博士入学英语阅读考试资料

2023年上海交通大学博士生英语入学考试试题第一部分：听力理解（共两节，满分20分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分）请听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1. Where does this conversation most likely take place?- A. In a restaurant.- B. In a library.- C. In a hospital.2. What does the woman want to do?- A. Return the shirt.- B. Buy a new shirt.- C. Exchange the shirt.3. What does the man think the weather will be like tomorrow?- A. Sunny.- B. Cloudy.- C. Rainy.4. How many classes did the woman miss?- A. One.- B. Two.- C. Three.5. What does the woman imply about men?- A. They are careless.- B. They are forgetful.- C. They are helpful.第二节（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）请听下面5段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各个小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。

每段对话或独白读两遍。

听下面一段对话，回答第6和第7两个小题。

6. What does the woman want to do?- A. Go swimming.- B. Go hiking.- C. Go skiing.7. When does the conversation most probably take place?- A. In winter.- B. In spring.- C. In summer.听下面一段对话，回答第8和第9两个小题。

博士生公共英语思辨阅读Title: The Nexus between Economic Growth and Environmental Sustainability: Navigating a Complex Interplay.Introduction:In the intricate tapestry of modern society, thepursuit of economic growth has often been pitted against the imperative of environmental preservation. While economic development promises prosperity and progress, its environmental ramifications cast a shadow over the long-term sustainability of our planet. This essay explores the complex interplay between economic growth and environmental sustainability, arguing that a balanced and integrated approach is essential for the harmonious advancement of both.Economic Growth and Environmental Impact:Economic growth, characterized by increased production, consumption, and investment, undoubtedly has profound environmental implications. Industrial activities, transportation, and agricultural practices generate significant emissions, contributing to air, water, and soil pollution. Natural resource extraction and utilization deplete finite resources, disrupt ecosystems, and drive habitat loss. Moreover, economic growth often leads to urbanization, which exacerbates environmental challenges, such as waste generation, infrastructure strain, andreduced biodiversity.Environmental Sustainability and Economic Prosperity:Environmental sustainability encompasses theresponsible management of natural resources, the preservation of ecosystems, and the mitigation of pollution. It recognizes the finite nature of our planet's resources and the need to protect them for future generations. While some argue that environmental protection can hinder economic growth, a growing body of evidence suggests that sustainability can, in fact, stimulate economic prosperity.Sustainable practices, such as renewable energy, eco-friendly technologies, and resource conservation, can create new industries, generate employment, and enhance resource efficiency.The Imperative for Integration:Given the intricate relationship between economic growth and environmental sustainability, it is imperative to avoid a false dichotomy and instead adopt an integrated approach. This requires policymakers, businesses, and individuals to recognize that environmental protection and economic prosperity are not mutually exclusive goals. Sustainable economic growth must be the guiding principle, ensuring that economic activities are environmentally responsible and that environmental preservation contributes to economic resilience and well-being.Strategies for Sustainable Economic Growth:1. Promote Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency: Transitioning to renewable energy sources, such as solar,wind, and geothermal, reduces greenhouse gas emissionswhile fostering new economic opportunities in clean energy sectors. Improving energy efficiency in buildings, transportation, and industrial processes conserves resources, saves costs, and reduces environmental impact.2. Foster Sustainable Agriculture and Land Use: Implementing sustainable agricultural practices, such as organic farming, agroforestry, and conservation tillage, preserves soil health, reduces water pollution, and promotes biodiversity. Protecting natural ecosystems and mitigating deforestation contribute to carbon sequestration, regulate climate patterns, and provide essential ecosystem services.3. Develop Eco-Friendly Technologies and Industries: Encouraging research and development in eco-friendly technologies, such as electric vehicles, biodegradable materials, and renewable energy storage systems, drives innovation, creates new markets, and fosters environmental stewardship.4. Encourage Sustainable Consumption and Waste Management: Promoting responsible consumption patterns, reducing waste, and enhancing recycling and reuseinitiatives minimizes resource consumption, reduces greenhouse gas emissions, and conserves natural habitats.5. Establish Environmental Regulations and Incentives: Implementing clear environmental regulations, complemented by incentives and market mechanisms, provides businesses with guidance and encouragement to reduce pollution, conserve resources, and adopt sustainable practices.Conclusion:The pursuit of economic growth and the imperative of environmental sustainability are not incompatible goals. By adopting an integrated approach that recognizes the interdependence of these factors, we can navigate the complex interplay between them and create a sustainable future for present and future generations. Embracing sustainable economic growth strategies, fostering innovation, and promoting responsible consumption andproduction can simultaneously drive economic prosperity and safeguard the health of our planet. It is time to embrace a holistic perspective that values both economic development and environmental preservation, ensuring the harmonious advancement of our society and the well-being of our planet.。

2023全国医学博士英语统一考试真题题目一阅读理解针对下面的问题，请阅读以下材料：材料一1.The flu virus, also known as influenza, is a highly contagious respiratory illness. It spreads easily from person to person through tiny droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks.2.The most effective way to prevent the flu is by getting a flu vaccine. The flu vaccine is designed to protect against the most prevalent strains of flu virus that are expected to circulate each year.3.In addition to getting vaccinated, there are other preventive measures that can help reduce the risk of getting the flu. These include washing hands frequently, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.4.If a person does get the flu, it is important to rest, stay hydrated, and seek medical attention if symptoms worsen or persist.5.The flu virus can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, fatigue, and nasal congestion. It can also lead to serious complications, especially in young children, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems.材料二1.Acupuncture is a traditional Chinese medical treatment that involves inserting thin needles at specific points on the body. It is believed to help restore the flow of qi (energy) and promote healing.2.Acupuncture has been used for thousands of years to treat various physical and mental conditions, including chronic pain, migraines, anxiety, and infertility.3.The World Health Organization recognizes acupuncture as a valid treatment for over 100 different conditions, including but not limited to allergies, asthma, depression, and insomnia.4.In recent years, acupuncture has gained popularity in Western countries as a complementary therapy alongside conventional medicine.5.The effectiveness of acupuncture still remains a subject of debate in the scientific community. Some studies have found it to be beneficial for certain conditions, while others have found no significant difference compared to sham acupuncture or other placebo treatments.问题1.What is the most effective way to prevent the flu?参考答案The most effective way to prevent the flu is by getting a flu vaccine.题目二词汇与语法根据句子上下文或词汇提示，在横线上填入正确的单词或词组。

博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解Doctoral Entrance Examination in EnglishPart I: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: In this section, there are four passages followed by questions or incomplete statements. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question or complete each statement.Passage 1:Climate Change and Global WarmingClimate change refers to long-term changes in average weather patterns in a specific region or globally. Global warming, on the other hand, specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities. While some argue that global warming is a natural phenomenon, the overwhelming majority of scientists agree that human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, are the primary causes of climate change.1. According to the passage, what is the main cause of global warming?A. Natural phenomenaB. Human activitiesC. Average weather patternsD. Long-term changes in climateAnswer: B. Human activities2. What is the difference between climate change and global warming?A. Climate change is caused by human activities, while global warming is natural.B. Global warming refers specifically to changes in average weather patterns.C. Climate change refers to long-term changes in climate, while global warming is due to human activities.D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Answer: D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Passage 2:The Importance of BiodiversityBiodiversity refers to the variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of the environment and supporting the overall health of ecosystems. Loss of biodiversity is a significant concern as it can lead to negative impacts on food security, climate stability, and overall ecosystem function.3. What is biodiversity?A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.B. The balance of the environment.C. The health of ecosystems.D. The stability of climate.Answer: A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.4. Why is loss of biodiversity a concern?A. It leads to an increase in food security.B. It has no impact on climate stability.C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.D. It supports overall ecosystem function.Answer: C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.Part II: Writing (60 points)Directions: In this section, write an essay on one of the following topics. Your essay should be approximately 400 words in length.1. The Impact of Technology on Society2. Education in the Digital Age3. The Importance of Cross-Cultural Communication4. Sustainable Development and Environmental ConservationPart III: Speaking (60 points)Directions: In this section, you will be asked to discuss one of the following topics. You will have five minutes to prepare your response and three minutes to present it.1. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Learning2. The Influence of Social Media on Relationships3. Effective Strategies for Time Management4. The Role of Government in Promoting Renewable EnergyDetailed explanations and model answers for Part II and Part III will be provided during the examination.Good luck with your doctoral entrance examination in English!。

2023年南京大学博士生英语入学考试试题阅读理解1. 阅读以下短文，并回答问题：Passage 1:Passage 2:The Great Wall is a UNESCO World Heritage site in China. It is a symbol of China's rich history and a popular tourist attraction. It stretches over 13,000 miles and was built to protect China from invasions. The construction of the Great Wall started in the 7th century BC and continued until the 16th century AD.Questions:a) Where is Apple Inc. headquartered?b) Who founded Apple Inc.?c) What are some of Apple's famous products?d) Why was the Great Wall of China built?e) When did the construction of the Great Wall start and end? Sample Answers:a) Cupertino, California.b) Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne.d) To protect China from invasions.e) 7th century BC to 16th century AD.2. 阅读以下短文，并根据短文内容判断正误。

正确的写"True"，错误的写"False"。

博士入学英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分，每题4分）阅读下面的文章，然后回答1-5题。

The Impact of Technology on EducationThe rapid development of technology has greatly influencedthe field of education. It has brought about a significant change in the way educators teach and students learn. Withthe advent of the internet, online learning platforms have become increasingly popular, allowing students to access educational resources from anywhere and at any time.1. What is the main topic of the passage?A. The history of technology in education.B. The influence of technology on education.C. The advantages of online learning.D. The future of education with technology.2. According to the passage, what has technology done to education?A. It has made education more traditional.B. It has limited access to educational resources.C. It has changed the teaching and learning methods.D. It has reduced the popularity of online learning platforms.3. What is the role of the internet in education as mentioned in the passage?A. It has replaced traditional classroom teaching.B. It has made educational resources less accessible.C. It has facilitated access to educational resources.D. It has hindered the development of technology in education.4. What can students do with online learning platforms?A. They can only access resources at specific times.B. They can access educational resources from anywhere.C. They can only learn from traditional textbooks.D. They are restricted to learning within a classroom setting.5. What is the overall tone of the passage?A. Critical.B. Optimistic.C. Neutral.D. Pessimistic.答案：1-5 B C C B B二、完形填空（共15分，每题1.5分）阅读下面的短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

Text 2: Dare Mighty ThingsIn his 1899 speech before the Hamilton Club in Chicago, Theodore Roosevelt preached the idea of the strenuous life for a successful life. Y et I would like to add to Roosevelt’s idea of the strenuous life the equally important idea of the winning attitude.Y ou are not born with it. It is not for sale. Y ou can’t go to college and get a degree in it. But a winning attitude may be the single most important ingredient in your personal and career success.Over the years, I’ve come t o believe that attitude is often the determining factor in success or failure. It’s an intangible thing —you can’t see it or touch it. But you can see the effects of attitude, both positive and negative, in the results it creates in people’s lives.Every one has the opportunity to win in life, but most people won’t win. Most people will get tired and give up, because they are not willing to pay the price. They have the ability, but they lack the most important determining factor in success — the will to win.When I first started as a salesman, I made a lot of mistakes. I would come home every night and say: “Art, how could you do something that stupid? How could you mess things up like that?” Then I’d go out the next day and make another mistake, and I’d c ome home the next night saying the same thing. I made a million dumb mistakes, but something kept me going.And looking back, I’m convinced that the only thing that kept me from giving up, and kept me holding on until I started to do things right, was the will to win. That thin thread of determination turned out to be a lifeline that has helped me across all the tough spots in my life.The sports arena is one of the best places in the world to learn about attitude. We’ve all seen the weaker football or baseball team that lacked talent, suffering from injuries and bad luck and was called a loser beat teams three times as strong.Once in my coaching career, I took over a weak little football team of underweight, inexperienced kids, who had such a history of losing that they don’t even want to dress out at practice. I knew that I couldn’t make them physically perfect and professional in one season. No coach could have. The only thing I could do was to make them see themselves as winners. We practiced as if there were no tomorrow, and we worked harder than any other team.But, most important, every day I told these kids they were winners. I stressed not only physical toughness but mental toughness.At first, they must have thought I was crazy. But, you know, slowly they began to believe it. When they won their first game, they were confident in themselves, and after that there was no stopping them. They had developed a winning attitude. They hadn’t become different people overnight. But they saw themselves as winners, and that perception changed everything.That perception is the key to achievement. Writers and researchers who have spent years studying successful people conclude that success is made of three parts: one part talent, one part “breaks” (or being at the right place at the right time), and one part “will to win.” A common denominator among successful people is their ability to perceive themselves as winners, even at their lowest moments. Winners have in common a “burning desire” to succeed.I firmly believe that life will give you whatever you will accept. If you accept being average and ordinary, life will make you average and ordinary. If you accept being poor (either financially or in spirit), life will make you poor; and if you accept being unhappy, life will deliver that, too.Y ou must expect to win. “Will to win” in action means an attitude of perseverance, even in the face of every adversity, and a determination to succeed, even when the odds are stacked against you. The greatest definition o f a winner I’ve ever seen goes like this: “Most people can stay motivated to two or three months. A few people can stay motivated for two or three years. But a winner will stay motivated for as long as it takes to win.”In business, I encounter people alm ost every day who have dozens of good reasons that they don’t succeed. They usually go something like this: “People like me don’t get a chance in today’s world.”“The odds are stacked against me.”“Someone from my background can’t compete with people who are born with a silver spoon in their mouths.”“I don’t have a college education.”“I’m held back by my responsibilities.”Excuses don’t count. Everyone has the ability to begin where he is right now to turn his life around, to start becoming somebody special. The decision to do it is the starting point. The feeling that you can do it — a winning attitude — will make it work for you.Someone once said, “Tough times don’t last —tough people do.” Life gets tough for all of us at one time or another. The many devastating things that can happen —business failure, personal unhappiness, family tragedy — all have the potential to destroy the heart of a person. But tough people can turn these times into determination to move ahead. They can make the most miserable circumstances a challenge to survive and defeat adversity.Sounds good, you say, but how do I develop this attitude?My theory is this: If you want to be a “winner,” you’ve got to become a dreamer again. Most people have stopped dreaming. They grow up with everyone telling them how special they are. They are really “turned on” about life and about becoming somebody that they’ll be proud of. Then they’re thrown out into the big, real world, and these once motivated, enthusiastic people go into a shell. They begin to develop an attitude that “Life has passed me by. Life has dealt me a bad hand.”To develop a winning attitude you must relearn how to dream. Y ou must become excited, confident, and enthusiastic about your life just one more time.I can think of a particular instance of someone who succeeded in turning a battered outlook on life into a winning attitude. Cindy joined our company as a part-time employee and made good progress; eventually her husband began to work with her in the business. Then misfortune hit. Her daughter contracted a serious disease. Their house caught fire. Several of her associates quit suddenly, and her business faltered. Both cars were about to be repossessed. The money completely ran out, and things got progressively worse. One day she realized there was nothing in the home to eat and no money.For Cindy, that day was the turning point of her life. It was the day she decided to take control of her life — and to win.Her husband took an outside job, and she threw herself back into the business. With no money and thousands of dollars worth of debts, they began again. And inch by inch, day by day, one debt at a time, they crawled back. She found the ability to dream of being a winner, even when every standard of society said she was the worst kind of loser. She became motivated, and she stayed motivated for as long as it took to win.When people in our company come to me and want advice on how to succeed, I don’t waste time with business tips. My best advice is to tell them to look inside themselves and pull out the ability to dream big. And I know that if they can do that, the rest of it will surely follow.I’ve seen it work too many times to attribute it to luck. Think about it, and consider it for your own life. Reach inside an d find that dream you’ve been hanging on to — the one about becoming somebody special, doing something great with your life. If you believe in it, really believe in it, you’ll have the security of knowing that nothing can defeat you. And that’s real securi ty, the kind that only true winners have.The little football team did have a winning season. Today, Cindy is a top executive with a flourishing business. In both cases, the ability to develop a winning attitude made all the difference. The tough times di dn’t last and the people involved are still going strong. Tough people always do. That’s why they call them “winners.”。

考博阅读冲刺班密卷1Western states were the first to give women the vote. Between 1869 and the outbreak of World War I, 17 states west of the Mississippi gave women the right to vote in state elections for Governors and Representatives. It was not until 1920 that the Federal Government under pressure by suffragettes (women insisting on their right to vote), followed the states' lead and permitted women to take part in national elections for Congresswomen and the President.Women have made great strides since then in achieving political equality. Recently, American feminists have been working hard to achieve social and economic equality as well as political. Their belief is that, as there is nothing that women cannot do just as well as men, they should be shown the same respect and have the same social rights and the same pay as their male counterparts. Anything less is discrimination and sexism.Few American girls agree with the extreme feminists who deride marriage and romantic love, but more and more of them are prepared to live with a man outside marriage, often with the intention of buying a home and marrying only when, between them, they have saved enough money. Young couples today share both the household chores and care of the baby.The old generations, especially those that live in the city suburbs, are bewildered and disturbed by this trend. It is all against the great American tradition of the "home" as the symbol of the unified family.The American woman makes the most of her free time. She helps with political campaigns. She sits on committees. She goes to classes of all kinds, from health foods to English literature, from environmental studies to karate. She swims, plays tennis, and she takes an active interest in her children's education. In most of these activities her companions are other housewives from her neighborhood.There are women executives of some important industries and businesses. In fact there are women in most jobs which were formerly reserved for men. There are women lawyers, doctors, architects, as well as women bus drivers, but the ordinary working women will earn less than a man gets for doing the same job although there is a law which makes this illegal. American girls tend to marry young, which means that 60% of the women in work are married. This also helps to explain why so many young married couples have such a high standard of living.American women seem to have more self-confidence than women from most other countries. For years they have felt no inferiority whatsoever to the male sex. Therefore visitors to the USA rarely meet militant feminists.1. When were the American women first given right to vote in national elections?A) In 1869.B) During World War I.C) In 1920.D) In recent years.Answer：C2. American feminists believe that women ________.A) have made great progress in obtaining both political and social equalityB) have achieved both social and economical equalityC) have not got enough social and economical equality as well as political oneD) have not had the same self-confidence as the men haveAnswer：C3. What attitude do the American women have towards marriage according to the passage?A) Most of them still believe in marriage and romantic love.B) Their marriage should be able to bring them money and home.C) Extreme feminists are ready to live with a man outside marriage.D) The younger generations of women prefer to have a unified family.Answer：A4. During their free time, American women are usually engaged in _______.A) helping with political movementsB) learning how to fight to protect themselvesC) doing housework and taking care of childrenD) both A) and B)Answer：D5. Which of the following can be best title of this passage?A) American FeministsB) American Women and Their Struggle for EqualityC) American GirlsD) Women and RightsAnswer：BUnit 2In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small well-oiled cog(齿轮) in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages,well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and "human relations" experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue-and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested again and again -- by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one's fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the pre-industrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century "free enterprise" capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities -- those of all love and of reason -- are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.1. By "a well-oiled cog in the machinery" the author intends to render the idea that man is _________.A) a necessary part of the society though each individual's function is negligibleB) working in complete harmony with the rest of the societyC) an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society, though functioning smoothlyD) a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothlyAnswer：C2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ________.A) they are likely to lose their jobsB) they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in lifeC) they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existenceD) they are deprived of their individuality and independenceAnswer：D3. From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those ________.A) who are at the bottom of the societyB) who are higher up in their social statusC) who prove better than their fellow competitorsD) who could keep far away from this competitive worldAnswer：D4. To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should _______.A) resort to the production mode of our ancestorsB) offer higher wages to the workers and employeesC) enable man to fully develop his potentialitiesD) take the fundamental realities for grantedAnswer：C5. The author's attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of ________.A) approvalB) dissatisfactionC) suspicionD) toleranceAnswer：BUnit 27 – ReadingStudents of United States history, seeking to identify the circumstances that encouraged the emergence of feminist movements, have thoroughly investigated the mid-nineteenth century American economic and social conditions that affected the status of women. These historians, however, have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period. Furthermore, the ideological origins of feminism in the United States have been obscured because, even when historians did take into account those feminist ideas and activities occurring within the United States, they failed to recognize that feminism was then a truly international movement actually centered in Europe. American feminist activists who have been described as "solitary" and "individual theorists" were in reality connected to a movement-utopian socialism -- which was already popularizing feminist ideas in Europe during the two decades that culminated in the first women's rights conference held at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. Thus, a complete understanding of the origins and developments of nineteenth-century feminism in the United States requires that the geographical focus be widened to include Europe and that the detailed study already made ofsocial conditions be expanded to include the ideological development of feminism.The earliest and most popular of the utopian socialists were the Saint-Simonians(圣西蒙教派主义者). The specifically feminist part of the Saint-Simonianism has, however, been less studied than the group's contribution to early socialism. This is regrettable on two counts. By 1832 feminism was the central concern of Saint-Simonianism and entirely absorbed its adherents'(信徒) energy; hence, by ignoring its feminism, European historians have misunderstood Saint-Simonianism. Moreover, since many feminist ideas can be traced to Saint-Simonianism, European historians' appreciation of later feminism in France and the United States remained limited.Saint-Simon's followers, many of whom were women, based their feminism on an interpretation of his project to recognize the globe by replacing brute force with the rule of spiritual powers. The new world order would be ruled together by a male, to represent reflection, and a female, to represent sentiment. This complementarity reflects the fact that, while the Saint-Simonians did not reject the belief that there were innate differences between men and women, they nevertheless foresaw an equally important social and political role for both sexes in their utopia.Only a few Saint-Simonians opposed a definition of sexual equality based on gender distinction. This minority believed that individuals of both sexes were born similar in capacity and character, and they ascribed male-female differences to socialization and education. The envisioned (想象、预想) result of both currents of thought, however, was that women would enter public life in the new age and that sexual equality would reward men as well as women with an improved way of life.1. It can be inferred that the author considers those historians who describe early feminists in the United States as "solitary" to be _________.A) insufficiently familiar with the international origins of nineteenth-century American feminist thoughtB) overly concerned with the regional diversity of feminist ideas in the period before 1848C) not focused narrowly enough in their geographical scopeD) insufficiently aware of the ideological consequences of the Seneca Falls conferenceAnswer：A2. According to the passage, which of the following is true of the Seneca Falls conference onwomen's rights?A) It was primarily a product of nineteenth-century Saint-Simonian feminist thought.B) It was the work of American activists who were independent of feminists abroad.C) It was the culminating achievement of the utopian socialist movement.D) It was a manifestation of an international movement of social change and feminism.Answer：D3. The author's attitude toward most European historians who have studied the Saint-Simonians is primarily one of ________.A) approval of the specific focus of their researchB) disapproval of their lack of attention to the issue that absorbed most of the Saint-Simonians' energy after 1832C) approval of their general focus on social conditionsD) disapproval of their lack of attention to links between the Saint-Simonians and their American counterpartsAnswer：B4. The author mentions all of the following as characteristic of the Saint-Simonians EXCEPT _______.A) the group included many women among its membersB) the group believed in a world that would be characterized by sexual equalityC) the group was among the earliest European socialist groupsD) most members believed that women and men were inherently similar in ability and characterAnswer：D5. Which of the following characteristics does the utopian society envisioned by Saint-Simonians have?A) It would be worldwide.B) It would emphasize dogmatic religious principles.C) It would most influence the United States.D) It would have armies composed of women rather than of men.Answer：AUnit 26 – ReadingWho would have believed it? After what seems like an eternity of tantalizing hype about "high-definition" television, the first digital sets are actually on their way to the market. This much anticipated debut would seem to be terrific news for tube lovers. As promised, the sets deliver supersharp digital pictures, wide-format movie-style screens and magnificent stereo surround sound.So should everybody rush out to buy one? Well...maybe not. HDTV's obvious advantages over conventional sets are offset by significant disadvantages. For openers, there's the price tag. Sony's smallish set, with a34-in.-diagonal screen, lists for a largish $8,999. Prices will eventually drop, of course, but Bill Mannion, general manager of Panasonic's TV division, acknowledges, "It's going to be a while, maybe years," before most consumers can afford HDTV.Even if you're a gadget freak with deep pockets, you may think twice about buying for another reason: "high definition" will not be equally high. Some programs will be broadcast at 480 lines of resolution (compared with 330 or so on conventional televisions), others at a sharper 720 lines, and still others at the maximum of 1,080. NBC says it plans to start by offering 480-line quality for daytime programming and 1,080 for some prime-time shows and specials.But cable-TV customers -- a full two-thirds of American households -- may get a sinking feeling of another sort if they try to tune in. Cable companies are refusing, for now, to carry broadcasters' HDTV signals, saying information-rich HDTV channels overtax their systems. Therefore viewers who want decent reception, will have to buy clumsy, old-fashioned TV antennas if they plan to pull in digital broadcasts.One decision consumers won't have to make is whether to buy a set that uses one format or another. Back in the days when VCRs were new, you could buy a VHS or a Beta-format machine; neither could read or record on the other's tapes. Those who chose Beta generally regretted it, as VHS took over the market, video companies stopped releasing Beta-format movies, and Beta sets became essentially useless.Most reassuring of all, the new sets will be able to pick up conventional TV broadcasts. You won't need two TV sets sitting side by side. Will that be enough to talk consumers into putting down the better part of $10,000? Manufacturers hope that wide-eyed excitement over this genuinely revolutionary new technology will help hide the fact that it's still a work in progress. Realistically, they expect the revolution to be a slow one.1. As introduced in the text, HDTV _________.A) has its limitationsB) is a landmark in TV technologyC) is likely to be accepted by the massD) is doubted by manufacturers on its practicabilityAnswer：A2. If you were "gadget freak with deep pockets", you ________.A) would be likely to accept HDTVB) would think about lines of resolution of the programsC) would buy HDTV, but with hesitationD) would easily understand what HDTV isAnswer：B3. The only reason for buying HDTV might be ________.A) reasonable priceB) format compatibilityC) unavailability of HDTV signals on cable TVD) broadcasting at inconsistent lines of resolutionAnswer：B4. Which of the following is NOT true?A) HDTV has compatibility.B) Programs displayed on HDTV give supersharp digital pictures.C) To carry HDTV signals is a heavy burden for the systems of cable companies.D) TV stations may send out programs at 1080 lines of resolution.Answer：B5. The passage is primarily written for ________.A) TV buyersB) TV broadcastersC) TV manufacturersD) government officials regulating TV broadcastsAnswer：AUnit 3I am not an accomplished lawyer. I find quite as much material for a lecture in those points wherein I have failed, as in those wherein I have been moderately successful. The leading rule for the lawyer, as for the man of every other calling, is diligence. Leave nothing for tomorrow which can be done today. Never let your correspondence fall behind. Whatever piece of business you have in hand, before stopping, do all the labor pertaining to it which can then be done. When you bring a common-law suit, if you have the facts for doing so, write the declaration at once. If a law point be involved, examine the books, and note the authority you rely on upon the declaration itself, where you are sure to find it when wanted. In business not likely to be litigated, -- ordinary collection cases, foreclosures, partitions, and the like, -- make all examinations of titles, and note them, and even draft orders and decrees in advance. This course has a triple advantage: it avoids omissions and neglect, saves your labor when once done, performs the labor out of court when you have leisure, rather than in court when you have not. Extemporaneous speaking should be practised and cultivated. It is the lawyer's avenue to the public. However able and faithful he may be in other respects, people are slow to bring him business if he cannot make a speech. And yet there is not a more fatal error to young lawyers than relying too much on speech-making. If any one, upon his rare powers of speaking, shall claim an exemption from the drudgery of the law, hiscase is a failure in advance.Discourage litigation. Persuade your neighbors to compromise whenever you can. Point out to them how the nominal winner is often a real loser -- in fees, expenses, and waste of time. As a peacemaker the lawyer has a superior opportunity of being a good man. There will still be business enough.Never stir up litigation. A worse man can scarcely be found than one who does this. Who can be more nearly a fiend than he who habitually overhauls the Register of deeds in search of defects in titles, whereon to stir up strife, and put money in his pocket? A moral tone ought to be infused into the profession which should drive such men out of it.1. How does the author think of himself?A) He has not only experienced success but also failure.B) He is an excellent and moral lawyer.C) He works very hard to win the suit.D) He is good at extemporaneous speaking.Answer：A2. According to the author, the lawyer should ________.A) write the declaration at once when the lawyer has enough facts, dealing with ordinary casesB) practice and depend on speechmaking to become an excellent lawyerC) examine the law book and document the resource of authority when concerning a law pointD) make thorough preparations in order to get more businessAnswer：C3. By saying "the nominal winner is often a real loser", the author means ________.A) the fame is not important for a personB) man loses some practical things despite the winning of a uitC) man needs to care more about the expense of a suitD) it does not matter to lose a suitAnswer：B4. According to the author, the most vicious lawyers are those who _______.A) cannot help to win the case when people pay a lot of money to themB) are careless and make mistakes in the courtC) overhaul the people to litigation in order to earn moneyD) are not peacemakers when disputes appear among the neighborsAnswer：C5. The purpose of the author to write this article is to ________.A) give advice to young lawyersB) criticize the vicious lawyersC) recall his own life as a lawyerD) inform the readers how to select a lawyerAnswer：AUnit7At an office in Hampton, Virginia, in the east of the United States, a team of ten net savvy workers scours the web for sexual content, from basic sex education to sex acts. This "quality assurance" team is making sure that the blocking component of Symantec's Norton Internet Security 2000 computer program remains effective. This is because there is widespread parental concern about blocking websites with sexual content from children.Website blocking is nothing new - services like Net Nanny and programs like Cyber Patrol and Guard Dog have been around for a few years now, protecting children and reassuring parents that only wholesome websites are accessed by the youngsters. Net Nanny and Cyber Patrol will prevent access to any questionable sites when the program is in place.Now Symantec says it has created a new category in consumer software with a package that combines website blocking with a "firewall", protecting your computer from hackers, snoopers and viruses, as well as preventing inadvertent disclosure of personal data.In short, Norton Internet Security (NIS), as the program is called, is designed to serve as the guardian of your digital health,keeping the bad things out and the private things in.The Symantec program can be configured in many ways, the website blocking, for example, can be set to be either selectively permissive or total in its banning of websites, or switched off entirely. Also, Symantec's list of no-go areas, which on the CD now stand at around 36,000 addressed, is not confined to sex sites. The team in Virginia is also on the lookout for sites advocating drugs, or which contain references to violence or gambling, and keeps a watch on chat rooms, e-mail services, entertainment portals - even job search and financial pages. These sites can be blocked by the program.Computer users can also refresh the address list online with the Live update feature which is used by Norton Anti-Virus (which is bundled with NIS) to load the latest virus definitions. This service is free for the first year but, including virus definition updates, it costs $US 19.95 a year thereafter.The system is not perfect, however. Limited testing found the blocking of some "questionable" sites was not comprehensive. Trying to get access to a well-known US site such as Playboy results in an immediate blocking message with a standard invitation to report an "incorrectly categorized" site. By contrast, you could find in other countries such as New Zealand a sex site which declared itself to be "dedicated to providing sexual material, imaged, and anything a little bit unusual for sex enthusiasts all over the country."1. Which of the following statements can be inferred from paragraph 1?A) The net-savvy workers are interested in searching the web for sexual content.B) This quality assurance team is making sure that the blocking component of Symantec's Norton Internet Security 2000 computer program remains effective, because the parents want them to do so.C) The parents all over the world do not want the sexual websites to be blocked.D) The parents all over the world concern that their children will be harmed by the sexual websites.Answer：D2. Which the following statements is NOT the functions of NIS?A) Protect computers from virus T.B) Protect personal data from inadvertently disclosed.C) Protect computers from being invaded by other persons.D) Forbid other people sharing your personal data.Answer：D3. Which is not included in the Symantec's list of no-go areas?A) Sex sites.B) Gambling sites.C) Violence sites.D) Shopping sites.Answer：D4. Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage?A) The program can not only block the harmful websites computer users but also refresh the address list online with the Live Update function of the program.B) The NIS program is free, but you should pay $19.95 per year for the virus update.C) Both the program and virus update are free.D) Computer users should pay $19.95 every year the time they begin to use the program.Answer：A5. By saying "the blocking of some questionable site was not comprehensive", the author means ________.A) The website Playboy should be included in the list of no-go areaB) The program NIS is not effective in other countries at allC) Some websites that are wholesome are included in the list while some questionable websites are notD) All the websites in New Zealand should be included in the list。

博士研究生英语综合教程(一)
博士研究生英语综合教程
介绍
本教程是针对博士研究生英语综合考试的资深创作者整理的，旨在帮助考生全面提高英语综合能力。

教程结构
1.阅读理解
2.完形填空
3.词汇与语法
4.写作技巧
5.口语表达
1. 阅读理解
•提升阅读速度的方法
–划分段落
–掌握关键词
–忽略无关细节
•理解文章结构
–引言
–论点
–例证
–结论
•解答技巧
–找准定位词
–多练习题目
–注意选项中的陷阱
2. 完形填空
•掌握常见的词汇和词组
•注意上下文的逻辑关系
•利用选项中的关键词进行排除3. 词汇与语法
•备考词汇
–分级记忆法
–创造情境记忆
•复习语法
–重点掌握时态和语态的用法
–注意名词、代词和形容词的用法4. 写作技巧
•梳理思路
–理清写作要点
–列出关键词和关键句
•合理组织结构
–介绍段：引入主题
–主体段：论述观点
–结尾段：总结观点
5. 口语表达
•提高听力能力
–多听录音材料
–多参加口语训练班
•锻炼口语流利度
–多进行口语练习
–注意语音语调的准确性
以上是博士研究生英语综合考试的教程大纲，希望能对考生们有所帮助。

祝大家考试顺利！。

2024 Medical Doctoral Entrance English ExamSection A: Reading ComprehensionRead the following passage and answer the questions below.*Passage:The field of medicine is constantly evolving, driven by advancements in technology, research, and clinical practice. As a future medical doctor, you will be responsible for staying up-to-date with these developments and applying them to improve patient care.Questions:What drives the constant evolution of the field of medicine?A. Patient demandB. Technological advancementsC. Doctor's preferencesD. Political influenceWhat responsibility will a future medical doctor have?A. To conduct researchB. To manage hospital operationsC. To stay updated on medical developmentsD. To set healthcare policiesSection B: Vocabulary and GrammarComplete the sentences below with the correct form of the given words.*The patient's condition _______ (improve, improves, improved) significantly after the treatment.The research team is _______ (currently, current, curently) studying the effects of the new drug.The doctor recommended that the patient _______ (take, takes, taken) the medication regularly.Section C: TranslationTranslate the following sentences from English to Chinese.*The doctor's diagnosis was accurate and timely.The patient's recovery has been slow but steady.The research findings have the potential to revolutionize medical treatment.Section D: WritingWrite an essay on the following topic: The Role of Technology in Modern Medicine.*第一部分：阅读理解阅读以下文章，并根据文章内容回答问题。

博士研究生入学考试英语试题摘抄博士研究生入学考试英语试题摘抄一、本次考试由七个部分组成，分别为：I. Listening Comprehension ( 20 minutes; 15 points )II. Reading Comprehension (50 minutes; 25 points )III. Vocabulary and Structure ( 15 minutes; 10 points )IV. Short Answer Questions ( 15 minutes; 10 points )V. Error Correction ( 10 minutes; 10 points )VI. Translation from Chinese into English ( 35 minutes; 15 points )VII. Composition ( 35 minutes; 15 points )二、本考题满分为100分,全部考试时间为180分钟。

三、听力部分、阅读理解部分、词汇与结构部分为选择题，请将所选答案标明题号，涂在答题卡上。

改错、简答题、翻译和写作答案写在答题纸上，所有答案写在草稿纸上或试题册上无效。

I. Listening Comprehension ( 20 minutes, 15 points )Section ADirections: In this section, you’ll hear 10 short conversations. At the end of the conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.1. A ) The lecture for next Monday is cancelled.B ) The lecture wasn’t as successful as expected.C ) The woman doesn’t want to attend the lecture.D ) The woman may attend next Monday’s lecture.2. A ) The woman has a very tight budget.B ) He does not think the fur coat is worth buying.C ) He’s willing to lend the woman money for the fur coat.D ) The woman is not careful enough in planning her spending.3. A ) Clean the kitchen.B ) Ask someone to fix the sink.C ) Find a bigger apartment for the lady.D ) Check the work done by the maintenance man.4. A ) The lens. B ) The price. C ) The flash. D ) The leather case.5. A ) She needs another haircut soon.B ) She thinks it worthwhile to try Santerbale’s.C ) She knows a less expensive place for a haircut.D ) She would like to make an appointment for the man.6. A ) The woman doesn’t want to cook a meal.B ) The woman wants to have a picnic.C ) The woman has a poor memory.D ) The woman likes Mexican food.7. A ) Everyone enjoyed himself at John’s parties.B ) The woman didn’t enjoy John’s parties at all.C ) It will be the first time for the man to attend John’s party.D ) The woman is gla d to be invited to John’s house-warming party.8. A ) She lacks confidence in herself.B ) She is not interested in computer programming.C ) She has never signed up for any competition before.D ) She is sure to win the programming contest.9. A ) The man has an enormous amount of work to do.B ) The man has made plans for his vacation.C ) The man’ll take work with him on his vacation.D ) Work stacked up during the man’s last vacation.10. A ) She likes the job of feeding fish.B ) She finds her new job interesting.C ) She feels unfit for her new job.D ) She’s not in good health.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end ofeach passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the question will be spoken only once. After you hear a question you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage 1Questions 11 to 13 are based on the passage you have just heard.11. A ) Rally support for their movement.B ) Liberate women from tedious housework.C ) Claim their rights to equal job opportunities.D ) Express their anger against sex discrimination.12. A ) It will bring a lot of trouble to the local people.B ) It is a popular form of art.C ) It will spoil the natural beauty of their surroundings.D ) It is popular among rock stars.13. A ) To show that mindless graffiti can provoke violence.B ) To show that Londoners have a special liking for graffiti.。

博士生英语考试真题试卷一、词汇与语法（共10题）1. The new discovery ______ a significant impact on the field of medicine.A. makes.B. has.C. gives.D. takes.答案：B。

解析：“have an impact on...”是固定搭配，表示“对……有影响”，这里主语是“the new discovery”，为第三人称单数，所以用“has”。

2. She was so ______ in her work that she didn't notice the time passing.A. absorbed.B. attracted.C. drawn.D. concentrated.答案：A。

解析：“be absorbed in...”是固定短语，意为“专心于……”；“be attracted to...”表示“被……吸引”；“concentrate on”（集中精力于），这里需要用“absorbed”。

3. It is essential that every student ______ a good command of English.A. has.B. had.C. have.D. will have.答案：C。

解析：在“It is essential that...”句型中，从句要用虚拟语气，即“should + 动词原形”，“should”可以省略，所以这里用“have”。

4. The committee ______ of fifteen members.A. consists.B. composes.C. makes up.D. is made up.答案：A。

解析：“consist of”表示“由……组成”，主动形式；“be made up of”也表示“由……组成”，但为被动形式；“compose”的用法是“be composed of”，这里主语是“the committee”，所以用“consists”。

装备学院2012 年博士研究生入学考试英语（1001）试题（注意：答案必须写在答题纸上，本试卷满分 100 分）Part I Vocabulary (10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: There are 20 sentences in this section. There are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D under each of the following sentences. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.1.He was a medal for his outstanding contribution to science.A.rewardedB. awardedC. promisedD. admitted2.Tall and , with close-cropped hair, Austin looks like anyone else on the track t eam.A.allergicB. confusedC. slenderD. splendidinjury and sickness received a good deal of publicity and3.The problem ofattention this year.A.careerB. professionalC. occupationalD. employment4.Three of workers produce machines that reduce tree branches to wood chips.A.shiftsB. shuttlesC. treatiesD. treads5.It is well known that the first can only work hard planting young trees for a new business,while the following people may obtain the successful fruits.A.practitionersB. amateursC. forerunnersD. managers6.The between direct and non-direct investment is thus meant to focus on the issueof control.A.distinctB. distinguishC. discriminationD. distinction7.The old gentleman to be an old friend of his grandfather's.A.turned inB. turned overC. turned upD. turned out8.With its share of the market falling sharply, Vermeer opened a plant in Beijing, taking aChinese partner and drawing help for the from the Chinese.A.adventureB. ventureC. featureD. fractureC. withheldD. deprived10.His casual clothes were not for such a formal occasion.A.appropriateB. grantedC. conspicuousD. noble11.The focus of the conference was the application of computer-game technologies andenvironments to real -world business problems.A.properB. outsideC. virtualD. inside12.The most explanation is that professors are not particularly interested in students'welfare.A.plausibleB. clarifiedC. respectfulD. indifferent13.The manufacturers rely increasingly on governments, here and abroad, to andexpand.A.profoundB. prosperC. extractD. conquer14.The Obama hasn’t tried to formulate policy that far into the future.A.managementB. governmentC. administrationD. parliament15.While the cause of the accident to one part, the commission also raised broaderconcerns about quality control.A.exploringB. consultingC. completingD. narrowing16.The commission recommended that the space agency a better quality-controlprogram for engine parts.A.put into actionB. put into effectC. take into actionD. take into action17.The significance of the new fossils is that Australopithecus sediba is the directancestor of the human genus.A.principleB. effectiveC. principalD. affective18.The analysis is not complete and Dominion no numbers to the public.A.releasedB. publishedC. confessedD. dominated19.The rules stated that anyone who had held office for three years was not for re-election.A.admirableB. eligibleC. reliableD. capable20.The rocks above the cave have gradually away, bringing the fossils to the surface.A.trackedB. tracedC. emergedD. erodedPart II Cloze Test (15 points, 1 point each)Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on your Answer Sheet.Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the critics like the new play? 21 an event takes place, newspapers are on the streets to the details. Wherever anything happens in the world, reports are on the spot to 22 the news.Newspapers have one basic 23 , to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to know it. Radio, telegraph, television, and other inventions brought competition for newspapers. 24 did the development of magazines and other means of communication. However, this competition merely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the 25 and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Competition also led newspapers to branch out to many other fields. Besides keeping readers 26 of the latest news, today's newspapers 27 and influence readers about politics and other important and serious matters. Newspapers influence readers' economic choices 28 advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very 29 . Newspapers are sold at a price that fails to 30 even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main 31 of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The 32 in selling advertising depends on a newspaper's value to advertisers. This 33 in terms of circulation. How many people read the newspaper? Circulation depends 34 on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment offered in a newspaper's pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspaper's value to readers as a source of information about the community, city, country, state, nation, and world, and even 35 space.21.A. Mean while B. Just when C. Soon after D. Before then22.A. gather B. spread C. carry D. bring23.A. reason B. cause C. purpose D. problem24.A. How B. So C. More D. What25.A.value B. ratio C. rate D. speedrm B. be informed C. to be informed D. informed27.A.entertain B. encourage C. educate D. edit28.A. on B. through C. with D. of29.A. forms B. existence C. contents D. purpose30.A. spend B. cover C. earn D. realize31.A. source B. origin C. course D. finance32.A. way B. means C. chance D. success33. A. measures B. is measured C. measured D. was measured34. A. somewhat B. little C. much D. something35. A. far B. farther C. out D. outerPart III Reading Comprehension (30 points)Section A (20 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then answer the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C, or D and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.Passage 1Hurricanes are violent storms that cause millions of dollars in property damage and take many lives. They can be extremely dangerous, and too often people underestimate their fury. Hurricanes normally originate as a small area of thunderstorms over the Atlantic Ocean west of the Cape Verde Islands during August or September. For several days, the area of the storm increases and the air pressure falls slowly. A center of low pressure forms, and winds begin to whirl around it. It is blown westward, increasing in size and strength.Hurricane hunters then fly out to the storm in order to determine its size and intensity and to track its direction. They drop instruments for recording temperature, air pressure, and humidity (湿度), into the storm. They also look at the size of waves on the ocean, the clouds, and the eye of the storm. The eye is a region of relative calm and clear skies in the center of the hurricane. People often lose their lives by leaving shelter when the eye has arrived, only to be caught in tremendous winds again when the eye has passed.Once the forecasters have determined that it is likely the hurricane will reach shore, they issue a hurricane watch for a large, general area that may be in the path of the storm. Later, when the probable point of landfall is clearer, they will issue a hurricane warning for a somewhat more limited area. People in these areas are wise to stock up on nonperishable foods, flash light and radio batteries, candles, and other items they may need if electricity and water are not available after the storm. They should also try to hurricane-proof their houses by bringing in light-weight furniture and other items from outside and covering windows. People living in low-lying areas are wise to evacuate their houses because of the storm surge, which is a large rush of water that may come ashore with the storm. Hurricanes generally lose power slowly while traveling over land, but many move out to sea, gather up force again, and return to land. As they move toward the north, they generally lose their identity as hurricanes.36.The eye of the hurricane is .A.the powerful center of the stormB.the relatively calm center of the stormC.the part that determines its directionD.the center of low pressure37.Which of the following statements is true?A.A storm surge is a dramatic increase in wind velocity.B.A hurricane watch is more serious than a hurricane warning.C.Falling air pressure is an indicator that the storm is increasing in intensity.D.It is safe to go outside once the eye has arrived.38.Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?A.How to Avoid Hurricane damageB. Forecasting HurricanesC. The dangerous HurricaneD. Atlantic Storms39.The low-lying areas refer to those regions that .A.close to the ground levelB. one-storey flatC. flat housesD. near to the lowest level of hurricane40.Which of the following is NOT a method of protecting one's house from a hurricane?A.taking out heavy thingsB. moving in light-weight furnitureC. covering windowsD. equipping the house with stonesPassage 2On the morning of September 11th, I boarded the train from Washington Heights in Upper Manhattan just as usual and went to the Body Positive office in the South Street Seaport of Lower Manhattan. While I was leaving the subway at 8:53 am, a man ran down the street screaming, "Someone just bombed the World Trade Center." Those around me screamed and shouted "No!" in disbelief. However, being an amateur photographer, and thinking that I might be able to help out, I ran directly toward the WTC. I stopped just short of the WTC at a corner and looked up. There before me stood the gaping hole and fire that had taken over the first building. I stood there in shock taking pictures, wanting to run even closer to help out, but I could not move. Soon I saw what looked like little angels floating down from the top of the building. I began to cry when I realized that these "angels" -- in fact, desperate office workers - - were coming down, some one-by-one, some even holding hands with another. Could I actually be seeing this disaster unfold with hundreds of people around me crying, screaming and running for safety?As I watched in horror, another white airliner came from the south and took aim at the South Tower. As the plane entered the building, there was an explosion and fire and soon debris ( 碎片) began to fall around me. It was then that I realized that we were being attacked and that this was just not a terrible accident. Yet, I still could not move, until I was pushed down by the crowd on the street, many now in a panic running toward the water, as far from the WTC as they could possibly get. All around me were the visual reminders of hundreds of people running in panic. There were shoes, hats, briefcases, pocketbooks, newspapers, and other personal items dropped as hundreds of people ran for safety.Much has been written about the disaster already. We have learned so much in such a small amount of time about appreciating life. In some way we must move forward, bury the dead, build a memorial for those lost, and begin the coping and healing process for the survivors. Buthealing takes time. Some have been able to head right back to work, others seek counseling,while others remain walking through the streets with expressionless faces. However, we are all united in our grief.41.According to paragraph 1, the author’s office was .A.at Washington HeightsB.just beside the World Trade CenterC.in the South Street SeaportD.far from the WTC42.The passage tells us that the author .A.was a social workerB.worked in the Body Positive office near the WTCC.was asked to take some pictures of WTCD.ran toward WTC because he wanted to make out what was happening43.What was his first reflection when he stood at the corner?A.People were floating down from the top of the building as if they wanted to break a world record.B.A terrorist attack against America had begun. .C.There was a terrible accident in which an airliner struck the first building.D.He was just at a loss and could not make out what had happened.44.What was the immediate reaction of the man on seeing all this?A.He watched in horror and cried, but couldn’t move.B.He ran nearer to help out.C.He ran nearer to take pictures.D.He ran away to try to find a shelter.45.In the last paragraph, the author’s attitude is that .A.different people have different ideasB.people shouldn’t walk with expressionless facesC.people should go back to work immediatelyD.however difficult the situation is, people should unite and move forwardPassage 3We can begin our discussion of “population as global issue” with what most persons mean when they discuss “the population problem”: too many people on earth and a too rapid increase in the number added each year. The facts are not in dispute. It was quite right to employ the analogy that likened demographic growth to “a long, thin powder fuse that burns steadily and haltingly until it finally reaches the charge and explodes.”To understand the current situation, which is characterized by rapid increases in population, it is necessary to understand the history of population trends. Rapid growth is a comparatively recent phenomenon. Looking back at the 8,000 years of demographic history, we find that populations have been virtually stable or growing very slightly for most of human history. For most of our ancestors, life was hard, often nasty, and very short. There was high fertility in most places, but this was usually balanced by high mortality. For most of human history, it wasseldom the case that one in ten persons would live past forty, while infancy and childhood w ereespecially risky periods. Often, societies were in clear danger of extinction because death rates could exceed their birthrates. Thus, the population problem throughout most of history was how to prevent extinction of the human race.This pattern is important to notice. Not only does it put the current problems of demographic growth into a historical perspective, but it suggests that the cause of rapid increase in population in recent years is not a sudden enthusiasm for more children, but an improvement in the conditions that traditionally have caused high mortality.Demographic history can be divided into two major periods: a time of long, slow growth which extended from about 8,000 B.C. till approximately A.D. 1650. In the first period of some 9600 years, the population increased from some 8 million to 500 million in 1650. Between 1650 and the present, the population has increased from 500 million to more than 4 billion. And it is estimated that by the year 2000 there will be 6.2 billion people throughout the world. One way to appreciate this dramatic difference in such abstract numbers is to reduce the time frame to something that is more manageable. Between 8000BC and 1650, an average of only 50,000 persons was being added annually to the world’s population each year. At present, this number is added every six hours. The increase is about 80,000,000 persons annually.46.Which of the following demographic growth pattern is most suitable for the long thinpowder fuse analogy?A.A virtually stable or slightly decreasing period and then a sudden explosion of population.B.A slow growth for a long time and then a period of rapid, dramatic increase.C.Too many people on earth and some rapid increase in the number added each year.D.A long period when death rates exceeds birthrates and then a short period with higherfertility and lower mortality.47.During the first period of demographic history, societies were often in danger of extinctionbecause .A.only one in ten persons could live past 40.B.there was higher mortality than fertility in most places.C.it was too dangerous to have babies due to the poor conditions.D.our ancestors had little enthusiasm for more children.48.Which statement is true about population increase?A.There might be an increase of 2.2 billion persons from now to the year 2000.B.About 50,000 babies are born every six hours at present.C.Between 8000 BC and the present, the population increase is about 80,000,000 personseach year.D.The population increased faster between 8000BC and 1650 than between 1650 and thepresent.49.The word “demographic” in the first paragraph means .A.statistics of humanB.surroundings studyC.accumulation of humanD.development of human50.The author of the passage intends to .A.warn people against the population explosion in the near futurepare the demographic growth pattern in the past with that after 1650C.find out the cause for rapid increase in population in recent yearsD.present us a clear and complete picture of the demographic growthPassage 4Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or “bids”, for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures, and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down” the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum. ？The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, andthe English word comes from the Latin auctio, meaning “increase”. The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub basra, meaning “under the spear”, a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries goods were often sold “by the candle”: a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight.Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction rooms at Christie's and Sotheby's in London and New York are world famous.An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a “lot”, is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer's services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.The auctioneer must know fairly accurately the current market values of the goods he is selling, and he should be acquainted with regular buyers of such goods. He will not waste time by starting the bidding too low. He will also play on the rivalries among his buyers and succeed in getting a high price by encouraging two business competitors to bid against each other. It is largely on his advice that a seller will fix a “reserve” price, that is ,a price below which the goods cannot be sold. Even the best au ctioneers, however, find it difficult to stop a “knock out”, whereby dealers illegally arrange beforehand not to bid against each other, but nominate one ofthemselves as the only bidder, in the hope of buying goods at extremely low prices. If such a‘knock-out’ comes off, the real auction sale takes place privately afterwards among the dealers.51.A candle used to burn at auction sales .A.because they took place at nightB.as a signal for the crowd to gatherC.to keep the auctioneer warmD.to limit the time when offers could be made52.An auction catalogue gives prospective buyers .A.the current market values of the goodsB.details of the goods to be soldC.the order in which goods must be soldD.free admission to the auction sale53.The auctioneer may decide to sell the “lots” out of order because .A.he sometimes wants to confuse the buyersB.he knows from experience that certain people will want to buy certain itemsC.he wants to keep certain people waitingD.he wants to reduce the number of buyers54.An auctioneer likes to get high prices for the goods he sells because .A.then he earns more himselfB.the dealers are pleasedC.the auction-rooms become world famousD.it keeps the customers interested55. A ‘knock-out’ is arranged .A.to increase the auctioneer's profitB.to allow one dealer only to make a profitC.to keep the price in the auction room lowD.to help the auctioneerSection B (10 points, 2 points each)Directions: In this section, there is a passage with five questions. After you have read the passage, answer each question in English with no more than 15 words. Write down your answer on the Answer Sheet.1.Chad Hurley and Steve Chen have some experience with turning a small Web site into Internet gold. In 2006 they sold their scrappy start-up YouTube to Google for $1.65 billion.2.More recently they picked an unlikely candidate to be their next Web sensation: a Yahoo castoff (丢弃物).3.The men are trying to inject new life into Delicious, a social bookmarking service that, in its time, was popular among the technorati, but failed to catch on with a broader audience.4.“What we plan to do,” Mr. Hurley said in an interview here last week, “is try to introduce Delicious to the rest of the world.”5.Created in 2003, Delicious lets people save links from around the Web and organize them using a simple tagging system, assigning keywords like “neuroscience” or “recipes.” It was praised for the way it allowed easy sharing of those topical links. The site’s early popularity spurred Yahoo to snap it up in 2005 — but in the years after that Yahoo did little with it.6.In December, leaked internal reports from Yahoo hinted that the company was planning to sell or shut down the service.7.At the same time, Mr. Chen and Mr. Hurley, who had recently formed a new company called Avos and begun renting space a few blocks from the original YouTube offices in San Mateo, had been brainstorming ideas for their next venture. One problem they kept circling around was the struggle to keep from drowning in the flood of news, cool new sites and videos surging through their Twitter accounts and RSS feeds, a glut that makes it difficult to digest more thana sliver of that material in a given day.8.“Twitter sees something like 200 million tweets a day, but I bet I can’t even read 1,000 aday,” Mr. Chen said. “There’s a waterfall of content that you’re missing out on.”9.He added, “There are a lot of services trying to solve the information discovery problem, and no one has got it right yet.”10.When the men heard about Yahoo’s plans to close Delicious, their ears perked up, and they placed a personal call to Jerry Yang, one of the founders of Yahoo, and made him an offer. (They declined to disclose financial details of the transaction.)11.At heart, they say, the revamped service will still resemble the original Delicious when it opens to the public, which Mr. Chen and Mr. Hurley said would happen later this year. But their blueprint involves an overhaul of the site’s design and the software and the systems used to tag and organize links.12.The current home page of Delicious features a simple cascade of blue links, the most recent pages bookmarked by its users, and it tends to largely be dominated technology news. But the new Delicious aims to be more of a destination, a place where users can go to see the most recent links shared around topical events, like the Texas wildfires or the anniversary of the Sept.11 attacks, as well as the gadget reviews and tech tips.13.The home page would feature browseable “stacks,” or collections of related images, videos and links shared around topical events. The site would also make personalized recommendations for users, based on their sharing habits. “We want to simplify things visually, mainstream the product and make it easier for people to understand what they’re doing,” Mr. Hurley said.14.Mr. Chen gives the example of trying to find information about how to repair a vintage car radio or plan an exotic vacation.15.“You’re Googling around and have eight to 10 browser tabs of results, links to forums and message boards, all related to your search,” he said. The new Delicious, he said, provides “a very easy way to save those links in a collection that someone else can browse.”16.They say they decided to buy Delicious rather than build their own service for a number of reasons.17.“We know how hard it would be to build a brand,” Mr. Hurley said. “Delicious lets us hit the ground running with its existing footprint.”18.A number of sites already have Delicious buttons as an option for sharing content — right alongside Facebook, Twitter and Tumblr, Mr. Hurley said.19.But Mr. Chen said the team also “liked the idea of saving one of the original Web 2.0 companies that started the social sharing movement on the Web.” He added: “There was some sense of history. We were genuinely sad that it would be shut down.”20.Both founders acknowledge that they were never diehard Delicious users. “I signed up in 2005 and I didn’t use it again until 2011,” Mr. Chen said with an embarrassed laugh.56.What is likely to be Chad Hurley and Steve Chen’s next web sensation according to thepassage?57.Why the author says in paragraph 2 that the sensation is an UNLIKELY candidate?58.How do you un derstand the sentence said by Mr. Hurley “Delicious lets us hit the groundrunning with its existing footprint” in paragraph 17?59.What does the word ‘diehard’ possibly mean in the first sentence of the last paragraph?60.List no less than 10 words in the passage that are related with web or i nternet.Part IV Error Detection and Correction (10 points, 1 point each) Directions: Each of the following underlined part has an error. Find out the errors in the underlined parts and without altering the meaning of the sentence, write down your correction on the Answer Sheet.To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It is no use to start late in life to say: “I wi ll take an interest in this or that.”(61) Such an attempt only aggravates the strain of mental effort. A man may acquire great knowledges of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet hardly get any benefit or relief.(62) It is no use doing what you like; you have got to dislike what you do. Broadly speaking, human being may be divided as three classes (63): those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death. It is no use offering the manual laborer, tired out with a hard week’s sweating and effort, (64) the chance of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon. It is no use inviting the politician or the profession or business man, (65) who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry about trifling things at the weekend.It may also be said that rational, industrious, useful human beings are divided into two classes: first, those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure; and secondly, people whose work and pleasure are one. (66) Of these the former are the major. (67) They have their compensations. The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, and a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms. (68) But Fortune’s favored children belong to the second class. Their life is a naturally harmony. (69) For them the working hours are never long enough. Each day is a holiday, and ordinary holidays when they come are grudged as enforced interruptions in an absorbing vacation. Yet of both classes the need of an alternative outlook, (70) of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential.Part V Translation (15 points, 3 points each)Directions: Translate the five underlined sentences in the following passage into Chinese. Write down your translation on the Answer Sheet.A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps; for there is a companionship of books as well as of men; and one should always live in the best。

2004年武汉大学博士研究生入学考试英语阅读理解试题阅读理解Opponents of affirmative action say the battle over the use of race in college admissions is hardly over, despite the Supreme Court's ruling Monday upholding the goal of a diverse student body. Higher education leaders overwhelmingly hailed the decision, saying it reaffirmed policies used by most selective colleges and universities. But some critics raised the possibility of more lawsuits, and promised to continue pressuring the Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights to investigate questionable policies.“We're talking about admissions programs, scholarships, any program...only for minorities or in which the standards used to judge admissions are substantiall y different,” says Linda Chavez, founder and president of the Center for Equal Opportunity, a conservative non-Others say they'll take their case to voters. “We have to seriously contest all this at the ballot box,” says University of Calif ornia regent Ward Cannerly, who helpedwin voter approval of California's Proposition 209, which prohibits considering race or gender in public education, hiring and contracting. Because of that law,Monday's ruling had no practical impact in the state. “It may be time for us to...let the (Michigan) voters decide if they want to use race as a factor in admissions,”Meanwhile, U. S. Education Secretary Rod Paige, consistent with PresidentBush's stance opposing affirmative action, said the Department of Education will “continue examining and highlighting e ffective race-neutral approaches to ensure broad access to and diversity within our public institutions”. Even Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O' Connor, in one of the opinions, recommended that states look for lessons in race-neutral programs being tried in California and elsewhere. Whilethe ruling said admissions officials may consider race in the selection process, colleges and universities are not obligated to do so. “Ultimately in the debate, diversity is a choice, not a legal mandate,” says Arthur C oleman, a former Department of Education official who now helps colleges and universities ensureThe public, too, remains conflicted, largely along racial lines. According to a january poll by the non-profit research organization Public Agenda, 79% of Americans said it is important for colleges to have a racially diverse student body, while just 54% said affirmative action programs should continue. In a Gallup poll conducted days before the ruling, 49% of adults said they favor affirmative action and 43% did not, with blacks and Hispanics far more likely to favor the practice than whites. And some educators doubt that with Monday's ruling, those opposingFor now, admissions officials and university lawyers are poring over the ruling to determine how or whether to adjust policies. While most tend to be closed-mouthed2. What the critics said in the first paragraph amounts to the idea that ________.D. selective colleges and universities should be punished for their discriminatorypolicies.3. Connerly insists that the Court's ruling should ________.B. be contested by the Michigan voters with aD. produce the intended practical effect before it is widely accepted4. What is the attitude of the Department of Education towards affirmative action?D. Indifference5. Which of the following is True about affirmative action according to the text?C. The minority students6. It can be inferred from the text that one of the major objectives of affirmative action is to ________.A. ensure race-neutral programs are set up7. Questions 11 to 15 are basedWhenever two or more unusual traits or situations are found in the same place, it istempting to look for more than a coincidental relationship between them. The high Himalayas and the Tibetan plateau certainly have extraordinary physical characteristics and the cultures which are found there are also unusual, though not unique. However there is no intention of adopting Montesquieu's view of climate and soil as cultural determinants. The ecology of a region merely poses some of the problems faced by the inhabitants of the region, and while the problems facing a The appearance of the Himalayas during the late Tertiary Period and the accompanying further raising of the previously established rages had a marked effecton the climate of the region. Primarily, of course, it blocked the Indian monsoon (季风) from reaching Central Asia at all. Secondarily, air and moisture from otherPrior to the raising of the Himalayas, the land now forming the Tibetan uplandshad a dry, continental climate with vegetation and animal life similar to that of much of the rest of the region on the same parallel, but somewhat differen than that of the areas farther north, which were already drier. With the coming of the Himalayas and the relatively sudden drying out of the region, there was a severe thinning out of the animal and plant population. The ensuing incomplete Pleistocene glaciations (冰蚀) had a further thinning effect, but significantly did not wipe out life in the area. Thus after the end of the glaciation there were only a few varieties of life extant from the original continental species. Isolated by the Kunlun range from the Tarim basin and Turfan depression, species which had already adapted to the dry steppe climate, and would otherwise have been expected to flourish in Tibetan, the remaining native fauna and flora (动植物)multiplied. Armand describes the Tibetan fauna as not having g reat variety, but being “striking” in the abundance of the particular species that are present. The plant life is similarly limited in variety, with some observers finding no more than seventy varieties of plants in even the relatively fertile Eastern Tibe tan valleys. with fewer than ten food crops. Tibetan “tea” is a major staple,The difficulties of living in an environment at once dry and cold. and populated with species more usually found in more hospitable climates, are great. These difficulties may well have influenced the unusual polyandrous (一妻多夫制) societies typical of the region. Lattimore sees the maintenance of multiple-husband households as being preserved from earlier forms by the harsh conditions of the Tibetan uplands, which permitted no experimentation and “froze” the cultures which came there. Kawakita, on the other hand, sees the polyandry as a way of easily permitting the best householder to become the head husband regardless of age. His detailed studies of the Bhotea village of Tsumje do seem to support this idea of polyandry as a method of talent mobility is a situation where even the best talent is barely enought for survival.In sum, though arguments can be made that a pre-existing polyandrous system was strengthened and preserved (insofar as it has been) by the rigors of the land, it would certainly be an overstatement to lay causative factors of any stronger nature to the ecological influences in this case.C. Social and familial organizD. All of the above.9. The purpose of the passage is to ________.C. describe10. The author 's knowledge of Tibet is probably ________.D. limited to geological history11. According to the passage, which of the following would probably be the most agreeable to Montesquieu?B. some regions with similar climates will have simD. The plants of a country, by being the food of its people, cause the people to have12. The species of fauna and flora remaining in Tibet after the Pleistocene glaciation can properly be called continental because they ________.C. have been found in oAuctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or “bids”, for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures, and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down” the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin auctio, meaning “increase”. The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub basra, meaning “under the spear”, a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries goods were often sold “by the candle”: a short Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction rooms at Christie's and Sotheby's in London and New York are world famous.An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a “lot”, is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer's services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price tha goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct The auctioneer must know fairly accurately the current market values of the goodshe is selling, and he should be acquainted with regular buyers of such goods. He will not waste time by starting the bidding too low. He will also play on the rivalries among his buyers and succeed in getting a hight price by encouraging two business competitors to bid against each other. It is largely on his advice that a seller will fix a“reserve” price, that is ,a price below which the goods cannot be sold. Even the best auctioneers, however, find it difficult to stop a “knock out”, whereby dealers illegally arrange beforehand not to bid against each other, but nominate one of themselves as the only bidder, in the hope of buying goods at extremely low prices. If such a “knock-out” comes off ,the real auction sale takes place privately afterwards among t14. A candle used to burn at auction sales ________.15. An auction catalogue gives prospective buyers ________.16. The auctioneer may decide to sell the “lots” out of ord er because ________.17. An auctioneer likes to get high prices for the goods he sells because________.C. the auction-18. A “knock out” is arranged ________.A. to k19. Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choicesmarked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer Questions 1 to 5 are based oAll types of stress study, whether under laboratory or real-life situations, studyThe brain blood flow studies show that reciting the days of the week and months ofthe year increases blood flow in appropriate areas, whereas problem solving which demands intense concentration of a reasoning type produces much larger changes in Between these basic studies of brain function and real life situations there is still a considerable gap, but reasonable deduction seems possible to try and understand what happens to the brain. Life consists of a series of events which may be related to work or to our so-called leisure time. Work may be relatively automatic—as with typing, for instance, it requires intense concentration and repetition during the learning phase to establish a pattern in the brain. Then the typist's fingers automatically move to hit the appropriate keys as she reads the words on the copy.overcomethis she has to raise her level of arousal and concentration but beyond a certain point the automatic is lost and thinking about hitting the keys leads to moreOther jobs involve intense concentration such as holding bottles of wine up to a strong light and turning them upside down to look for particles of dirt falling down. This sounds quite easy but experience teaches that workers can do this for only about thirty minutes before they start making a mistake. This is partly because the number of occasions with dirt in the bottle is low and the arousal level, therefore, fails. Scientists have shown that devices to raise arousal level will increase the accuracy of looking for relatively rare events. A recent study of the effect of loss of sleep in young doctors showed that in tests involving a challenge to theirmedical judgment when short of sleep they raised their arousal level and became bet20. According to the brain blood flow studies, problem solving ________.C. demands intense21. The author believes that ________.A. the results obtained in the laboratory exactly reflects the real-B. the gap between the laboratory studies and real-life situations is too large to fillC. the gap between the laboratory studies and real-life situations can be closed byD. the difference between the laboratory studies and real-life situations will be22. When a typist gets tired, ________.23. Examining bottles of wine is hard work because ________.24. According to the author, a key factor in the ability to reason is ________.A. t英译汉1. Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlinedComputers are permeating almost every aspect of our lives, including many areas previously untouched by technology. 1. But unlike such other pervasive technologies as electricity, television and the motor car, computers are on the whole less reliable and less predictable in their behavior. This is because they are discrete state digital electronic devices that are prone to total and catastrophic failure. Computer systems, when they are “down,” are completely down, unlike electromechanical devices, which may be only partially down and are thus partially usable.Computers enable enormous quantities of information to be stored, retrieved, and transmitted at great speed on a scale not possible before. 2. This is all very well, but it has serious implications for data security and personal privacy because computers are inherently insecure. The recent activities of hackers and data thieves in the United States, Germany, and Britain have shown how all-too-easy it still is to break into even the most-sophisticated financial and military systems. The list of scares perpetrated by the new breed of hi-tech criminals, ranging from fraud in airline-ticket reservations to the reprogramming of the chips inside mobile phones, is growing daily.Computer systems are often incredibly complex-so complex, in fact, that they are not always understood even by their creators (although few are willing to admit it). This often makes them completely unmanageable. Unmanageable complexity, can result in massive foul-ups or spectacular budget “runaways.” For example, Jeffrey Rothfeder in Business Week reports that Bank of America in 1988 had to abandon a $ 20-million computer system after spending five years and a further $ 60 million trying to make it work. Allstate Insurance saw the cost of its new system rise from $ 8 million to a staggering $ 100 million and estimated completion was delayed from 1987 to 1903. Moreover, the problem seems to be getting worse: in 1988 the American Arbitration. Association took on 190 computer disputes, most of which involved defective systems. The claims totaled —3. Complexity can also result in disaster: no computer is 100 percent guaranteed because it is virtually impossible to anticipate all sorts of critical applications, such as saving lives, flying air craft, running nuclear power stations, transferring vast sums of money, and controlling missile systems—sometimes with tragic consequences. For example, between 1982 and 1987, some twenty-two servicemen died in five separate crashes of the United States Air Force's sophisticated Blackhawk helicopter before the problem was traced to its computer-based “fly-by-wire” system. At least two people diedafter receiving overdoses of radiation emitted by the computerized. There are 25 X-ray machines, and there are many other examples of fatal computer-based foul-Popular areas for less life-threatening computer malfunctions include telephone billing and telephone switching software, bank statements and bank-teller machines, electronic funds-transfer systems, and motor-vehicle license data bases. Although computers have often taken the “blame” on these occasions, the ultimate cause of failure in most cases is, in faEvery new technology creates new problems—as well as new benefits--for society, and computers are no exception. 4. But digital computers have rendered society especially vulnerable to hardware and software malfunctions. Sometimes industrial robots go crazy, while heart pacemakers and automatic garage door openers are rendered useless by electromagnetic radiation or “electronic smog” emitted from point-of-sale terminals, personal computers, and video games. Automated teller machines (ATMs) and pumps atThe cost of all this downtime is huge. 5. For example, it has been reported that British businesses suffer around thirty major mishaps a year. revolving losses running into millions of pounds. These are caused by machine or human error and do not include human misuse in the form of fraud and sabotage. The cost of failures in domestically produced software in the United Kingdom alone is conservatively estimated at $ 900 million per year. In 1989, a British Computer Society committee, reported that much software was now so complex that current skills in safety assessment were inadequate and that therefore the safety of people could not be guaranteed.2. ____________________.3. __________________.4. ___________________.5. _______________________.6. ____________________.汉译英1. Directions: Translate the following short paragraph into English and write your2. 一位负责扶贫工作的官员说，到２００４年底，尽管大多数贫困人口将解决温饱问题，还将有一些生活极端贫困的人们，他们还需要政府的资助。

2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part I. Reading Comprehension (60%)Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A), B), C), or D) and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet I.Passage 1We live in southern California growing grapes, a first generationof vintners, our home adjacent to the vineyards and the winery. It’s a very pretty place, and in order to earn the money to realize our dream of making wine, we worked for many years in a business that demanded several household moves, an incredible amount of risk-taking and long absences from my husband. When it was time, we traded in our old life, cinched up our belts and began the creation of the winery.We make small amounts of premium wine, and our lives are dictated by the rhythm of nature and the demands of the living vines. The vines start sprouting tiny green tendrils in March and April, and the baby grapes begin to form in miniature, so perfect that they can be dipped in gold to form jewelry. The grapes swell and ripen in early fall, and when their sugar content is at the right level, they are harvested carefully by hand and crushed in small lots. The wine is fermented and tendeduntil it is ready to be bottled. The vineyards shed their leaves, thevines are pruned and made ready for the dormant months --- and the next vintage.It sounds nice, doesn’t it? Living in the country, our days spentin the ancient routine of the vineyard, knowing that the course of our lives as vintners was choreographed long age and that if we practiced diligently, our wine would be good and we’d be successful. From thestart we knew there was a price for the privilege of becoming a wine-making family, connected to the land and the caprices of nature.We work hard at something we love, we are slow to panic over the daily emergencies, we are nimble at solving problems as they arise. Some hazards to completing a successful vintage are expected: rain justbefore harvesting can cause mold; electricity unexpectedly interrupted during the cold fermentation of white wine can damage it; a delayed payment from a major client when the money is needed.There are outside influences that disrupt production and take patience, good will and perseverance. [For example] the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms regulates every facet of the wine business.A winery’s records are audited as often as two or three times a yearand every label --- newly written for each year’s vintage --- must be approved. …[But] The greatest threat to the winery, and one that almost madeus lose heart, came out of a lawyer’s imagination. Out little winery was served notice that we were named in a lawsuit accusing us of endangering the public health by using lead foils on our bottles (it was the only material used until recently) “without warning consumers of apossible risk.” There it was, our winery’s name listed with the industry’s giants. …… I must have asked a hundred times: “Who gets the money if the lawsuit is successful?” The answer was, and I never was able to assimilate it, the plaintiffs and their lawyers who filed the suit! Since the lawsuit was brought in behalf of consumers, it seemed to me that consumers must get something if it was proved that a lead foil was dangerous to them. We were told one of the two consumer claimants was an employee of the firm filing the suit!There are attorneys who focus their careers on lawsuits like this. It is an immense danger to the small businessman. Cash reserves can be used up in the blink of an eye when in the company of lawyers. As long as it’s possible for anyone to sue anybody for anything, we are all in danger. As long as the legal profession allows members to practice law dishonorably and lawyers are congratulated for winning big money in this way, we’ll be plagued with a corruptible justice system.1. The phrase “cinched up our belts”, in the first paragraph, suggests that the coupleA. thought creating a winery would be busyB. wore clothing that was too bigC. strapped their belongings together and movedD. prepared for the difficult work ahead2. The grapes are harvested on a date thatA. may vary.B. depends on the approval of the regulatory bureau.C. is traditionally set.D. is determined by availability of pickers.3. According to the author, the life of vintners is most controlled byA. the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms.B. unexpected changes in temperature.C. the sugar content of the grapes.D. the tempo of the seasons.4. The writer complains that when she questioned the lawyers sheA. never got the answer.B. never got a simple answer.C. could make no sense of the answer she got.D. could not understand the answer she got.5. The writer thinks that the legal professionA. strives to protect consumers.B. does a good job of policing its members.C. is part of an incorruptible system.D. includes rapacious attorneys.Passage 2There is a confused notion in the minds of many persons, which the gathering of the property of the poor into the hands of the rich does no ultimate harm, since in whosever hands it may be, it must be spent at last, and thus, they think, return to the poor again. This fallacy has been again and again exposed; but granting the plea true, the same apology may, of course, be made for black mail, or any other form of robbery. It might be (though practically it never is) as advantageousfor the nation that the robber should have the spending of the money he extorts, as that the person robbed should have spent it. But this is no excuse for the theft. If I were to put a turnpike on the road where it passes my own gate, and endeavor to exact a shilling from every passenger, the public would soon do away with my gate, without listening to any pleas on my part that it was as advantageous to them, in the end, that I should spend their shillings, as that they themselves should. But if, instead of outfacing them with a turnpike, I can only persuade them to come in and buy stones, or old iron, or any other useless thing, out of my ground, I may rob them to the same extent and, moreover, be thanked as a public benefactor and promoter of commercial prosperity. And this main question for the poor of England --- for the poor of all countries --- is wholly omitted in every treatise on the subject of wealth. Even by the laborers themselves, the operation of capital is regarded only in its effect on their immediate interests, never in thefar more terrific power of its appointment of the kind and the object of labor. It matters little, ultimately, how much a laborer is paid for making anything; but it matters fearfully what the thing is which he is compelled to make. If his labor is so ordered as to produce food, fresh air, and fresh water, no matter that his wages are low; the food and the fresh air and water will be at last there, and he will at last get them. But if he is paid to destroy food and fresh air, or to produce iron bars instead of them, the food and air will finally not be there, and he will not get them, to his great and final inconvenience. So that, conclusively, in politics as in household economy, the great question is, not so much what money you have in your pocket, as what you will buywith it and do with it.。

statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. You should decide on the best
choice and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
xx 博士研究生入学考试试题
科目代码: 1001
科目名称: 英语
请注意:答案必须写在答题纸上（写在试题上无效）
I. Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
________.
A) intrigued
B) steered
Ⅱ. Reading Comprehension
C) cheated
D) bothered
Directions: There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished
classrooms in recent years.
A) subordination B) participation

xx 博士研究生入学考试试题
科目代码: 1001
科目名称: 英语
请注意:答案必须写在答题纸上（写在试题上无效）
I. Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
A) reasoning
B)reasonable
C) neutral
D) mutual
18. Some people tell jokes very well while others________ say something funny.
A) attempt to
B) tempt to
C) appeal to
classrooms in recent years.
A) subordination B) participation
C) impact
D) assumption
3. It has been proven innumerable times that the various types of behavior, emotions, and interests that
Mr. Newbery had slept in the shed every night for four years because of vandalism, the court was told by the defense. That night, he heard a loud banging on the door, and a voice saying “If the old man’s in there, we’ll do him.” He was absolutely terrified, and fired the gun in self-defense. As a result of the incident, Mr. Revill lost two fingers, and has partially lost the use of one arm.