汉译英
呼之欲出的反恐怖科技
硅谷公司正在积极参与反恐怖战争。
正当美国民航寻找方法贯彻联邦命令提高安全系数的时候，代表硅谷一部分利益的国会议员Michael Honda表示，他认为科技工业必须扮演一个极其重要的角色
一个国会联盟正在为科技工业和政府间的安全方面的联合而努力。Honda说"他想确保高科技的工具能得到重视和认真的考虑"。
他最近在华盛顿召集了硅谷的CEO，几十家公司的执行官，包括Hewlett-Packard，Lockheed Martin，Identix和Sun Microsystems，寻找国家安全问题的解决方法。
“我们坚信这是硅谷公司的一种社会责任，因为他们有技术为开发一个平台而出力”。At Road公司的CEO Krish Panu说。At Road 是一家开发流动劳动力管理系统的公司。
一些硅谷的CEO说，像At Road开发的系统这样的科技可以帮助维护国家安全。
At Road的系统是建立在PDA尺寸的黑盒子上，通过传送车辆的位置、方向、速度和其它信息进行实时监控。该系统的“地理防御”能力可以设定无形安全参数，无论交通工具何时进入不该进的区域都会发出安全警示。
所有的信息都是加密的，即有密码保护，然后传到东、西岸At Road的服务器上，这些服务器一天24小时，一周7天都在运转。对于加强国家安全问题，Honda说跟踪有潜在危险的交通工具是非常重要的，尤其是高吨位运油卡车和在机场作业不受监控的外部供应卡车。
该公司的系统也可以防范生物恐怖和有潜在危险的地面运输。At Road的工程主管Carey Fan认为：“这个系统可以装置在运送有害污水或化学制品的车辆上”。
Honda和其他人表示他们相信硅谷可以用目前所拥有的和正在研究的技术来提供重要的安全方法。
“集中这一企业力量创造出能增强我们国家安全的新科技，这是一个非常好的机会”。At Road公司的副董事长J.D.Fay说。
按照提出的法令，可以实行一项能快速试验和评估已有技术、新技术和正在研究的技术的试验计划，来帮助加强国家安全。
九?一一以来，40多个安全法案和修正法案在国会提出，包括生物恐怖防范法案，该法案拨款70亿美元研究检测有害物质运送的科技方法。
航空安全和技术法案拨给全美20大机场240亿美元，让他们实施试验计划以及部署飞行安全技术。
这两个法案正在众议院讨论，并各有100多个赞成者。然而，Honda表示担心，如果不马上实行这一法案，为安全隐患找到高新科技方法的机会将会白白失去。
Wanted: Anti-Terror Technology
Silicon Valley companies are being enlisted into the War on Terrorism.
As U.S. airports search for ways to implement the federal mandate for improved security, Congressman Michael Honda, who represents part of Silicon Valley, says he believes the technology industry must play a fundamental role.
A congressional coalition is working to forge a security alliance between the tech industry and the government. Honda says he wants to "make sure that the tools of high technology arelooked at and considered seriously."
He recently hosted a gathering of Silicon Valley CEOs in Washington, DC. Executives fromdozens of companies, including Hewlett-Packard, Lockheed Martin, Identix, and Sun Microsystems, searched for homeland security solutions.
"We truly believe it's a social responsibility of Silicon
quickly test and evaluate existing, new, and emerging technologies to help reshape domestic security.
More than 40 security bills and amendments have been filed in Congress since Sept. 11, including the Bioterrorism Protection Act, which allocates $7 billion to deploy tech solutions for monitoring hazardous materials transportation.
The Air Travel Security and Technology legislation targets $24 billion for the 20 largest USairports to conduct pilot programs and deploy travel security technology.
Both bills are moving through the House of Representatives, each with more than 100 co-sponsors. However, Honda says he is concerned that unless the House acts on this legislation soon, opportunities to find new high tech solutions to security concerns could be lost as the drive for security languishes.
英译汉
touch screens
We use touch screens everywhere: tourist kiosks, automatic teller machines, point-of-sale terminals, industrial controls. Half a dozen vendors, plus in-house departments at major manufacturers, produced $800 million worth in 2000. The market is growing because the interfaces are easy-to-use, durable and inexpensive.
Touch screens employ one of three physics principles for detecting the point of touch. Pressing a “resistive” design with a finger or other stylus raises a voltage. In “capacitive” models, a finger draws a minute current (this method is often used for cursor pads on notebook computers). In other designs, a finger or stylus interrupts a standing
pattern of acoustic waves or infrared lights that blanket the surface.
Resistive screens are the oldest, most widely used and least expensive, and they work with any stylus (finger, pen). Capacitive screens must be touched by a finger or an electrically grounded stylus to conduct current. Wave screens are the newest and most expensive. Surface acoustic wave screens must be touched by a finger or a soft stylus such as a pencil eraser to absorb energy; infrared screens work with any stylus. The different technologies may be used in the same applications, although pros and cons lead to prevalent combinations: resistive screens for industrial controls and Palm Pilots; capacitive screens for slot machines; wave screens for ATMs and indoor kiosks.
Most people are unaware of the type of screen they are using. But tricks can help you tell, according to TouchSystems in Fremont, Calif., the largest U.S. maker. Push the screen lightly with your fingernail (not your skin). If it responds, it could be resistive or infrared. In this case, place two separated fingers against the screen at the same time. If the cursor moves beneath one finger, the unit is infrared (software registers the first touch); if the cursor moves between the fingers, it is resistive (the points are averaged). If the unit does not respond to your fingernail, again place two separated fingers against it. If the cursor Frank Shen of Elo moves beneath one finger, the unit is acoustic wave; if the cursor moves between the fingers, it is capacitive.
触控荧幕
触控荧幕的应用非常广泛，例如游客导览系统、自动柜员机、销售点终端机、工业控制系统等。在2000年，六家专门厂商加上几家
大公司的触控产品部门，总产值高达八亿美元。由于这种介面使用方便、经久耐用，而且花费不高，因此市场还在成长之中。
触控荧幕可依其侦测触控点的物理原理，分为三种：电阻式荧幕，用手指或其他触头轻按就会产生电压；电容式荧幕，手指会吸取微小的电流（常用于笔记型电脑的触控板）。至于第三种波动式荧幕，则是用声波或红外线覆盖整个表面，而手指或触头会阻断这些驻波图样。
电阻式荧幕是历史最久、用途最广，也是价格最低的一种，而且任何触头（无论手指或笔尖）都可以使用。电容式荧幕必须使用手指，或是接有地线的触头，以便传导电流。波动式荧幕则是最新且最昂贵的类型。表面声波荧幕必须用手指或软式触头（例如铅笔上的橡皮擦）轻触，以吸收表面能量；红外线触控荧幕则可使用任何触头。在实际应用上，可以同时选用好几种技术，不过基于各技术的优缺点，通常导致以下的组合：工业控制系统和掌上型电脑Palm Pilot使用电阻式，自动贩卖机使用电容式，自动柜员机及室内资讯站使用波动式。但是大多数人并不清楚，自己所使用的荧幕是什么类型。
沈辉斌任职于美国最大的触控荧幕制造商──位于加州夫利蒙
市的“易触控系统公司”，他提供了以下的辨别诀窍。你可用指甲（而不是皮肤）轻压荧幕，假如荧幕有反应，就可能是电阻式或红外线式荧幕。果真如此，再同时用两根手指分别轻压荧幕上两点。假如游标移到其中一根手指下方，这装置使用的就是红外线（软体只记录第一个接触点）；假如游标移到两根手指之间，荧幕就是电阻式（两个接触点皆有影响力）。假如这个装置对指甲毫无反应，你的下一步还是用两根手指分别轻压荧幕上两点。这时候，如果游标移到其中一根手指下方，那么这荧幕使用的原理是声波；假如游标移到两根手指中间，它就是电容式触控荧幕。
1. Those who accomplish their tasks carefully are worthy of praising. 那些认真完成工作的人都值得表扬 2. Children tend to believe that their fathers are infinitely resourceful and versatile. 孩子们通产会认为他们的父亲是个智多谋多才多艺的人 3. He was shivering from fear as if he had seen a ghost. 他恐惧的发抖就像看见鬼一样 4. His speech was constantly interrupted by applause. 他的讲话不断被掌声打断 5. People have proposed all sorts of hypotheses to explain why dinosaurs have become extinct. 人们提出各种各样的假说来解释恐龙为什么灭绝 6. The church dates back to 1173. 此教堂建于1173年 7. The wish of fully utilizing the natural resources will eventually come true. 充分利用自然资源的愿望终究会被实现的 8. The child was accustomed to having her way. 这个孩子已经习惯一意孤行 9. We should pay more attention to the conservation of rare animals. 我不该更加注重保护稀有动物 10. The institution set aside a large of amount of money for research and development. 研究所留有一大笔前日子研究和开发 11. We must try all means to block the spread of the epidemic. 我们不惜一切代价阻止流行病的蔓延 12. Our love can blow away the hazes involved around children in the disaster areas. 我们对灾区孩子的爱唤起了困扰他们的阴霾 13. The meeting between A and B took place in New York. A B对方在纽约开了会议 14. The bike was damaged beyond hope of repair. 自行车严重损坏已经修补好了 15. He found a niche in the academic world. 他在学术界有了一席之地 16. He wanted to build up a large company. 他想开一间大公司 17. Doctors connect crime with mental disorder. 医生认为犯罪与精神错乱有关 18. The contestant got the nod from the judges. 选手得到了裁判的同意 19. All good things must come to an end. 天下没有不散的宴席 20. The high cost prohibits the widespread use of the drug. 该药价昂贵限制了其他的应用 21. They have been trying their best to impart knowledge and offering help to those students who are eager to learn. 他们一直尽力向那些渴求知识的学生传授知识提供帮助
汉译英： 1徐霞客一生周游考察了十六个省，足迹几乎遍及全 国。他在考察的过程中，从来不盲目迷信书 本上的结论。他发现前人研究地理的记载有许多很不可靠的地方。为了进行真实细致的考察，他很少乘车坐船，几乎全 靠双脚翻山越岭，长途跋涉；为了弄清大自然的真相，他总是挑选道路艰险的山区，人迹稀少的森林进行考察，发现了许多 奇山秀景；他常常选择不同的时间和季节，多次重游各地名 山，反复观察变换的奇景。 Xu Xiake toured and investigated 16 provinces in his lifetime, covering almost the whole of China/ the whole country. When he was carrying out his investigations, he never took blind belief in the conclusions in the books. Instead he found a lot of unreliable points in the geographic records taken by his predecessors. In order to make his investigations reliable and thorough, he seldom traveled by carriage or boat. Instead, he took long, arduous trips on foot almost all the time, climbing mountains and hills. In order to learn about the truth of nature, he always chose to conduct investigations in mountainous areas with dangerous roads and in lonely / untraveled woods, where he discovered a lot of magnificent peaks and beautiful sights. ( During his life time, Xu Xiake visited and explored 16 provinces, leaving his footprints in nearly every corner of the country. He never blindly accepted the conclusions given in books in his exploration. He found that many of the geographical records by other people before him were inaccurate ( He found many inaccuracies in the travel notes on geography written by his predecessors ) . He seldom traveled by horse cart or boat but climbed mountains and ridges and took long, difficult journeys most of the time
人大考博英语汉译英专项练习（1-10，含详解） 专项练习1 科技是人类文明进步的动力源泉。古老的中国，曾在世界科技史上占有重要地位。今天的中国人民，不仅与全世界共享科技文明的成果，也在各个领域推动世界科技的进步。科技奥运将反映科技最新进展，集成全国科技创新成果，推出一届高科技含量的体育盛会；提高北京科技创新能力，推进高新技术成果的产业化及其在人民生活中的广泛应用，使北京奥运会成为展示高新技术成果和创新实力的窗口。 【参考译文】 Science and technology is the source power which can drive civilization of Human being. China, an old-line country, has had a high position in the world’s technology history. Today, Chinese people are not only sharing the harvest of technology and civilization with people from rest of the world, but promoting the science and technology in all kinds of field as well. High-tech Olympics means that we will closely follow the latest high-tech developments home and abroad and integrate the high-tech achievements nationwide so as to host a magnificent sports event in high-tech achievement. In doing so, Beijing’s capacity in high-tech innovation will be improved and the application of high-tech achievements in production and people’s life promoted. Beijing Olympic Games will be a window to showcase our high-tech achievements and innovative capacity. 专项练习2 去年，美国联邦航空管理局把用来计算飞机载荷的乘客平均体重提高了10磅。因为当时原油价格创下了历史新记录，作为应对措施，很多公司不得不提高机票价格中的燃料费用。 美国人和欧洲人不断发胖的趋势促使政府发动健康运动，同时人们严厉谴责许多食品公司。麦当劳连锁店在谴责声中受到冲击，因而不得不在最近几个月里修改菜单，增加了一些更有利于健康的食物。这一举动促使麦当劳的盈利增加。然而，据专家预测，人类注定会越来越胖，会对航空公司的利润空间形成不断增加的压力。 【参考译文】 Last year, the Federal Aviation Administration increased by ten pounds the average passenger weight they use to calculate aircraft loads. Since then crude oil prices have hit record levels, with many firms responding by raising the fuel surcharge they add to ticket prices. The rising level of obesity in the US and in Europe has prompted government health campaigns and harsh criticism of a number of food firms. Restaurant chain McDonald’s has taken the brunt of the attack and has in recent months reworked its menu to include healthier options. The move has helped lift profits. The prediction by experts, however, is that humans are set to become bigger, putting increasing pressure on airline profit. 专项练习3 据最新估计，雅典奥运会的开支已达到100亿美元，这对于希腊这样的小国来说可是一笔不小的数目，何况它曾经是欧盟中最贫穷的国家。 希腊对这次奥运会可能带来的美好前景寄予厚望，并想借此机会（向世界）展示一个“焕然一新”的希腊，以吸引新的投资者和游客。但是，本国运动员的兴奋剂丑闻和旅游业的低靡破坏了希腊的形象，这使希腊政府十分恼火。希腊财政部的一位重要官员告诉记者，希腊只有正确处理好公众关系，才能使雅典奥运会的开销变成投资。
汉译英 基本教材：陈宏薇主编<汉英翻译基础> ?本书采用的翻译方法：社会符号学翻译法 ?(sociosemiotic approach) ?这个翻译法是由美国翻译理论家尤金。奈达提出的。他说： ?人一生中从事的最主要的活动便是理解并解释符号的意义。翻译实质上是一种符号转变活动。?鉴于翻译是一种极其复杂的符号转换活动，人们期望的―等值‖或―等效‖翻译只是一种理想。于是本书提出的汉译英的标准是： ?意义相符，功能相似 ?(correspondence in meaning and similarity in function) ?严复：信达雅（faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance） ?陈宏薇：意义相符，功能相似 ?我对同学们的要求：忠实，通顺。 ?(faithful in meaning and smooth in language) 一．中西思维方式的差异和中英表达方式的差异 ?1. 中国人注重伦理（ethics），英美人注重认知（cognition） ?由于几千年来受到儒家思想的影响，中国人更注重伦理道德，西方人更注重自然和科学。例如，汉语中亲属关系称谓特别复杂，英美人的称谓相对简单，比较笼统，aunt, uncle, cousin 都是相对笼统的称谓。 ?在表示时间和地点时，汉语习惯上是从大到小，英语刚好相反。汉语说2009年8月31日，英语说31 August, 2009 或August 31, 2009. 我们学校的地址，汉语说：中国重庆沙坪坝区烈士墓壮志路33号四川外语学院，邮编400031 英语说： ?SISU ?33 Zhuangzhi Rd., Lieshimu, Shapingba ?Chongqing，400031 ?PR China ?2. 中国人重整体（integrity），偏重综合思维（synthetic），英美人重个体（individuality），偏重分析性思维（analytic）。例如，中医把人体看做一个有机整体，讲究阴阳五行，对立统一；西医注重量化分析，查血压血糖血脂，做透视、B超，CT, 往往更多地看重局部。中国的京剧是综合艺术，讲究唱念做打，而英美的歌剧、舞剧，话剧，都是单一的艺术形式，歌剧无舞蹈，舞剧不唱歌，话剧只对白。中国画也是综合艺术，集绘诗词书法篆刻于一体；西洋画只是绘画，至多加上画家签名。如果在油画上提上一首诗，那就不伦不类了。 ?3. 中国人重直觉（intuition）, 英美人重证实（evidence）. ?中国人讲究―天人合一‖（the Unity of Man and Heaven），在语言上重主观联想、综合和领会，英美人重理性思维，讲分析，重科学性。所以，中文句子往往比较松散，语法也不严密; 而英语的语言分析十分系统、全面，句中各部分的关系明确清晰。 ?在川外校园里，有时可以看到这样的―启事‖： ?出租（限女生）123-4567 8900 ?凡是生活在这个环境中的人，没有人会误解这个广告的含义。
1.无论你是多么富有经验的演说家，无论你做了多么充分的准备，你都很难在这 样嘈杂招待会上发表演讲 No matter how experienced a speaker you are, and how well you have prepared your speech, you will have difficulty making a speech at such a noisy reception. 2.就像吉米妹妹的朋友都关心吉米一样，吉米也关心他们 Just as all his sister’s friends cared about him, Jimmy cared about them. 3.汽车的生产商在新车的几处都印有汽车识别号码，以便帮助找回被盗车辆 Car manufacturers stamp a vehicle identification number at several places on new cars to help track down stolen vehicles. 4.老师回来时你敢告我状的话，我就不再和你说话了 If you dare tell on me when the teacher gets back I won’t say a word to you any more. unit3 1.在思维方面，与他的行为一样，他是非常传统的 In his thinking, as in his behavior, he is very traditional. 2.教师一旦同意接受新的教学计划。他们就得面对新计划所带为他们的压力 Once the teachers agree to accept the new teaching program, they have to face the strain it puts on them. 3.从长远看，大学毕业后继续深造而不是直接参加工作是值得的 In the long run, it is worthwhile to pursue one’s study after graduating from university instead of going to work directly. 4.由于这所学校的办学宗旨是品德第一，所以道德观和学习成绩受到同样的重视 As the school operates on the Character First principle, moral values and a cademic achievements are stressed equally. unit4 1.从各方面考虑，这座城市都是世界上最令人激动的城市 Everything considered, this city is the world’s most exciting city. 2.尽管没有得到父母的赞同,他还是继续他的计划出国学习 Though with no approval from his parents, he went ahead with his plan to study abroad. 3.这座桥是以一位英雄的名字，这位英雄为人民的事业献出了生命 The bridge was named after the hero who gave his life for the cause of people. 4.据说，画家是以他母亲为模特的，他母亲的面容沧桑却不失坚定 It is said that the painter used his mother as the model in the painting whose face represented suffering yet strength. unit5 1.直到看到弥留之际躺在床上的母亲，他才意识到自己是多么地爱她 Not until he saw his mother lying in bed, dying, did he realize how much he loved her. 2.考虑到他最近的身体状况，我认为他这次考试成绩还不错 Taking into account of his recent physical condition, I think he has done quite well in the exam. 3.克拉克夫人躺在床上一动不动，一时间我都纳闷她是否和活着 Mrs. Clark lies in bed motionless, and I wondered briefly if she is still alive. 4.整栋楼一片黑暗，只有三楼的某个窗户透出一丝光 The building was darkened except for a single light burning in a third-storey window.
说明：这是我早期写的一篇考博翻译方面的文章，现在修改了一下，分享给大家，祝福成功。 一、翻译中的一个悖论 英汉翻译和汉英翻译，哪一个更难？大多数人会答曰：汉英翻译更难。显然，这看起来是一种合理的问问题的方法，其实并非如此。英汉翻译和汉英翻译，没有哪一个更难和不难的问题，只是因人而异，视个人的英语水平和翻译水平而定。那么，为什么大多数中国人会有一种明显的“汉英翻译比英汉翻译更难”的感觉呢？有回答这个问题，我们有必要了解一下翻译的过程。 其实，无论是英汉翻译，还是汉英翻译，就翻译的过程而言，只有两个：一是对原文的理解，二是用译文来表达。弄明白理解和表达这两个过程，我们就可以清楚的看到，为什么大多数人会有一种“汉英翻译更难”的论调了。 首先，有必要考查一下英汉翻译的过程。如果做英汉翻译的话，我们第一步需要理解英语，然后再把理解到的英语表达成为汉语就可以了。因为英语毕竟是我们的外语，所以大多数人认为，我们不懂英语是正常的。所以，无论英译汉这个过程汇总，英语有多难或者有多简单都没有关系，我们可以查阅英语词典得出比较正确的译文。然后，换过来，汉译英则不一样了。那些认为汉译英更难的人就认为，明明我们认识汉语，却不能用地道的英语来翻译，所以，汉译英很难做。但是，如果我们这样来想，在英译汉的过程中，我们连第一步（理解英语）可能都无法完成；而汉译英的话，好歹我们能完成翻译的第一步（理解汉语原文）。没有人能否认我们中国人，看不懂汉语吧？ 既然如此，我们就能够克服那种长期以后认为“汉英翻译更难”的心理障碍了。那么如何比较有效的完成汉英翻译呢？根据长期以来积累从事翻译教学的经验，笔者认为可以从以下步骤来着手： 二、汉英翻译策略之一：定主语 1．翻译的单位 在翻译中，最小的翻译单位是什么？是篇章吗？是段落吗？是句子吗？是单词吗？甚至是音节吗？这是一个翻译理论家长期以来争论不休的一个话题。现在大多数翻译家、翻译理论家和翻译实践家都趋向于以篇章或者是整个问题为基本的翻译单位。但是，对于初学翻译的人来说，或者那些根本没有掌握翻译的人，要去应付一个翻译考试的时候，笔者认为，句子可能是最好的翻译单位。 什么是句子？或者具体说来，在汉英翻译中，要把汉语翻译成英语，究竟什么是英语的
1、It takes persistence to succeed. Attitude also matters. 成功需要毅力。态度也很重要。 I have never thought I was better than anyone else, but I have always believed I couldn`t be outworked. 我从不认为我那时比其他任何人强，但我一直相信我当时干的活儿别人都赶不上。 2、As the Net pushes the economy ahead rapidly, the economy is also bringing the Net market forward , resulting in the Internet itself becoming the world`s largest emerging market. 当网络化高速地推动经济的时候，经济也反过来促进网络市场的发展。其结果是国际互联网本身将成为全球最大的新兴市场。 Of course , this is just the beginning . 当然这还仅仅是个开始。 Although there are many companies , which made huge profits investing in the Internet market, they tend to be small companies , like Yahoo ( at that time ). 尽管在国际互联网市场上投资的许多公司都赚了大钱，但它们通常是一些小公司，如雅虎之类。 3、Sustainable management is seen as a practical and economical way of protecting species from extinction. 人们把可持续管理视为一种保护物种使之免于绝迹的实用而又经济的办法。 Instead of depending on largely ineffective laws against illegal hunting , it gives local people a good economic reason to preserve plants and animals . 这种办法使当地人们可以为了经济上的原因而去保护动植物，而不是依靠在很大程度上的难以奏效的那些反非法偷猎的规章制度。 In Zimbabwe , for instance , there is a sustainable management project to protect elephants. 例如，在津巴布韦就有可持续管理项目来保护大象。 Foreign tourists pay large sums of money to kill these animals for sport . 外国游客为娱乐猎杀这些动物要付高额费用。 4、The trend began in earnest in 1995, when the Queen of England admitted that Maori people of New Zealand had been shamefully treated , when the country was a British colony. 这个潮流是从1995年才真正开始的。当时英国女王承认当新西兰还是英国殖民
一、英译汉翻译的基本程序 1.通读并透彻理解原文。翻译之前仔细研读原文，解决好“翻译什么”的问题。边读边琢磨，确切理解原文所述事物本身的含义与之相关的外延联想，如原句的中心意思是什么，有没有褒贬义或寓意，对其中的修饰语的把握等。 2. 组织语言。考生要根据上下文的语境选择适当的词汇和表达手段。 3. 表达。考生要从内容和语言两方面来考虑译文，尤其注意不能扭曲原意，不能错译或漏译。 4. 审校。这是英汉翻译过程中必不可少的环节。考生将自己的译文与原文进行对照，看看译文是否忠实于原文，是否通顺易懂，是否符合汉语规范。 二、英汉翻译的基本方法 直译与意译 直译指基本保留原有句子结构，照字面意思翻译；意译是在不损害原文内容和精神的前提下，为了表达的需要，对原文做相应的调整。如： Good marriage doesn’t just happen. They take a lot of love and a lot of work. 直译：好的婚姻不会仅仅发生—它们需要大量的爱和大量的工作。 意译:幸福的婚姻不是凭空发生的---它需要你为它付出大量的爱和做大量的工作。 或：美满的婚姻不会从天上掉下来---你必须为它付出大量的爱，做大量的工作。很显然，本句话的意译要比直译更符合汉语表达习惯。当然，一句话并不限于一种译法，要根据具体需要而定。一般来说，在英汉翻译考试中，如果直译能达意就用直译，如果直译效果不好，就应该考虑意译。只要译文内容忠实，意思明白就行了。 顺译法（又名句型对应法） 顾名思义，顺译法（句型对应法）就是按原文句子结构的排列顺序进行翻译，这种译法适合于原文叙述层次与汉语相近的长句翻译，如只含名词性从句的复合句、前置的状语从句或从句在后的长复合句等等。 As an obedient son, I had to accept my parents’ decision that I was to be a doctor ,though the prospect interested in me not at all. 作为一个孝顺的儿子，我不得不接收父母的决定，去当大夫，虽然我对这样的前途毫无兴趣。 3.倒译法 倒译法就是颠倒原文句子结构的排列顺序来进行翻译。 例1： The moon is completely empty of water because the gravity on the moon is much less than on the earth. 因为月球的引力比地球小的多，所以月球上根本没有水。 例2：The football students can be removed from the university if they fail to pass their examination. 作为足球运动员的学生如果考试不及格就要被开除。 4.分译法 分译法，又称拆译法，也是一种基本的句法变通手段。从被分译成份的结构而言，分译大致可以分为单词的分译、短语的分译和从句的分译三种。 单词的分译即拆词，将难译的词从句子主干中拆离出来，另作处理，这种方法常常引起句式上的调整，英译汉中要拆译的词常常是形容词和副词。如： 1
unit1 1. 无论你是多么富有经验的演说家，无论你做了多么充分的准备，你都很难在这样嘈杂的招待会上发表演讲。 No matter how experienced a speaker you are, and how well you have prepared your speech, you will have difficulty making a speech at such a noisy reception. 2. 就像吉米妹妹的朋友都关心吉米一样，吉米也关心他们。 Just as all his sister's friends cared about him, Jimmy cared about them. 3. 汽车生产商在新车的几处都印有汽车识别号码，以便帮助找回被盗的车辆。 Car manufacturers stamp a vehicle identification number at several places on new cars to help track down stolen vehicles. 4. 老师回来时你敢告我状的话，我就不再和你说话了。 If you dare tell on me when the teacher gets back I won't say a word to you any more. 5. 有些老年人愿意独自过日子，但大多数老人选择和儿女一起生活。 Some elderly people prefer to live on their own while the great majority choose to live with their children. 6. 现在需要面对的事情是：如何筹集创建公司所需的资金。 Here is something that needs to be reckoned with: how to get the necessary finances to establish the company. 1. When someone does something for you, no matter how small and no matter whether he is superior or inferior, it is proper to say "Thank you". 每当有人帮了你，无论事情大小，无论他地位高低，你都应该对他说声“谢谢”。 2. The invention of the steam engine changed ships just as it had changed land transport. 蒸汽机的发明使船舶发生了变化，正如其已经改变了陆地运输一样。 3. Though the manager did his best to help, he was still unable to track down the source of the problem. 尽管经理努力帮忙，他还是不能找到问题的根源所在。 4. The girl, whose life revolved around her brother, had no difficulty working out what she should do to please him. 这个女孩的生活天天围着哥哥转，完全明白该做什么来使哥哥高兴。 5. If you don't know what you want, you might end up getting something you don't want. 如果你不知道自己想要什么，你最终得到的可能都是自己不想要的。
句子翻译音译汉： 1.Their argument ended when she slammed the door and left without a word. 她砰的关上门，一声不吭地走了，他们之间那场争执就此结束。 2.The guests at the dinner party were slightly surprised at the commanding tone of the American. 出席晚宴的客人对那个美国人威严的语气感到有点儿意外。 3.Johnny has outgrown the fear of staying at home alone . 约翰尼已长大成熟，不再害怕独自呆在家里了。 4.While she felt like joining the argument,Nancy was too shy to open mouth. 南希虽然很想参加辩论，但腼腆得不敢开口。 5.What do you think is the likeliest time to find him at home? 你觉得什么时候最有可能在家里找到他？ 6.It is very likely that he will be rejected by the army because of his bad eyesight. 他很可能会因为实力不好而被拒收入伍。 7.The committee members have conflicting opinions as to the best location of the new airport. 委员会成员在新机场最佳选址这一问题上持有不同意见。 8.Henry's works of art are superior in many respects to those of his brother's better. 亨利创作的艺术品在许多方面比他兄弟的要好。 9.It is obviously that his young assistant who is running the bookstore. 很明显是他的年轻助手在经营这家书店。 10.Being short of funds, they are trying to attract foreign capital. 由于缺乏资金，他们正在设法吸引外资。 11.The little girl ran so fast that she was thrown off balance and fell down. 那个小女孩跑得太快，身体一下失去平衡，跌倒了。 12.Be sure not to say anything capable of being misunderstood 千万别说可能会被人误解的话。 1.“A woman?s reaction in any crisis,” the major says, “is to scream.
英译汉评分标准：“忠实60% +通顺40% ”的标准整体打分
汉译英评分标准：“忠实60% +通顺40% ”的标准整体打分
专八翻译技巧：如何确定汉译英句子主语 在专八汉译英中，应该如何确定英语译文的主语呢？ 1把汉语原文中的主语直接翻译成英语译文中的主语，这是一种最简单、最可靠的对应方法，也是我们做汉译英“定主语”的时候首先应该考虑的方法。如： 古来一切有成就的人，都很严肃地对待自己的生命。 Throughout the ages,all people of accomplishme nt have take n their lives seriously. 上面的例子里，汉语句子的主语是名词短语，由于名词短语在英语句子中可以直接充当主语， 所以在翻译的时候可以直接对应下来，确定这个名词短语为译文的主语。 2、汉语和英语都有一个共同的特点，就是代词可以充当主语，所以，还可以直接选用汉语原文中的代词来充当英语译文的主语。如： 得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道，一旦隔离，拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里，我顿觉打入冷宫，十分郁郁不得志起来。 Before I was taken ill,l had been a spoiled child of my parents,getting things my way in the family. Once isolated and confined to a small house on the slope of the garde n,l sudde nly found myself in disfavor and my wings clipped. 3、在汉语中，除了上述名词和代词可以作主语之外，动词也可以直接充当主语。英语的动词原形不能作主语，但是英语中的动名词或者动词不定式则可以充当主语。如果我们确定用 汉语的动词主语来充当英语译文的主语时，必须要使用其对应的英语动词的动名词形式或者 不定式形式。如： 帮助真正的穷人，要比仅仅缩小贫富差距更有价值。帮助下层社会的人重新回到社会主流中 来，符合所有人的利益 Helping the truly poor is much worthier than merely narrowing inequalities.And helping the lower class rejoin mainstream of society is in the interests of all.
PartIV英译汉15分;15分钟 A A new idea is put forward in his latest speech. 在他最近的一次讲话中提出了一个新观点。 A new war broke out between the two countries because of the incident.因为这一事件，两国之间爆发了一场新的战争。Accustomed to living in the city,I had difficulty living in the country.我已经习惯于生活在城市，所以住在农村很困难。After a meal in restaurant,you ask the waiter for the bill.你在餐馆吃完饭后，向服务员要帐单。 After two months they got used to living in the countryside.两个月后他们习惯了生活在农村。 All things considered,the result is satisfactory.考虑到所有情况，这个结果是令人满意的。 Are there such things that you could not get but really wanted to?有没有一些东西,你想要却没有得到。 As for the influence of computeri z ation,nowhere but in U.S.have we seen the result so clearly.至于计算机化的影响，我们在哪里也不如在美国看到的结果更清楚。 At that time I had to catch the first bus ,so it was before long that I got used to getting up early.那时我每天得赶第一班汽车，所以不久，我就习惯早起了。At the factory an worker showed us how to operate the new imported machine.在工厂一位工人给我们演示如何操作新进口的机器。 B But for t he rain we should have a good time in the mountain要不是因为雨，我们在山里会很愉快。 By means of this device the motor can stop turning of itself.利用这个装置，电动机能够自动停止转动。 E Emphasis on the importance of learning English is never too much.我们再怎样强调学英文的重要性也不为过。 F For a whole night she lay buried in the snow.她被雪掩埋着躺了一整夜。 H Having failed the e xamination, Harold feels very depressed.哈罗尔德考试不及格，感到很沮丧。 He formed when he was young the habit of keeping promises.他年轻时养成守信的好习惯。 He got up very early yesterday morning so as not to be late for the meeting.他昨天早晨起得很早，以免开会迟到。 He has a large collection of books ,many of which are written in English.他收藏了大量的图书，很多是用英文写的。 He is not good at sport,but when it comes to English,he is t he best in the class.他不擅长体育运动，但是谈及英语， 他却是班级中最出色的。 He is not good at sports,but when it comes to English,he is t he best in the class.他不擅长体育运动，但是谈及英语， 他却是班级中最出色的。 He is one of those men w ho always do their best in difficult cirvumstances.他是 一个在困难环境中总能尽全力的人。 He reached school very early every day in order to review the knowledge he has learned.他为了复习学过的知识，每天都 很早到学校。 He went out in a small boat without any safety equipment or means of signalling for help.他乘一艘小船走了，小船没有任 何安全设备和发求救信号的措施。 He will call you the moment he finishes his work.他一做完他的工作就会给你打 电话的。 His father suddenly passed away, and what is worse, he was unemployed.他的 父亲突然去世，更糟的是，他失业了。 His health has been affected, and may break down altogether if the strain continues.他的身体受到影响，而且如果 压力继续下去，他会完全垮下来。 I I am aware that I am unable to help her because that is beyong my ability.我明 白，我帮不了她，这事超出我的能力范 围。 I didn’t know Mary’s address, otherwise I would have gone to see her when I stayed in Paris.我不知道马丽的 地址，不然的话，我在巴黎时会去看她 的。 I don’t remember having been given a chance to try this method.我不记得被给 过试验这种方法的机会。 I don’t think I know the girl with long hair,although she reminds me of someone I know.我觉得我不认识那位长 发女孩，尽管她使我想起我认识的一个 人。 I don’t think she’ll be upset,but I’ll see her in case she is.我认为她不会不安，但 以防万一，我还是要去看她一下。 I have something urgent to do and I have to leave immediately.我现在有急事 要做，得马上离开。 I hoped that she would answer my letter as soon as possible.我希望她能尽快给我 回信。 I needn’t have written to him because he called me quickly then.我本没有必要 给他写信，因为信没有到他就给我打电 话了。 I once dreamed of traveling on the moon, which seems very likely now.我曾经梦想 去月球旅行，现在看来这个梦想很可能 实现。 I prefer writing a term paper to taking an examination.我宁愿写一篇学期论文， 也不愿参加考试。 I promised to meet her there in a month,providing I was sufficien-tly recovered to do so.我答应一个月后在那 里见她，但是要我的身体恢复到能那样 做才行。 I remember being invited to their party ,but I have left the invitation in the office.我记得被邀请参加他们的晚会，但 我把请柬留在办公室了。 I was very busy at the moment, but the classmates insisted that I join in their game.我当时很忙，但同学们坚持要我参 加他们的游戏。 I went to the airport by a special bus,w hich was provided by the airline company.我乘坐由航空公司专门开通的 巴士到了机场。 I would have come sooner,but I didn’t know that you were waiting.我本来能够 来得更快，但是我不知道你在等着。 I’d rather not have the opera-tion unless it is absolutely necessa-ry.除非绝 对需要，不然我是宁愿不做手术。 I’m going anyway,whether she will go is up to her to decide.我无论如何要走，她 是否走由她决定。 I’m unwilling to reject her request,but I am aware that I am unable to help her because that is beyong my ability.我实在 不好拒绝她的要求，但我也很明白，我 帮不了她，这事超出我的力量。 If Bob had come with us yeste-rday,he would have had a good time.如果昨天鲍 博和我们一起来，他会玩得很高兴的。 If I were to decide to marry a rich man or a wise man,I would tather choose the former.如果让我决定是嫁给一个有钱的 男人，还是一个聪明的男人，我宁愿选 择前者。 If you invite me,I’d like to accept it happily.如果你邀请我的话，我会非常高 兴地接受。 If you run into Bill,would you please tell him that I am looking for him?如果你碰 巧遇到比尔，请告诉他我在找他。 If you take this medicine twice a day it should cure your cold.如果你服用这种 药，每天两次，会治好你的感冒的。 If you want to improve your English,you have to speak it as often as possible.如果 你要改进你的英文，就必须尽可能地常 说它。 If you’d like to take the responsibility for the consequences, I’ll agree to this proposal.如果后果你负责，我就同意这 项提议。 In terms of ability,he is the suitable candidate for the job.就能力而言，他是 这项工作的合适人选。 It is already 6 o’clock.We have barely enough time to catch the train.现在已经 六点钟了。我们要没有时间赶火车了。 It is not likely that this situation will continue very long.这个形势不像是能继 续很久。 It is said that this bridge has e xisted for more than three centuries.据说这座桥已 经存在三个多世纪了。 It is well known that Edison invented the electric lamp.人所共知爱迪生发明了电 灯。 It is you,not him,who deserve praise.是 你值得称赞，而不是他。 It suddenly occurred to me that some materials need to be collected before writing the dissertation.我突然想到，在 写论文之前应搜集一些资料。 It was not such a good novel as she had described.这本小说不像他所描述的那么 好。 It was snowing heavily when he left home for the railway station.当他离家去 火车站时，雪正下得很大。 It was Tony w ho suggested going to the opera.是托尼建议去听歌剧的。 It’s a shame that you have so little time in New Y ork on the tour.你旅游中在纽 约的时间这么短，太遗憾了。 It’s not for money that I teach; I like teaching.我教书不是为了钱，我喜欢教 书。 L Let me show you our new reservoir which was completed last year.我领你看 看我们去年完成的新水库。 M My brother lent me his pen because mine was broken.我的哥哥把他的笔借 给了我，因为我的坏了。 My young sister desires to learn knowledge;she reads whenever she is free.我的妹妹渴求知识，一有时间就读 书。 N Not until he had finished the e xperiment successfully did Prof.Smith leave the laboratory.史密司教授直到成功做完实 验才离开实验室。 O On the other hand,a good teacher needs to know how to encourage his students to learn.另一方面，一位好的老师需要懂 得如何鼓励学生学习。 Once I worked with them and often heard them speak very good English.我 曾经和他们一起工作，经常听他们讲非 常好的英语。。 One should always keep in mind t he old