名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses）。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
I. 引导名词性从句的连接词
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：
从属连词（6个）：that（无意义）
whether, if（均表示“是否”，表明从句内容的不确定性；if只能用来引导宾语从句）
as if ,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”）because (表示“因为”)
以上在从句中均不充当任何成分，后三个只能用来引导表语从句。
连接代词（9个）：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, which,
whichever
连接副词（7个）：when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however
II. 主语从句
在句子中充当主语的名词性从句叫主语从句。
What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。
Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.
英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。
有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。（what表示“……的事物”时引导的主语从句一般不后置。）
It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
注：含有由that引导的后置主语从句的句子和强调句的区别：强调句把“It is/was…that…”去掉之后，仍是一个完整的句子。而主语从句则不然。
It is necessary that we master at least a foreign language.
It was in the park that we met each other for the first time.
III．宾语从句
在句子中充当宾语的名词性从句叫宾语从句。
用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句、表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。
We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing.
我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。
She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
She will give whoever needs help a warm support.
凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。
注：that引导宾语从句时，在从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用，在非正式文体中可省去；但当多个此类宾语从句并列时，第一个从句的that可省去，第二个及后面从句的that不可省。She said(that)she wanted to learn English well and that she wanted to be an translator.
她说她想把英语学好，并且想当翻译。
●They have not made any decision on ______ they are going to do to deal with the waste and control pollution. (D)
A. that
B. which
C. if
D. what
补充：直接引语和间接引语
直接引语是指直接引用说话人的原话，用引号；间接引语指用自己的话将说话人的话转述出来，不用引号。
直接引语变间接引语过程中，原来的引语在变成从句时，动词的时态，人称代词，代词，时间地点和地点状语要作相应的变化。
1）动词时态：
直接引语间接引语
一般现在时一般过去时
现在进行时过去进行时
一般过去时过去完成时
现在完成时过去完成时
过去完成时过去完成时
过去进行时过去完成进行时
现在完成进行时过去完成进行时
过去完成进行时过去完成进行时
一般将来时过去将来时
将来进行时过去将来进行时
2）情态动词：
can could
may might
must must, had to
needn't didn't need to
should should
ought to ought to
used to used to
3）代词：
this that
these those
第一人称代词第三人称代词
第二人称代词第三或第一人称代词
4）地点状语：
here there
5）时间状语：
ago before
today that day
yesterday the day before
the day before yesterday two days before
tomorrow the next day
the day after tomorrow two days after
last week the week before
next week the next week
6）动词：
come go
bring take
直接引语变间接引语：
1.当直接引语是陈述句，间接引语要变成由that引导的宾语从句。主句谓语动词常用said.
“I’m very glad to visit your factory,” said the visitor.
→The visitor said that he was very glad to visit our factory.
2.当直接引语是一般疑问句，间接引语要变成由if或whether引导的宾语从句，主句谓语
动词常用asked.
Tom asked Bob, “Do you like English?”
→Tom asked Bob if/whether he liked English.
3.当直接引语是特殊疑问句，间接引语要变成由对应词引导的宾语从句，主句谓语动词常
用asked.
“What are you doing?” The teacher asked me.
→the teacher asked me what I was doing.
4.当直接引语是祈使句，间接引语要变成ask sb. to do sth., 或tell sb. to do sth.。
“Put your coat in the closet.” Said Mother.
→Mother told me to put my coat in the closet.
“Speak quiet on the phone, please.” said the manager.
→The manager asked me to speak quietly on the phone.
5.当直接引语是感叹句，间接引语要变成由what或how 引导的宾语从句，主句谓语动词
常用exclaimed.
He said, “How beautiful the girl is!”
→He exclaimed how beautiful the girl was.
IV. 表语从句
在句中作表语的名词性从句叫表语从句。表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if/though, because引导。其基本结构为：主语+ 系动词+ that从句。
The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。
That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。
This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。
It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。
需要注意的，当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning .
注：whether 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。
●Go and get your coat. It's _______ you left it. （B）
A. there
B. where
C. there were
D. where there
●The problem is_______ he has enough time. (B)
A. if
B. whether
C. /
D. that
V. 同位语从句
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如：The news that we won the game is exciting.我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。
●He made a promise_______ he would help me. (C)
A. what
B. when
C. that
D. which
由that引导的同位语从句和定语从句的区别：
that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，在从句中充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略；that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，在从句中不充当任何句子成分，一般不能省略。
试比较下面两个例句:
I had no idea that you were here．（that引导同位语从句，不能省略）
Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）
定语从句
定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词、代词或整个句子，被修饰的成分被叫做先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引导。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as, than, but。
关系副词有：when, where, why。
I.关系代词或关系副词在定语从句中的功能
1）引导作用：引导定语从句
2）在从句中承担一定成分：关系代词通常在从句中承担主语、宾语或表语（whose在定语从句中常作定语），关系副词在从句中承担状语。
3）从意义上讲，关系代词或关系副词和先行词指的是同样的人、物、时间或地点等。II.关系代词引导的定语从句
1)who
who在引导定语从句时，必须满足下列条件：先行词是表示“人”的名词；在从句中承担主语、宾语或表语。作宾语时，可以省去。
Is he the man who wants to see you?
他就是你想见的人吗？（who在从句中作主语）
The man (who) we saw yesterday is a doctor.
昨天我们见的那个人是一个医生。（who在从句中作宾语，所以可以省去）
2) whom
whom在引导定语从句时，先行词也必须是表示“人”的名词；在从句中只能承担宾语（通常用于正式文体中），可以省去。
He is the man (whom) I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom在从句中作宾语,也可以省去）
3) which
which在引导定语从句时，先行词必须是表示“物”的名词；在从句中承担主语、宾语或表语。作宾语时可以省去。
Kevin is reading a book which is too difficult for him.
Kevin正在读一本对他来说太难的一本书。（which在从句中作主语）
The book (which) you are reading is written by a famous Chinese novelist.
你正在看的书是一位中国著名小说家写的。（which在从句中作宾语，也可以省去）
4) that
that在引导定语从句时，先行词既可以是表示“人”的名词，也可以是表示“物”的名词。在定语从句中可以承担主语、宾语或表语。作宾语时可以省去。和who, whom, which不同的是that只能够引导限制性定语从句，而其他三个都是既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。
It is a question that needs careful consideration.
这是一个需要仔细考虑的问题。（that在从句中作主语）
He often tells stories (that) people laugh at.
他常常讲一些是人们发笑的故事。（that在从句中作宾语，所以也可以省去）
He is not the man that he was when I saw him first.
他不是当我第一次看到他时的那个样子。（that在从句中作表语）
在下列情况下，关系代词只能用that,不能用which：
1. 先行词被形容词的最高级修饰时
Shakespeare is the greatest poet that England has ever had.
莎士比亚是英国最伟大的诗人。
It is the best film that I have ever seen.
这是我看过的最好的一部电影。
2. 先行词是all, anything, everything, little, much, nobody, nothing等不定代词时
All that glitters is not gold.
发光的未必是金子。
I have changed my mind. Nothing that you say will change it.
我已经改变了主意，无论你说什么也无法改变它。
3. 先行词被any, some, every, no, other等不定代词修饰时
Every paper that you read gives the same story.
你看的每一份报纸都报道同样的新闻。
4. 先行词被the first, the last, the only, the same, the very或序数词等修饰时
He is the last person that I want to see.
他是我最不想看到的人。
5. 先行词中既有表示人的名词，也有表示物的名词时
The boy and his dog that were believed to be lost in the wood were rescued this morning.
被认为迷失在森林中的男孩和狗，今天早上已获救了。
5) whose
whose引导定语从句时，先行词既可以是表示“人”的名词，也可以是表示“物”的名词。在定语从句中承担定语；也可以换成of+whom/which。
This is the student whose pronunciation is the best in our class.
=This is the student the pronunciation of whom is the best in our class.
=This is the student of whom the pronunciation is the best in our class.
这就是我们班上那个发音最好的学生。
The building whose windows face south was built last year.
=The building the windows of which face south was built last year.
=The building of which the windows face south was built last year.
那栋窗户朝南开的楼房是去年建的。
6)as
as在引导限制性定语从句时，先行词前面通常有such, as, so，the same 等修饰语；引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词通常是一个句子，as在从句中承担主语、宾语或表语，as所引导的定语从句可放在句首、句中或句尾。
Such English as is spoken here is not British.
在这个地方讲的英语不是英国英语。
He is not such a fool as he looks.
他可不像他看上去那样的傻。
There is as good fish in the sea as ever came out of it.
海里有的是鱼；天涯何处无芳草。
非限制性定语从句：as is very natural, 这是很自然的事as is usual, 像往常一样as you will find, 你会发现as we know, 正如我们所知
as we all know, 众所周知as has been said before, 如前所述
as may be imagined, 正如可以想象出来的那样
as is well known, 众所周知as was expected, 正如预料的那样
as we all can see, 正如我们都能看到的那样
注：as和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，是有一定区别的。当关系代词在从句中承担be动词的主语或一般动词的宾语时，which和as可以交替使用；当关系代词在从句中承担一般动词的主语时，只能用which; as可以位于句首，而which不可以。
注：当先行词被the same修饰时，关系代词可以用that或as, 但意义不同：
This is the same watch that I’ve lost.
这就是我丢的那块表。（that表示同一个）
This is the same watch as I’ve lost.
这块表和我丢的那块表一模一样。（as表示同一类）
7）than
than引导定语从句时，先行词通常被形容词的比较级修饰，than在从句中可以承担主语、宾语或表语。
The boy has eaten more food than is good for his health.
那个孩子吃得太多，对身体不好。
8）but
but在引导定语从句时，先行词通常是具有否定意义的名词或代词。but=that…not。There is nobody but makes mistakes. 凡人皆犯错。
III. “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
1）如果定语从句中的谓语动词后面跟有介词，这个介词可以放在从句中，也可以放在关系代词之前。
This is the ring which/that she spent 1,000 dollars on.
=This is the ring on which she spent 1,000 dollars.
这就是她花1000美元买的那个戒指。
2）关系副词引导的定语从句可以变为“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，用哪个介词取决于先行词。
He will always remember the day when his father returned from the US.
=He will always remember the day on which his father returned from the US.
他将永远记着父亲从美国返回的那一天。
3）“其它介词+关系代词”也可引导定语从句，用哪个介词取决于从句中所描述的事物和先行词的关系。
Our school, in front of which stand many trees, is a key school in the city.
上述三种情况中，关系代词只能用whom或which。
IV. “代词/数词+of+关系代词”引导的定语从句
Our class has fifty students, all of whom work very hard on their studies.
I.关系副词引导的定语从句
a)when引导的定语从句
when引导的定语从句只能够修饰表示“时间”的名词，when在从句中作时间状语。
This was the time when she left for Beijing.
这就是她动身去北京的时间。
但是：
I will never forget the days which/that I spent in the countryside.
我将永远都不会忘记我在农村度过的那些日子。（that/which在从句中承担宾语）
b)where引导的定语从句
where引导的定语从句只能修饰表示“地点”的名词，where在从句中承担地点状语。
The bookstore where his sister works is the largest one in Nanjing.
他妹妹工作的那家书店是南京最大的。
但是：
The park which/that we visited yesterday is the largest one in Taiyan.
昨天我们参观的那个公园是太原最大的。（which/that在从句中承担宾语）
c)why引导的定语从句
why引导的定语从句只能修饰“reason”，why在从句中承担原因状语。
I don’t know the reason why he didn’t attend the meeting yesterday.
我不知道他昨天没有出席会议的原因。
II.限制性和非限制性定语从句
1）定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。
This is the house which we bought last month.
这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）
2）当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
查理?史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.
这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
3）非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
注：当先行词是way时，引导定语从句的关系词应用that, in which（不常用）, 或省去。
The way that/in which we eat has a great influence on our health.
状语从句
状语从句（Adverbial Clause）指在句子中用作状语的从句。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。状语从句一般由从属连词引导，也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。
共有九类状语从句：
1. 时间状语从句(adverbial clause of time)；
2.地点状语从句(adverbial clause of place)；
3.原因状语从句(adverbial clause of cause) ；
4.条件状语从句(adverbial clause of condition)；
5.目的状语从句(adverbial clause of purpose) ；
6.让步状语从句(adverbial clause of concession)；
7.比较状语从句(adverbial clause of comparison)；
8.方式状语从句(adverbial clause of manner)；
9.结果状语从句(adverbial clause of result)。
九类状语从句由不同的连词或短语引导：
1．时间状语从句
常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since, till, until, once, the minute, the moment, the second, every time, each time, next time, last time, the day，the instant, immediately, directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when
I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.
While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.
The children ran away from the orchard, the moment they saw the guard.
No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.
Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.
2．地点状语从句
常用引导词：where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere
Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.
Wherever you go, you should work hard.
3．原因状语从句
常用引导词：because, since, as, seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, for the reason/by reason/on the ground(s) that
My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.
Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference.
The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.
Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable. 4．目的状语从句
常用引导词：so that, in order that
特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.
The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly. 5．结果状语从句
常用引导词：so … that, such … that,
特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,
He got up so early that he caught the first bus.
It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it.
To such a degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night.
6．条件状语从句
常用引导词：if, unless,
特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that,
in case that, on condition that
We’ll start our project if the president agrees.
You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.
Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.
7．让步状语从句
常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though
特殊引导词：as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首)，
no matter …，in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever
Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.
尽管我很尊敬他，我却不同意他的建议。
The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.
No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.
He won’t listen whatever you may say.
8．比较状语从句
常用引导词：as(原级比较), than(比较级比较)
特殊引导词：the more … the more … ; just as …，so…; A is to B what X is to Y; no … more than; not A so much as B
She is as bad-tempered as her mother.
The house is three times as big as ours.
The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.
Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。
9．方式状语从句
常用引导词：as, as if
特殊引导词：the way
When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
She behaved as if she were the boss.
Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.
状语从句的省略：
当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时，且状语从句的谓语有动词be，状语从句中的主语和动词be可以省去。当状语从句的主语是it或they时，且状语从句的谓语有动词be，状语从句中的主语和动词be也可以省去。
When ( the museum is ) completed , the museum will be open to the public next year .
He’ll go to the seaside for his holiday if (it is ) possible.
初中重点语法 从句按其在复合句中的作用,分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句等。（参见以下各条） 3、各从句在句子中的位置以及用法： (1) 表语从句：在句子中作连系动词的表语的从句,它位于主句中的系动词之后。 例如：That is why he did not come to school yesterday. / It is because you are so clever. (2) 宾语从句：在句子中作及物动词或介词的宾语。 ①基本形式：（主句＋）连词+从句主语+从句谓语+... ②关于宾语从句连词的选择： 若从句来源于一个陈述句,那么,连词用that,在口语中that可以省略; 若从句来源于一个一般疑问句,连词则用if 或whether; 若从句来源于一个特殊疑问句,则连词就是疑问词(如what,who,where,when等) 例如：They believe that the computer will finally take the place of human beings.(他们相信计算机终将 代替人类。) (从句本来就是陈述句)/ I wonder whether I should say something for him to the headmaster.(我不知道是不是该为他在校长跟前说点什么。) (从句来源于一般问句Shall I say something for him to the headmaster?) / He asked me where he could get such medicine. (他问我在 哪儿能搞到那样的药。) (从句来源于特殊问句Where can he get such medicine? ) ③宾语从句的时态问题：如果主句是现在时,从句则用现在某一时态,甚至可以用过去时； 如主句是过去时,从句则相应地使用过去某一时态,遇到客观真理时仍然用现在时。如：I think I will do better in English this term. (我想本学期我的英语会学得好点。) / The teacher asked the boy if the earth is round. (老师问那个男孩地球是不是圆的。) ④下列结构后面的从句一般也作为宾语从句看待： be sorry / afraid / sure / glad +that从句,如：I’m sorry I’m late. (对不起,我迟到了。) / I’m afraid he isn’t in at the moment. (恐怕他此刻不在家。) (3) 状语从句：在复合句中作状语,其位置可以在主句前或主句后。状语从句可以分为时间、地点、原因、 目的、结果、比较、让步、条件等几种。状语从句由从属连接词引导。 时间状语从句通常由when ,as ,while, after, before, since, as soon as ,since, till (until), while, whenever 等引导。时间状语从句一般放在句首或句尾,特别注意,时间状语从句不允许使用将来时,而应该 用现在时替代。如：When you finish the work, you may go out to play with Sam. (你完成工作就可 以出去和Jim一起玩了。) / I won’t leave until Mum comes back. (妈妈回来了我才会走。) 地点状语从句通常由where, wherever等引导。如：Go back where you came from! (哪里来还滚到哪里去！) / I will never forget to catch the thief who stole my necklace wherever he may be. (我永远也不会 忘记去抓住那个偷我项链的贼,无论他会在哪里。) 原因状语从句通常由because, since, as等引导,一般放在句首或句尾。如：He went abroad because his father had found a good university for him. (他出国了,因为他父亲给他找了一所好大学。) 目的状语从句通常由so that..., so...hat..., in order that...等引导,往往放在句尾,从句中通常含有can / could / may / might等情态动词。如：He got up earlier so that he could catch the first train. (他起身 更早为的是赶上第一班车。) 结果状语从句通常由so that..., so...that... 等引导,放在句尾。结果状语从句一般表示已经发生的事情,故多为过去时态。如：He lost so many bikes that he decided never to buy a new one. (他丢了那么多 辆自行车,他决定再也不买新车了。) 比较状语从句通常由as, than, as (so)...as等引导,一般省略从句的谓语部分,只剩下名词或代词(用主格或宾格均可)。如：Jane is much taller than I/me. (Jane比我高多了。) / I don’t have as many books as you (do). (我书没有你多) 让步状语从句通常由though (although), as, even if( even though), however, whatever等引导。如：Even if you pay the debt(债务) for me, I will not thank you because it has nothing to do with me. (即使你替 我还了债我也不会感谢你,因为它与我毫无关系。) / He wears a T-shirt though it is very cold. (他穿 了一件T恤衫,尽管天很冷。)
高中英语同位语从句讲解及练习 同位语从句讲义及练习 一、理解同位语从句的含义，把握同位语从句的实质 在主从复合句中作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句一般用that, whether，what, which, who, when, where, why, how 等词引导，常放在fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information, wish,promise, answer, evidence, report, explanation, suggestion, conclusion等抽象名词后面，说明该名词的具体内容。换言之，同位语从句和所修饰的名词在内容上 为同一关系，对其内容作进一步说明。 例：The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.他们比赛获胜的消息很快传遍了整个学校。 析：they had won the game说明The news的全部内容，因此该句为同位语从句。 二、正确运用同位语从句的引导词，准确把握同位语从句 1.如同位语从句意义完整，应用that引导同位语从句。（即that 不充当任何成分，只起连接作用，不可省略） 例：The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once.将军下达了战士们立即过河的命令。 析：the soldiers should cross the river at once是the order的全部内容，且意义完整，因此应用that引导同位语从句。 2.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加"是否"的含义，应用whe】ther 引导同位语从句。（if不能引导同位语从句） 例：We'll discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on time.我们将讨论运动会是否会如期举行的问题。 析：the sports meeting will be held on time意义不完整，应加"是否"的含义才能表达the problem的全部内容，因此应用whether引导同位语从句。 3.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加"什么时候"、"什么地点"、"什么方式"等含义，应用when, where, how等词引导同位语从句。 例1：I have no idea when he will be back.
定语从句、名词性从句和状语从句专项练习100题 1.? -----I can’t find . Where did you meet him this morning -----It was in the hotel he stayed. A. that B. which C. where D. when 2. We'll go out for a walk as soon as it ________. A. stops raining B. raining C. stop to rain D. rain 3. The film was _____ interesting _____ everyone wanted to see it again. A. too, to B. so, that C. not ,until D. very, that 4. _______studies hard will pass the examination. A. Whoever B. Any student C. Who D. Those who 5. Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, _____I will always treasure.
A. that B. one C. it D. what 6. She took it for granted ________I’ll agree with her. A. that B. whether C. if D. when 7. ---______help if you can, and our country will improve more quickly and better. A. Giving B. Give C. Given D. To give 8. ---I will not take an umbrella with me today. --- _____it rains later on in the day A. How B. What C. How about D. What if 9. --- _____to be a PLA soldier when I was young. --- And now you are. A. How I wanted B. How did I want C. What I wanted D. What did I want 10. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase,_____was very
（九）复合句——状语从句 (九) 复合句——状语从句 说明: 所有相关复合句的综合练习将出现在“从句综合练习”章节 考点归纳 1. 状语从句的类型: 时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语 从句、结果状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句、方式状语从句 2. 时间状语从句: ⑴ 连接词及固定搭配: when, while, as, since, after, before, until / till, once, each time, every time, any time, whenever, as soon as, the moment, the minute, the instant, hardly / scarcely / barely / rarely … when / before, no sooner … than, just as, directly, immediately, instantly, shortly after, soon after, it won ’t be long before, by the time, it ’s the first time that, it ’s … since, the first time, the last time ⑵ as soon as 与hardly … when 等结构都能表示“一……就……”，但两者的时态不同；前者一般主从句均为一般时态，表示一般情形遵从主将从现原则；后者一般主句为过去完成时，从句为一般过去时，且在句首引起倒装 ⑶ 特殊地，可用the minute, each time, the first time 等名词或名词短语充当连接词引导时间状语从句，该类词称为边际从属连词 3. 地点状语从句可由where, wherever 引导，前者指特定地点，后者为无特定地点 4. 原因状语从句: ⑴ 可由because, since, now that, as, in that 引导，注意for, so, with + n . + 宾补结构 ⑵ 现代英语中，because 与for 都可引导原因状语从句，且都能表示“直接理由”与“间接理由”，如It must be very late, for the streets are quite deserted. (间接理由) 上句中的for 实也可替换为because ，只是在两者同时存在时，使用for 语势较弱，更显出说话人的推断的不确定性，说明说话人的推断略显主观臆断 ⑶ 在表述直接理由时，because, since, as 从句位置既可在主句前，也可在句尾；而for 则只能位于主句后；此外，because 可回答why 问句，because 前可加入诸如simply 的修饰语，because 从句也可作为强调句的强调部分，这些场合下because 不能替换为for ；若because 也表述的是间接理由，则其位置只能在主句后 5. 条件状语从句的连接词及相关搭配: if, unless ( if … not), on condition that, given that, as / so long as, suppose that, even if, even though, provided that, in case, lest, given that, considering that, since, now that 等 6. 目的状语从句可由that, in order that, so that, for the purpose that, in the hope that 等作连接词或 固定搭配，常与情态动词连用 7. 结果状语从句: ⑴ 连接词及固定搭配: that, so … that, such … that, so that 等 ⑵ such 修饰名词，so 修饰形容词或副词，such / so 结构类似于what / how 的固定结构；当 such 修饰可数名词单数时可将其与so 结构互换；若such 修饰不可数名词或可数名词复数时则无法互换 ⑶ 当many, few, little, much 表多少修饰名词时只能用so ；若little 不表多少，且修饰可数名词单数时只能用such 8. 让步状语从句: ⑴ although, though, as, while, even if, even though, however, whatever, no matter 系列等 ⑵ though 引导的让步状语从句可以倒装(也可不倒装)，作用相当于as (必须倒装)，此时though 不能与although 替换；though 与although 都不能与but 并存，却能与yet 并存；as 引导让步状语从句时，倒装形容词、副词及无冠词的名词；只存在even though ，而无 *even although ；though 也可作连接性状语，而although 不可，如He said he would come; he didn ’t, though . ⑶ -ever 系列与no matter 系列的区别(见前) 9. 比较状语从句(见第一章，此略) 1 2
同位语从句 一．同位语 同位语：跟在名词或代词后，与之表达同一内容；通常由名词、名词性短语等担任。 （A=B：两项所指相同） e.g 我知道奥巴马，美国的总统。 I know Obama, the president of United States. （Obama与the president of US同一个人）我们应该从过去当中学习，它是现在的一面镜子和将来的希望。 We should learn from the past, the mirror of the present and the hope of the future. The future belongs to you, young people. 未来是属于你们年轻人的。(you=young people) (实质是句中两个成分相等) 二．同位语从句 1.（1）概念：由一个句子来充当同位语。 e.g 我知道这个事实，奥巴马是美国的总统。 I know the fact that Obama is the president of United States. (the fact就是指的是奥巴马是美国总统) We should learn from the truth that the past is the mirror of the present and the hope of the future. （2）与从句同位的名词通常为抽象名词： fact, truth, Idea, thought, belief, hope, doubt, rumour, question, answer, reply, news, , order (有些抽象名词本身带有“疑问”的含义，如question, doubt) 2. 构成： （------先造3个简单的句子，He is a student.(陈述句) Is he a student?（一般疑问句）Who is a student?(特殊疑问句) 同位语从句(连词)不是与前面的抽象名词有关，连词取决于后面从句是什么样的形式； （I know the fact he is a student. ） （1）如果从句是陈述句，连词用that e.g I know the fact that he is a student. 我听到了这个消息，他离开了我们。 I heard the news that he left us. The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once. 将军下达了命令战士们应该立即过河。 We are delighted at the news that we are going to spend our summer vacation in Hawaii. 我们非常高兴听到这个消息，我们将在夏威夷度过我们的暑假。 The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody． 他什么都没说，这个事实让大家很吃惊。 结论：that在从句中不做成分，并且没有含义 （2）如果从句是一般疑问句，连词用whether, 再把一般疑问句变陈述句语序
三大从句练习及答案
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实战演练(2×50) 计分: 1—Could you tell me ______? —It’s near the post office. A.where is the bookstore B.the bookstore is where C.where the bookstore is 2.Many people are talking about this disease these days. Could you tell me______? A．how can I keep healthy B. how I can keep healthy C. I can keep healthy 3. —Excuse me .Could you tell me____ I can get to the Space Museum? —Of course. You can take bus No.1. A．where B. how C .if 4—Do you know ______the girl in red is ? —I’m not sure .Maybe a teacher. A. when B. where C. what 5—What did your parents think about your decision? —They always let me do _____I think I should. A. when B. that C. what 6.I hear Tom lives here ,but I’m not sure_____. A. which room he lives in B. which room does he live in C. he live in which room 7.—We can use QQ to communicate with each other online. —Good. Will you please show me_____. A. which to use B. how to use it C. where to use it 8.There are many people downstairs. What do you think____? A. to happen B. happening C. has happened 9.—Guess ______I did yesterday! —I think you went to a party. A. where B. when C. what 10—Do you think ____he should go to the music club or not? —Sorry, I have no idea. A. that B. what C. whether 11.They will be thankful for _____you have done. A. what B. that C. which 12.—Where does Mr.Black live? Can you guess? —Sorry, I can’t guess____. A. where does he live B. where he live in C. where he lives 13.Could you let me know _____ yesterday? A. why did you come late B. why you came late C. why do you come late 14.We are not sure if it ____ tomorrow. If it _____,our sports meeting will be put off. A. will rain; rains B .rains; will rain C. will rain; will rain 15.I want to know _____ the day after tomorrow. A. what he will do B .what will he do C .what he did 16. The girls asked if they ____ some food and drink with them. A. took B. take C. will take 17. Catherine said that she ___ to Guangzhou. A. has never gone B. had never gone C. had never been 18. The students want to know whether they___ dictionary today.
英语复合句的用法及解题技巧 在高考英语试题中，复合句占有较大的比例，复习时应该注意： １．倡发散思维，忌单向思维，考各种从属句，常常是不同类型的连接词语正误连缀而至，如果不抓住这一点，不从多方面思考选择，就容易以偏概全，误入歧途。 ２．弄清主从复合句中的每一个从属连接词的意思、用法、主句与从句在时态上的呼应、语气、是否需要倒装、固定搭配及逻辑常识等。 ３．熟记句型及特殊表达形式。 ４．注意各分句之间的特点及区别。 ５．注意有些连接词的省略情况及省略后某些语序发生的变化。 总之在做习题时，不能生搬硬套，一成不变，要全方位的思考，摸清出题者的意图，灵活机动，随着不同的语言环境而变化。 一、状语从句： 状语从句又可分为时间、地点、目的、原因、结果、行为方式、条件、让步及比较等几种形式。 １．I'll go with you as soon as I ____my work. A.will finish B.shall finish C.finish D.finished 选Ｃ．在时间、条件状语从句中，主句可能是祈使句、一般将来时或带情态动词，从句用一般现在时。如果主句是过去将来时，从句可以用一般过去时。能够引导时间状语从句、条件状语从句的从属连接词，常见的有：when,until （ti y,directly,unless,as long as,suppose等。如： （１）Unless he comes,we won't be able to go.
（２）Suppose it goes on raining,what shall we do? （３）Lu Xun often said,"As long as I am alive,I shall go on studying." ２．No sooner_____the news than they rushed out into the street. A.they heard B.they had heard C.did they hear D.had they heard 选Ｄ．no sooner…than,hardly… when,scarcely… before表示"—… 就"，主句一般用过去完成时（h ad+V-ed），从句用一般过去时，如果hardly,no sooner, scarcely放句首，主谓倒装。 ３．Although he is considered a great writer,____(MET'91) A.his works are not widely read B.but his works are not widelyread C.however his works are not widely read D.still his works arenot widely read 选Ａ．这是一个让步状语从句，主句与从句之间有一个从属连词 although(though)，不能再加but,howeve r,still等，但可以和yet连用。 ４．No matter how hard he worked,____（８４年） A.he could not do any better B.and he could not do any better C.so he could do any bettes D.but he could not do any better 选Ａ．由no matter引导的让步状语从句，其主句也不能再用but,and,so 等并列连接词。 ５．____he might,he failed,A.Try as B.As try C.Tried as D.As tried 选Ａ．为了强调让步的意义，表示出非常强烈的对照，用as或though引导的让步状语从句，从句的语序要作部分调整，即把句子受强调的表语、状语或动词原形置于从句的句首。如果表语是单数可数名词，移置句首时，名词前不用冠词。如： （１）Much as I like it,I will not buy it.（２）Child as she is,she knows a lot of English. ６．Did the two boys look so much alike____no one could tell thema part? A.and B.that C.as D.so that 选Ｂ．目的状语从句的表达："主＋谓＋that(so that,in order that)＋主＋may(might,can,could,sho uldn't等)＋谓"。 ７．____Mr Smith is well again,he can travel. A.Now that B.But that C.And that D.Since that 选Ａ．now that相当于since。表示原因状语从句的连接词常见的有because,as,since,now that,seeing that,considering that等。
状语从句在复合句中作状语， 修饰动词、形容词或副词等。 状语从句可以表示时间、 条件、原因、 地点、目的、结果、让步、方式、比较等意义。 知识梳理：提纲挈领，抓住重点和难点！ 各类状语从句连接词(短语)一览 表： 时间 条件 If, unless 原因 As, because, since 地点 Where 目的 So that, in order that 结果 So that, so …that, such …that 让步 though, although, even if, however 方式 As 比较 than, (not)as … as, 时间状语从句： Whenever he comes, he brings a friend. 条件状语从句： As long as I am alive, I will go on studying. 原因状 语从句： Since we live near the sea, we enjoy nice weather. 由于我们住在海边 地点状语从句： Put it where we can all see it. 把它放在我们都能看到的位置。 当……时候#, 但用法有区别 : ① when 意为#在……时;当……时#,可表示#点时间#或#段时间#,从句谓语可以是终止性动词，也可以是延续性动词。 例如: When I got home, he was having supper . ② as 意为#边??…边……#或#与??…同时#,重在表示两个动作同时发生。伴随进行。 as 从句是终止性动词时，主句通常 也必须是终止性动词。例如 : They sang as they danced. ③ while 只可表示#段时间#,从句谓语只限于延续性动词。例如 While I was sleeping, my father came in. 注:从句谓语是持续性动词时，when 、while 和as 可以互换？主?从句谓语都是终止性动词时，when 与as 可互换？从句谓 语表示状态时 , 通常用 while 。 2. 引导原因状语从句的连词 原因状语从句一般由 because ， since ， as ， for 引导?注意 as ，because ，since 和 for 的区别 : ① 如果原因是构成句子的最主要部分 ，一般用because 。because 引导的从句一般不放在句子的开头。例如 ： when, while, as, as soon as, since, until, after, before 他每次来都带个朋友。 只要我活着， 我就要学习。 ，能享受到好的天气。 目的状语从句： Finish this so that you can start another. 结果状语从句： He was so angry that he couldn't say a word. 让步状语从句： Though he is in poor health, he works hard. 方式状语从句： Students do as the teachers say. 比较状语从句： The work isn't as easy as I thought. 状语从句的考查点 状语从句是中考词汇和句法部分考查的重点内容之一。 法。现就主要考查点简述如下 : 1.引导时间状语从句的连词 主要有 when, while, as, by the time, before, after 把这个做完，你可以开始另一个。 他气得说不出话了。 虽然他身体不好，但是他工作很努力。 学生们按照老师说的去做。 这项工作比我想象得难。 在复习状语从句时 ,主要任务是弄清楚引导各种状语从句的连词的用 , since, till/until, as soon as 等。其中 when?while 和 as 都可表示 #
人教版高中英语必修三 知识点梳理 重点题型（常考知识点）巩固练习 同位语从句 概念引入： 我们已经学习了名词性从句中的其它三个从句：主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句，本单元我们将较详细地了解一下同位语从句的用法，并梳理名词性从句的几个常用连接词使用时的需注意的一些方面。下面先研究一下这些句子： 1 I have a dream that one day, all roads will be made plain. 我梦想着总有一天所有的道路都是平坦的。 2 We hold this truth to be self-evident that all men are created equal. 我们认为这些真理都是不言自明的，所有的人生来都是平等的。 3 Some people hold the opinion that the Internet is a curse. 有些人持这种观点，互联网是一种诅咒。 4 Museums play a role of education for the simple reason that they provide people with a good opportunity to have a deeper understanding of their own country's tradition and cultures. 博物馆发挥教育的作用，原因很简单，他们为人们提供一个很好的机会，对自己国家的传统和文化有更深的了解。 这些句子中都含有一个同位语从句，你找到了吗？而且都是that引导的从句，说明前面的名词，如句1中的dream，句2中的truth。 语法讲解 同位语从句 1. 在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。 I heard the news that our team had won．我听到了我们队获胜的消息。 Where did you get the idea that I could not come？你在哪儿听说我不能来？ 2. 可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等（一般的抽象名词都可用）。 I’ve come from Mr. Wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon．我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。 (2015 陕西高考) There is the belief that, if you arrive at an appointment late, you will be considered important. This is a mistaken view. 有这样一种观点：如果你约会迟到，别人会认为你很重要。这是个错误想法。 3. 英语中引导同位语从句的词通常有连词that，whether，连接代词what，who。连接副词 how ,when ,where等。（注：if ,which 不能引导同位语从句。） He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。 4. 在suggestion，advice，request，order等意为“建议；命令；要求”的名词后，同位语从句
宾语从句、状语从句、定语从句混合练习 1.I don’t know ___________or not. A. whether he is at home B. if he is at home C. that he is at home D. whether is he at home 2.The man and the horse _____ fell into the river were drowned(淹死). A. which B. who C. that D. of which 3.I really don’t know __________. A. what to do B. how to do C. what to do it D. to do what 4.We couldn’t find out _____, so we handed it in to the teacher. A. whose pen was it B. whose pen it was C. it was whose pen D. whose pen is it 5.I don’t know ____ he still lives here. A. where B. what C. when D. whether 6.The teacher asked the new student ____ class he was in. A. which B. where C. if D. that 7.I don’t know ____ Mr. Green will come to see us. He’ll help us with our English. A. why B. when C. how D. where 8.--- Be careful! Don’t break the bottles. Do you hear ____ I said? David? --- Yes, Mum A. what B. that C. why D. if 9 .Could you ring me up as soon as he _____? A. arrived B. would arrive C. arrives D. will arrive 10. The doctor _____ is leaving for London next month.
定语从句之关系词的选择 一、复习： 1.定语从句的定义:在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。 2.先行词：被修饰的名词或者代词叫做先行词。 3.关系词：引导定语从句的词叫做关系词。 4.关系词：关系代词：which,that,who,whom,whose 关系副词：when,where,why Eg. This is the book___________my father bought for me.（物，宾语） This is a book________has 199 pages.(物，主语) He is the man__________bought a book for me.（人，主语） The boy_________his father bought a book for is Bob.（人，宾语） The boy_________father bought a book for him is Bob.（人，定语） The book________color is red is Bob’s.(物，定语) The visited the town________I lived.(地点状语) They visited the town________I liked.(物，宾语) I will never forget the day_______Obama met Bao Zheng.(时间状语) I will never forget the time________I spent on campus.(物，宾语) That was the reason_______he gave me yesterday.(物，直接宾语) That was the reason________I began to learn photoshop.(原因状语) 关系代词和关系副词用法总结 关系词先行词关系词在定语从句中的成分which 物主语，宾语（可省略） that 人，物主语，宾语（可省略） who 人主语 whom 人宾语（可省略） whose 人，物定语 when 时间状语 where 地点状语 why 原因状语 二、关系词选择两步骤。 1.看先行词是人还是物。 2.看先行词在从句中所处的地位：主语，宾语，定语——关系代词；状语-----关系副词
状语从句 在复合句中作状语的从句叫状语从句。状语从句有时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等种类。 一、时间状语从句 引导时间状语从句的连接词有: when, as, while, after, before, since, ever since, as soon as, once, till, until, whenever, no sooner…than, hardly/scarcely...when, the moment/minute/instant/second, every time, each time, any time, the first time, next time, last time, all the time, by the time, directly, immediately, instantly等。 1.表示“一···就···”的句型 1) as soon as/once As soon as he arrives, I'll call you.他一到，我就给你打电话。（as soon as 侧重时间或动作先后衔接紧，而once侧重条件，表示“一旦...”） 2) on doing sth/on one's + n.作时间状语 On arriving at the station, the thief was arrested. 一到达车站，这个小偷就被逮捕了。 On his arrival in Paris, he was recognized as a noble and thrown into prison. 他一到达巴黎，就被认出是一个贵族，并被投入监狱。 3) no sooner ...than , hardly/scarcely...when 它们表“一…就”。结构中的否定词放在句首时，主句要倒装。（主句都用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。） No sooner had he reached home than it began to rain. 他刚到家，天就开始下雨了。 Hardly/Scarcely had I entered the room when the phone rang. 我一进屋，电话就响了。 注意当no sooner, hardly, scarcely不放在句首时，主句不倒装，如： I had no sooner reached the bus stop than the bus started. 我刚到车站，车就开走了。 I had scarcely（hardly）entered the room when the phone rang. 4）the moment, the instant, the minute, the second The moment I saw him, I recognized him. 我一看见他，就认出了他。 We'll leave the minute you are ready. 你一准备好，我们就出发。 5)有些副词如：instantly, immediately, directly可用作连词，后接从句。 I left immediately the clock struck 5. 我刚走，钟就敲了五点。 2. when, while, as引导时间状语从句 1) when的用法