things so that they work together 融合，使成一体；
squander / 'skw?nd?/ v. to waste money, time, etc. in a stupid or careless way 浪费，挥霍；Text B
Mental Health: Strengthening Our Response
Mental health is more than the absence of mental illness. Even though many of us do not suffer from a diagnosed mental disorder, it is clear that some of us are mentally healthier than others.
Mental health describes either a level of cognitive or emotional well-being or an absence of a mental disorder. From perspectives of the discipline of positive psychology, mental health may include an individual's ability to enjoy life and keep a balance between life activities and efforts to achieve psychological resilience.
The World Health Organization defines mental health as "a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community". Actually mental health is an integral and essential component of health. The WHO constitution states: "Mental Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." In this sense, mental health is the foundation for individual well-being and the effective functioning of a community.
Determinants of Mental Health
Multiple social, psychological, and biological factors determine the level of mental health of a person at any point of time. For example, persistent socio-economic pressures are recognized risks to mental health for individuals and communities. The clearest evidence is associated with indicators of poverty, including low levels of education.
Poor mental health is also associated with rapid social change, stressful work conditions, gender discrimination, social exclusion, unhealthy lifestyle, risks of violence and physical ill-health and human rights violations.
There are also specific psychological and personality factors that make people vulnerable to mental disorders.
Strategies and Interventions
Mental health promotion involves actions to create living conditions and environments that support mental health and allow people to adopt and maintain healthy lifestyles. These include a range of actions to increase the chances of more people experiencing better mental health.
A climate that respects and protects basic civil, political, socio-economic and cultural rights is fundamental to mental health promotion. Without the security and freedom provided by these rights, it is very difficult to maintain a high level of mental health.
National mental health policies should not be solely concerned with mental disorders, but should also recognize and address the broader issues which promote mental health. This includes mainstreaming mental health promotion into policies and programs in government and business
sectors including education, labor, justice, transport, environment, housing, and welfare, as well as the health sector.
Promoting mental health depends largely on inter-sectoral strategies. Specific ways to promote mental health include:
?early childhood interventions (e.g. home visits for pregnant women, pre-school
psycho-social activities, combined nutritional and psycho-social help for disadvantaged
populations);
?support to children (e.g. skills building programs, child and youth development
programs);
?socio-economic empowerment of women (e.g. improving access to education);
?social support for elderly populations (e.g. community and day centers for the aged);
?programs targeted at vulnerable groups, including minorities, migrants and people
affected by conflicts and disasters (e.g. psycho-social interventions after disasters);
?mental health interventions at work (e.g. stress prevention programs);
?violence prevention programs (e.g. community policing initiatives);
WHO Response
WHO supports governments in the goal of strengthening and promoting mental health. WHO has evaluated evidence for promoting mental health and is working with governments to disseminate this information and to integrate the effective strategies into policies and plans.
Characteristics of Mental Health
But as an individual, even though many of us don't suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder, it is clear that some of us are mentally healthier than others. Here are a few ideas that have been put forward as characteristics of mental health:
?The ability to enjoy life - The ability to enjoy life is essential to good mental health.
James Taylor wrote that "The secret of life is enjoying the passing of time. Any fool can
do it. " The practice of mindfulness meditation is one way to cultivate the ability to
enjoy the present. We, of course, need to plan for the future at times; and we also need to
learn from the past. Too often we make ourselves miserable in the present by worrying
about the future.
?Resilience - The ability to bounce back from adversity has been referred to as
"resilience." It has been long known that some people handle stress better than others.
Why are some Vietnam combat veterans handicapped for life, while others become
United States senators? Why do some adults raised in alcoholic families do well, while
others have repeated problems in life? The characteristic of "resilience" is shared by
those who cope well with stress.
?Balance - Balance in life seems to result in greater mental health. Life has its ups and
downs. We all face different stressors, and we all react to them. We all need to balance
time spent socially with time spent alone, for example. Those who spend all of their
time alone may get labeled as "loners," and they may lose many of their social skills.
Extreme social isolation may even result in a split with reality. Those who ignore the
need for some solitary times also risk such a split. Balancing these two needs seems to
be the key - although we all balance these differently.
?Flexibility - We all know people who hold very rigid opinions. No amount of discussion
can change their views. Such people often set themselves up for added stress by the rigid
expectations that they hold. Working on making our expectations more flexible can
improve our mental health. Emotional flexibility may be just as important as cognitive
flexibility. Mental healthy people experience a range of emotions and allow themselves
to express these feelings. Some people shut off certain feelings, finding them to be
unacceptable. This emotional rigidity may result in other mental health problems.
?Self-actualization - What have we made of the gifts that we have been given? We all
know people who have surpassed their potential and others who seem to have
squandered their gifts. We first need to recognize our gifts, of course, and the process of
recognition is part of the path toward self-actualization. Mentally healthy persons are in
the process of actualizing their potential. In order to do this we must first feel secure.
These are just a few of the concepts that are important in attempting to define mental health. The ability to form healthy relationships with others is also important. Adult and adolescent mental health also includes the concepts of self-esteem and healthy sexuality. How we deal with loss and death is also an important element of mental health.
Topics for Further Discussion
1.How can mental health affect physical health?
2.What problems must be considered in determining whether a person has mental problems?
3.Do you have your own ways to improve your mental health? Comprehension Check
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Text B?
TRUE If the statement agrees with the information
FALSE If the statement contradicts the information.
NOT GIVEN If there is no information on this.
1.More than 450 million people suffer from mental disorders. Many more have mental
problems.
2.Mental health is an integral part of health; indeed, there is no health without mental health.
3.Mental health is more than the absence of mental disorders.
4.The ability to enjoy life is fundamental to good mental health.
5.The term ―resilience‖ means the ability to bounce back from adversity.
6.In order to keep mental health, we seem to need a balance between excitement and calm.
7.Some people shut off certain feelings, thus they win others‘ respect.
8.If we may make our expectations more flexible, we will improve our mental health.
9.If we recognize our gifts, we will surpass our potential.
10.Mentally healthy people will have realistic concept of self-esteem.
Language Focus
Part I Vocabulary Comprehension
Words to Remember
1. diagnose
2. resilience
3. infirmity
4. determinant
5. exclusion
6. intervention
7. empower
8. disseminate
9. integrate 10. squander
Complete the sentences with the help of given Chinese given in the brackets, pay attention to the form of each word.
1.Doctors use X-rays to study and ________ diseases and injuries within the body.
2.It‘s been a terrible shock, but she has a great __________and will get over it soon.
3.The prime ________ of their success was not society or culture; it was management.
4.His ________ from the negotiations infuriated the union.
5. A person can only develop his potentials to the fullest and demonstrate creativity without
unnecessary _________.
6.They use the press to _________right-wing views.
7.It‘s rather difficult to ________former mental patients into society.
8.It's a crime to ________ our country's natural resources.
9.The new laws _______the police to search private house
10.Deafness and failing eyesight are among the ________of old age
Part II Cloze
A.Try to fill in the blanks with the words from the text
B.
Summary
Mental healthy can be defined as ―a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal (1) s_ _ _ _ _ _ _ of life, can work productively and (2) f_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, and is able to make a (3) c_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to his or her community‖according to WHO (World Health Organization). It is not just the absence of mental illness. The level of mental health of a person could be determined by (4) m_ _ _ _ _ _ social, psychological, and biological factors. WHO has launched several actions to (5) i_ _ _ _ _ _ mental health of individual and communities as well. The promotion involves actions to create living (6) c_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and environments that support mental health and allow people to adopt and maintain healthy (7) l_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. Though not many of us will suffer from a (8) d_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ mental disorder, some characteristics, such as the (9) a_ _ _ _ _ _to enjoy life, resilience, (10) f_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, self-actualization and balance, will ensure that we enjoy a healthy mind.
B.Fill in each blank with any words you think fit.
World Mental Health Day
Sunday, October tenth, is World Mental Health Day. This year's observance centers on the (1) __________ between mental health and chronic physical conditions like diabetes and cancer.
The World Health Organization says more than 450 million people (2) __________ from poor mental health. The most common disorders are depression and schizophrenia（精神分裂症）. Mental health experts also include other disorders like drug and alcohol abuse that (3) __________ millions of people.
Elena Berger is with the World Federation for Mental Health. That organization, based in the United States, held the first World Mental Health Day in 1992.
Mrs. Berger says mental health problems are most (4) __________ in poor countries that lack the resources to deal with them.
ELENA BERGER: " The World Health Organization is highlighting mental health as a neglected
issue. In developing countries, a huge number of people, up to 85 percent, don't have (5) ________ to any form of mental health (6)＿＿＿＿＿＿. There are huge staffing needs. There are no (7) _________. And there's a lot of stigma（侮辱）in a lot of societies about being mentally ill."
Worldwide, depression is the (8)＿＿＿＿＿mental health problem, and a major cause of (9) __________. In 2002, the World Health Organization (10) __________ that more than one hundred fifty-four million people suffered from depression.
Mrs. Berger says her organization and the WHO are pushing to have governments include mental health care in their development goals. She says this could greatly improve the availability of treatment and services worldwide.
Part III Translation
A.The following news is taken from China Daily. Put the English version into Chinese. Beijing-An official's psychological health will be assessed along with his or her other abilities in selecting senior government officials and leaders for State-owned enterprises.
Since the country is undergoing a period of economic and social transformation, officials face unexpected psychological pressures due to a variety of internal contradictions. Officials' psychological health is not only related to their physical health, but also influences their leadership and executive abilities in emergency situations.
The emphasis on officials' psychological health follows a string of suicides.
At least 13 government officials are known to have died abnormally in 2009. There have also been at least eight suicides by officials so far this year, according to statistics released in September on https://www.doczj.com/doc/6a18003125.html,.
In the latest case, Tong Zhaohong, vice-president of the Higher People's Court of Zhejiang province, was found dead in a bathroom in his office building on Sept 21, 2010.
Tong, who committed suicide by hanging himself, left a short note on his office desk. He was reported to have been suffering from depression for a couple of months which caused him to end his own life.
B.Put the following Chinese version into English.
一个心理健康的人能体验到自己的存在价值，既能了解自己，又能接受自己，具有自知之明，即对自己的能力、性格、情绪和优缺点能做出恰当、客观的评价。他们对自己不会提出苛刻的非份期望与要求；对自己的生活目标和理想也能定得切合实际，因而对自己总是满意的。同时，努力发展自身的潜能，而对自己无法补救的缺陷，也能安然处之。
一个心理不健康的人则缺乏自识之明，并且总是对自己不满意。由于所定的目标和理想不切实际，主观和客观的距离相差太远而总是自责、自卑。他们总是要求自己十全十美，而自己却又总是无法做得完美无缺，结果是使自己的心理状态永远无法平衡，也无法摆脱自己面临的心理危机的威胁。
Summplementary Reading
Dress your Stress
Stress can overtake the best of us. Here is a checklist of what you can do to heal yourself and get back to peace and ease.
Life would be simple if our physiological and psychological needs were automatically fulfilled. The course of life does not always run smoothly. Things happen and our needs and goals are frustrated leaving us to face what we popularly call ?stress‘
In fact, stress can be understood as adjustive demands that entail an individual a lot of efforts to gain what Kurt Goldstein describes a s ?energy-equalization‘. Stress can be classified as frustration, conflict and pressure – all three types are very closely interrelated.
The term frustration refers to as the blocking of behavior directed to fulfill a need. Actually, frustration occurs wh en one‘s ambitions are thwarted; it may happen either when one fails to achieve a cherished goal or one fails to have a goal at all. Those who cannot achieve their desired goals feel depressed, fearful, anxious, guilty or angry. Simply put, they are unable to derive even the most ordinary and simple pleasures from living. Obstacles leading to frustration can be external or environmental as well as internal. External blockages can be lack of resources or it may be other people who prevent us from fulfilling our needs.
Frustration may arise because of inner barriers in the form of ethical or moral limitations. Like in India, many young people are drawn to western ways of relationships but their moral values make them withdraw. Similarly, setting unattainable goal beyond one‘s abilities also proves to be an important source of frustration. For example, a person admitted to certain course of study fails miserably and ends up highly frustrated because of lack of necessary level of intelligence. Personal limitations like physical handicaps, lack of self-control and absence of required competencies are the most common sources of stress prevailing all over the world – whatever be the economic, technological and armament status of a country is.
Imagine a child trying to select a toy from a big toy shop that has numerous tempting items displayed around; the poor little thing is confused what to leave and what to take. I remember that several times in my childhood I would enter a sugar cane field in order to pick up the best one for me and come out through the other end of the field confused and unable to find the ?best one‘, irritated because of having to choose. Today things are not as fixed as they used to be earlier. We are surrounded by amazing choices as never before. Having to make a choice involves cognitive strain –?strain‘ because it is difficult to fix one‘s mind especially when each alternative offers values that the other does not, and the choice has to be made. Usually the choice of one alternative means frustration of the other one. Life is full of conflicts and the frustration issuing from it.
Conflict may arise when we are to choose between two things that are equally attractive at the same time – a person is hungry and sleepy at the same time. Or remember that donkey in your kids‘ story book starved itself to death as it stood halfway between two piles of hay and could not choose between them. Frustration can also arise when we must choose between two undesirable things. The situation is like ?caught between the devil and the deep blue sea‘. Often a person caught into such situation is fearful, resentful or angry. A simple example of such conflict is having to choose between a job one intensely dislikes or quitting it and being called a failure. The conflict that is most difficult to resolve is the one when a person is both attracted and repelled by the same goal – a person highly desires to join a high status group and strongly disagrees with its ideology. Because of the positive points of the goal, we approach it, and then the negative points seem stronger and we tend to stop before reaching it, hence the frustration. Such situation is a kind of mixed-blessing. Stress can also arise from various pressures in our day to day life – the pressure too could be internal or external. Our pressures may originate from the demands from our environment or from our ambitions and expectations. In a high-pressure situation we work like a
superhuman, overloading our energy resources leading to a breakdown of organized behavior.
Whenever, next time, you feel stressed out, drop the issue immediately, close your eyes, leave your brow loose and imagine it melting down gradually. Continue deep gentle breathing. On a deeper level, take responsibility of the choices you make and do not let the other things outside you take control of you. Blaming others or circumstances for your unhappiness and misery is PROJECTION. Don‘t project your failures or mistakes onto someone else or circumstances.
If things are that way, fine, accept them and tell yourself that it was your choice after all, and face it bravely. Visualize your future the way you want it, and believe me, your life will gain a happy harmony. Submit yourself to that supreme cosmic power which is nothing but your own self! Find it fantastic? Self is your awareness, your consciousness and your understanding that you are ?existence‘, you are ?presence‘; the past and the future are within you. When in conflict, take a deep breath, go for the best option according to you and take the complete responsibility of your choice. All fear, anxiety and anger will vanish.
Pleasure Reading
Joy Comes with the Morning
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By Louise from her own experience with depression
Written for Internet Mental Health
May 1998
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What is this world that I behold, wrapped in golden light?
What this sense of joy that slowly arises in my heart
and spreads throughout my being?
What is this new surge of life, new yet old, vaguely remembered
yet earnestly sought for?
What is this mystery of life that wells up within,
that appears in the morning and does not fade with the day?
Why now do I hear birds' songs, notice the flowers, watch children laugh,
see the intricate beauty of this wondrous world?
Why at this time does creative energy grow within that wishes,
demands expression?
Why do I have confidence that time will bring some wonderful events,
some challenges, and , of course, some sorrows
and not wish to flee away but to stay and to live?
It was not always thus in recent months.
Darkness has been my companion, dwelling at times within,
stalking my steps from behind, a dark specter
threatening, grasping, invading.
This gloom, this monster, so poisonous, so pervasive,
spreading its subtle and acid venom through my being,
bringing senseless tears to my eyes,
apathy to my body and mind,
a longing for death to my heart.
Easily it removes all joy from life.
It casts a gray mist over all
that is lovely or innocent,
makes nothing attractive, nothing appealing.
It gradually crushes all confidence, sense of worth, and
finally makes life so intolerable that death seems sweet.
Where has the darkness fled as I face this new day?
Is it still a hidden companion, ready to take hold of me
at any moment when I least suspect its arrival?
Can I be sure that this monster has been defeated or
will it ever lie in wait for me, coloring all my experiences
with silent fear and dreadful anticipation of the worst?
Means have been taken to drive the darkness out.
Medication works its wonders,
discussion with others opens new windows on life
and the difficult roads it may ask me to tread.
More than this I cannot expect.
But within a loud voice cries out:.
“Never darkness again! Never depression! Never, never, never!‖
Whether the darkness will return or not, I cannot know.
All that I can do now is to be faithful,
faithful in taking the medication I need,
faithful in trusting that life has a meaning and purpose for me,
a unique individual, the only one such in this universe at any time.
I can also use all the strength of my will to affirm
what was slowly stolen from me.
What was this? Essentially a sense of life.
Depression crushes and destroys this.
But life is something that cannot die.
By destroying the body, one makes life depart
but as long as it is held
safe within the shell of the body, it will not be overcome.
When depression lifts, life returns.
It begins to show off its beauties everywhere.
What before could bring pain-the sight of people
vibrantly alive, eagerly taking up activities,
laughing, enjoying family and friendships,
creatively spending their days-now attracts.
Nature appears to be magnificent both in its grand manifestations
and in its intricate subtleties.
More importantly, the beauties inside one's own being
start to seem real.
“I can like myself.‖ ―I can even love myself.‖
“I too am a child of the universe, wondrous in my very existence.‖
With life welling up within once more, the eyes look outward again.
The loveliness of others is recognized. The sweet smile of that friend.
The infectious laugh of that stranger. The grace of the runner.
The strength of the builder. The skill of those who work with their hands.
The attractive wisdom of the old. The potential of the young.
Once again light pervades the world.
It is not that the darkness of suffering and pain has disappeared from view.
This darkness is still present and calls aloud for redress.
But now the darkness is not within
nor is it a close companion of each moment.
Somehow, in some mysterious way, life has reasserted its presence.
One could dance and sing for joy: ―I'm alive! I'm alive!‖
Joy comes with the morning and
this morning is sheer joy.
References:
https://www.doczj.com/doc/6a18003125.html,/questionnaire.html
https://www.doczj.com/doc/6a18003125.html,/mind/psychology/stress/stress-at-work.asp
https://www.doczj.com/doc/6a18003125.html,/wiki/Mental_health
http://www.who.int/mental_health/en/
Unit 2 Internet and Interaction
Text A
The Influence Of The Internet On People's Social
And Psychological Realities
By Martina Nikolovska The influence of the Internet has caused a change in the way we communicate, learn and shop. The Internet is probably most famous for the ability to spread information, fact or fiction. But this communication revolution changed the pure
nature of interpersonal and group processes.
The influence of the Internet has caused a change in the way we communicate, learn and shop.
The Internet is probably most famous for the ability to spread information, fact or fiction. We were once limited to news editors of a local paper, then to national cable news. Now anyone can search the globe, visit local papers in foreign countries, and see the views of all sides. This ease of information has also brought with it a large amount of hoaxes, money schemes, and fallacies.
There is no question that easy access to the Internet, like the introduction of mail service and the invention of the telephone, has changed the nature of people's connection to others in their social world. Mail made possible connections among people without physical proximity, and the telephone facilitated communication among distant people, making rapid connections possible across long distances.
But has this communication revolution changed the pure nature of interpersonal and group processes?
On the one hand, since the primary use of the Internet is communication, some people might speculate that the Internet will have positive social consequences in people's everyday lives because it increases the frequency and quality of interpersonal communications among people. People with easy access to others would feel better connected and more strongly supported by others, leading to happiness and engagement in families, organizations, communities, and society more generally.
But, on the other hand, the ease of electronic communication may lead to weaker social ties, because people have less reason to leave their homes and actually interact face to face with other people. The Internet allows people to more easily work from their home, to form and sustain friendships and even romantic attachments from their home, to bank from their home, to vote and engage in political and social issue based discussions with others (from home).
In this variety of ways, Internet communications can potentially displace face-to-face communications. I think this point is important because psychologists in many researches have described and proved such face to face and telephone connections as being of higher quality, when viewed in terms of their contribution to satisfaction and well-being.
Reading a series of longitudinal and experimental studies (e.x. McKenna, Green, and Gleason), who test a theory of relationship formation on the Internet, these researchers directly address the argument that the psychological quality of Internet social interaction is lower than is the psychological quality of traditional face-to-face
interaction.
Consider my own use. I've received several e-mail messages in the past hour. My boyfriend confirms the dinner for tonight. Even though it is weekend, my colleagues send me questions about the pending exam expects a quick answer. So does some graduate student from Europe, that I recently met on "MySpace" with an urgent request for a letter of recommendation. My friend Ksenija sends me an IM to tell me the latest news about her new love. And so on and so on...
I assume that I am also living a virtual life, and what's the most interesting of all, all of my friends online, are also my friends in real life. And if they weren't that in the past, I somehow managed to bring my cyber friends into my real life, so I could here in my real life enable real communication, real face-to-face "talks", real exchange of emotions, feelings of happiness, satisfaction and well-being. I'd say for me, the Internet is a great new way for doing old things.
So, what else conclusion can I bring except the one that Internet life cannot stand on itself without real-life communication. It is simple: If we understand the qualities of face-to-face communication that influence the impact of such communication on people and their social interaction, we would be able to predict the probable influence of any new communication technology. However, researchers show that people sooner or later convert their cyber contacts into more traditional face-to-face, the same as I do. People use the Internet, in other words to help them achieve their real-life goals. And rather than technology's changing people's social and psychological reality, in other words, people change their use of technology to facilitate their creation of a desired social reality.
Internet users should closely examine their behavior, to ensure that excessive time online will not negatively impact their personal well-being. We shouldn't throw our computers out the window, but neither should we charge on blindly into complete dependence on the Internet. As with many things in life, it seems that moderation and balance are key to maximizing the Internet's positive effect.(801 words)
Text B
How Internet is changing daily life
As Internet use grows, Americans report they spend less time with friends and family, shopping in stores or watching television, and more time working for their employers at home -- without cutting back their hours in the office.
How might the Internet change people's daily lives? In order to make projections about future Internet usage and its likely consequences, the researchers worked with InterSurvey of Menlo Park, Calif., to develop a unique Internet-based method for
conducting surveys with a national probability sample of the general population, including both Internet users and non-users.
Some of the findings are as follows:
Social isolation up
"Internet time is coming out of time viewing television but also at the expense of time people spend on the phone gabbing with family and friends or having a conversation with people in the room with them," Nie said.
Most Internet users use e-mail, and undoubtedly have increased their "conversations" with family and friends through this medium, he said. "E-mail is a way to stay in touch, but you can't share a coffee or a beer with somebody on e-mail or give them a hug," he said.
"The Internet could be the ultimate isolating technology that further reduces our participation in communities even more than television did before it," he said.
For the most part, Nie said, the Internet is an individual activity. "It's not like TV, which you can treat as background noise. It requires more engagement and attention."
Of regular Internet users, who use the net five or more hours a week, about one-quarter report spending less time with family and friends, either in person or on the phone, and 10 percent say they spend less time attending social events outside the home.
On the other hand, Erbring said, "those who use the Internet most also report spending fewer hours caught in traffic, fewer hours in shopping malls and, especially, less time watching television."
Work invades home
"One of the surprises for us was the degree to which people tell us that they are working at home on the Internet for their employers," Nie said.
Only a small number -- 4 percent of regular Internet users working full or part time -- said they had cut back their hours at work since gaining Internet access, but a much larger number -- 16 percent of employed regular Internet users -- said they were working more hours at home since they gained Internet access without cutting back at the office, with 8 percent actually reporting increases in time spent working both at home and at the office. In effect, more than a quarter of full or part-time workers who use the Internet more than five hours a week said the Internet has increased the amount of time spent working at home without decreasing the amount of time spent
翻译硕士（MTI）（英语笔译）（学科专业代码：580100） 一、学位名称 翻译硕士专业学位（英语笔译） 二、培养目标 1.培养德智体全面发展的人才。要求学生有坚定正确的政治方向，热爱祖国，有理想，遵纪守法，有敬业精神，有职业道德，有团队合作精神，有健康的体魄和心智。 2.掌握一门第二外国语；培养有国际视野、交流才能和创新意识的具有坚实的双语基础、专业知识和口笔译技能，适应国家经济、文化、社会发展需要的高层次、应用型、专业性笔译人才。 三、学习年限 2年 四、培养方式 1.实行学分制。学生须通过学校规定课程的考试，成绩及格即取得相应学分；修满规定学分后可撰写学位论文；学位论文经答辩通过可申请翻译硕士专业学位。 2.实行导师组集体指导制。导师组由校内导师及社会翻译专家共同构成。 3.试行课内教学与课外实践相结合的培养模式。学生在完成规定课程学习的基础上，还应充分利用寒、暑假及课余完成大约十万字的笔译实践。 五、课程类型及学分 总学分：30 学分 其中，学位基础课： 3门课 6学分 专业必修程： 4门课 8学分 专业选修课： 7门课 14学分 社会实践与学术会议：提交4篇相关论文 2学分鼓励学生参加国家人事部II级或教育部中级笔译资格证书考试，获证书者计2学分。 六、学位论文及学位授予 学生修满规定学分，各科成绩合格，在导师指导下撰写出学位论文并通过答辩，准予毕业
并发给翻译硕士专业学位研究生毕业证书，符合《中华人民共和国学位条例》者，授予翻译硕士专业学位。论文形式二选一：研究论文或实践报告，二者均要求用英语写作，前者字数一万至一万五，后者八千左右。 七、学位论文撰写时间安排 6月答辩时间安排 12月答辩时间安排 八、课程设置
1.请保持低调：please keep a low profile. 【点评】牛人在做事情上毫不含糊，但是在做人上总是非常谦和。所以当你下次看到你的朋友为了一点点小事而沾沾自喜、自鸣得意的时候，你可以对ta脱口而出这句话。profile可作“姿态”之意，low profile就是“低姿态”；而high profile则是“高姿态、高调”的意思。 2.我要续杯：I would like a refill. 【点评】“续杯”在当代生活中很多场景都适用。你知道吗，麦当劳的咖啡是可以续杯的。
3.我腿麻了：I can't feel my legs. 【点评】一个姿势坐久了，腿就发麻，“麻”这个字还真难翻，但是我们另辟蹊径，翻译成“无法感知”就OK啦。如果手麻了，就是I can’t feel my hands.
4.我去哄哄她开心：I am going to distract her. 【点评】哄某人开心，就是转移ta的注意力，从一件不爽的事情转移到开心的事情，其本质就是“distract”，下次会用了吗？ 5.好评如潮：They are all well received. 【点评】这里千万别说成good comments are like tide…。还得懂得转化，如潮的好评并不是“像潮水一般”，而是“很好地被接收”，所以，…is well received就很好理解了不是？想学习更多英语知识，请关注口袋英语aikoudaiyy
6.我要梳理一下我的思路：I have to organize my thoughts. 【点评】当一个人大喜大悲不够理智的时候，思绪总是混乱的，要想恢复理智的状态，就要理理思路。或者，当你想“静静”的时候，也可以用上这句话。
翻译硕士考研指导 2016外交学院英语翻硕考研-英汉翻译-如何选词有些词看起来很简单，翻译是一下子就会想到常用的对应词。但有时最常用的对应词却不能准确地表达原作的意思，这是因为一个词的具体含义往往要结合上下文才能确定，在翻译的时候也只有综合上下文来考虑怎样处理这个词，才能译得准确。那么在处理一个词的时候要注意哪些方面呢？ 一、吃透原文 例1：各级干部要认真学习马列著作和毛主席著作，刻苦钻研业务，提高领导水平。（五届人大一次会议文件） Cadres at all levels should apply themselves to the study of works by Marx, Engels,Lenin and Stalin and by Chairman Mao,gain the professional proficiency required by their jobs,and improve their art of leadership. 我们一看到“水平”往往首先想到level.在大多数情况下，译作level是可以的。如“科学文化水平”，译作scientific and cultural level.但是在这里“领导水平”指的是领导能力、领导艺术，所以译作art of leadership. 例2：要奋发图强，把我军的军政素质提高到一个新的水平…… We must work hard to raise to a new height the military and political quality of our army. 这里的“水平”指高度，故译作height,和动词搭配也比较顺。 例3：还要努力读一点历史和小说。 We should also find time to read some history books and novels. 这里“努力”一词理解为“挤出时间”是对的。如译作make an effort,则会让人误解为 我们的文化水平很低，读历史和小说很吃力。 二、免生歧义 例1：延安虽然还没有战争，但军队天天在前方打仗，后方也唤工作忙，文章太长了，有谁来看呢？ Although there is as yet no fighting here in Yanan,our troops at the front
培养学生运用英语做事的习惯 在的英语学习和英语教学工作中，我觉得要学好英语，必须要培养自主创造力，但要培养创造力首先就是要培养的思维能力。著名教育家苏霍姆林斯基曾经过说过：“真正的学校是一个积极思考的王国。”可见，有效地利用多种途径和方法来启发学生的思维，促进学生智慧的发展，是目前构成课堂教学技巧的重要组成部分。并且对于培养学生更好的运用英语的语言能力及表达能力，以便将来在生活中灵活的应用，通过学习和实践，我对启发式教学有了一定的认识和体会： 一、启发 启发式教学是指教师在教学过程中根据教学任务和学习的客观规律，从学生的实际出发，采用多种方式，以启发学生的思维为核心，调动学生的学习主动性和积极性，促使他们生动活泼的学习的一种指导思想。教学启发方法与技巧思想及实践中外教育史上是源远流长的。 在我国，孔子启发教育的涵义是：教导学生，不到他想弄明白而又弄不明白的时候，不去启示他的思路：不到他想说而又说不出来的时候，不去开导他的表述。 德国民主主义教育第斯多惠认为“教育就是引导”，要调动学生的主动性。这是启发性教学的首要原理，也是教学成功的基础和标志，“教师只有在起引导作用时，才能在教学过程中发展儿童的主动性。”他建议：教学要启发学生的智力，使他们能够“探求、考虑、判断、发现。”他的名言是：“不好的教师是传授真理，好的教师是教学生去发现真理。” 通过学习发现，优秀教师教学总是注重启发诱导学生，使之明事理。引导学生而不牵着学生走；鼓励学生而不强迫学生走；启发学生而不代替学生。师生融洽，学习愉快，又能独立思考，这就叫做善于自发诱导。 综上所述，可见启发式教学在英语教学中发挥着多么重要的作用。教师充分调动学生学习的积极性和主动性，遵循教学的客观规律，以高超精湛的技艺适时巧妙地启迪、诱导学生去学习，帮助他们学会动脑筋思考和语言表达，生动活泼、轻松愉快地获得发展。 二、启发教学的原则与要求
标志词巧解语法和改错 标志词 1. 逗号 在语法填空中，逗号隔开一个词；如果有提示词 , 提示词是 adj ，则填这个词的副词形式，大多加 ly ；如果提示词是 v, 则填写它的非谓语形式。 如果无提示词，则优先考虑 however ,therefore, 其次考虑 moreover ，otherwise 。 例： Luckily (luck), he escaped from the fire. Unfortunately (unfortunate) ， he fell off the bike. He earned a lot of money , however, he was addicted in the drug. 标志词 2. one of one of 之后若有形容词，一定要用最高级形式；若之后出现名词，则用复数形式；若既有名词又有形容词，则先填最高级，再填复数名词，最高级之前要加 the 例： The house is one of the cheapest (cheap) houses in the area. 标志词 3. when 与 while( 时间状语从句） when 之后一般要用过去式， while 之后一般要用过去进行时。 例： When I got home, my mother was cooking dinner. While my mother was cooking dinner, I entered the kitchen. 标志词 4. by 语法填空里，空格之后有“by” ” ，则空格里考虑填“be + 动词的过去分词”, 但是如果前面已经有了谓语动词，则空格里直接用“ 过去
2015北二外英语翻译硕士真题 1 二外 我学的是法语。今年总体来说不难。 题型无变化，还是35个单选：主要考语法词汇，有不少是往年的真题。一篇完型，今年考得是一篇关于节日给家人送礼物的。阅读两篇：算是整份试卷最难的了，词汇很多不认识，不过作对一大半还是没问题的。汉译法5个句子，也有几个表达是考过了（我看过，没记住啊）。最后一篇法译汉，太不难了，可以称作是历年最简单的，讲的是法国面包消费的问题，但是哟几个单词没猜出来是啥意思。 2 翻译基础 今年的题也比去年简单，汉译英，英译汉都只有一篇。（话说14年的题量得多上一倍，考前模拟一下做完就很有难度啊。考前就猜到今年会较少题量，果然被我猜中！） 词汇翻译：15个英译汉，大概有digit divide； ALS； FTAAP；UNCDP；existentalism；Bogor Goals；sinology；amino acid 汉译英：十八届四中全会亚太经合组织逆袭真人秀和而不同互联互通（忘了，真的是记性不好） 段落翻译：英译汉是关于1992年里约大会后环境方面的问题，主要是关于环境立法的，句子都挺长的。关键是搞清楚逻辑关系和意思吧。 汉译英是一段关于中国传统价值观的，大概是：《中庸》里说：“好学近乎知，力行近乎仁，知耻近乎勇。”最后一句“知耻近乎勇”中的“耻”其实是人之所以为人的一个文明尺度。……孟子说“恻隐之心，人皆有之；……（说了四心）。” 恻隐之心，就是不忍，就是“恕”，就是“己所不欲勿施于人”；恭敬之心，就是文明礼貌；是非之心，就是坚持社会的公平正义；羞恶之心，就是知耻。此四心，孟子称之为“四端”，也就是人开始的地方。没有四心，就不能称之为人，孟子称之为“非人”。 孟子的四端在我们现在社会的意义无需多提。我们当今社会人与人之间的同情心都成了稀罕物。人们的见死不救难道只是因为害怕被法律误判吗？我认为不是。主要原因是人们缺乏同情心……。如果现在要提人们共同的价值观，我认为仁义礼智信最为合适。这五个字来源于中国传统文化的根本价值，应该成为全社会的价值观。 （大概是这个样子）
做事先做人的英文谚语 导读：本文是关于做事先做人的英文谚语，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享！ 1、言者无罪，闻者足戒。 The speaker is innocent, the hearer is admonished. 2、穷则独善其身，达则兼善天下。 Poverty is good for itself, while attainment is good for the world. 3、批评别人要诚恳，听取意见要虚心。 Be sincere in criticizing others and modest in listening to their opinions. 4、力是压大的，胆是吓大的。 Force is strong, courage is frightening. 5、大路有草行人踩，心术不正旁人说。 The road is trampled by grass pedestrians and others say that their mind is not right. 6、君子动口，小人动手。 A gentleman talks and a villain acts. 7、小时偷针，大了偷金。 Stealing needles in an hour is bigger than stealing gold. 8、百闻不如一见，百见不如一干。
Seeing is better than hearing, doing is better than seeing. 9、打人两日忧，骂人三日羞。 Two days to worry about beating people, three days to shame cursing people. 10、君子和而不同，小人同而不和。 Gentlemen differ from each other, and villains differ from each other. 11、奔车之上无仲尼，覆舟之下无伯夷。 There is no Zhongni above the car and no Boyi below the boat. 12、过而不改，是谓过矣。 It's too late to change. 13、宁可玉碎，不能瓦全。 It's better to break a piece of jade than to finish it. 14、二人同心，其利断金。 The two of them are united, and their profits are cut off. 15、敬老得老，敬禾得宝。 Respect for old age, reverence for grains, reverence for treasure. 16、吃亏人常在，占便宜死得快。 Losers are always there and die quickly. 17、鸟惜羽毛虎惜皮，为人处世惜脸皮。
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北京外国语大学翻译硕士考研信息 学习经验 翻译基础：翻译基础先是30道短语互译，英译汉汉译英各15道，共计30分；段落英译汉汉译英分别1段，每段60分。 30个短语翻译 北外出题紧跟潮流热点，2015年考的“NASA”，bitcoin就是往年考过的，“Paparazzi”也很简单，lady gaga有首歌名就是这个，ALS则是今年流行的Ice bucket Challenge相关，还有十八届四中全会，如果你看了政府工作报告，一定不陌生。当然，也有比较生僻的． 备考方法： 1、首先是中国日报英语点津上的新词新译，北外的好多题都是出自其中，我把英语点津上的词语翻译专门整理打印出来，按照计划每天复习一点。 2、还有就是政府工作报告，这个推荐大家去背诵，不单单是短语，对段落翻译也很有用，比如15年的“量化宽松政策”就是出自政府工作报告，“十八届四中全会”也是。 3、缩略语部分，多积累资料来背诵，但是北外出的缩略语并不难，所以你只要把平常那些重要的记住，就差不多可以应对考试，而且通过真题来看，缩略语一般都是国际上的，例如与联合国相关的，国内的考的比较少。 4、还有就是有一本卢敏出的《笔译二级三级通用的词汇》和China Daily出的一本书《最新汉英特色词汇词典》 第二部分：篇章翻译 总体来说：英译汉相对汉译英来说是简单的 北外出题的方向偏向政治经济，而汉译英有出过类似于政府工作报告之类的，也有出过散文小品之类的，比如之前出过关于“道”的，今年又出了“心”的，什么恻隐之心，礼义廉耻 住：（翻译这个不可能有突飞猛进，需要你坚持练习，但也不要一味地求量，每次练完后要自己进行理解和总结，翻译没有标准的答案，只有谁翻译的比较精，比较雅，比较准，坚持练一段时间，有了量的积累，自己总结体会，进步自然而然就会有的。再次提醒大家，不要求量，每次练过后，及时积累，查缺补漏，把这次翻译练习中暴露的不足马上补上，还有就是一定要坚持每天进行练习，下笔写，不然你会发现时间长不练习的话，手就生了。一定要多多练习，看再多的经验也是没有用的，所以希望大家一定要练习，从实践中提升自己的翻译能力。 还有一点就是翻译时，先把句子看完，不要看一点翻一点，看自己翻译的通不通顺，尤其是英译汉，不要翻译下来的中文，自己都读不懂，想好再下笔，注意语序刚开始翻译可能比较费时，但这是基础，一步步来，没有谁能刚开始就翻译的很好的，在练习时，能让人中你的译文中读出你对原文的理解。翻译时，不要看答案，即使你很想知道这句话到底是怎么翻译的，坚持翻完再对照答案来看，自己对比找出自己那些地方没有翻译出来或者翻译的不好，遇到好的答案就背诵下来。一篇文章可以翻译两三遍，也比把所有文章都翻译一遍的效果好的多！ 百科 试卷结构：25个名词解释，一篇应用文，一篇作文 第一部分：名词解释 1、这部分建议大家先搜集真题，把真题的名词解释都熟记于心，因为北外爱出原题啊，可以把北外的名词解释放在一个表格里，认真分析，你会发现真的有好多原题啊，就以真题为本，把和真题
What are you trying to say?（你到底想说什么？） Don't be silly.（别胡闹了。） How strong are your glasses?（你近视多少度？） Just because.（没有别的原因。） It isn't the way I hoped it would be.（这不是我所盼望的。） You will never guess.（你永远猜不到。） No one could do anything about it.（众人对此束手无措。） I saw something deeply disturbing.（深感事情不妙。） Money is a good servant but a bad master.（要做金钱的主人，莫做金钱的奴隶。） I am not available.（我正忙着）Wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand.(脑中的知识比手中的金钱更重要） Never say die.it's a piece of cake.别泄气，那只是小菜一碟。 Don't worry.you'll get use to it soon.别担心，很快你就会习惯的。 I konw how you feel.我明白你的感受。 You win some.you lose some.胜败乃兵家常事。 Don't bury your head in the sand.不要逃避现实。 I didn't expect you to such a good job.我没想到你干得这么好。 You are coming alone well.你做得挺顺利。 She is well-build.她的身材真棒。You look neat and fresh.你看起来很清纯。 You have a beautiful personality.你的气质很好。 You flatter me immensely.你过奖啦。You should be slow to judge others.你不应该随意评论别人。 I hope you will excuse me if i make any mistake.如有任何错误，请你原谅It was most careless ofme.我太粗心了。 It was quite by accident.真是始料不及。 I wish i had all the time i'd ever wasted,so i could waste it all over again.我希望所有被我浪费的时间重新回来，让我再浪费一遍。 I like you the way you were.我喜欢你以前的样子。 You two go ahead to the movie without me,i don't want to be a third wheel.你们两个自己去看电影吧，我不想当电灯泡。 Do you have anyone in mind?你有心上人吗？ How long have you known her？你认识她多久了？ It was love at frist sight.一见钟情 I'd bettle hit the books.我要复习功课啦。 a piece of one's mind .直言不讳 He gave me a piece of mind,"Don't shift responsibility onto others."他责备道：“不要把责任推卸到别人身上。” a cat and dog life水火不容的生活The husband and his wife are always quarrelling,and they are leading a cat and dog life.这对夫妇老是吵架，相互之间水火不容。 a dog's life潦倒的生活 The man lived a dog's life.这个人生活潦倒。 A to Z从头至尾 I know that from A to Z. 我很了解这件事。 above somebody深奥 Well,this sort of talk is above me.我不懂你们在讲什么。 all ears 全神贯注地倾听着 When you tell Mary some gossip,she is all ears.跟Mary讲一些小道消息，她会听地仔仔细细。
英语听力的十大类标志词 1．级标志词 形容词、副词级、most / chief / primary / main / leading / …… 2．级标志词 only / unique / prefer / every / one / of all / perfect / …… 3．因果项标志词 cause / lead to / contribute to / thanks to / owing to / question / answer / why / reason / 其他形式的问句/ …… 4．转则项关键词 despite / in spite of / instead / while / from ~ to ~ / although ~ （yet）~ / not only ~ but also ~ / …… 5．序数项标志词 所有的序数词（first , second）/ another / the other / next / last / in addition / on the other hand / …… 6．时间项标志词 when / how / today / as / before / after / since / then / until / …… 7．解释项标志词 or / namely / in other words / that is / that is to say / …… 8．目的项标志词
to / for / …… 9．总结项标志词 all in all / in brief / to conclude / at last / in summary / in short / …… 10．强调项标志词 副词：especially / particularly / almost / always / usually / …… 动词：show / remember / note / notice / say / pronounce / ……
翻译硕士（MTI）英语作文怎样表达正负 面效应 在英语翻译写作中，对于正负面效应的问题大家会吗?大家在平时写作中有没有遇到过这方面的内容呢，下面就是老师教你翻译硕士（MTI）作文怎样表达正负面效应。 一、【正面效应表达句8条】 1、XXX can broaden our horizon, enlarge our scope of knowledge and enrich our spiritual civilization. 译文：XXX能拓宽我们的视野，扩大我们的知识面，丰富我们的精神文明。 适合范围：网络，文化，读书等积极向上的行动。 2、XXX provide(s) us with convenience. 译文：XXX能给我们提供方便 适用范围：大多数文明创新的事物。 3、XXX meet(s) such kind of need in physical and psychological aspects. 译文：XXX满足我们的身心健康 适用范围：积极向上的精神状态，健康的学习，生活，工作状态，有益的活动等 4、Of all the ingredients of success, XXX seem(s) to be the first within our control. 译文：在成功的所有元素中，XXX 看似是我们最能把握的。 适用范围：抽象类词汇，比如个人意志、学习时间、学习状态等 5、XXX win(s) the appreciation of the public. 译文：XXX 赢得了公众的共识，有重要的用处 适用范围：环境治理、文化融合、弘扬传统文化等正面事件。
能用英语做事情之目的教学方式 一、引言 英语课程标准是教师在基础教育阶段执行英语学科教学的纲领性文件。从新中国成立至今,我国基础教育英语课程改革已经进行了多次,最近一次从20XX年开始的基础教育课程改革算起,也已历经十余年。在此期间,各地中小学的英语教学取得了一定的成绩,但同时广大教师和学者对各种版本的英语课程标准的理解和解读争议不断,有时争议还十分激烈。依据笔者研读和观察发现,争议的焦点大多集中在英语课程的目的和方法这两方面,教育目的、教学[ 第一论文]目的、课程目的经常被混为一谈,英语教学存在目的不清、方法单一的现象,只提倡“做中学”。英语教师对语言本质的认识影响着语言教育模式,而执行和理解英语课程标准更是直接关系到如何实施课堂教学。目前针对基础教育阶段的英语课程标准主要有20XX年出版的《全日制义务教育普通高级中学英语课程标准(实验稿)》、20XX年出版的《普通高中英语课程标准(实验)》和20XX年出版的《义务教育英语课程标准(20XX年版)》,为叙述方便,以上分别称为《课标》(20XX、20XX、20XX)。三个《课标》力图实现目的多元化、方法多样化,使学生掌握英语的基础知识和基本技能(“双基”),这是值得肯定的。本文通过对“目的”的界定和英语教育目的历史的回顾,对用语言做事的方法进行探讨,指出教育目的是课程标准规定的总目标,用英语做事情是课程目的,教学目的要聚焦语言本身。为实现语言“双基”的教学目的,教师要正确区分教育目的、课程目的和教学目的,深入研究能用英语做事情的本质特征。落实语言“双基”的教学在某种意义上也是用语言做事,是实现英语教学目的的有效途径。 二、教育目的、教学目的和课程目的 我们探讨外语教育首先要明确教育、教学和课程的基本含义和相互关系。广义的教育指以影响人的身心发展为直接目的的社会活动,狭义的教育指由专职人员和专门机构进行的学校教育。可以说,教育随社会的产生而产生,是作为个体的人与社会发展必不可少的手段,为一切社会所必需,又随社会的进步而发展;受社会政治、经济、文化等方面的制约,也对社会整体及其诸多方面产生影响;教育还受制于个体的身心发展规律;社会主义社会的教育是建设社会主义和促进个人全面发展强有力的工具。教学指学校工作中由教师的教和学生的学共同组成的活通过教;是学校的中心工作,是学校进行智育、德育、美育和体育的主要途径,动．学,学生在教师有目的、有计划和有组织的指导下,积极、主动地掌握系统的文化、科学、技术等各类知识和技能,发展智力和体力、独立学习和创造的能力,陶冶性情和审美情趣,形成良好的思想品德(辞海编辑委员会,1999:4176、4177)。教育本身就包括教学,而外语教育可以解释为与外语相关的一切社会和教学活动,其中始终渗透着中外文化价值观的学习和民族身份感的树立。在实践中,外语教育和外语教学经常被混用,因为这两个概念的内涵不同,就容易在教育目的和教学目的理解和解读方面出现误解和误读。关于课程和教学的概念,张传燧和纪国和
一般现在时标志词： every day, evry Sunday, often, always, usually, sometimes , on Sundays, on weekdays等等。 一般过去时标志词： ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week/year/night/month..., in 1989, just now, at the age of , one day, ago, long ago, once upon a time,（从前，很久 以前）then(那时), on that day（在那天）, 一般将来时标志词： soon, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow（后天），this evening/afternoon/year before long(不久以后），next year/month/week/summer，in the future, some day(将来的 某一天) ，in two weeks/days/years 现在进行时标志词： now. Look. Listen. these days ，at that time. at that moment. this time ，yesterday evening 过去进行时标志词： at that time. at that moment. this time yesterday evening等；或者与when, while, as引导 的过去时间状语连用。 现在完成时标志词： already（用于肯定句）, yet（用于否定，疑问句）, just, before, recently, still, lately, never, ever, never, twice, on several occasion, in the past few days/weeks/months/years, (up to)these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, up to present, so far, up to now, till now, since+时间 过去完成时标志词： by, by the time (of), by the end of + 过去时间； when. before. after…….+过去时间； up till then (直到时); up until last night(直 到昨晚）等； already, just, ever, yet 等。 过去将来时标志词: the following month (week…), the next time/ Friday/ term/ month
一、翻译硕士英语（211） 1.选择题（20*1') 考单词为主，后面有几道语法。单词以专八词汇为主，少量的gre词汇。 2.阅读（20*1'） 四篇阅读，个人觉得很简单，文章很短，只有一面的长度吧，用专八阅读练习足够了。 3.改错（10*1'） 比专八改错简单、前几年考的是修辞和英美文化常识、或古希腊神话典故。 4.作文（50分，500字） 谈谈你对happiness的定义。 二、英语翻译基础（357）
1.英译汉（75分） 该部分选取的是卢梭的《爱弥儿》（Emile, or On Education）部分文章，主要选自《爱弥儿》第三卷第一节。全文1000多字，共11段，但题目只要求翻译划线部分，总计翻译872字，共6段。完整原文如下： The whole course of man's life up to adolescence is a period of weakness; yet there comes a time during these early years when the child's strength overtakes the demands upon it, when the growing creature, though absolutely weak, is relatively strong. His needs are not fully developed and his present strength is more than enough for them. He would be a very feeble man, but he is a strong child. What is the cause of man's weakness? It is to be found in the disproportion between his strength and his desires. It is our passions that make us weak, for our natural strength is not enough for their satisfaction. To limit our desires comes to the same thing, therefore, as to increase our strength. When we can do more than we want, we have strength enough and to spare, we are really strong. This is the third stage of childhood, the stage with which I am about to deal. I still speak of childhood for want of a better word; for our scholar is approaching adolescence, though he has not yet reached the age of puberty. About twelve or thirteen the child's strength increases far more rapidly than his needs. The strongest and fiercest of the passions is still unknown, his physical development is still imperfect and seems to await the call of the will. He is scarcely aware of extremes of heat and cold and braves them with impunity. He needs no coat, his blood is warm; no spices, hunger is his sauce, no food comes amiss at this age; if he is sleepy he stretches himself on the ground and goes to sleep; he finds all he needs within his reach; he is not tormented by any imaginary wants; he cares nothing what others think; his desires are not beyond his grasp; not only is he self-sufficing, but for the first and last time in his life he has more strength than he needs. I know beforehand what you will say. You will not assert that the child has more needs than I attribute to him, but you will deny his strength. You forget that I am speaking of my own pupil, not of those puppets who walk with difficulty from one room to another, who toil indoors and carry bundles of paper. Manly strength, you say, appears only with manhood; the vital spirits, distilled in their proper vessels and spreading through the whole body, can alone make the muscles firm, sensitive, tense, and springy, can alone cause real strength. This is the philosophy of the study;
用英语写出的名言经典警句80句 英语名言警句1 1、Be honest rather clever. 诚实比聪明更要紧。 2、Being on sea, sail; being on land, settle. 随遇而安。 3、Be just to all, but trust not all. 要公正对待所有的人，但不要轻信所有的人。 4、Believe not all that you see nor half what you hear. 眼见的不能全信，耳闻的也不能半信。 5、Be slow to promise and quick to perform. 不轻诺，诺必果。 6、Be swift to hear, slow to speak. 多听少说。 7、Better an empty purse than an empty head. 宁可钱袋瘪，不要脑袋空。 8、Better an open enemy than a false friend. 明枪易躲，暗箭难防。 9、Better good neighbours near than relations far away. 远亲不如近邻。 10、Between the cup and the lip a morsel may slip. 功亏一篑。 11、Between two stools one falls to the ground. 脚踏两头要落空。 12、Beware beginnings. 慎始为上。 13、Big mouthfuls ofter choke. 贪多嚼不烂。 14、Bind the sack before it be full.
11. Mary is my best friend. We’re all from Henan, 1. _____ but now I live in Beijing when she lives in 2. _____ Guangzhou. We don’t look each other very often, 3. _____ but we’re keep in touch all the time. I often write 4. _____ to Mary and telling her about the things that 5. _____ are happened at my company, and she often 6. _____ writes to me about her work. We talk on phone 7. _____ once a week. Sometime I call her on her 8. _____ car phone, or we send e-mail to each other. 9. _____ We’re really luck. There are so many ways 10. ____ we can keep in touch with each other. 【答案解析】 1. all改为both。指Mary和作者两个人。 2. when改为and或while。因为两个分句没有主从关系。而是并列关系，或者有对比或对照的含义。 3. look改为see。因为此句意为“两个人不能经常见面(see)”。