非谓语
在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）
逻辑主语与真正主语
真正主语：谓语动作发出者，即真正主语。
逻辑主语：非谓语动作的发出者或者承受者。
构成非谓语动词句型的首要条件：逻辑主语与真正主语一致。
To acquire knowledge , you must study
解析：条件：此句真正主语：you 逻辑主语：you 主语一致。
结论：可构成非谓语句型
非谓语使用条件
一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下
She got off the bus but left her handbag on her seat.
She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat.
非谓语动词做主语的区别：
1. ________ a language requires time and effort.
A. Learn
B. Learning
C. To learn
D. Being learned
2. It is not always easy ________ invitations.
A. to refuse
B. refusing
C. to be refused
D. being refused
3. How __________ the problem will be discussed at tomorrow’s meeting.
A. to solve
B. to be solved
C. being solved
D. solving
4. It __________ forty-five minutes __________ there by bus.
A. cost, to get
B. takes, getting
C. takes, to get
D. takes, to get to
5. It is no good __________. You should give_________.
A. to smoke, it up
B. smoking, it up
C. smoking, up it
D. to smoke, up it
1. He gave us some advice on how ____ English.
A. learning
B. learned
C. to learn
D. learn
2. It ’s a pay day, and they are waiting ____.
A. pay
B. paying
C. paid
D. to be paid
3. I don’t know whether you happen, but I’m going to study in the this September . A．to be heard B. to be hearing
C．to hear D. to have heard
4. I forgot _____ my name when I finished ____ the composition.
A. to sign, to writing
B. to sign, writing
C. signing, writing
5. ---You were brave enough to raised objections at the meeting.
---Well, now I regret ____ that.
A. to do
B. to be doing
C. to have done
D. having done
6. She can’t help ____ the house because she’s busy making a cake.
A. to clean
B. cleaning
C. cleaned
D. being cleaned
非谓语动词做表语的区别：
1. Her wish is __________ an engineer.
A. becoming
B. become
C. to become
D. being come people’s greatest pleasure is __________.
A. fishing
B. to fish
C. to be fishing
D. being fish
3. The report was so _______ that they were all __________.
A. inspiring, exciting
B. inspiring, excited
C. inspired, excited
D. inspired, exciting
4. ---“You look pale.”
---“I feel a little __________.”
A. tire
B. tired
C. tiring
D. tiresome
非谓语动词做定语的区别：
1. She said she had a important meeting ______.
A. to attend in
B. to attend
C. attend
D. attending
2. He is always the first ______ questions.
A. to answer
B. answering
C. to be answered
D. being answered
3. The Olympic Games _______ in the year 2016 will be a great success.
A. being held
B. to be held
C. held
D. to hold
4. The first textbooks ____ for teaching English as a foreign
language came out in the 16th century.
A. having written
B. to be written
C. being written
D. written
5. At present, English is the main subject ___________ here.
A. to be taught
B. being taught
C. teaching
D. to be teaching
6. ---"Who are those people with the banner"
---"A group _______ itself the League for peace."
A. calling
B. calls
C. called
D. is called
7. The pen __________ belongs to me.
A. which it is on the table
B. lying on the table
C. is on the table
D. which on the table
1. I have enjoyed my visit here. I'll be very sorry __________.
A. for leaving
B. of leaving
C. to leave
D. left
2. I went to see him __________ him out.
A. finding
B. find
C. only to find
D. only found
3. __________ the cry for help, people immediately rushed
out of the rooms.
A. To hear
B. Hearing
C. Having heard
D. They hearing
4. __________ Hello, he reached out his hand.
A. Said
B. Saying
C. Talked about
D. Talking to
5. _________ from the tallest building, the whole city looks very
beautiful.
A. See
B. Saw
C. Seeing
D. Seen
6. ___________ the past, our life is much better.
A. Comparing with
B. Be compared with
C. To compare with
D. Compared with
非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别：
1. The doctor advised Lao Li __________ more rest. A. that he get B. to get C. would get D. get
2. Soon they saw the boy _________ in the crowd. A. disappear B. to disappear C. disappears D. disappeared
3. Birds are seldom heard __________ at night. A. sing B. singing C. to sing D. to be singing
4. He kept me __________ for many hours. A. to wait B. having been waited C. waiting D. waited
5. Mother caught the boy __________ in the corner. A. smoke B. to smoke C. smoking D. being smoked
6. Having read the Emperor's New Clothes, we all found it ___. A. interest B. interested
C. interesting
D. to interest
7. I need this chapter __________ before tomorrow. A. rewriting B. rewritten C. rewrite D. to write again
8. When she returned home, she found the window open and something __________.
A. to steal
B. losing
C. missed
D. stolen
9. There was so much noise that the speaker could not make himself _________.
A. being heard
B. heard
C. hearing
D. hear
非谓语动词的时态和语态：
1. around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Bird’s Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.
A. Having shown
B. To be shown
C. Having been shown
D. To show
2.【2012重庆】______to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film.
A. Having been asked
B. To ask
C. Having asked
D. To be asked
3.【2008福建】___ in the queen for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized be had left the cheque in the car.
A. Waiting
B. To wait
C. Having Waited
D. To have waited
son pretended _______ when I came back.
A. to sleep
B. sleeping
C. being sleeping
D. to be sleeping
5.【2011上海】Today we have chat rooms, text messaging, emailing…, but we seem _____ the art of communicating face-to-face.
A. losing
B. to be losing
C. to be lost
D. having lost
is the man ____now？
A. operating on
B. operated on
C. being operated on
D. to be operated on
question ______ now at the meeting is not the question ______ yesterday.
A. discussed; discussed
B. discussing; had discussed
C. being discussed; discussed
D. discussing; discussing
asked ___ to work in the countryside.
A. to be sent
B. to send
C. to be sending
D. sending
a letter, he decided to send a telegram.
A. Not receiving
B. Receiving not
C. Not having received
D. Having not received
10The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ______ it more difficult.
A. not make
B. not to make
C. not making
D. do not make
独立主格结构
1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow
The test finished, we began our holiday.
With a lot of things to do, he is quite busy.
With those noises upstairs, I couldn’t go to sleep.
all the magazines I needed ____, I left the post office.
A. buying
B. to buy
C. bought
D. to be bought
electricity ___ , we couldn’t drive the machine.
A. was cut off
B. being cut off
C. cut off
D. having cut off
received an invitation to dinner, and with his work ________, he gladly accepted it. A．finished B．finishing
C．having finished D．was finished
___ into consideration, they believed themselves more and returned to their positions.
A. to take
B. taken
C. to be taken
D. taking
主语从句非谓语做作主语
主语从句
Ving做主语
宾语从句非谓语作宾语
宾语从句
to do 做宾语
表语从句非谓语做表语
My wish was that I became an artist 表语从句
My wish was to become an artist to do做表语
非谓语做定语
定语从句
ved 做定语
状语从句非谓语作状语
Because we didn't know her telephone number，We couldn't get in touch with her 状语从句
Not knowing her telephone number, we couldn't get in touch with her.
Ving做状语