博士入学英语阅读考试资料

2023年上海交通大学博士生英语入学考试试题第一部分：听力理解（共两节，满分20分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分）请听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1. Where does this conversation most likely take place?- A. In a restaurant.- B. In a library.- C. In a hospital.2. What does the woman want to do?- A. Return the shirt.- B. Buy a new shirt.- C. Exchange the shirt.3. What does the man think the weather will be like tomorrow?- A. Sunny.- B. Cloudy.- C. Rainy.4. How many classes did the woman miss?- A. One.- B. Two.- C. Three.5. What does the woman imply about men?- A. They are careless.- B. They are forgetful.- C. They are helpful.第二节（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）请听下面5段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各个小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。

每段对话或独白读两遍。

听下面一段对话，回答第6和第7两个小题。

6. What does the woman want to do?- A. Go swimming.- B. Go hiking.- C. Go skiing.7. When does the conversation most probably take place?- A. In winter.- B. In spring.- C. In summer.听下面一段对话，回答第8和第9两个小题。

博士生公共英语思辨阅读Title: The Nexus between Economic Growth and Environmental Sustainability: Navigating a Complex Interplay.Introduction:In the intricate tapestry of modern society, thepursuit of economic growth has often been pitted against the imperative of environmental preservation. While economic development promises prosperity and progress, its environmental ramifications cast a shadow over the long-term sustainability of our planet. This essay explores the complex interplay between economic growth and environmental sustainability, arguing that a balanced and integrated approach is essential for the harmonious advancement of both.Economic Growth and Environmental Impact:Economic growth, characterized by increased production, consumption, and investment, undoubtedly has profound environmental implications. Industrial activities, transportation, and agricultural practices generate significant emissions, contributing to air, water, and soil pollution. Natural resource extraction and utilization deplete finite resources, disrupt ecosystems, and drive habitat loss. Moreover, economic growth often leads to urbanization, which exacerbates environmental challenges, such as waste generation, infrastructure strain, andreduced biodiversity.Environmental Sustainability and Economic Prosperity:Environmental sustainability encompasses theresponsible management of natural resources, the preservation of ecosystems, and the mitigation of pollution. It recognizes the finite nature of our planet's resources and the need to protect them for future generations. While some argue that environmental protection can hinder economic growth, a growing body of evidence suggests that sustainability can, in fact, stimulate economic prosperity.Sustainable practices, such as renewable energy, eco-friendly technologies, and resource conservation, can create new industries, generate employment, and enhance resource efficiency.The Imperative for Integration:Given the intricate relationship between economic growth and environmental sustainability, it is imperative to avoid a false dichotomy and instead adopt an integrated approach. This requires policymakers, businesses, and individuals to recognize that environmental protection and economic prosperity are not mutually exclusive goals. Sustainable economic growth must be the guiding principle, ensuring that economic activities are environmentally responsible and that environmental preservation contributes to economic resilience and well-being.Strategies for Sustainable Economic Growth:1. Promote Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency: Transitioning to renewable energy sources, such as solar,wind, and geothermal, reduces greenhouse gas emissionswhile fostering new economic opportunities in clean energy sectors. Improving energy efficiency in buildings, transportation, and industrial processes conserves resources, saves costs, and reduces environmental impact.2. Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Land Use: Implementing sustainable agricultural practices, such as organic farming, agroforestry, and conservation tillage, preserves soil health, reduces water pollution, and promotes biodiversity. Protecting natural ecosystems and mitigating deforestation contribute to carbon sequestration, regulate climate patterns, and provide essential ecosystem services.3. Develop Eco-Friendly Technologies and Industries: Encouraging research and development in eco-friendly technologies, such as electric vehicles, biodegradable materials, and renewable energy storage systems, drives innovation, creates new markets, and fosters environmental stewardship.4. Encourage Sustainable Consumption and Waste Management: Promoting responsible consumption patterns, reducing waste, and enhancing recycling and reuseinitiatives minimizes resource consumption, reduces greenhouse gas emissions, and conserves natural habitats.5. Establish Environmental Regulations and Incentives: Implementing clear environmental regulations, complemented by incentives and market mechanisms, provides businesses with guidance and encouragement to reduce pollution, conserve resources, and adopt sustainable practices.Conclusion:The pursuit of economic growth and the imperative of environmental sustainability are not incompatible goals. By adopting an integrated approach that recognizes the interdependence of these factors, we can navigate the complex interplay between them and create a sustainable future for present and future generations. Embracing sustainable economic growth strategies, fostering innovation, and promoting responsible consumption andproduction can simultaneously drive economic prosperity and safeguard the health of our planet. It is time to embrace a holistic perspective that values both economic development and environmental preservation, ensuring the harmonious advancement of our society and the well-being of our planet.。

2023全国医学博士英语统一考试真题题目一阅读理解针对下面的问题，请阅读以下材料：材料一1.The flu virus, also known as influenza, is a highly contagious respiratory illness. It spreads easily from person to person through tiny droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks.2.The most effective way to prevent the flu is by getting a flu vaccine. The flu vaccine is designed to protect against the most prevalent strains of flu virus that are expected to circulate each year.3.In addition to getting vaccinated, there are other preventive measures that can help reduce the risk of getting the flu. These include washing hands frequently, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.4.If a person does get the flu, it is important to rest, stay hydrated, and seek medical attention if symptoms worsen or persist.5.The flu virus can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, fatigue, and nasal congestion. It can also lead to serious complications, especially in young children, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems.材料二1.Acupuncture is a traditional Chinese medical treatment that involves inserting thin needles at specific points on the body. It is believed to help restore the flow of qi (energy) and promote healing.2.Acupuncture has been used for thousands of years to treat various physical and mental conditions, including chronic pain, migraines, anxiety, and infertility.3.The World Health Organization recognizes acupuncture as a valid treatment for over 100 different conditions, including but not limited to allergies, asthma, depression, and insomnia.4.In recent years, acupuncture has gained popularity in Western countries as a complementary therapy alongside conventional medicine.5.The effectiveness of acupuncture still remains a subject of debate in the scientific community. Some studies have found it to be beneficial for certain conditions, while others have found no significant difference compared to sham acupuncture or other placebo treatments.问题1.What is the most effective way to prevent the flu?参考答案The most effective way to prevent the flu is by getting a flu vaccine.题目二词汇与语法根据句子上下文或词汇提示，在横线上填入正确的单词或词组。

博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解Doctoral Entrance Examination in EnglishPart I: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: In this section, there are four passages followed by questions or incomplete statements. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question or complete each statement.Passage 1:Climate Change and Global WarmingClimate change refers to long-term changes in average weather patterns in a specific region or globally. Global warming, on the other hand, specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities. While some argue that global warming is a natural phenomenon, the overwhelming majority of scientists agree that human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, are the primary causes of climate change.1. According to the passage, what is the main cause of global warming?A. Natural phenomenaB. Human activitiesC. Average weather patternsD. Long-term changes in climateAnswer: B. Human activities2. What is the difference between climate change and global warming?A. Climate change is caused by human activities, while global warming is natural.B. Global warming refers specifically to changes in average weather patterns.C. Climate change refers to long-term changes in climate, while global warming is due to human activities.D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Answer: D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Passage 2:The Importance of BiodiversityBiodiversity refers to the variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of the environment and supporting the overall health of ecosystems. Loss of biodiversity is a significant concern as it can lead to negative impacts on food security, climate stability, and overall ecosystem function.3. What is biodiversity?A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.B. The balance of the environment.C. The health of ecosystems.D. The stability of climate.Answer: A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.4. Why is loss of biodiversity a concern?A. It leads to an increase in food security.B. It has no impact on climate stability.C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.D. It supports overall ecosystem function.Answer: C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.Part II: Writing (60 points)Directions: In this section, write an essay on one of the following topics. Your essay should be approximately 400 words in length.1. The Impact of Technology on Society2. Education in the Digital Age3. The Importance of Cross-Cultural Communication4. Sustainable Development and Environmental ConservationPart III: Speaking (60 points)Directions: In this section, you will be asked to discuss one of the following topics. You will have five minutes to prepare your response and three minutes to present it.1. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Learning2. The Influence of Social Media on Relationships3. Effective Strategies for Time Management4. The Role of Government in Promoting Renewable EnergyDetailed explanations and model answers for Part II and Part III will be provided during the examination.Good luck with your doctoral entrance examination in English!。

2023年南京大学博士生英语入学考试试题阅读理解1. 阅读以下短文，并回答问题：Passage 1:Passage 2:The Great Wall is a UNESCO World Heritage site in China. It is a symbol of China's rich history and a popular tourist attraction. It stretches over 13,000 miles and was built to protect China from invasions. The construction of the Great Wall started in the 7th century BC and continued until the 16th century AD.Questions:a) Where is Apple Inc. headquartered?b) Who founded Apple Inc.?c) What are some of Apple's famous products?d) Why was the Great Wall of China built?e) When did the construction of the Great Wall start and end? Sample Answers:a) Cupertino, California.b) Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne.d) To protect China from invasions.e) 7th century BC to 16th century AD.2. 阅读以下短文，并根据短文内容判断正误。

正确的写"True"，错误的写"False"。

博士入学英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分，每题4分）阅读下面的文章，然后回答1-5题。

The Impact of Technology on EducationThe rapid development of technology has greatly influencedthe field of education. It has brought about a significant change in the way educators teach and students learn. Withthe advent of the internet, online learning platforms have become increasingly popular, allowing students to access educational resources from anywhere and at any time.1. What is the main topic of the passage?A. The history of technology in education.B. The influence of technology on education.C. The advantages of online learning.D. The future of education with technology.2. According to the passage, what has technology done to education?A. It has made education more traditional.B. It has limited access to educational resources.C. It has changed the teaching and learning methods.D. It has reduced the popularity of online learning platforms.3. What is the role of the internet in education as mentioned in the passage?A. It has replaced traditional classroom teaching.B. It has made educational resources less accessible.C. It has facilitated access to educational resources.D. It has hindered the development of technology in education.4. What can students do with online learning platforms?A. They can only access resources at specific times.B. They can access educational resources from anywhere.C. They can only learn from traditional textbooks.D. They are restricted to learning within a classroom setting.5. What is the overall tone of the passage?A. Critical.B. Optimistic.C. Neutral.D. Pessimistic.答案：1-5 B C C B B二、完形填空（共15分，每题1.5分）阅读下面的短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

Text 2: Dare Mighty ThingsIn his 1899 speech before the Hamilton Club in Chicago, Theodore Roosevelt preached the idea of the strenuous life for a successful life. Y et I would like to add to Roosevelt’s idea of the strenuous life the equally important idea of the winning attitude.Y ou are not born with it. It is not for sale. Y ou can’t go to college and get a degree in it. But a winning attitude may be the single most important ingredient in your personal and career success.Over the years, I’ve come t o believe that attitude is often the determining factor in success or failure. It’s an intangible thing —you can’t see it or touch it. But you can see the effects of attitude, both positive and negative, in the results it creates in people’s lives.Every one has the opportunity to win in life, but most people won’t win. Most people will get tired and give up, because they are not willing to pay the price. They have the ability, but they lack the most important determining factor in success — the will to win.When I first started as a salesman, I made a lot of mistakes. I would come home every night and say: “Art, how could you do something that stupid? How could you mess things up like that?” Then I’d go out the next day and make another mistake, and I’d c ome home the next night saying the same thing. I made a million dumb mistakes, but something kept me going.And looking back, I’m convinced that the only thing that kept me from giving up, and kept me holding on until I started to do things right, was the will to win. That thin thread of determination turned out to be a lifeline that has helped me across all the tough spots in my life.The sports arena is one of the best places in the world to learn about attitude. We’ve all seen the weaker football or baseball team that lacked talent, suffering from injuries and bad luck and was called a loser beat teams three times as strong.Once in my coaching career, I took over a weak little football team of underweight, inexperienced kids, who had such a history of losing that they don’t even want to dress out at practice. I knew that I couldn’t make them physically perfect and professional in one season. No coach could have. The only thing I could do was to make them see themselves as winners. We practiced as if there were no tomorrow, and we worked harder than any other team.But, most important, every day I told these kids they were winners. I stressed not only physical toughness but mental toughness.At first, they must have thought I was crazy. But, you know, slowly they began to believe it. When they won their first game, they were confident in themselves, and after that there was no stopping them. They had developed a winning attitude. They hadn’t become different people overnight. But they saw themselves as winners, and that perception changed everything.That perception is the key to achievement. Writers and researchers who have spent years studying successful people conclude that success is made of three parts: one part talent, one part “breaks” (or being at the right place at the right time), and one part “will to win.” A common denominator among successful people is their ability to perceive themselves as winners, even at their lowest moments. Winners have in common a “burning desire” to succeed.I firmly believe that life will give you whatever you will accept. If you accept being average and ordinary, life will make you average and ordinary. If you accept being poor (either financially or in spirit), life will make you poor; and if you accept being unhappy, life will deliver that, too.Y ou must expect to win. “Will to win” in action means an attitude of perseverance, even in the face of every adversity, and a determination to succeed, even when the odds are stacked against you. The greatest definition o f a winner I’ve ever seen goes like this: “Most people can stay motivated to two or three months. A few people can stay motivated for two or three years. But a winner will stay motivated for as long as it takes to win.”In business, I encounter people alm ost every day who have dozens of good reasons that they don’t succeed. They usually go something like this: “People like me don’t get a chance in today’s world.”“The odds are stacked against me.”“Someone from my background can’t compete with people who are born with a silver spoon in their mouths.”“I don’t have a college education.”“I’m held back by my responsibilities.”Excuses don’t count. Everyone has the ability to begin where he is right now to turn his life around, to start becoming somebody special. The decision to do it is the starting point. The feeling that you can do it — a winning attitude — will make it work for you.Someone once said, “Tough times don’t last —tough people do.” Life gets tough for all of us at one time or another. The many devastating things that can happen —business failure, personal unhappiness, family tragedy — all have the potential to destroy the heart of a person. But tough people can turn these times into determination to move ahead. They can make the most miserable circumstances a challenge to survive and defeat adversity.Sounds good, you say, but how do I develop this attitude?My theory is this: If you want to be a “winner,” you’ve got to become a dreamer again. Most people have stopped dreaming. They grow up with everyone telling them how special they are. They are really “turned on” about life and about becoming somebody that they’ll be proud of. Then they’re thrown out into the big, real world, and these once motivated, enthusiastic people go into a shell. They begin to develop an attitude that “Life has passed me by. Life has dealt me a bad hand.”To develop a winning attitude you must relearn how to dream. Y ou must become excited, confident, and enthusiastic about your life just one more time.I can think of a particular instance of someone who succeeded in turning a battered outlook on life into a winning attitude. Cindy joined our company as a part-time employee and made good progress; eventually her husband began to work with her in the business. Then misfortune hit. Her daughter contracted a serious disease. Their house caught fire. Several of her associates quit suddenly, and her business faltered. Both cars were about to be repossessed. The money completely ran out, and things got progressively worse. One day she realized there was nothing in the home to eat and no money.For Cindy, that day was the turning point of her life. It was the day she decided to take control of her life — and to win.Her husband took an outside job, and she threw herself back into the business. With no money and thousands of dollars worth of debts, they began again. And inch by inch, day by day, one debt at a time, they crawled back. She found the ability to dream of being a winner, even when every standard of society said she was the worst kind of loser. She became motivated, and she stayed motivated for as long as it took to win.When people in our company come to me and want advice on how to succeed, I don’t waste time with business tips. My best advice is to tell them to look inside themselves and pull out the ability to dream big. And I know that if they can do that, the rest of it will surely follow.I’ve seen it work too many times to attribute it to luck. Think about it, and consider it for your own life. Reach inside an d find that dream you’ve been hanging on to — the one about becoming somebody special, doing something great with your life. If you believe in it, really believe in it, you’ll have the security of knowing that nothing can defeat you. And that’s real securi ty, the kind that only true winners have.The little football team did have a winning season. Today, Cindy is a top executive with a flourishing business. In both cases, the ability to develop a winning attitude made all the difference. The tough times di dn’t last and the people involved are still going strong. Tough people always do. That’s why they call them “winners.”。

考博阅读冲刺班密卷1Western states were the first to give women the vote. Between 1869 and the outbreak of World War I, 17 states west of the Mississippi gave women the right to vote in state elections for Governors and Representatives. It was not until 1920 that the Federal Government under pressure by suffragettes (women insisting on their right to vote), followed the states' lead and permitted women to take part in national elections for Congresswomen and the President.Women have made great strides since then in achieving political equality. Recently, American feminists have been working hard to achieve social and economic equality as well as political. Their belief is that, as there is nothing that women cannot do just as well as men, they should be shown the same respect and have the same social rights and the same pay as their male counterparts. Anything less is discrimination and sexism.Few American girls agree with the extreme feminists who deride marriage and romantic love, but more and more of them are prepared to live with a man outside marriage, often with the intention of buying a home and marrying only when, between them, they have saved enough money. Young couples today share both the household chores and care of the baby.The old generations, especially those that live in the city suburbs, are bewildered and disturbed by this trend. It is all against the great American tradition of the "home" as the symbol of the unified family.The American woman makes the most of her free time. She helps with political campaigns. She sits on committees. She goes to classes of all kinds, from health foods to English literature, from environmental studies to karate. She swims, plays tennis, and she takes an active interest in her children's education. In most of these activities her companions are other housewives from her neighborhood.There are women executives of some important industries and businesses. In fact there are women in most jobs which were formerly reserved for men. There are women lawyers, doctors, architects, as well as women bus drivers, but the ordinary working women will earn less than a man gets for doing the same job although there is a law which makes this illegal. American girls tend to marry young, which means that 60% of the women in work are married. This also helps to explain why so many young married couples have such a high standard of living.American women seem to have more self-confidence than women from most other countries. For years they have felt no inferiority whatsoever to the male sex. Therefore visitors to the USA rarely meet militant feminists.1. When were the American women first given right to vote in national elections?A) In 1869.B) During World War I.C) In 1920.D) In recent years.Answer：C2. American feminists believe that women ________.A) have made great progress in obtaining both political and social equalityB) have achieved both social and economical equalityC) have not got enough social and economical equality as well as political oneD) have not had the same self-confidence as the men haveAnswer：C3. What attitude do the American women have towards marriage according to the passage?A) Most of them still believe in marriage and romantic love.B) Their marriage should be able to bring them money and home.C) Extreme feminists are ready to live with a man outside marriage.D) The younger generations of women prefer to have a unified family.Answer：A4. During their free time, American women are usually engaged in _______.A) helping with political movementsB) learning how to fight to protect themselvesC) doing housework and taking care of childrenD) both A) and B)Answer：D5. Which of the following can be best title of this passage?A) American FeministsB) American Women and Their Struggle for EqualityC) American GirlsD) Women and RightsAnswer：BUnit 2In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small well-oiled cog(齿轮) in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages,well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and "human relations" experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue-and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested again and again -- by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one's fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the pre-industrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century "free enterprise" capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities -- those of all love and of reason -- are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.1. By "a well-oiled cog in the machinery" the author intends to render the idea that man is _________.A) a necessary part of the society though each individual's function is negligibleB) working in complete harmony with the rest of the societyC) an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society, though functioning smoothlyD) a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothlyAnswer：C2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ________.A) they are likely to lose their jobsB) they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in lifeC) they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existenceD) they are deprived of their individuality and independenceAnswer：D3. From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those ________.A) who are at the bottom of the societyB) who are higher up in their social statusC) who prove better than their fellow competitorsD) who could keep far away from this competitive worldAnswer：D4. To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should _______.A) resort to the production mode of our ancestorsB) offer higher wages to the workers and employeesC) enable man to fully develop his potentialitiesD) take the fundamental realities for grantedAnswer：C5. The author's attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of ________.A) approvalB) dissatisfactionC) suspicionD) toleranceAnswer：BUnit 27 – ReadingStudents of United States history, seeking to identify the circumstances that encouraged the emergence of feminist movements, have thoroughly investigated the mid-nineteenth century American economic and social conditions that affected the status of women. These historians, however, have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period. Furthermore, the ideological origins of feminism in the United States have been obscured because, even when historians did take into account those feminist ideas and activities occurring within the United States, they failed to recognize that feminism was then a truly international movement actually centered in Europe. American feminist activists who have been described as "solitary" and "individual theorists" were in reality connected to a movement-utopian socialism -- which was already popularizing feminist ideas in Europe during the two decades that culminated in the first women's rights conference held at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. Thus, a complete understanding of the origins and developments of nineteenth-century feminism in the United States requires that the geographical focus be widened to include Europe and that the detailed study already made ofsocial conditions be expanded to include the ideological development of feminism.The earliest and most popular of the utopian socialists were the Saint-Simonians(圣西蒙教派主义者). The specifically feminist part of the Saint-Simonianism has, however, been less studied than the group's contribution to early socialism. This is regrettable on two counts. By 1832 feminism was the central concern of Saint-Simonianism and entirely absorbed its adherents'(信徒) energy; hence, by ignoring its feminism, European historians have misunderstood Saint-Simonianism. Moreover, since many feminist ideas can be traced to Saint-Simonianism, European historians' appreciation of later feminism in France and the United States remained limited.Saint-Simon's followers, many of whom were women, based their feminism on an interpretation of his project to recognize the globe by replacing brute force with the rule of spiritual powers. The new world order would be ruled together by a male, to represent reflection, and a female, to represent sentiment. This complementarity reflects the fact that, while the Saint-Simonians did not reject the belief that there were innate differences between men and women, they nevertheless foresaw an equally important social and political role for both sexes in their utopia.Only a few Saint-Simonians opposed a definition of sexual equality based on gender distinction. This minority believed that individuals of both sexes were born similar in capacity and character, and they ascribed male-female differences to socialization and education. The envisioned (想象、预想) result of both currents of thought, however, was that women would enter public life in the new age and that sexual equality would reward men as well as women with an improved way of life.1. It can be inferred that the author considers those historians who describe early feminists in the United States as "solitary" to be _________.A) insufficiently familiar with the international origins of nineteenth-century American feminist thoughtB) overly concerned with the regional diversity of feminist ideas in the period before 1848C) not focused narrowly enough in their geographical scopeD) insufficiently aware of the ideological consequences of the Seneca Falls conferenceAnswer：A2. According to the passage, which of the following is true of the Seneca Falls conference onwomen's rights?A) It was primarily a product of nineteenth-century Saint-Simonian feminist thought.B) It was the work of American activists who were independent of feminists abroad.C) It was the culminating achievement of the utopian socialist movement.D) It was a manifestation of an international movement of social change and feminism.Answer：D3. The author's attitude toward most European historians who have studied the Saint-Simonians is primarily one of ________.A) approval of the specific focus of their researchB) disapproval of their lack of attention to the issue that absorbed most of the Saint-Simonians' energy after 1832C) approval of their general focus on social conditionsD) disapproval of their lack of attention to links between the Saint-Simonians and their American counterpartsAnswer：B4. The author mentions all of the following as characteristic of the Saint-Simonians EXCEPT _______.A) the group included many women among its membersB) the group believed in a world that would be characterized by sexual equalityC) the group was among the earliest European socialist groupsD) most members believed that women and men were inherently similar in ability and characterAnswer：D5. Which of the following characteristics does the utopian society envisioned by Saint-Simonians have?A) It would be worldwide.B) It would emphasize dogmatic religious principles.C) It would most influence the United States.D) It would have armies composed of women rather than of men.Answer：AUnit 26 – ReadingWho would have believed it? After what seems like an eternity of tantalizing hype about "high-definition" television, the first digital sets are actually on their way to the market. This much anticipated debut would seem to be terrific news for tube lovers. As promised, the sets deliver supersharp digital pictures, wide-format movie-style screens and magnificent stereo surround sound.So should everybody rush out to buy one? Well...maybe not. HDTV's obvious advantages over conventional sets are offset by significant disadvantages. For openers, there's the price tag. Sony's smallish set, with a34-in.-diagonal screen, lists for a largish $8,999. Prices will eventually drop, of course, but Bill Mannion, general manager of Panasonic's TV division, acknowledges, "It's going to be a while, maybe years," before most consumers can afford HDTV.Even if you're a gadget freak with deep pockets, you may think twice about buying for another reason: "high definition" will not be equally high. Some programs will be broadcast at 480 lines of resolution (compared with 330 or so on conventional televisions), others at a sharper 720 lines, and still others at the maximum of 1,080. NBC says it plans to start by offering 480-line quality for daytime programming and 1,080 for some prime-time shows and specials.But cable-TV customers -- a full two-thirds of American households -- may get a sinking feeling of another sort if they try to tune in. Cable companies are refusing, for now, to carry broadcasters' HDTV signals, saying information-rich HDTV channels overtax their systems. Therefore viewers who want decent reception, will have to buy clumsy, old-fashioned TV antennas if they plan to pull in digital broadcasts.One decision consumers won't have to make is whether to buy a set that uses one format or another. Back in the days when VCRs were new, you could buy a VHS or a Beta-format machine; neither could read or record on the other's tapes. Those who chose Beta generally regretted it, as VHS took over the market, video companies stopped releasing Beta-format movies, and Beta sets became essentially useless.Most reassuring of all, the new sets will be able to pick up conventional TV broadcasts. You won't need two TV sets sitting side by side. Will that be enough to talk consumers into putting down the better part of $10,000? Manufacturers hope that wide-eyed excitement over this genuinely revolutionary new technology will help hide the fact that it's still a work in progress. Realistically, they expect the revolution to be a slow one.1. As introduced in the text, HDTV _________.A) has its limitationsB) is a landmark in TV technologyC) is likely to be accepted by the massD) is doubted by manufacturers on its practicabilityAnswer：A2. If you were "gadget freak with deep pockets", you ________.A) would be likely to accept HDTVB) would think about lines of resolution of the programsC) would buy HDTV, but with hesitationD) would easily understand what HDTV isAnswer：B3. The only reason for buying HDTV might be ________.A) reasonable priceB) format compatibilityC) unavailability of HDTV signals on cable TVD) broadcasting at inconsistent lines of resolutionAnswer：B4. Which of the following is NOT true?A) HDTV has compatibility.B) Programs displayed on HDTV give supersharp digital pictures.C) To carry HDTV signals is a heavy burden for the systems of cable companies.D) TV stations may send out programs at 1080 lines of resolution.Answer：B5. The passage is primarily written for ________.A) TV buyersB) TV broadcastersC) TV manufacturersD) government officials regulating TV broadcastsAnswer：AUnit 3I am not an accomplished lawyer. I find quite as much material for a lecture in those points wherein I have failed, as in those wherein I have been moderately successful. The leading rule for the lawyer, as for the man of every other calling, is diligence. Leave nothing for tomorrow which can be done today. Never let your correspondence fall behind. Whatever piece of business you have in hand, before stopping, do all the labor pertaining to it which can then be done. When you bring a common-law suit, if you have the facts for doing so, write the declaration at once. If a law point be involved, examine the books, and note the authority you rely on upon the declaration itself, where you are sure to find it when wanted. In business not likely to be litigated, -- ordinary collection cases, foreclosures, partitions, and the like, -- make all examinations of titles, and note them, and even draft orders and decrees in advance. This course has a triple advantage: it avoids omissions and neglect, saves your labor when once done, performs the labor out of court when you have leisure, rather than in court when you have not. Extemporaneous speaking should be practised and cultivated. It is the lawyer's avenue to the public. However able and faithful he may be in other respects, people are slow to bring him business if he cannot make a speech. And yet there is not a more fatal error to young lawyers than relying too much on speech-making. If any one, upon his rare powers of speaking, shall claim an exemption from the drudgery of the law, hiscase is a failure in advance.Discourage litigation. Persuade your neighbors to compromise whenever you can. Point out to them how the nominal winner is often a real loser -- in fees, expenses, and waste of time. As a peacemaker the lawyer has a superior opportunity of being a good man. There will still be business enough.Never stir up litigation. A worse man can scarcely be found than one who does this. Who can be more nearly a fiend than he who habitually overhauls the Register of deeds in search of defects in titles, whereon to stir up strife, and put money in his pocket? A moral tone ought to be infused into the profession which should drive such men out of it.1. How does the author think of himself?A) He has not only experienced success but also failure.B) He is an excellent and moral lawyer.C) He works very hard to win the suit.D) He is good at extemporaneous speaking.Answer：A2. According to the author, the lawyer should ________.A) write the declaration at once when the lawyer has enough facts, dealing with ordinary casesB) practice and depend on speechmaking to become an excellent lawyerC) examine the law book and document the resource of authority when concerning a law pointD) make thorough preparations in order to get more businessAnswer：C3. By saying "the nominal winner is often a real loser", the author means ________.A) the fame is not important for a personB) man loses some practical things despite the winning of a uitC) man needs to care more about the expense of a suitD) it does not matter to lose a suitAnswer：B4. According to the author, the most vicious lawyers are those who _______.A) cannot help to win the case when people pay a lot of money to themB) are careless and make mistakes in the courtC) overhaul the people to litigation in order to earn moneyD) are not peacemakers when disputes appear among the neighborsAnswer：C5. The purpose of the author to write this article is to ________.A) give advice to young lawyersB) criticize the vicious lawyersC) recall his own life as a lawyerD) inform the readers how to select a lawyerAnswer：AUnit7At an office in Hampton, Virginia, in the east of the United States, a team of ten net savvy workers scours the web for sexual content, from basic sex education to sex acts. This "quality assurance" team is making sure that the blocking component of Symantec's Norton Internet Security 2000 computer program remains effective. This is because there is widespread parental concern about blocking websites with sexual content from children.Website blocking is nothing new - services like Net Nanny and programs like Cyber Patrol and Guard Dog have been around for a few years now, protecting children and reassuring parents that only wholesome websites are accessed by the youngsters. Net Nanny and Cyber Patrol will prevent access to any questionable sites when the program is in place.Now Symantec says it has created a new category in consumer software with a package that combines website blocking with a "firewall", protecting your computer from hackers, snoopers and viruses, as well as preventing inadvertent disclosure of personal data.In short, Norton Internet Security (NIS), as the program is called, is designed to serve as the guardian of your digital health,keeping the bad things out and the private things in.The Symantec program can be configured in many ways, the website blocking, for example, can be set to be either selectively permissive or total in its banning of websites, or switched off entirely. Also, Symantec's list of no-go areas, which on the CD now stand at around 36,000 addressed, is not confined to sex sites. The team in Virginia is also on the lookout for sites advocating drugs, or which contain references to violence or gambling, and keeps a watch on chat rooms, e-mail services, entertainment portals - even job search and financial pages. These sites can be blocked by the program.Computer users can also refresh the address list online with the Live update feature which is used by Norton Anti-Virus (which is bundled with NIS) to load the latest virus definitions. This service is free for the first year but, including virus definition updates, it costs $US 19.95 a year thereafter.The system is not perfect, however. Limited testing found the blocking of some "questionable" sites was not comprehensive. Trying to get access to a well-known US site such as Playboy results in an immediate blocking message with a standard invitation to report an "incorrectly categorized" site. By contrast, you could find in other countries such as New Zealand a sex site which declared itself to be "dedicated to providing sexual material, imaged, and anything a little bit unusual for sex enthusiasts all over the country."1. Which of the following statements can be inferred from paragraph 1?A) The net-savvy workers are interested in searching the web for sexual content.B) This quality assurance team is making sure that the blocking component of Symantec's Norton Internet Security 2000 computer program remains effective, because the parents want them to do so.C) The parents all over the world do not want the sexual websites to be blocked.D) The parents all over the world concern that their children will be harmed by the sexual websites.Answer：D2. Which the following statements is NOT the functions of NIS?A) Protect computers from virus T.B) Protect personal data from inadvertently disclosed.C) Protect computers from being invaded by other persons.D) Forbid other people sharing your personal data.Answer：D3. Which is not included in the Symantec's list of no-go areas?A) Sex sites.B) Gambling sites.C) Violence sites.D) Shopping sites.Answer：D4. Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage?A) The program can not only block the harmful websites computer users but also refresh the address list online with the Live Update function of the program.B) The NIS program is free, but you should pay $19.95 per year for the virus update.C) Both the program and virus update are free.D) Computer users should pay $19.95 every year the time they begin to use the program.Answer：A5. By saying "the blocking of some questionable site was not comprehensive", the author means ________.A) The website Playboy should be included in the list of no-go areaB) The program NIS is not effective in other countries at allC) Some websites that are wholesome are included in the list while some questionable websites are notD) All the websites in New Zealand should be included in the list。

博士研究生英语综合教程(一)
博士研究生英语综合教程
介绍
本教程是针对博士研究生英语综合考试的资深创作者整理的，旨在帮助考生全面提高英语综合能力。

教程结构
1.阅读理解
2.完形填空
3.词汇与语法
4.写作技巧
5.口语表达
1. 阅读理解
•提升阅读速度的方法
–划分段落
–掌握关键词
–忽略无关细节
•理解文章结构
–引言
–论点
–例证
–结论
•解答技巧
–找准定位词
–多练习题目
–注意选项中的陷阱
2. 完形填空
•掌握常见的词汇和词组
•注意上下文的逻辑关系
•利用选项中的关键词进行排除3. 词汇与语法
•备考词汇
–分级记忆法
–创造情境记忆
•复习语法
–重点掌握时态和语态的用法
–注意名词、代词和形容词的用法4. 写作技巧
•梳理思路
–理清写作要点
–列出关键词和关键句
•合理组织结构
–介绍段：引入主题
–主体段：论述观点
–结尾段：总结观点
5. 口语表达
•提高听力能力
–多听录音材料
–多参加口语训练班
•锻炼口语流利度
–多进行口语练习
–注意语音语调的准确性
以上是博士研究生英语综合考试的教程大纲，希望能对考生们有所帮助。

祝大家考试顺利！。

2024 Medical Doctoral Entrance English ExamSection A: Reading ComprehensionRead the following passage and answer the questions below.*Passage:The field of medicine is constantly evolving, driven by advancements in technology, research, and clinical practice. As a future medical doctor, you will be responsible for staying up-to-date with these developments and applying them to improve patient care.Questions:What drives the constant evolution of the field of medicine?A. Patient demandB. Technological advancementsC. Doctor's preferencesD. Political influenceWhat responsibility will a future medical doctor have?A. To conduct researchB. To manage hospital operationsC. To stay updated on medical developmentsD. To set healthcare policiesSection B: Vocabulary and GrammarComplete the sentences below with the correct form of the given words.*The patient's condition _______ (improve, improves, improved) significantly after the treatment.The research team is _______ (currently, current, curently) studying the effects of the new drug.The doctor recommended that the patient _______ (take, takes, taken) the medication regularly.Section C: TranslationTranslate the following sentences from English to Chinese.*The doctor's diagnosis was accurate and timely.The patient's recovery has been slow but steady.The research findings have the potential to revolutionize medical treatment.Section D: WritingWrite an essay on the following topic: The Role of Technology in Modern Medicine.*第一部分：阅读理解阅读以下文章，并根据文章内容回答问题。