法律英语证书(LEC)全国统一考试评测标准

目前国内三大法律英语考试证书的简介与区分严重声明：本站所有文章由上海优尔法律信息咨询有限公司拥有完整著作权，禁止非经授权的任何个人或组织基于经营性目的，对文章进行任意更改或转载；另外，用于非经营性目的个人或组织进行转载请注明文章出处，否则本公司保留对上述侵犯网络传播权的行为追究法律责任的权利。

一、三大法律英语考试的简介◆TOLES：TOLES(律思)，全称“TestofLegalEnglishSkills”，也就是TOLES法律英语水平考试。

TOLES考试是世界上第一个国际法律英语水平考试，是由世界知名的英语培训专家（TheLondonschoolofEnglish&Communicaid）和法律领域资深的专家（CambridgeLawStudio）共同合作开发的，并与多家律师事务所和法律机构定期进行磋商，对TOLES考试进行修订，使其适应当前法律行业的变化。

该考试的目的是以法律英语这门技术语言为媒介，来核查考生对英美法民商事部门法知识的掌握，从而满足律师事务所、公司、法律机构、律师和法律系学生测评个人法律英语水平的需要。

TOLES作为国际权威的法律英语水平考试，自2001年起至今，以其法律英语语言运用能力测试的精准度多年来赢得众多顶级世界知名律所的信赖和认可。

2008年TOLES被首次引入中国，从而受到众多法律英语爱好者和法律工作求职者的关注。

TOLES考试包括三个等级：TOLESAdvanced（固定日期费用2000RMB/人，任意日期费用2800RMB/人）;TOLESHigher（费用1700RMB/人）;TOLESFoundation（费用1400RMB/人）。

考生应该根据自身的英语水平和法律知识水平选择相应的考试，而不一定要三个等级考试全都参加。

TOLES考试每年3月、6月、和11月举行3次，其中，报考TOLESAdvanced的考生可以在增加费用的前提下指定任意日期考试。

TOLES考试指定教材5本，推荐参考教材12本，不指定培训机构和教材购买地点。

lec评价法四级摘要：1.LEC 评价法简介2.LEC 评价法四级的适用对象和要求3.LEC 评价法的四大要素4.四级考试对LEC 评价法的应用5.总结正文：【LEC 评价法简介】LEC 评价法，全称为“Learning, Evaluating, and Communicating”，即学习、评价和交流法，是一种综合性的评价方法。

它旨在通过对学习者的学习过程、学习成果和学习环境的评价，以及对学习者之间的交流与合作，来全面衡量学习者的学习能力和水平。

【LEC 评价法四级的适用对象和要求】LEC 评价法四级主要适用于英语作为非母语的学习者，特别是那些准备参加四级考试的学生。

四级考试是我国大学英语教育体系中的一个重要部分，它要求考生具备一定的英语听、说、读、写能力。

因此，LEC 评价法四级的实施，可以帮助学生更好地备考四级考试，提高他们的英语应用能力。

【LEC 评价法的四大要素】LEC 评价法包括四个要素，分别是学习、评价、交流和环境。

这四个要素相互关联，共同构成了LEC 评价法的基本框架。

首先，学习是LEC 评价法的核心。

学习者需要通过自主学习和合作学习，来提高自己的语言能力。

其次，评价是LEC 评价法的重要组成部分。

它通过对学习者的学习成果和学习过程进行评价，来衡量学习者的学习能力。

再次，交流是LEC 评价法的另一个重要要素。

它强调学习者之间的交流与合作，以此来提高学习者的语言应用能力。

最后，环境是LEC 评价法的另一个重要组成部分。

它要求学习者在一个良好的学习环境中进行学习，以此来提高学习者的学习效率。

【四级考试对LEC 评价法的应用】四级考试对LEC 评价法的应用，主要体现在以下几个方面。

首先，四级考试要求学习者具备一定的听、说、读、写能力，这正是LEC 评价法所强调的。

其次，四级考试的评分标准也与LEC 评价法相似。

它不仅注重学习者的语言知识，还注重学习者的语言应用能力。

最后，四级考试也鼓励学习者之间的交流与合作，这与LEC 评价法的理念是一致的。

法律英语考试有了中国标准当各种各样的语言考试标准相继出台之时，有谁注意到法律英语考试的标准？最近，教育部、中央政法委将此事提上了议事日程。

从一次会议到一个文件2012年5月26日，教育部、中央政法委在北京召开卓越法律人才教育培养计划启动工作会议。

会上正式成立了由公检法等多部门和高等学校负责人组成的卓越法律人才教育培养计划指导委员会、专家委员会，并将正式启动北京大学等二十多所高校与各级法院、检察院、律师事务所、企业等部门共建的一大批法学教育实践基地一百多个卓越法律人才教育培养基地。

卓越法律人才教育培养计划是建国以来教育行政主管部门颁布的第一个关于法学高等教育的专门的指导性文件。

从一个现实到一个目标正如卓越法律人才教育培养计划专家工作组组长、中国政法大学校长黄进所说：当前，我国法学教育存在整体办学水平较低；人才培养目标定位模糊；实践教学环节薄弱导致学生知识应用能力和职业技能低下；国际化水平整体较低，不能适应法学教育国际化和法律职业竞争国际化的需要，具有国际视野、通晓国际规则、能够参与国际事务和国际竞争的国际化法律人才严重不足等突出问题。

这些问题在我国加入WTO以后更加凸显出来。

随着中国对外开放的步伐不断加快，涉外法律事务与日俱增，懂英语、通法律的精英明法型复合人才炙手可热。

然而，现实是我国涉外法律人才的职业素质却不尽如人意，有很多法律工作者不能用英文撰写法律文书，更有甚者不能读懂法律文献，这些都远远不能适应市场的需求。

面对目前国内法律英语的教学体系不甚完善、师资力量单薄、教学内容没有统一的标准、没有一个科学的考核方式衡量法律英语的学习程度等问题，法律英语证书全国统一考试指导委员会组织专家论证调研，于2008年由中国政法大学和北京外国语大学共同推出法律英语证书（Legal English Certificate，简称LEC）全国统一考试。

LEC考试的应运而生，填补了法律英语水平测试的空白，为法律英语的教学和涉外法务人才的培养指明了方向，使得以上问题得以逐步解决。

第二次法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试试题分析报告第二次法律英语证书(LEC)全国统一考试于2008年12月27日在北京、上海、广州三大城市举行。

该试题分析报告旨在促进法律英语的学习以及LEC试题的研究。

本文首先将本次考题与第一次考题进行对比分析，其后将重点分析卷一，卷二的命题特点以及试题解析。

一、两次试题比较及命题趋势分析与第一次试题相比，本次试卷一的题型及考查内容基本保持不变，仍为100道单项选择题，考查美国部门法基础知识，试题难度略有提高，各部门法所占比例为：宪法16道题，合同19道题，财产法7道题，侵权法13道题，知识产权法4道题，诉讼程序法11道题，证据法13道题，刑法9道题，商法3道题，还有5道逻辑推理。

考试平均成绩为106分，卷一平均成绩为53分，卷一最高分为82分。

第二卷题型稍有变化，第一次考查了法律文书翻译，包括中译英，英译中，以及follow-up letter，memo和brief 三篇法律文书的写作。

在第一题法律翻译中，英译中部分选取了一段字数为300多个单词的欺诈条例。

中译英部分选取了我国合同法第四百二十四条至四百二十七条的居间合同。

所选的这两段翻译材料都具有较强的实用性。

第二题写一封follow-up letter，题目给出双方的邮寄地址及事由——在中国建立合资企业。

要求考生假设作为律所律师，给客户写一封自荐信。

第三题是一个关于解除房屋买卖合同的案例，题目要求考生以律师助理的身份，就此事用英文给高级律师写一封office memo. 本题案例有400多个单词，要求考生具有一定的英文阅读能力。

第四题要求考生写一篇brief. 题目给出State Law的一个条例，并提供四个小案例对这一条例做出解释。

题目阅读量为400个单词，也对考生阅读英文案例的熟练程度提出了较高的要求。

第二次法律英语证书（LEC）考试，卷二的题型稍作调整，法律翻译继续作为考查重点，英译中摘选于美国宪法中关于选举美国总统，副总统的有关规定。

法律英语lec考试真题及解析Here is an English essay on the topic "Legal English LEC Exam Sample Questions and Analysis":The Legal English LEC (Legal English Certification) exam is a widely recognized assessment of proficiency in the specialized language used in the legal field. This exam is designed to evaluate an individual's ability to comprehend and communicate effectively in the context of legal proceedings, contracts, and other legal documents. As a crucial component of many legal professionals' career development, the LEC exam demands a comprehensive understanding of legal terminology, grammatical structures, and written communication skills.One of the primary challenges faced by examinees is the sheer breadth and depth of the legal lexicon. The LEC exam requires candidates to demonstrate a robust understanding of legal terms, phrases, and concepts that are often rooted in Latin, French, and other languages. Mastering these specialized vocabularies is essential for accurately interpreting and producing legal texts, whether in the context of client consultations, court proceedings, or contract negotiations.In addition to lexical knowledge, the LEC exam also assesses an individual's command of legal grammar and syntax. Legal writing often follows a distinct stylistic convention, characterized by the use of passive voice, complex sentence structures, and formal language. Successful candidates must be able to navigate these linguistic nuances and produce clear, concise, and unambiguous written responses.Another crucial aspect of the LEC exam is the ability to comprehend and analyze legal documents, such as case law, statutes, and regulatory frameworks. Examinees are often presented with excerpts from these sources and asked to demonstrate their understanding of the underlying legal principles, the implications of specific provisions, and the overall context of the document.To effectively prepare for the LEC exam, aspiring legal professionals must engage in a comprehensive and structured study regimen. This may include reviewing sample exam questions, practicing legal writing exercises, and immersing oneself in the language and conventions of the legal field through extensive reading and research.One effective study strategy is to familiarize oneself with common LEC exam question formats and the associated skills required for each. For instance, some questions may focus on vocabularyrecognition, where examinees must select the appropriate legal term to complete a sentence or define a specific concept. Other questions may test an individual's ability to identify and correct grammatical errors in legal texts or to rephrase legal statements in a more concise and clear manner.Additionally, examinees should be prepared to demonstrate their ability to analyze and interpret legal documents. This may involve summarizing the key points of a case law excerpt, identifying the underlying legal principles at play, or evaluating the potential implications of a specific statutory provision.By mastering these diverse skills and strategies, aspiring legal professionals can increase their chances of success on the LEC exam and further enhance their career prospects within the legal industry. The LEC certification serves as a valuable credential, demonstrating an individual's mastery of the specialized language and communication skills required for effective legal practice.In conclusion, the LEC exam is a rigorous assessment of an individual's proficiency in legal English, encompassing a wide range of linguistic and analytical skills. Successful preparation for this exam requires a comprehensive and dedicated approach, involving the study of legal terminology, grammatical conventions, and the interpretation of various legal documents. By investing the time andeffort to excel on the LEC exam, aspiring legal professionals can unlock new opportunities and strengthen their positioning within the competitive legal landscape.。

法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试监考规则第一条本规章所称监考人员是受法律英语证书全国统一考试委员会托付，负责在法律英语证书全国统一考试过程中监视应试人员考试，并依照规定权限对违纪行为进展处理的工作人员。

其次条各考点按规定条件选聘、培训监考人员。

监考人员应根据法律英语证书全国统一考试委员会的要求，仔细学习法律英语证书全国统一考试有关规定，全面履行监考职责，严格执行考场纪律，确保考试顺当进展。

第三条监考人员进入考场时须佩带法律英语证书全国统一考试委员会统一制发的监考标志。

第四条法律英语证书全国统一考试考点设总监考人一名、副总监考人若干名。

总监考人职责为：（一）负责本考点的监考工作；（二）依照规定权限处理考试过程中发生的状况和违纪行为；（三）组织、检查、验收答卷的封装；副总监考人负责帮助总监考人治理本考点的考务工作。

第五条考点设流淌监考员若干。

流淌监考员的职责为：（一）负责考场外秩序及联络事宜，协作各考场监考人员处理各种突发状况；（二）检查、监视考场监考人员的工作；（三）协作监考人员处理应试人员的违纪行为；（四）替换场内监考人员；（五）总监考人交办的其他任务。

第六条考场内的监考人员应于每场考试开考前规定时间内到达监考办公室领取试卷，并在检查试卷密封状况后签字确认。

监考人员领到试卷后须直接到达考场，不得携卷去其他任何地方。

监考人员严禁自行调换监考考场。

第七条监考人员在应试人员入场前应检查、清理考场。

第八条监考人员应引导应试人员准时进场入座，并负责查收制止带入考场的物品，包括书籍、资料、笔记、报纸、稿纸及电子设备、通讯设备等与考试无关的物品，检核证件，宣布考场规章和考试要求，宣读留意事项。

第九条监考人员不得擅自提前或者推迟考试开头时间。

第十条考试开头三非常钟后，制止迟到应试人员进场。

考试开头三非常钟内，不准应试人员交卷出场。

第十一条各场考试开头前5分钟，监考人员应面对应试人员启封试卷袋，并逐份清查数量，发觉问题的，应马上向总监考人报告。

lec打分法分级标准
LEC打分法是一种用于评价和分级的标准方法。

以下是该方法的分级标准：
1. 优秀（5分）：表现出色，达到了超出预期的水平。

具备非常高的专业知识和技能，能够独立完成任务并给予他人指导和支持。

展现出卓越的创新能力和解决问题的能力。

2. 良好（4分）：表现良好，达到了预期水平。

具备较高的专业知识和技能，能够有效地完成任务并满足要求。

展现出良好的团队合作和沟通能力。

3. 一般（3分）：表现一般，达到了基本要求，但缺乏突出的表现。

具备基本的专业知识和技能，能够完成日常任务。

需要进一步提升自己的能力和技巧。

4. 需改进（2分）：表现不佳，未达到基本要求。

缺乏必要的专业知识和技能，无法有效地完成任务。

需要加强学习和提高能力。

5. 不合格（1分）：表现非常差，完全不能满足要求。

缺乏必要的专业知识和技能，无法胜任工作。

需要大幅改进和提高。

以上是LEC打分法的分级标准，用于评价和分析个人或团队的绩效表现。

lec备考经验Lec备考经验Lec（Law School Admission Test）是全球范围内法学院招生考试的标准化测试，对于想要进入法学院的学生来说，备考Lec是必不可少的一步。

在备考Lec的过程中，我积累了一些经验，希望能够与大家分享。

备考Lec需要制定一个合理的备考计划。

根据自己的时间安排和能力情况，合理规划每天的学习任务和时间分配，制定一个详细的备考计划。

这样可以帮助我们有条不紊地进行备考，避免临时抱佛脚的情况发生。

备考Lec需要掌握考试的内容和考试形式。

Lec主要考察逻辑推理、阅读理解、分析推理和写作能力等方面的内容，因此我们需要详细了解每个部分的考点和考试要求。

可以通过参加Lec模拟考试、做题、阅读相关书籍等方式来熟悉考试的题型和要求，提高自己的解题能力和应试技巧。

备考Lec需要进行大量的练习。

练习是提高解题能力和应试技巧的有效途径。

可以通过做题集、参加在线模拟考试等方式进行练习，不断提高自己的解题速度和准确率。

同时，要对做错的题目进行仔细的分析和总结，找出自己的不足之处，避免犯同样的错误。

备考Lec还需要注重词汇和阅读能力的提升。

Lec考试中有大量的阅读理解题目，对于词汇理解和阅读能力要求较高。

可以通过背单词、阅读英文文章等方式来提高自己的词汇量和阅读理解能力，这对于解答阅读理解题目非常有帮助。

备考Lec还需要进行写作练习。

Lec的写作部分要求考生根据所给的观点，对其进行辩证论证。

可以通过练习写作、写作模板等方式来提高自己的写作能力，熟悉写作的结构和表达方式，使自己能够在有限的时间内写出一篇有逻辑、有条理的文章。

备考Lec还需要保持良好的心态。

备考Lec是一个漫长而艰辛的过程，会遇到各种困难和挫折。

我们要保持积极的心态，相信自己的能力，坚持不懈地努力，相信自己一定能够取得好成绩。

通过以上的经验总结，我相信大家在备考Lec时一定能够更加有针对性地制定备考计划，提高解题能力和应试技巧，更好地备考Lec。

法律英语证书（LEC）考试试题库法律英语试题库说明:法律英语试题库共分两部分～第一部分为普通法律英语部分～侧重对一般法律英语知识的相关词汇、语篇阅读分析能力、法律翻译能力掌握情况的考察。

第二部分为涉外法律英语部分～侧重对涉外法律知识的相关词汇、语法、涉外法律文书及其法律翻译能力的考察。

Part One:普通法律英语部分I(Match each of the following numbered definitions with the correct term in the list below, Write the letter of your choice in the answer column.Exercise 1A. defendant F. adjudicateB. allegation G. reviewC. case law H. plaintiffD. law I. Common LawE. statutory law J. Jurist( )1. Judicial re examination of the proceedings of a court or other body; a reconsideration by the same court or body of its former decision. ( )2. Rules of conduct applicable to all people and enforceable in court.( )3. To decide a matter by legal means; for example, court, mediation, arbitration.( )4. The party being sued or tried in either civil or criminal action. ( )5. The major source of law in the U. S. A. or the U K; based on old English Law.( )w established by Congress, stare legislatures or any other law making bodies.( )7.A person who has a substantial knowledge of law and who has written extensively on legal matters; for example, judges, professors, and so on. ( )8. The party who initiates an action at law (law suit). ( )9. Law based on court decisions.( )10. A statement or charge made in a pleading which one intends to prove by legal evidence.Exercise 21A executive branch F devolutionB. federal G. defamationC. legislation H. legislative branchD. confederation I. allegationE. judicial branch J. constitution. Laws or written rules which are passed by Parliament and ( )11 implemented by the courts.( )12. The government department that is responsible for determining the constitutionality of legislative and executive actions, andadjudicating rights and duties of others involved in disputes. It interprets and applies the Law.( )13.A written document defining fundamental legal principle for governance of the people. It may include grants of power and limitations of power.( )14.Passing of power to govern or to make decisions from a central authority to a local authority.( )15.The government department that is responsible for carryinglaws into effect.( )16.Group of independent states or organizations working together for common aims.( )17.The government department that is responsible for enacting statutory laws.( )18.Refers to the U. S government and its activities. The United States is a federation of 50 sovereign states.( )19.In pleading, an assertion of fact; the statement of the issue which the contributing party is prepared to prove.( )20.False statement, either oral or written, which tends to injure the reputation of the victim. It may be civil as well as criminal.Exercise 3A(separate property F. adulteryB(bigamy G. beneficiaryC(custody H. separationD(heir I. necessariesE(nonsupport J. guardian( )21. A situation in which parties are not living together but otherwise have legal duties of husband and wife.( )22. The care and possession of minor children of a marriageduring a divorce proceeding and after divorce is final.( )23. Property owned By either spouse before marriage or acquired during marriage by gift or inheritance.2( )24. A person appointed by the court to supervise and take care of another.( )25. Failure to contribute money, in accordance with one's ability, to the maintenance of a parent as required by law.( )26. Goods and services ordinarily required by and appropriate toan incompetent person's station in life, yet not available or providedby parent or guardian.( )27. The crime of being married to two or more persons at the same time.( )28. Sexual intercourse by a married person with someone otherthan the offender's spouse.( )29. Anyone who has a legal right to inherit the property of another. ( )30. Anyone who benefits under the terms of a will.Exercise 4A. proprietor F. dividendsB. limited partner G. general partnerC. dissolution H. proxyD. quorum I. liquidationE. merger J. subsidiary( )31. A person who conducts the business of a partnership and has unlimited Liability.( )32. A person who is the sole owner of a business.( )33. A company owned (by a majority of shares or interest) and controlled by another company.( )34. A combination of two or more corporations whereby one remains a legal entity and the other is absorbed.( )35. A person who invests capital and shares in the profits of the partnership but whose liability and share of profits are limited by the amount invested.( )36. The sale and/or distribution of the assets of a business to settle its accounts with creditor and/or stockholders.( )37. The termination of the existence of a legal entity, such as a partnership or a corporation.( )38. A portion of corporate profits divided among the share-holders, in cash and/or stock.( )39. The number of members who must be present at a meeting for business to be transacted; a majority.( )40. The authorization for another to act for a shareholder at a meeting; also, the paper granting the authority.II. Choose the right word from the list given below for each blank. Change the form of the word if necessary. (15’)3Exercise 1Institution foundation startprovision statute knowcode experience jurisdictionstill-survive judicature advocateas exercise regardWe are about to pass into a world governed by _41__; and a few words will not be out of place as to the way in which codes are__42_in the countries where they form the __43__of the national law. In the first place a code is supposed, in theory at least, to provide a fresh__44_in all those parts of the law with which it deals. It is not conceived as resting upon a presupposed and__45_common law, but as standing upon its own foundations, _46__does, for example with us, a__47_introducing a novel principle, such as Workmen's Compensation. We shall not find in a continental code such language as that used in the Supreme Courtof_48__Act, 1925, where the jurisdiction of the High Court is defined as including "the _49___which was formerly vested in, or capable ofbeing__50_ by, all or any of the courts following ..." It was the intention of the authors of the French Civil Code that it should be interpreted only in the light of its own__51_and definitions. One of theearly commentators, Bugnet, said: “know nothing of civil law; I only teach the Code Napoleon."A very short__52_, however, was enough to show that this idea was impossible of realization. The judges and _53__, to say nothing of the not less important legal authors, whose task it was to expound and to apply the new Code, could not have done their work had they not been familiar with the old technical terms it adopted, and with the_54__which in substance it reproduced. Whatever pretence they might make of looking only to the text of the Code, they could not empty their minds of a large body of relevant professional knowledge, _55__ of something which we may, without great error, call the common law of France -- or atleast the common law of Paris.Exercise 2disputes justice pursuitprocedure plaintiff rootsprocedural reliance meansadversary jurisdictions claimsjudgment parties opposingIn all jurisdictions there is general agreement that the goal ofcivil _56_ is the just, prompt, and inexpensive determination of _57_ before the courts. There is similar agreement that _58_ of this goal requires4that the law of procedure provides some _59_ for performing each of the following basic functions: notifying the defendant that the _60_ is bringing suit, informing each party of the _61_ and contentions of the other, determining the nature of the dispute and the issues between the _62_, ascertaining the facts, deciding which principles of law govern the case, applying the law to the facts to reach a _63_, giving the judgment effect in some practical way, and having the official actions of lower courts checked by higher courts. With very few exceptions, the differences that exist in the _64_laws of the various_65_ are only differences with respect to the means chosen to perform one or more of these functions. In addition, American rules of procedure, with the exception of those in effect in Louisiana, have their _66_ in the early English common law. Consequently, most differences are not differences in kind; they are differences in the degree of evolution from early common law concepts. Finally, in all of our jurisdictions much _67_ is placed on the assumption that if each of the_68_ parties takes the steps and advances the propositions that appear to him or her to best serve his or her own cause, truth and _69_ will emerge. Because of this characteristic, our system is often referred to as the _70_ system.Exercise 3for court celebratinglater patted rejecteddrunk her withprison searched ofprosecutor declaring bothOne evening police officers saw a man and woman running down a street. The police __71__ them. The woman had a bag of money in her hand and a bulge in __72__jacket. They patted her down and found a gun. Then they __73__ down her companion; they found nothing. They took __74__ to the station, booked them and arrested them for armed robbery. Back on patrol __75__ that night they saw a group of rowdy college students__76__ a football victory. The group was in a quiet neighborhood. The two officers told the youths to “keep quiet”. Still later, they saw a __77__ stumbleand fell down; they took him to a nearby shelter.A few days later, a __78__ charged the two armed robbery suspects__79__ robbery, according to the state's criminal code. The woman went to __80__ ;the jury acquitted her because the only eyewitness died__81__ a heart attack the morning of the trial. After charging her companion, the prosecutor offered the male suspect a “deal.” In exchange __82__a plea of guilty, the prosecutor would reduce the charge to simple theft and ask the judge for a sentence to a newly instituted home confinement program instead of to prison. The man accepted the deal and pleaded guilty,5but the judge __83__ the request for home confinement. She sentenced the man to __84__ for two years. Because of good behavior and a courtorder __85__ the overcrowded prison to be in violation of the Constitution, prison officials released the man after six months, judging that he wouldnot seriously endanger the community.III. Vocabulary and StructureA. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right.(8 points)86. strategy a) a legally registered design naming the originaldesigner as owner of the design87. tedious b) the name of a product or sometimes the name ofa company88. brief e) a memorable sentence used to advertise aproduct89. brand d) not very interesting and often repetitive90. e) tell someone about something, usually inshareholder connection with work91. slogan f) an owner of shares in a business92. spam g) junk mail93. patent h) a general plan intended to achieve somethingover a period of timeB. Complete the following sentences, using the appropriate phrasal verbs from the box below. Remember to put the verbs in the correct form. You should refer to the company structure of ABM plc for questions 1-3.(7 points)report to take off set up see to consist ofturn off do without put to go through694. ABM plc ______ four departments.95. Helen Grey ______ to the Personnel Manager.96. John Ross _______ the Maintenance Section.97. _______ the gas before you inspect the back of the cooker. 98. After inheriting a lot of money he decided to ______ his own business.99. I would like to _______ the sales figures with you and find out where the mistakes are.100. We really can't ________ his expert knowledge. Well have to reschedule the meeting to suit him.(三)Choose a word from the box for each space in the Exercise below. Remember to put the words in the correct form.manage post reference to arrangereach enclose require private moreoverstudy enable would particularly available46 Potters LaneWaltonLeicestershire23 April 2002 Mr Peter SellersDirector Human ResourcesCarney and Denham Consultants72 Cromwell RoadNottingham NT7 9GHDear Mr SellersWith 101 to your advertisement in the Independent on 21 April, I would like to apply for the 102 of Project Manager with your company.I am 35 years old and 1 have considerable experience in engineeringin both the public and 103 sector managing overseas construction projects. 104 , I have recently completed a course on Management and Communication and I am currently 105 for an MA degree in Engineering Management. This experience bas 106 me to develop the necessary leadership and Communication skills to 107 multidisciplinedconstruction teams. I am 108 interested in the position you are offering as I 109 like to become more involved with building refurbishment projects.I would be grateful if you could 110 an interview as soon aspossible as I am going abroad next month. I can Be 111 at the above address. I am 112 to start work from I June. Please find 113 my CV.Please do not hesitate to contact me if you 114 any furtherinformation.I look forward 115 heating from you.Yours sincerelyAnne ALexanderAnne Alexander (Ms)8IV. Read the materials and answer the following questions:Exercise 11. Read the following text and answer questions 116-120.Sometimes you might be asked to go to a selection or assessment centre. This is an extended interview which is made up of a series of group activities, rests and presentations. You will be assessed throughout the day by assessors who will be looking to see how well you work in a ream, whether your communication skills are good and whether you can work to deadlines. Team work is important. You don't do yourself any favors by trying to take over the group, but at the same time, don't sit back and let everyone else do the work.Don’t panic if you're asked to do a presentation on something you don't know much about as the way you give the presentation is often more important than the content itself. You should practice beforehand so you know how long the presentation takes. The best advice on dealing with a selection centre is to give it your best shot. If you sit timidly in the corner, the assessor cannot make any judgment about you.When you take a personality test, which is designed to find outabout your personality and character, what your values are and what motivates you, don't worry about answering questions incorrectly thereis usually no right or wrong answers. Answer the questions honestly and positively. There is no point in trying to give the answers you think the employer will want because firstly you might have the wrong ideaabout what the employer is looking for, and secondly, you don't want 1o gel tile job and spend the ensuing months trying to be someone whoyou're not. 116. What is the Exercise mainly concerned with?9117. How should you behave during the day at the selection centre? 118. How should applicants approach giving presentations?119. Does it matter if you answer questions incorrectly in a personality test? Why?120. What does the author say about lying in a personality test?Exercise 2Despite the attention paid within advertising agencies to the whole business targeting specific groups, there have been some spectacular failures to get it right when companies have tried to go international or global with their products. This has been for a variety of reasons. Sometimes, the brand name of the product has unfortunate associations when translated into foreign languages. Looking at this area can illustrate how powerful the operation of connotation is --the way in which words can call up associations in our minds. Because of the way we make connections between words and particular ideas, feeling and experiences, brand names are crucial for advertisers. They are very economic, acting as little concentrated capsules of meaning. Where advertisers get it right, readers will do the work to generate all the intended connotations.There are whole companies who specialize in offering research onbrand-name connotations to product manufacturers looking for a name fora new product, or looking at how best to market an existing product to new, foreign audiences. These companies—for example Inter-brand, and The Brand-naming Company typically organize brainstorming sessions where they ask groups of people to let their imaginations ‘roam free’, from which meetings they arrive at shortlists of names whosesuitability is then researched further. Names on the shortlists have to pass certain10tests: for example, that they are not too close to existing names; that they are pronounceable in all the world's major languages; thatthey have the right connotations. The latter, however, is a complex area. Even within one language, connotations can be about quite subtle distinctions. For example, when Pickfords Travel merged with Hogg Robinson two years ago, the shortlist for the new company had two main contenders: 'Destinations' ,arid 'Going Places'. The new company chose the latter, deciding that 'destinations' tended to suggest long haul flights to farflung places travel for the privileged. 'Going Places', on the other hand, was thought to describe all sorts of travel andtherefore be more suitable for the mass market, which was the company’s target.2. Mark statements 121-125 True or False according to theinformation provided in the text above.121. This Exercise is mainly about how to choose names for companies wishing to go global.122. Good names make the right connection between words and ideas. 123. ‘Going Places' is used as an example to show how hard it is to choose a name for a company.124. ‘Destinations' is likely to appeal to wealthy travelers. 125. One technique brand name consultants often use is to invite people to freely suggest any names on their mind.Exercise 3Material 1: Jurisprudence: An Overview11The word jurisprudence derives from the Latin term jurisprudentia, which means "the study, knowledge, or science of law." In the United States jurisprudence commonly means the philosophy of law. Legal philosophy has many aspects, but four of them are the most common. Thefirst and the most prevalent form of jurisprudence seeks to analyze, explain, classify, and criticize entire bodies of law. Law school textbooks and legal encyclopedias represent this type of scholarship.The second type of jurisprudence compares and contrasts law with other fields of knowledge such as literature, economics, religion, and thesocial sciences. The third type of jurisprudence seeks to reveal the historical, moral, and cultural basis of a particular legal concept. The fourth body of jurisprudence focuses on finding the answer to such abstract questions as what is law? How do judges (properly) decide cases?Apart from different types of jurisprudence, different schools of jurisprudence exist. Formalism, or conceptualism, treats law like math or science. Formalists believe that a judge identifies the relevantlegal principles, applies them to the facts of a case, and logically deduces a rule that will govern the outcome of the dispute. In contrast, proponents of legal realism believe that most cases before courts present hard questions that judges must resolve by balancing the interests of the parties and ultimately drawing an arbitrary line on one side of the dispute. This line, realists maintain, is drawn according to the political, economic, and psychological inclinations of the judge. Some legal realists even believe that a judge is able to shape the outcome of the case based on personal biases.Apart from the realist-formalist dichotomy, there is the classic debate over the appropriate sources of law between positivist andnatural12law schools of thought. Positivists argue that there is no connection between law and morality and the only sources of law are rules that have been expressly enacted by a governmental entity or court of law. Naturalists, or proponents of natural law, insist that the rules enacted by government are not the only sources of law. They argue that moral philosophy; religion, human reason and individual conscience are also integrating parts of the law.There are no bright lines between different schools of jurisprudence. The legal philosophy of a particular legal scholar may consist of a combination of strains from many schools of legal thought. Some scholars think that it is more appropriate to think about jurisprudence as a continuum.The above-mentioned schools of legal thoughts are only part of a diverse jurisprudential picture of the United States. Other prominent schools of legal thought exist. Critical legal studies, feminist jurisprudence, law and economics, utilitarianism, and legal pragmatism are but a few of them.Material 2: Legal PhilosophyJurisprudence is the philosophy of law and of the legal system.There are many ways of classifying legal philosophy or jurisprudence. The four major schools of thought are natural law, positive law, sociological jurisprudence and legal realism.The natural law school of thought feels that the legal system should model the relationships found in nature and believe in the innate goodness of man.13The natural law school of thought began during the fifth century B.C. and states that there exists a sense of what is just and right in nature separate and distinct from the rules that may be developed by a state.Aristotle asserted that law existed in nature and could beascertained by man's exercise of his power to reason. The Stoic schoolelaborated on and expanded on the ideas of Aristotle in the thirdcentury B.C. Duringgentium (the law of nations) was the Roman period the concept of jus similar to the earlier Greek natural law theories.St. Thomas Aquinas combined the Greek and Roman schools of thoughtinto a Christian view that God reveals natural law to man through man's ability to reason. John Locke argued that man had a "bundle" of rights, only some of which he surrendered to the state in order to live in an organized society. According to Locke, the individual retained the remaining rights in the bundle. This view is recognized in the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.Beginning with the nineteenth century, there was a move away from reliance on natural law toward the concept of positive law. Natural law takes the position that law is based on fundamental truths. Thisposition is more a statement of faith than an assertion of fact. The advocates of positive law (sometimes called legal positivism oranalytical jurisprudence) believe that law should be more scientific and less reliant on blind faith. Thus, positive law deals with axioms and attempts to develop a legal system based on logic rather than on beliefs.Legal positivism originally developed in Europe. The legalpositivists believe that there is no law unless and until laid down by a sovereign. (The sovereign can be either a person or an institution. ) Asa result, positive law can be distinguished from morality because morality does not come from the sovereign, while law is, or at least should be, handed down by the sovereign. There are four basic components of legal positivism:1. Law consists of rules.2. Law is different from morals.3. The sovereign establishes the rules.4. Legal rules carry sanctions.Legal positivism is best exemplified in the views of Hans Kelsen andH. L. A. Hart. Kelsen was born in Austria in 1881 and served on the law14faculties of many European universities before immigrating to the United States in 1940. Kelsen viewed the law as being self-supporting and not dependent on any external values. He said, "A norm becomes a legal norm only because it has been constituted in a particular fashion, born of a definite procedure and definite rule. Law is valid only as positive law, that is, statute (constituted) law". In Kelsen's view, therefore, all the actions of any given government are valid so long as those actions are recognized as valid by statute within that country. Hart, on the other hand, expands this somewhat narrow view. Hart rays that the law must treat all like cases alike. He argues that legal positivism stands for the proposition that law does not necessarily have to relate to morality. To Hart, rules of law are more important than the process of how courts decide cases.The natural law proponents seem to have a "justification by faith" approach to jurisprudence. The advocates of legal realism have a seemingly coldhearted rationalism that rests on the effects of the law, with little apparent concern for what the law should be. A third school of legal thought adopts a position somewhat between these two previous schools of thought. This third school --sociological jurisprudence -- is concerned with the effects of law, but it is also concerned with the justifications and reasons that underlie the enactment of the law. Its supporters observe, analyze, and justify both the justifications for the law and the effects of the law by applying the modern tools of psychology, sociology, and anthropology. Proponents of sociological jurisprudence believe that a law must be properly justified and have an appropriate effect in the society, based on the societal values andgoals of the given populace.The American legal philosophy can best be described as legal realism. Legal realism can be viewed as being on the opposite end of thepolitical spectrum from legal positivism. Legal realism has its roots in natural law, but it tries to take the "human element" into account, rather than relying on the innate nature of the universe as ajustification or explanation for the legal system. Natural law consists of four basic elements:1、 Law is based on the nature of man.2. Legal rights can be discovered by the exercise of reason.3. Law is constant.4. Legal principles must be just and fight.Legal realists have a somewhat more open view of the law, feeling that law reflects what "is" and not what it "ought" to be. Accordingly, legal realism can be viewed as consisting of two parts:1. The law is a social process, not a body of "rules".152. Law is what legal decision makers actually do about the statutes and rules.Legal realists concentrate on natural law than on rules. Legalrealists believe that law is based on the nature of man, but they also recognize that law is a social process based on logic, so thatlegal rules need to be just and fight.Each of the four schools has strong proponents and each has strong opponents. An application of each theory to the same set of facts leads to several different results. An understanding of the philosophy of law in any region allows one to understand the government of that region and basic attitudes commonly held by people within that region.Answer the questions according to the given materials:126. Is there any difference between jurisprudence and legal philosophy?Why?127. How many schools of jurisprudence as you know? What?are the main legal ideas of the natural legal school? 128. What129. What are the main legal ideas of the positive legal school?。