Time will pierce the surface or youth, will be on the beauty of the ditch dug a shallow groove ; Jane will eat rare!A born beauty, anything to escape his sickle sweep
.-- Shakespeare 2006年12月
一、
In a purely biological sense, fear begins with the body's system for reacting to things that can harm us -- the so-called fight-or-flight response. "
从纯生物角度来说，恐惧始于人体系统对会伤害我们的事情的反应----即所谓的“战斗或逃脱”反应。
An animal that can't detect danger can't stay alive," says Joseph LeDoux. Like animals, humans evolved with an elaborate mechanism for about potential threats.
“不能觉察到危险的动物无法生存”Jeseph LeDoux。像动物一样，人类进化过程中形成了一个精巧的机制，以处理潜在威胁的信息。
At its core is a cluster of neurons (神经元) deep in the brain known as the amygdala (扁桃核).
该机制的核心是大脑内部的一束被称为扁桃核的神经元。
LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form memories of significant events in our lives.
Ledoux研究了动物和人类对危险的反应方式，以理解我们对于生活中重要事件是如何形成记忆的。
The amygdala receives input from many parts of the brain, including regions responsible for retrieving memories.
扁桃核从大脑的很多部位中接受输入的信息，包括负责回收记忆的部位。
Using this information, the amygdala appraises a situation - I think this charging dog wants to bite me - and triggers a response by radiating nerve signals throughout the body.
使用该信息，扁桃核对情景进行分析---我觉得这只充满攻击性的狗想咬我---进而通过体内神经信号的辐射启动效应。
These signals produce the familiar signs of distress: trembling, perspiration and fast-moving feet, just to name three.
这些信号产生与危险相似的信号：颤抖、流汗和快步逃跑，这仅是其中的三种反应。
This fear mechanism is critical to the survival of all animals, but no one can say for sure whether beasts other than humans know they're afraid.
恐惧机制对所有动物的生存都是至关重要的，但是没有人敢肯定地说除了人以外，动物是否感受到了恐惧。
That is, as LeDoux says, "if you put that system into a brain that has consciousness, then you get the feeling of fear."
正如Ledoux所言：“如果你把该机制放进一个有知觉的大脑中，你就会有恐惧的感觉”Humans, says Edward M. Hallowell, have the ability to call up images of bad things that happened in the past and to anticipate future events.
Edward M.Hallowell说人类拥有回忆过去发生的不好事情的图像和预测未来的能力。Combine these higher thought processes with our hardwired danger-detection systems, and you get a near-universal human phenomenon: worry.
把这些高级思维过程与我们固有的危险探测系统结合在一起，你将会获得一个几乎是人类所共有的现象：担忧。
That's not necessarily a bad thing, says Hallowell, "When used properly, worry is an incredible device," he says.
Hallowell说，这未必是件坏事。“如果使用恰当，担忧式中难以置信的设计”他说。
After all, a little healthy worrying is okay if it leads to constructive action -- like having a doctor look at that weird spot on your back.
毕竟，稍许健康的担忧是未尝不可的，如果担忧可以带来建设性的行为----如让医生检查一下你背上奇怪的斑点。
Hallowell insists, though, that there's a right way to worry.
但是Hallowell坚持认为，担忧存在着一种正确的模式。
"Never do it alone, get the facts and then make a plan," he says.
“永远不要只是担忧，要获取事实，然后指定计划”他说。
Most of us have survived a recession, so we're familiar with the belt-tightening strategies needed to survive a slump.
我们中的大多数都有从衰退中熬过来的精力，所以我们都熟知度过低潮所需要的节约政策。
Unfortunately, few of us have much experience dealing with the threat of terrorism, so it's been difficult to get facts about how we should respond.
不幸的是，我们中仅有少数人有处理恐怖主义危险的经验，所以要获取我们应该如何应对的信息变得十分困难。
That's why Hallowell believes it was okay for people to indulge some extreme worries last fall by asking doctors for Cipro (抗炭疽菌的药物) and buying gas masks.
这就是为什么Hallowell认为在去年秋天的时候，人们向医生获取抗炭疽菌的药物和购买防毒面具并由此深陷于某种极度担忧中的行为是可以理解的。
二、
Amitai Etzioni is not surprised by the latest headings about scheming corporate crooks (骗子). Amitai Etzioni并没有对最新的关于行骗团伙的阴谋的报纸标题感到惊奇。
As a visiting professor at the Harvard Business School in 1989, he ended his work there disgusted with his students’overwhelming lost for money.
作为1989年哈佛大学商学院的访问学者，他在结束工作时对于他的学生对金钱的绝大欲望感到厌恶。
“They’re taught that profit is all that matters,”he says. “Many schools don’t even offer ethics (伦理学) courses at all.”
“他们被教育金钱就是一切。他说,“很对学校甚至不提供任何伦理学的课程。”
Etzioni expressed his frustration about the interests of his graduate students.
Etzioni说他对他的研究生们的兴趣所在感到沮丧。
“By and large, I clearly had not found a way to help classes full of MBAs see that there is more to life than money, power, fame and self-interest.”
He wrote at the time. Today he still takes the blame for not educating these “business-leaders-to-be.”“I really like I failed them,”he says. “If I was a better teacher maybe I could have reached them.”“很长时间，很明显我找不到一个方法让一个MBA班的学员认识生活不但是金钱，全力，名声和私立”他那时候写道。现在她仍然自责当初没有好好教导这群“未来的商业领袖”“我真的觉得我让他们失望了”他说：“如果我当初是个更好的老师，或许就能够影响他们”
Etzioni was a respected ethics expert when he arrived at Harvard.
初到哈佛的时候，Etzioni是一位受人尊敬的伦理学专家。
He hoped his work at the university would give him insight into how questions of morality could be applied to places where self-interest flourished.
他希望他在哈佛的工作可以帮他弄明白如何让道德问题应用于充满私立的地方。
What he found wasn’t encouraging.
他的研究结果很难让人兴奋。
Those would be executives had, says Etzioni, little interest in concepts of ethics and morality in the boardroom—and their professor was met with blank stares when he urged his students to see business in new and different ways.
Etzioni说，那些未来的经理们对于董事会里的伦理和道德概念没有什么兴趣------当他尝试促使他的学生用一种新的，不同的方式看待商业的时候，教授看到的是空洞的眼神。Etzioni sees the experience at Harvard as an eye-opening one and says there’s much about business schools that he’d like to change.
Etzioni把在哈佛的经历看作开了一次眼界，并称他觉得商学院需要作出很多改变。
“A lot of the faculty teaching business are bad news themselves,”Etzioni says. From offering classes that teach students how to legally manipulate contracts, to reinforcing the notion of profit over community interests, Etzioni has seen a lot that’s left him shaking his head.
“很多教商业的教职人员本身就是坏消息”Etzioni说。从提供教授学生如何合法操作合同，到强化利润高于公众利益的观念。Etzioni看到了很多让他摇头叹息的事情。
And because of what he’s seen taught in business schools, he’s not surprised by the latest rash of corporate scandals.
由于他目睹了商学院所教授的内容，所以在看到公司一连串最新的丑闻时，他一点也不觉得奇怪。
“In many ways things have got a lot worse at business schools, I suspect,”says Etzioni.
“从很多方面来说，我怀疑商学院里的情形变的更糟了”Etzioni说。
Etzioni is still teaching the sociology of right and wrong and still calling for ethical business leadership.
Etzioni仍然在教授关于是与非的社会学，仍然在奔走号召复合伦理的商业领导学。“People with poor motives will always exist.”He says. “Sometimes environments constrain those people and sometimes environments give those people opportunity.”
“怀有不良动机的人总会存在”他说。“有时候环境限制了那些人，有时候环境给那些人创造了生命”
Etzioni says the booming economy of the last decade enabled those individuals with poor motives
to get rich before getting in trouble.
Etzioni说，最近十年经济的高速发展让那些心怀不轨的人在遇上麻烦之前发了财。
His hope now: that the cries for reform will provide more fertile soil for his long-standing messages about business ethics.
他现在希望：对改革的呼吁会让他一直提出的商业伦理的信息可以得到肥沃的土壤。
2007年6月
一、
Google is a world-famous company, with its headquarters in Mountain View, California.
Google(谷歌）是一家享誉世界的公司，其总部位于加州山景区。
It was set up in a Silicon Valley garage in 1998, and inflated (膨胀) with the Internet bubble. 1998年始建于硅谷的一间车房里，随着互联网泡沫的膨胀发展。
Even when everything around it collapsed the company kept on inflating.
即使当与互联网相关的一切开始破裂的时候，它仍然飞速发展。
Google’s search engine is so widespread across the world that search became Google, and google became a verb.
Google的搜索引擎在全球范围内流传，以至于Google成了搜索的代名词，而google也成为一个动词。
The world fell in love with the effective, fascinatingly fast technology.
世界爱上了这项迷人而快捷的技术。
Google owes much of its success to the brilliance of S. Brin and L. Page, but also to a series of fortunate events.
Google的成功很大程度上归功于S.Brin和L.Page的才华，但同时也是一连串幸运事件的结果。
It was Page who, at Stanford in 1996, initiated the academic project that eventually became Google’s search engine.
1996年，Page在斯坦福大学作一个学术项目，最终成为google的搜索引擎。
Brin, who had met Page at a student orientation a year earlier, joined the project early on.
Brin在之前的一年的新生介绍会上认识了Page，随后加入了Google搜索引擎的项目。They were both Ph.D. candidates when they devised the search engine which was better than the rest and, without any marketing, spread by word of mouth from early adopters to, eventually, your grandmother.
当时他们都是博士研究生，但他们设计的搜索引擎要优于其他的，而且没有做任何市场推广，仅靠交口相传，就从最初的使用者最终传到了你祖母的耳中。
Their breakthrough, simply put, was that when their search engine crawled the Web, it did more than just look for word matches, it also tallied (统计) and ranked a host of other critical factors like how websites link to one another.
简单来说，他们的突破发生在搜索引擎在网络上慢慢传播的时候，引擎提供的不仅仅是找寻匹配的词语，还可以根据一些关键指标如网页如何相连对主页进行统计和排序。
That delivered far better results than anything else.
引擎得到的结果比其他的都好。
Brin and Page meant to name their creation Googol (the mathematical term for the number 1 followed by 100 zeroes), but someone misspelled the word so it stuck as Google.
Brin和Page用googol(数学术语，指前面有100个零的数字）命名他们的作品，但是有人把这个单词错拼成了Google。
They raised money from prescient (有先见之明的) professors and venture capitalists, and moved off campus to turn Google into business.
他们从有先见之明的教授和风险投资者那里筹集资金，让google从校园走向商业化。Perhaps their biggest stroke of luck came early on when they tried to sell their technology to other search engines, but no one met their price, and they built it up on their own.
或许他们最大的运气是在早期，那是他们尝试出售自己的技术给其他引擎公司，但没有人能够满足他们的价位，于是他们决定自己创业。
The next breakthrough came in 2000, when Google figured out how to make money with its invention.
第二次突破是在2000年，当时google提出如何利用发明盈利。
It had lots of users, but almost no one was paying.
Google有众多用户，但几乎没有人付费。
The solution turned out to be advertising, and it’s not an exagge ration to say that Google is now essentially an advertising company, given that that’s the source of nearly all its revenue.
最终的解决方法是做广告，毫不夸张的说，Gooogle现在实际上就是一家广告公司，因为几乎其所有的收入都是源于广告。
Today it is a giant advertising company, worth $100 billion
现在Google是一家巨型广告公司，其市值达到一千亿美元。
二、
You hear the refrain all the time: the U.S. economy looks good statistically, but it doesn’t feel good.
你一直重复听到：美国的经济从数据上看很不错，但实际上并不觉得很好。
Why doesn’t ever-greater wealth promote ever-greater happiness?
为什么不断增加的财富却没有促进不断提高的幸福程度呢？
It is a question that dates at least to the appearance in 1958 of The Affluent(富裕的) Societyby John Kenneth Galbraith, who died recently at 97.
这个问题最早要追溯到1958年《富足社会》一书的出现，其作者John Kenneth Galbraith最近去世了，享年97岁。
The Affluent Society is a modern classic because it helped define a new moment in the human condition.
《富足社会》是一本现代名著，因为书中定义了人类境况的一个新时期。
For most of history, “hunger, sickness, and cold” threatened nearly everyone, Galbraith wrote.
在历史上的大多数时期，“饥寒交迫和疾病”几乎威胁了每一个人。Galbraith写道：“Poverty was found everywhere in that world. Obviously it is not of ours.”
“贫穷出现在那个世界的任何角落。但这显然与我们无关”
After World War II, the dread of another Great Depression gave way to an economic boom. In the 1930s unemployment had averaged 18.2 percent; in the 1950s it was 4.5 percent.
“二战”后，对于新的一次大衰退的恐惧让位于一次经济繁荣。在二十世纪三十年代，失业率高达18.2%，而在二十世纪五十年代，失业率为4.5%。
To Galbraith, materialism had gone mad and would breed discontent.
对于Galbraith而言，物质主义已经疯狂，并且会滋生不满。
Through advertising, companies conditioned consumers to buy things they didn’t really want or need.
公司通过广告让消费者购买他们不需要或者不想要的东西。
Because so much spending was artificial, it would be unfulfilling.
如此多的花费是虚假的，所以肯定会有不满
Meanwhile, government spending that would make everyone better off was being cut down because people instinctively—and wrongly—labeled government only as “a necessary evil.”
同时，能让每个人生活得更好的政府开销却减少了，因为人们本能地、错误地为政府贴上了“必要的恶魔”的标签。
It’s often said that only the rich are getting ahead; everyone else is standing still or falling behind. 人们常说只有富人在前行，其他人都停留在原地或者落在后面。
Well, there are many undeserving rich—overpaid chief executives, for instance.
例如，是有很多人不应富有的人
But over any meaningful period, most people’s incomes are increasing.
工资过高的首席执行官。但是在经历了很多重要时期之后，大多数人的收入在上升。
From 1995 to 2004, inflation-adjusted average family income rose 14.3 percent, to $43,200.
从1995年到2004年，针对通货膨胀进行调整的普通家庭收入上升了14.3%，达到了43，200美元。
P eople feel “squeezed” because their rising incomes often don’t satisfy their rising wants—for bigger homes, more health care, more education, faster Internet connections.
人们觉得“被压榨”，是因为他们增加的收入不能满足他们上升的欲望----更大的房子，更多医疗保健，更多教育，更快的网络连接。
The other great frustration is that it has not eliminated insecurity.
另外一大沮丧是不安全感并没有被消除。
People regard job stability as part of their standard of living.
人们把工作的稳定性看成生活标准的一部分。
As corporate layoffs increased, that part has eroded.
随着公司裁员的增加了，这部分被腐蚀了。
More workers fear they’ve become “the disposable American,” as Louis Uchitelle puts it in his book by the same name.
更过的员工害怕自己会成为“被处理的美国人”，这一说法来自于LouisUchtelle的同名著作。Because so much previous suffering and social conflict stemmed from poverty, the arrival of widespread affluence suggested utopian (乌托邦式的) possibilities.
因为前面提到的痛苦和社会冲突都来源于贫穷，大范围富裕的来临暗示了乌托邦式的可能。Up to a point, affluence succeeds. There is much les physical misery than before. People are better off. Unfortunately, affluence also creates new complaints and contradictions.
从某种意义来说，富裕成功了。比起以前，身体上的痛苦大大减少。人们比以前更富于了。不幸的是，富足同样创造了新的抱怨和矛盾。
Advanced societies need economic growth to satisfy the multiplying wants of their citizens.
现金的社会需要经济增长，以满足市民日益多样化的需要。
But the quest for growth lets loose new anxieties and economic conflicts that disturb the social order.
但是对增长的追求却产生了新的焦虑和经济冲突，扰乱了社会秩序。
Affluence liberates the individual, promising that everyone can choose a unique way to self-fulfillment.
富裕解放了个人，承诺每个人可以选择独特方式来达成自己的愿望。
But the promise is so extravagant that it predestines many disappointments and sometimes inspires choices that have anti-social consequences, including family breakdown and obesity (肥胖症).
但是承诺是如此的奢侈，以至于注定会有失望，有时还会引起带来反社会的选择，包括家庭破裂和肥胖症。
Statistical indicators of happiness have not risen with incomes.
数据表明，幸福并没有随着收入的增长而增长。
Should we be surprised? Not really. We’ve simply reaffirmed an old truth: the pursuit of affluence does not always end with happiness.
我们是不是应该感到惊讶？不必。我们仅是重新印证了一句老话：对富裕的追求并不会总是以幸福为结局。
2007年12月
一、
Like most people, I’ve long understood that I will be judged by my occupation, that my profession is a gauge people use to see how smart or talented I am.
像大多数人一样，我早就知道我的职业将左右别人对我的判断，我的工作室人们可以用来衡量我的聪明和材质的标准。
Recently, however, I was d isappointed to see that it also decides how I’m treated as a person.
但是最近，我非常失望地发现工作也决定了别人怎样对待我。
Last year I left a professional position as a small-town reporter and took a job waiting tables.
去年我辞去了小镇记者的工作，该做了一名侍者。
As someone paid to serve food to peopl e. I had customers say and do things to me I suspect they’d never say or do to their most casual acquaintances.
在这份为人们提供食物的工作中，我遇到的一些顾客对我说了一些话、做了一些事情，这些话和是我认为他们从来不会向哪怕是他们最熟悉的人去说或做的。
One night a man talking on his cell phone waved me away, then beckoned (示意) me back with his finger a minute later, complaining he was ready to order and asking where I’d been.
有一天晚上，一个正在打电话的男人先是打手势把我赶走，一分钟后又用他的手指示我回来，
对我抱怨说他正在准备点菜，问我究竟去了哪里。
I had waited tables during summers in college and was treated like a peon(勤杂工) by plenty of people.
上大学期间，在暑假我就做过侍者，但是就被很多人当勤杂工。
But at 19 years old. I believed I deserved inferior treatment from professional adults.
但是那时19岁的我认为那些职场中的成年人对我差一点也理所当然。
Besides, people responded to me differently after I told them I was in college.
此外，当我告诉他们我在读大学时，我得到的对待又有所不同。
Customers would joke that one day I’d be sitting at their table, waiting to be served.
顾客们开玩笑说，总有一天我会坐在他们的位置上，等候服务。
Once I graduated I took a job at a community newspaper.
毕业之后我在社区的报社找到一份工作。
From my first day, I heard a respectful tone from everyone who called me. I assumed this was the way the professional world worked-cordially.
从工作的第一天开始，其他人就用充满敬意的语气称呼我。我以为这就是职场的方式--亲切。
I soon found out differently, I sat several feet away from an advertising sales representative with a similar name.
我很快发现并不是这样。我坐的位置和我的名字相似的广告部销售代表只有几英尺远。Our calls would often get mixed up and someone asking for Kristen would be transferred to Christie.
我们的电话经常会被弄混，有人要找克里斯滕会被转到克里斯蒂这里来。
The mistake was immediately evident.
这是明显的错误。
Perhaps it was because money was involved, but people used a tone with Kristen that they never used with me.
或许是包含了金钱的因素，但是人们对克里斯滕的语气是从来不会用在我身上的。
My job title made people treat me with courtesy.
我的共组头衔让很多人礼貌地对待我。
So it was a shock to return to the restaurant industry.
所以回到饭店行业之后我真的很受打击。
It’s no secret that there’s a lot to put up with when waiting tables, and fortunately, much of it can be easily forgotten when you pocket the tips.
当侍者忍受很多，这早已不是什么秘密。但幸运的是，当收到小费的时候，大部分的不快都可以轻易忘掉。
The service industry, by definition, exists to cater to others’ needs.
服务业的定义就是满足他人的需要。
Still, it seemed that many of my customers didn’t get the difference between server and servant.
但是，我的很多顾客四壶分辨不清侍者和侍从的区别。
I’m now applying to graduate school, which means someday I’ll return to a profession where people need to be nice to me in order to get what they want.
我现在在申请研究生，这就意味着将来有一天我会回到那种职位，那时别人为乐得到他们想要的东西就必须对我礼貌一点。
I think I’ll take them to dinner first, and see how they treat someone whose only job is to serve
them.
我想我会把他们带去吃顿饭，看一下他们是怎么对待那些专职为他们服务的人的。
二、
What’s hot for 2007 among the very rich? A S7.3 million diamond ring. A trip to Tanzania to hunt wild animals. Oh. and income inequality.
2007年，对于富豪来说什么事最热门的？价值730万美元的钻戒。去坦桑尼亚狩猎。噢，还有收入不均衡。
Sure, some leftish billionaires like George Soros have been railing against income inequality for years.
当然左翼百万符文乔治-索罗斯多年以来一直反对收入不均衡。
But increasingly, centrist and right-wing billionaires are starting to worry about income inequality and the fate of the middle class.
但是越来越多的中间派和右翼亿万富翁都开始担心收入不均衡和中产阶级的命运了。
In December. Mortimer Zuckerman wrote a column in U.S News & World Report, which he owns. 在12月，莫蒂默-朱克曼在他旗下的《美国新闻和世界报道》上写上了一篇专栏文章。“Our nation’s core bargain with the middle class is disintegrating,” lamented (哀叹) the 117th-richest man in America. “Most of our economic gains have go ne to people at the very top of the income ladder.
“我们国家的中产阶级的核心竞争力正在瓦解，”这位在美国排名第117位的富豪这样哀叹。“我们大部分的经济效益都归于收入阶梯最上层的人了。
Average income for a household of people of working age, by contrast, has fallen five years in a row.” He noted that “Tens of millions o f Americans live in fear that a major health problem can reduce them to bankruptcy.”
相比之下，工薪阶层的平均收入却连续五年下降。”他注意到“数以千万计的美国人害怕一个重要的健康问题就会导致他们破产。”
Wilbur Ross Jr. has echoed Zuckerman’s anger over the bitter struggles faced by middle-class Americans.
小威尔伯-罗斯回应了朱克曼杜宇美国中产阶级的痛苦挣扎感到的愤怒。
“It’s an outrage that any American’s life expectancy should be shortened simply because the company they worked for went bankrupt and ended health-care coverage,” said the former chairman of the International Steel Group.
“这应该让我们愤怒，所有美国人的平均寿命都被缩短了，仅仅是因为他们所供职的公司破产了，健康保险被终止了”这位国际钢铁集团的前任主席说。
What’s happening? The very rich are just as trendy as you and I, and can be so when it comes to politics and policy.
发生了什么？巨富们当谈到政治和政策的时候就像你我一样适应潮流。
Given the recent change of control in Congress, popularity of measures like increasing the minimum wage, and efforts by California’ governor to offer universal health care, these guys don’t need their own personal weathermen to know which way the wind blows.
只要看一下国会最近的全力变更，像提高最低工资等政策的受欢迎程度，以及加州州长所致力于的全民保健项目，这些人不需要私人天气预报员就可以知道风向如何了”
It’s possible that plutocrats(有钱有势的人) are expressing solidarity with the struggling middle
class as part of an effort to insulate themselves from confiscatory (没收性的) tax policies.
这群有钱有势的人可能是通过表达对中产阶级的挣扎的同情，进而逃避没收性税务政策。But the prospect that income inequality will lead to higher taxes on the wealthy doesn’t keep plutocrats up at night. They can live with that.
但是收入不均衡会导致对富人征收更多税款的期望并不会让有钱有势的人晚上难以入眠。他们承受得了。
No, what they fear was that the political challenges of sustaining support for global economic integration will be more difficult in the United States because of what has happened to the distribution of income and economic insecurity.
不，他们真正害怕的是由于在收入分配和经济安全方面出现的问题，美国持续支持全球经济一体化所带来的政治挑战。
In other words, if middle-class Americans continue to struggle financially as the ultrawealthy grow ever wealthier, it will be increasingly difficult to maintain political support for the free flow of goods, services, and capital across borders.
换句话说，如果美国的中产阶级持续在财政上陷入困境，同时巨富们变得越来越富有，那么要获得政治上持续支持产品、服务和资金的跨国性自由流动将会日益困难。
And when the United States places obstacles in the way of foreign investors and foreign goods, it’s likely to encourage reciprocal action abroad.
当美国对其他国家的投资者和商品设置障碍时，也在刺激其他国家采取相应的措施。
For people who buy and sell companies, or who allocate capital to markets all around the world, that’s the real nightmare.
对于在全球买卖公司或调动资金的人来说，这才是真正的噩梦。
2008年6月
一、
Imagine waking up and finding the value of your assets has been halved.
想象你一觉醒来，发现自己的资产减半。
No, you’re not an investor in one of those he dge funds that failed completely.
不，你并不是其中一支彻底失败的基金的投资者。
With the dollar slumping to a 26-year low against the pound, already-expensive London has become quite unaffordable.
随着美元兑英镑跌至26年来的最低值，物价本就偏高的伦敦变得更让人难以承受。
A coffee at Starbucks, just as unavoidable in England as it is in the United States, runs about $8. 一杯星巴克的咖啡在英国不得不买到8美元，同在美国如出一辙。
The once all-powerful dollar isn’t doing a Titanic against just the pound.
无所不能的美元在兑换英镑时，不再是庞然大物。
It is sitting at a record low against the euro and at a 30-year low against the Canadian dollar.
美元兑欧元的汇率创下新低，并在与加元的汇兑中处于30年来的最低值。
Even the Argentine peso and Brazilian real are thriving against the dollar.
就连阿根廷闭锁和巴西雷亚尔都比美元有活力。
The weak dollar is a source of humiliation, for a nation’s self-esteem rests in part on the strength of its currency.
疲软的美元带来了屈辱，因为一个国家的尊严部分来源于本国货币的强度。
It’s also a potential economic problem, since a declining dollar makes imported food more
expensive and exerts upward pressure on interest rates.
这也是一个潜在的经济问题，因为编制的美元使得进口食品价格上扬，并施加加息的压力。And yet there are substantial sectors of the vast U.S. economy-from giant companies like Coca-Cola to mom-and-pop restaurant operators in Miami-for which the weak dollar is most excellent news.
但对于庞大美国经济体中大量的产业部门-----从可口可乐这样的大公司到迈阿密的夫妻餐厅经营者----美元疲软的消息对他们来说可是再好不过了。
Many Europeans may view the U.S. as an arrogant superpower that has become hostile to foreigners.
一些欧洲人视美国为一个傲慢的超级大国，并且认为美国对外国人怀有敌意。
But nothing makes people think more warmly of the U.S. than a weak dollar.
但当人们想起美国时，没有什么比疲软的美元更带劲的了。
Through April, the total number of visitors from abroadwas up 6.8 percent from last year. Should the trend continue, the number of tourists this year will finally top the 2000 peak.
整个4月的游客总数比去年同期增加了6.8%，如果这种趋势延续下去，今天游客的人数将最终比2000年的峰值还多。
Many Europeans now apparently view the U.S. the way many Americans view Mexico-as a cheap place to vacation, shop and party, all while ignoring the fact that the poorer locals can’t afford to join the merrymaking.
一些欧洲人现在看待美国的方式恰似美国人看待墨西哥一样-----一个廉价的度假、购物和举行派对的场所，他们都忽略了那些更贫穷的本土居民不能承担这种寻欢作乐的费用。
The money tourists spend helps decrease our chronic trade deficit. So do exports, which thanks in part to the weak dollar, soared 11 percent between May 2006 and May 2007. For first five months of 2007, the trade deficit actually fell 7 percent from 2006.
游客的消费帮助减缓了我们长期以来的贸易赤字。出口也是如此，部分由于疲软的美国，2006年5月----2007年5月的出口额飙升了11%。与2006年相比，2007年前5个月的贸易赤字居然下降了7%。
If you own shares in large American corporations, you’re a winner in the weak-dollar gamble.
如果你持有美国大公司的股票，那么你会是疲软美元投机中的赢家。
Last week Coca-Cola’s stick bub bled to a five-year high after it reported a fantastic quarter.
上周可口可乐发布了令人振奋的一季数据后，其股价攀升至五年来的新高。
Foreign sales accounted for 65 percent of Coke’s beverage business.
Other American companies profiting from this trend include McDonald’s and IBM.
海外销售占据可口可乐65%的饮料业务。
其他美国企业，包括麦当劳和IBM在这种趋势下也赢得了利润。
American tourists, however, shouldn’t expect any relief soon.
然而，美国游客不应该期望任何迅速的改善。
The dollar lost strength the way many marriaqe:break up- slowly, and then all at once.
美元疲软的过程就如同婚姻破裂的过程----都是缓慢的，然后才是快速的。
And cur rencies don’t turn on a dime.
货币不会立即升值。
So if you want to avoid the pain inflicted by the increasingly pathetic dollar, cancel that summer vacation to England and look to New England.
因此如果你想避免不断惨淡的美元带来的痛苦，那就取消去英格兰的暑期度假计划，该去新
英格兰州吧。
There, the dollar is still treated with a little respect.
在那儿，美元还是有点尊严的。
二、
In the college-admissions wars, we parents are the true fights.
在大学入学的战役中，我们这些家长都是真正的战士。
We are pushing our kids to get good grades, take SAT preparatory courses and build resumes so they can get into the college of our first choice.
我们督促自己的孩子取得更好的成绩，参加权门学科评鉴考试（SA T）预备课程和填写简历，以便他们能进入第一志愿的大学。
I’ve twice been to the wars, and as I survey the battlefield, something different is happening.
我已参加过两次这场战役，我在这战场上存活了下来，不同的情况总是在发生。
We see our kids’ college background as e prize demonstrating how well we’ve raised them.
我们把自己孩子的大学牌子是视为我们培养他们好坏程度的奖赏。
But we can’t acknowledge that our obsession(痴迷) is more about us than them.
但我们不能理解的是我们的痴迷是为了自己还是孩子。
So we’ve contrived various justifications that turn out to b e half-truths, prejudices or myths.
所以我们发明了很多自认为有理的辩护，这些辩护成了半真半假的陈词、偏见和荒诞的说法。It actually doesn’t matter much whether Aaron and Nicole go to Stanford.
事实上，阿伦和尼克尔是否进入斯坦福大学并不是真的那么重要。
We have a full-blown prestige panic; we worry that there won’t be enough p rizes to go around.
我们有着充足的威望恐慌症；我们担心未来没有足够的荣誉去炫耀。
Fearful parents urge their children to apply to more schools than ever.
满怀担忧的父母督促他们的孩子申请比以往多得多的学校。
Underlying the hysteria(歇斯底里) is the belief that scarce elite degrees must be highly valuable. 这歇斯底里的关键是他们相信少数精英学位肯定有着更高的价值。
Their graduates must enjoy more success because they get a better education and develop better contacts.
他们毕业后肯定能获得更多的成功，因为他们受到更优质的教育，发展了更优良的交际圈。All that is plausible——and mostly wrong. We haven’t found any convincing evidence that selectivity or prestige matters.
这些说法都似是而非-----而大多数是错误的。我们还没有找到任何可信证据表明选择或威望的重要性。
Selective schools don’t systematically employ better instructional approaches than less selective schools.
重点学校不会比非重点学校系统地使用更好地教育方法。
On two measures——professors’ feedback and the number of essay exams——selective schools do slightly worse.
在以下两方面----教授的反馈和写作考试的数量----重点学校做得稍差。
By some studies, selective schools do enhance their graduates’ lifetime earnings.
一些研究表明，重点学校的确增加了其毕业生的终生收入。
The gain is reckoned at 2-4% for every 100-poinnt increase in a school’s average SA T scores.
一所学校的平均SAT分数增加100分，这一财产就会增加2%--4%.
But even this advantage is probably a statistical fluke(偶然).
但这种优势也可能只是统计学上的偶然。
A well-known study examined students who got into highly selective schools and then went elsewhere.
一项著名的研究考察了进入重点学校的学生和他们毕业后的去向。
They earned just as much as graduates from higher-status schools.
他们的收入和高级学校的学生一样。
Kids count more than their colleges.
孩子自身的作用远远高于学校的作用。
Getting into yale may signify intellgence,talent and ambition.
进入耶鲁大学标志着聪明过人、才华横溢和雄心勃勃。
But it’s not the only indicator and,paradoxically,its significance is declining.
但这并非是唯一的标志，而且讽刺的是，这种标志性正在逐渐淡化。
The reason:so many similar people go elsewhere.Getting into college is not life only competiton. 原因是大量有同样才气的人到别的地方去了。进入大学并非人生唯一的竞赛。
Old-boy networks are breaking down.princeton economist Alan Krueger studied admissions to one top Ph.D.program.High scores on the GRE helpd explain who got in;degrees of prestigious universities didn’t.
在另一项竞赛中----职场和研究所----结果可能会改变。校友关系开始瓦解。普林斯顿经济学家艾伦昆格研究了一项顶尖博士项目的录取工作。美国研究生入学考试（GRE）的高分有助于解释谁能入选；而学校的名气则不能。
So,parents,lighten up.the stakes have been vastly exaggerated.up to a point,we can rationalize our pushiness.
因此，家长们，清醒一下。事实已被嫉妒夸大。
America is a competitive society;our kids need to adjust to that.but too much pushiness can be destructive.
在某一方面，我们可以解释这种狂热。美国是个竞争性的社会；我们的孩子需要为其而调整。但太多的一意孤行是毁灭性的。
The very ambition we impose on our children may get some into Harvard but may also set them up for disappointment.
我们在孩子身上寄托的野心可能引领着部分孩子进入哈佛大学，但也可能使他们失望。One study found that,other things being equal,graduates of highly selective schools experienced more job dissatisfaction.
一项研究发现，从重点学校毕业不易获得工作上的满足感。他们对自己的要求过高。
They may have been so conditioned to deing on top that anything less disappoints.
一旦达不到这种高要求，就会感到失望。
2008年12月
一、
Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth, and as a result it has become difficult to question either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use.
可持续发展适用于诸如能源，净水，经济增长等几乎所有的方面，因此，要对可持续发展的基本假设或其概念的实施方法提出质疑也变得日益困难。
This is especially true in agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives.
这在农业方面尤其显著，可持续发展经常被认为是农业进步的唯一标准，而这并没有从历史和文化的角度进行适当的评估。
To start with, it is important to remember that the nature of agriculture has changed markedly throughout history, and will continue to do so .medieval agriculture in northern Europe fed, clothed and sheltered a predominantly rural society with a much lower population density than it is today.
首先，重要的是认识到农业的本质随着历史的发展已经发生了显著的变化，并且这种变化仍将持续。中世纪北欧的农业为以农业为主导的社会提供了衣食和住所，而当时的人口密度远低于现在。
It had minimal effect on biodiversity, and any pollution it caused was typically localized.
那是的农业对生物多样性的影响有限，产生的任何污染通常都是地方性的。
In terms of energy use and the nutrients（营养成分）captured in the product it was relatively inefficient.
当时的农业在能源利用以及农产品的营养成分方面是相对低效的。
Contrast this with farming since the start of the industrial revolution.
对比一下工业革命开始以后出现的农场化。
Competition from overseas led farmers to specialize and increase yields.
来自国外的竞争促使农民专业化并且提高产量。
Throughout this period food became cheaper, safe and more reliable.
在这个时期，食品价格下降，安全性和可靠性都有所提高。
However, these changes have also led to habitat（栖息地）loss and to diminishing biodiversity. 但是，这些变化也是导致了栖息地的流失和生物多样性的减少。
What’s more, demand for animal products in developing countries is growing so fast that meeting it will require an extra 300 million tons of grain a year by 2050.yet the growth of cities and industry is reducing the amount of water available for agriculture in many regions.
此外，发展中国家队畜产品的需求增长如此迅速，以至于在2050年之前每年需要额外收货3亿吨谷物才能满足该需求。但是城市和工业的发展导致在很多地区农业可利用的水资源越来越少。
All this means that agriculture in the 21stcentury will have to be very different from how it was in the 20th.
所有这些都意味着21世纪的农业将非常不同于20世纪的农业。
This will require radical thinking.
这需要激进的思考方式。
For example, we need to move away from the idea that traditional practices are inevitably more sustainable than new ones.
例如，我们需要摒弃传统生产比新型生产注定更有利于可持续发展的方法，而这些方法的核心在于需要在保持生产的同时避免产生更多的破坏。
We also need to abandon the notion that agriculture can be “zero impact”.
我们同样需要抛弃农业可以“零污染”的观念。
The key will be to abandon the rather simple and static measures of sustainability, which centre on the need to maintain production without increasing damage.
关键在于放弃相对简单和静态的衡量可持续发展性的方法，而这些方法的核心在于需要在保持生产的同时避免产生更多的破坏。
Instead we need a more dynamic interpretation, one that looks at the pros and cons（正反两方面）of all the various way land is used.
取而代之的是更加动态的解释，可以兼顾到种种土地使用方式的正反两面。
There are many different ways to measure agricultural performance besides food yield: energy use, environmental costs, water purity, carbon footprint and biodiversity.
除了粮食产量以外，还有很多不同的方式可以衡量农业的效益；能源利用，环境成本，水源纯净程度，碳排放和生物多样性。
It is clear, for example, that the carbon of transporting tomatoes from Spain to the UK is less than that of producing them in the UK with additional heating and lighting.
例如，显然把番茄从西班牙运到英国的碳排放量要少于在英国用额外的供暖和照明设备种植番茄。
But we do not know whether lower carbon footprints will always be better for biodiversity.
但是我们不知道降低碳排放量是否总是对生物多样性是有益的。
What is crucial is recognizing that sustainable agriculture is not just about sustainable food production.
关键是要意识到农业可持续的发展并不仅仅是关于可持续的食物生产。
二、
The percentage of immigrants (including those unlawfully present) in the United States has been creeping upward for years.
美国移民的比例（包括非法移民）连续数年呈增长趋势.
At 12.6 percent, it is now higher than at any point since the mid 1920s.
现已达到12.6%，比20世纪20年代中期以来的任何时候都要高。
We are not about to go back to the days when Congress openly worried about inferior races polluting America’s bloodstream.
我们不是要回到国会公开表示担忧等民族污染美国血统的时代。
But once again we are wondering whether we have too many of the wrong sort of newcomers.
但是我们再一次想知道美国是否有太多不适合的新移民。
Their loudest critics argue that the new wave of immigrants cannot, and indeed do not want to, fit in as previous generations did.
其中声势最大的批评认为新的移民浪潮并不能像前面数代人一样真正融入，实际上他们也并不想这么做。
We now know that these racist views were wrong. In time, Italians, Romanians and members of other so-called inferior races became exemplary Americans and contributed greatly, in ways too numerous to detail, to the building of this magnificent nation.
现在我们知道这些种族主义的观点都是错的。曾经，意大利人、罗马尼亚人以及其他所谓的“低等民族”成为美国人的楷模，并且通过不胜枚举的方式为这个美妙国度的建设做出了伟大的贡献。
There is no reason why these new immigrants should not have the same success.
说这些新移民不能取得同样的成功毫无根据。
Although children of Mexican immigrants do better, in terms of educational and professional attainment, than their parents, UCLA sociologist Edward Telles has found that the gains don’t continue.
尽管墨西哥移民的孩子在教育和职业成就领域比起他们的父母表现更佳，加州大学洛杉矶分校的社会学家爱德华-特列斯发现这种成就感并没有持续性。
Indeed, the fourth generation is marginally worse off than the third. James Jackson, of the University of Michigan, has found a similar trend among black Caribbean immigrants.
事实上，第四代要比第三代稍差一点。密歇根大学的詹姆斯-杰克逊在加勒比黑人移民中也发现了相似的趋势。
Telles fears that Mexican-Americans may be fated to follow in the footsteps of American blacks—that large parts of the community may become mired (陷入) in a seemingly permanent state of poverty and underachievement.
特列斯担心墨西哥裔美国人可能注定会步美国黑人的后尘---社区中的大部分人将陷入贫穷和毫无建树的状态。Like African-Americans, Mexican-Americans are increasingly relegated to (降入) segregated, substandard school, and their dropout rate is the highest for any ethnic group in the country.
像非裔美国人一样，墨西哥裔美国人日益降入实行种族隔离政策、低标准的学校，他们的退学率在整个国家的所有民族中是最高的。
We have learned much about the foolish idea of excluding people on the presumption of ethnic/racial inferiority.
我们已经认识到在民族、种族低劣的前提下去排斥他们是多么愚蠢。
But what we have not yet learned is how to make the process of Americanization work for all.
但是我们仍然不知道如何使美国化的过程适合所有的人。
I am not talking about requiring people to learn English or to adopt American ways; those things happen pretty much on their own.
我并不是说要求所有的人都学习英语或者采取美国的方式；这些事情自然而然就会发生。But as arguments about immigration heat up the campaign trail, we also ought to ask some broader questions about assimilation, about how to ensure that people, once outsiders, don’t forever remain marginalized within these shores.
但是随着关于移民的争论使总统大选白热化，我们也应该提出关于融合，关于如何确保曾经的外来人口无需永远在国内边缘化等更广泛的问题。
That is a much larger question that what should happen with undocumented workers, or how best to secure the border, and it is one that affects not only newcomers but groups that have been here for generations.
这是比无证工人的遭遇或者如何包围边境安全更重要的问题。这个问题不仅影响了新移民，而且也影响到了已经在这里时代生活的群体。
It will have more impact on our future than where we decide to set the admissions bar for the latest wave of would-be Americans. And it would be nice if we finally got the answer right.
与现在我们队即将涌入的准美国人设定“准入点”相比，它将对我们的未来产生更大的影响。当然如果最终可以找到正确答案就太好了。
2009年6月
一、
For hundreds of millions of years, turtles (海龟) have struggled out of the sea to lay their eggs on sandy beaches, long before there were nature documentaries to celebrate them, or GPS satellites and marine biologists to track them, or volunteers to hand-carry the hatchlings (幼龟) down to the water’s edge lest they become disoriented by headlights and crawl towards a motel parking lot instead.
在数亿年前的时间里，海龟一直在挣扎着离开大海道海滩上产卵，时间远远遭遇自然纪录片的赞扬，或全球定位通讯卫星和海洋生物学家的追踪，又或者志愿者们用手把幼龟放在海边以避免它们受到光线的影响迷失方向，爬向汽车旅馆的停车场。
A formidable wall of bureaucracy has been erected to protect their prime nesting on the Atlantic coastlines.
由官方建造的大型围墙用于保护海龟在大西洋沿岸的主要筑巢地。
With all that attention paid to them, you’d think these creatures would at least have the gratitude not to go extinct.
收到了各种各样的关注后，你可能会认为这些生物至少会心怀感激，不至于走向灭亡。
But Nature is indifferent to human notions of fairness, and a report by the Fish and Wildlife Service showed a worrisome drop in the populations of several species of North Atlantic turtles, notably loggerheads, which can grow to as much as 400 pounds.
但是自然却无视人类的公平观念，由渔业和野生动物服务组织提供的用一份报告显示，北大西洋的数种海龟的种群数量出现了令人担忧的下降，特别是体重可达400磅的红海龟。The South Florida nesting population, the largest, has declined by 50% in the last decade, according to Elizabeth Griffin, a marine biologist with the environmental group Oceana.
来自环保组织的Ocean的海洋生物学家伊丽莎白格里芬称，数量最多的佛罗里达州南部穴居种群在过去十年里减少了50%。
The figures prompted Oceana to petition the government to upgrade the level of protection for the North Atlantic loggerheads from “threatened” to “endangered”—meaning they are in danger of disappearing without additional help.
该数据促使Oceana组织向政府情愿，要求将北大西洋红海龟的保护级别从“受威胁”提升至“濒危”-----这意味着如果没有外界的帮助，它们将会面临灭绝的危险。
Which raises the obvious question: what else do these turtles want from us, anyway?
这就提出了一个明显的问题：这些海龟究竟还要我们做什么？
It turns out, according to Griffin, that while we have done a good job of protecting the turtles for the weeks they spend on land (as egg-laying females, as eggs and as hatchlings), we have neglected the years spend in the ocean. “The threat is from commercial fishing,” says Griffin.
根据格里芬的说法，虽然海龟在陆上的数周时间内，我们可以很好地保护它们（包括产卵的母龟，卵和幼龟），但是我们忽略了它们在海里的漫长时光。“主要是来自商业捕捞的威胁”格里芬说。
Trawlers (which drag large nets through the water and along the ocean floor) and longline fishers (which can deploy thousands of hooks on lines that can stretch for miles) take a heavy toll on turtles.
拖网渔船（在水中和海床拖行大型的渔网）和延绳钓鱼船（在钓线上装备数以千记的鱼钩，可以延伸至数英里）给海龟造成了惨重的伤亡。
Of course, like every other environmental issue today, this is playing out against the background of global warming and human interference with natural ecosystems.
当然，就像所有当下的环保问题一样，这也是在全球变暖和人类干预自然生态系统的背景下发生的。
The narrow strips of beach on which the turtles lay their eggs are being squeezed on one side by development and on the other by the threat of rising sea levels as the oceans warm.
海龟产卵的狭窄沙滩一方面收到开发的压榨，另一方面收到海洋变暖导致的海平面上升的威胁。
Ultimately we must get a handle on those issues as well, or a creature that outlived the dinosaurs (恐龙) will meet its end at the hands of humans, leaving our descendants to wonder how creature so ugly could have won so much affection.
最终我们还要解决这些问题，否则一种比恐龙活得更久的生物将会在人类手中灭绝，让我们的后代困惑于怎么这种丑陋的生物会赢得如此多的关爱。
二、
There are few more sobering online activities than entering data into college-tuition calculators and gasping as the Web spits back a six-figure sum.
在大学学费计算器里输入数据，然后对着网络吐出来的六位数倒抽一口气，很少有其他在线活动比这种活动更让人清醒了。
But economists say families about to go into debt to fund four years of partying, as well as studying, can console themselves with the knowledge that college is an investment that, unlike many bank stocks, should yield huge dividends.
但是经济学家们认为，打算举债资助四年聚会和学习的家庭可以这样安慰自己：大学是不同于很多银行股票的投资，它应该产生巨额的红利。
A 2008 study by two Harvard economists notes that the “labor-market premium to skill”—or the amount college graduates earned that’s greater than what high-school graduate earned—decreased for much of the 20th century, but has come back with a vengeance (报复性地) since the 1980s.
两位哈佛经济学家在2008年进行的一项研究发现“劳动力市场对及恩那个的溢价现象”----换种说法就是大学毕业生的收入高于高中毕业生----在20世纪大部分的时间都有所下降，但是自从20世纪80年代出现了报复性的增长。
In 2005, The typical full-time year-round U.S. worker with a four-year college degree earned $50,900, 62% more than the $31,500 earned by a worker with only a high-school diploma.
在2005年，典型的拥有四年大学学位的全职美国工人平均收入为50900美元，比高中文凭的工人的平均收入31500美元多了62%。
There’s no question that going to c ollege is a smart economic choice. But a look at the strange variations in tuition reveals that the choice about which college to attend doesn’t come down merely to dollars and cents.
毫无疑问，上大学从经济上来说是明智的选择。但是学费奇怪的变化说明，选择上哪种大学并不只是金钱的问题。
Does going to Columbia University (tuition, room and board $49,260 in 2007-08) yield a 40% greater return than attending the University of Colorado at Boulder as an out-of-state student ($35,542)?
上哥伦比亚大学（学费，食宿费在2007年--2008年达到了49260美元）比起非当地学生报读科罗拉多大学博德尔分销（费用为35542美元）的回报率高40%吗？
Probably not. Does being an out-of-state student at the University of Colorado at Boulder yield twice the amount of income as being an in-state student ($17,380) there? Not likely.
不太可能。一名报读科罗拉多大学博德尔分校的非当地学生的收入会是当地学生（费用为17380美元的两倍吗？不太可能。
No, in this con sumerist age, most buyers aren’t evaluating college as an investment, but rather as a consumer product—like a car or clothes or a house. And with such purchases, price is only one of many crucial factors to consider.
不，在消费主义的时代，大部分的买家不会把大学看做一种投资，而是一种消费品----就像汽车、衣服或住房一样。购买这些商品，价格仅是需要考虑的很多关键因素中的一个。
As with automobiles, consumers in today’s college marketplace have vast choices, and people search for the one that gives them the most comfort and satisfaction in line with their budgets.
正如汽车一样，在今天的大学市场，消费者有很多选择，人们在寻找复合预算条件的最舒适和满意的学校。
This accounts for the willingness of people to pay more for different types of experiences (such as attending a private liberal-arts college or going to an out-of-state public school that has a great marine-biology program).
这解释了为什么人们愿意为不同的体验付出更高的费用（例如报读私立学校的文学院或者报读一家有很好的海洋生物学课程的外州公立大学）。
And just as two auto purchasers might spend an equal amount of money on very different cars, college students (or, more accurately, their parents) often show a willingness to pay essentially the same price for vastly different products.
正如两名购车人会为完全不同的汽车付同样的价钱一样，大学生（或者更准确地说，他们的父母）经常愿意为完全不同的产品支付差不多的价钱。
So which is it? Is college an investment product like a stock or a consumer product like a car?
那这是哪一种？究竟大学是像股票一样的投资产品还是像汽车一样的消费品？
In keeping with th e automotive world’s hottest consumer trend, maybe it’s best to characterize it as a hybrid (混合动力汽车); an expensive consumer product that, over time, will pay rich dividends.
为了追上汽车最炙手可热的消费者趋势，或许最好是把大学看做混合动力汽车；一种消费品，但随着时间的流逝，会带来丰厚的回报。
2009年12月
一、
There is nothing like the suggestion of a cancer risk to scare a parent, especially one of the over-educated, eco-conscious type.
没有什么事情比有得癌症的迹象更让父母感到害怕的了，尤其对于受到过度教育、对生态环境敏感的那种人来说。
So you can imagine the reaction when a recent USA Today investigation of air quality around the nation’s schools singled out those in the smugly（自鸣得意的）green village of Berkeley, Calif.,
as being among the worst in the country.
所以当《今日美国》在近期公布的一份全国范围内的学校周边空气质量调查中，把加州伯克利的绿色环保小镇列为全国最差时，你可以想象到那些自鸣得意的人的反应。
The city’s public high school, as well as a number of daycare centers, preschools, elementary and middle schools, fell in the lowest 10%. Industrial pollution in our town had supposedly turned students into living science experiments breathing in a laboratory’s worth of heavy metals like manganese, chromium and nickel each day.
该市的公立高中以及为数众多的日间看护中心、学前教育机构、小学和中学都在最差的10%之列。我们镇上的工业污染大概把学生置于活体科学实验之中，学生们以等值于实验室的剂量每天吸入锰、镉和镍等重金属。
This in a city that requires school cafeterias to serve organic meals. Great, I thought, organic lunch, toxic campus.
这发生在一个要求学校的餐厅提供有机饭菜的城市中。太伟大了，我想，有机午餐，有毒校园。
Since December, when the report came out, the mayor, neighborhood activists（活跃分子）and various parent-teacher associations have engaged in a fierce battle over its validity: over the guilt of the steel-casting factory on the western edge of town, over union jobs versus children’s health and over what, if anything, ought to be done.
自12月份报告公布以来，市长，社区活跃分子和各种家长---教师联合会都参与到一场关于报告的可信度的激烈斗争中：关于位于小镇西北角上的钢铁铸造厂的罪责、有关孩子们的健康VS工会职责，以及应该去做的事，如果还有事能做的话。
With all sides presenting their own experts armed with conflicting scientific studies, whom should parents believe?
每一方都有代表他们的专家，手头上的科学研究结果相互矛盾，父母究竟应该相信谁？
Is there truly a threat here, we asked one another as we dropped off our kids, and if so, how great is it?
我们在让孩子下车时会相互询问，这儿是不是真的存在危险？如果真有危险的话，有多大？And how does it compare with the other, seemingly perpetual health scares we confront, like panic over lead in synthetic athletic fields?
和其他危险相比怎么样？比如像综合运动场上铅含量这样我们似乎要面临的永久性的健康恐慌。
Rather than just another weird episode in the town that brought you protesting environmentalists, this latest drama is a trial for how today’s parents perceive risk, how we try to keep our kids safe —whether it’s possible to keep them safe—in what feels like an increasingly threatening world. It raises the question of what, in our time, “safe”could even mean.
这不仅仅是发生在城镇中的又一个奇特事件，引来一群游行抗议的环保主义者，这场最新的闹剧是对现在的父母如何看待风险的试金石，我们如何在一个看起来日益危机四起的世界里尽量保证我们孩子的安全----无论能否保证他们的安全。这引起的问题是，在我们的时代“安全”究竟意味着什么。
“There’s no way around the uncertainty,”says Kimberly Thompson, president of Kid Risk, a nonprofit group that studies children’s health. “That means your choices can matter, but it also means you aren’t going to know if they do.”
“没有办法解决不确定的问题，”金伯利汤普森说，她是一个研究儿童健康问题的非盈利性组织“孩子的危险”的主席。“这意味着你的选择很重要，但这也意味着如果你的选择真的
翻译题应试技巧 汉语主动句译成英语被动句 我们在汉译英时，往往也需要把汉语主动句译成被动句。这是因为：为了保证上下文连贯，使衔接更紧密，句子更自然；或强调动作承受者；或使语气婉转、措辞恰当。具体转换方法有如下两种。 1）把汉语主动句的宾语译成英语被动句的主语。 例1 ____________（将领你们去参观我们的新车间）by the secretary. 译文：Y ou will be shown our new workshop. 简评：如果这句话不是划线填内容，你完全可以将它翻译成The secretary will show you our new workshop。正是因为题型是补全句子，这就给翻译带来了一定的难度，你必须去适应题型要求而不是让题型来适应你。让我们看看译文已给出部分：by the secretary显然是一个被动语态特征，"秘书"在译文里已经由原来的主语变成了译文句子的补足成分。所以，题目是暗示我们要把原句中"你们"转换成译句里的主语，这样才符合出题要求。 例2 Y ou __________（我们期待你能组织贸易推广活动）this time. 译文：are expected to organize the trade publicity campaigns. 简评：根据题目可推知全句意思是：我们期望你能组织这次的贸易推广活动。中文句子主语、谓语、宾语分别是：我们、期望、你。但是在英文译文的给出部分中我们看到句子以you开头，也就是说"你被期望能组织这次贸易推广活动"。中文的宾语变成了英文的主语，这就要求我们在翻译时要使用被动语态。全句完整答案是：Y ou are expected to organize the trade publicity campaigns this time. 2）当汉语句以"我们"、"人们"、"大家"等泛指性代词作主语时，在翻译成英文的时候常常可以忽略主语不译，并把英文译句处理成被动语态。处理后的英文译句往往带有know，see，find，say，suppose，estimate，report，suggest，stress，consider，expect，admit，point，understand 等动词。 例3 如果原子失去一个或多个电子，我们就说这个原子带正电荷。 译文：If one or more electrons are removed，the atom is said/believed/thought to be positively charged. 简评：这句话是一个条件从句。即：在原子失去一个或多个电子的情况下，这个电子带正电荷。"我们就说这个原子带正电荷"可理解为"这个原子被认为/ 被确信/ 被说成是带正电荷"。那么根据前面所说的原则，我们在翻译时可以将泛指性主语"我们"省略不译，并使用被动语态。 从这个例子里我们还可以看出，在科技文章中，根据英语表达习惯我们应当多采用被动语态，以强调事物的客观性。 例4 人们采用各种措施来防止腐蚀。 译文：All kinds of measures are taken to prevent corrosion. 简评：这句话可以按原文译成主动态，即：People have taken all kinds of measures to prevent corrosion。也可以用被动语态来翻译--All kinds of measures are taken to prevent corrosion。两者比较而言，被动态译文更突出表明所有、种种措施已经付诸实施，all kinds of measures得到强调，而主动态译法只是平铺直叙，重点不突出。
2020年12月英语六级翻译真题及答案：中国工业升 级 2020年12月英语六级翻译真题及答案：中国工业升级 提示：考试采取"多题多卷"模式，试题顺序不统一，请依据试题 实行核对。 最近，中国政府决定将其工业升级。中国现在涉足建造高速列车，远洋船舶，机器人，甚至飞机。不久前，中国获得了在印度尼西亚建 造一条高铁的合同：中国还与马拉西亚签署了为其提供高速列车的合同。这证明人们信赖中国造产品。 中国造产品越来越受欢迎。中国为此付出了代价，但这确实有助 于消除贫困，同时还为世界各地的人们提供了就业机会。这是一件好事，值得称赞。下次你去商店时，可能想看一看你所购商品的出产国名。很有可能这件商品是中国造的。 译文一 The Chinese government has decided to upgrade the industrial structurerecently. The construction of high speed trains, ocean-goingvessels, robots and even airplanes have been involved in and acontract on the construction of high-speed rail has been signed byChina and Indonesia lately, which proved the fact that the productmade in China enjoys a high level of reliability. The “Madein China” ha ve been widely spread around the world at a heftycost. However,with the elimination of poverty and the job opportunities providedfor people around the world, the
大学英语六级翻译练习题 Translation One (5minutes) Directions: Complete the following sentences on Answer Sheet 2 by translating into English the Chinese given in the brackets. 72. From what you would get angry with you friends, we can conclude you still ( 在意他的友情). 73. Man might think that few women fit him before his marriage, and ( 结婚后觉得适合自己的女人很多). 74. Among thousands of people ,you meet those you've met. Through thousands of years, with the boundlessness of time ( 没有早一步, 也没有晚一步, 刚巧赶上了). 75. Everyone has his inherent ability which is easily . ( 被习惯所掩盖, 被时间所迷离, 被惰性所消磨). 76. While our dream is confronted with the reality ,you always feel painful. Just trample on the pain, ( 要么你把痛苦踩在脚下). Translation Two (5 minutes) Directions: Complete the following sentences on Answer Sheet 2 by translating into English the Chinese given in the brackets. 72.Scientists will have to _________________________________________________(提出增 加世界粮食供应的新方法). 73.The medicine _____________________________________________________(治愈了那 个老妇人的慢性咳嗽) which she had suffered 20 years. 74.Sometimes I fight for Mom and sometimes I fight for Dad, but I wish ________________________________________________________ (他们能让我从中完全解脱出来). 75.Many people believe that our species ___________________________________________ (有朝一日会濒临灭绝). 76.The doctor said that __________________________________________________ (保持饮 食均衡很重要). Translation Three ( five minutes) 72. He did very well in his exams , _________________________(考虑到他学的很少). 73. Beijing has announced that _________________________(在任何请光下，中国将不首先使
大学英语六级翻译策略之汉语主动句译成英语被动句 我们在汉译英时，往往也需要把汉语主动句译成被动句。这是因为：为了保证上下文连贯，使衔接更紧密，句子更自然;或强调动作承受者;或使语气婉转、措辞恰当。具体转换方法有如下两种。 1)把汉语主动句的宾语译成英语被动句的主语。 例1____________(将领你们去参观我们的新车间)by the secretary.来自https://www.doczj.com/doc/6b16568450.html, 译文：You will be shown our new workshop. 简评：如果这句话不是划线填内容，你完全可以将它翻译成The secretary will show you our new workshop。正是因为题型是补全句子，这就给翻译带来了一定的难度，你必须去适应题型要求而不是让题型来适应你。让我们看看译文已给出部分：by the secretary显然是一个被动语态特征，“秘书”在译文里已经由原来的主语变成了译文句子的补足成分。所以，题目是暗示我们要把原句中“你们”转换成译句里的主语，这样才符合出题要求。 例2You__________(我们期待你能组织贸易推广活动)this time. 译文：are expected to organize the trade publicity campaigns. 简评：根据题目可推知全句意思是：我们期望你能组织这次的贸易推广活动。中文句子主语、谓语、宾语分别是：我们、期望、你。但是在英文译文的给出部分中我们看到句子以you开头，也就是说“你被期望能组织这次贸易推广活动”。中文的宾语变成了英文的主语，这就要求我们在翻译时要使用被动语态。全句完整答案是：You are expected to organize the trade publicity campaigns this time. 2)当汉语句以“我们”、“人们”、“大家”等泛指性代词作主语时，在翻译成英文的时候常常可以忽略主语不译，并把英文译句处理成被动语态。处理后的英文译句往往带有know，see，find，say，suppose，estimate，report，suggest，stress，consider，expect，admit，point，understand等动词。 例3如果原子失去一个或多个电子，我们就说这个原子带正电荷。 译文：If one or more electrons are removed，the atom is said/believed/thought to be positively charged. 简评：这句话是一个条件从句。即：在原子失去一个或多个电子的情况下，这个电子带正电荷。“我们就说这个原子带正电荷”可理解为“这个原子被认为/被确信/被说成
2020年6月大学英语六级翻译真题及答案2020年6月大学英语六级翻译真题及答案 In China, variety of foods and dishes is needed in traditional ways of entertaining guests and makes them impossible to finish the dinner. Typical menus of Chinese banquetinclude cold dishes to start and the following hot ones. For example，meat, chicken, duck and vegetables. In most banquets, a whole fish dish is considered indispensable, unless various kinds of seafood have been served. Nowadays, Chinese people tend to mix Western specials with traditional Chinese cuisine. Thus, steak is not rare. Traditionally，although the Chinese do not eat any of theuncooked dishes，salads have also become popular. The banquet usually has at leasta bowl of soup that can be offered as the first or the final dish. Desserts and fruits usually mean the end of the feast. 城市化 2020年是中国城市化进程中的历史性时刻，其城市人口首次超过农村人口。在未来20年里，预计约有3.5亿农村人口将移居到城市。如此规模的城市发张对城市交通来说既是挑战，也是机遇。中国政府一直提倡“以人为本”的发张理念。强调人们以公交而不是私家车出行。它还号召建设“资源节约和环境友好型”社会。有了这个明确的目标，中国城市就能够更好地规划其发展，并把大量投资转向安全、清洁和经济型交通系统的发展上。 2020 was a historic moment in the process of urbanization in China as its population exceeded the rural population for the first time. In the next 20 years, about 350 million rural
2009年6月大学英语六级翻译真题 1. With the oil price ever ris ing, she tried to talk __________________ （说服他不买车）. 解析：因为题干里有talk，因此需要用talk sb. into doing sth.这一固定搭配。与之相近的一个搭配是：persuade sb into doing sth. 答案：talk him into stopping buying a car 2. ________________ （保持幽默感有助于）reduce stress and promote creative thinking in today's competitive society. 解析：考点有两个，“幽默感”和“有助于”。某方面的“感”，如正义感，责任感，在英语中都用“sense”来表达，即sense of justice, sense of responsibility.“有助于”可用两种表达方式，be helpful to do sth., 或者help to do sth. 另外注意动词短语做主语，要转化为动名词形式，即keep表达为keeping. 答案：Keeping a sense of humor helps to 3. When confronted with evidence, _____________________ （他不得不坦白自己的罪行）. 解析：不得不做…have to do sth或have no choice but；坦白： confess 答案：he had to confess his crime 4. When people say, "I can feel my ears burning," it means they think ________________ （一定有人在说他们的坏话）. 解析：本题考察“说某人坏话”，六级高频词组，有两种表达方式，speak evil of sb.或者talk sb. behind one's back.；推断某人一定在做某事，考察情态动词“must be doing sth.”。 答案：someone must be talking about them behind their back 5. She has decided to go on a diet, but finds _________________ （很难抵制冰麒麟的诱惑）.
2019年12月英语六级翻译真题及答案 2014年12月英语六级翻译真题及答案 翻译一： 中国将努力确保到2015年就业者接受过平均13.3年的教育。如果这个目标得以实现，今后绝大部分进入劳动力市场的人都需获得大学文凭。 在未来几年，中国将着力增加职业学院的招生人数：除了注重高等教育外，还将寻找新的突破以确保教育制度更加公平。中国正在努力地利用教育资源，这样农村和欠发达地区将获得更多的支持。 教育部还决定改善欠发达地区学生的营养，并为外来务工人员的子女提供在城市接受教育的同等机会。 China will endeavor to ensure every employee to have average 13.3 years of education. If the goal is achieved, a majority of people entering the labor market will be having Bachelor’s degree. In the next few years, China will increase the number of people in vocational college. Except focusing on the higher education, the government will find a breakthrough point to ensure the justice of education. China is trying to optimize education resources and, accordingly, the countryside as well as the less developed areas will receive more support. In addition, the education ministry decides to improve the nutrition of students in less developed areas and provides equal opportunities for the children of workers from out of town to receive education in the city.
2010 年6 月六级真题 Passage One 发达国家中只有两个国家不能保证提供用于照料新生儿的带薪休假。去年春天，这两个国家中的一个——澳大利亚——放弃了这种令人质疑的殊荣，建立了自2011 年起开始实施的带薪家庭休假制。在美国这并没有成为新闻，我并不感到意外——现在我们是唯一没有这项政策的富有国家。 美国确实有一个明确的家庭政策，这就是于1993 年通过的《家庭和医疗休假法》。它规定要照料新生儿或处理家庭医疗问题的工人有资格享受时间长达12 个星期的不带薪休假。尽管此法案带来的利益不明显，但当时商务部和其他一些商业团体都极力反对，称其为“政府负责的人事管理”和“危险的先例”。事实上，民主党领袖一直都致力于将能促进工作与家庭关系平衡的措施形成法律条文，但每一次的努力都遭到了商业团体的强烈反对。 正如耶鲁大学法学教授Anne Alstott 所辩解的那样，要肯定父母关爱的作用就要将家庭定义为一种社会商品，从某种意义上讲，社会要为此埋单。在她的书《无路可走：父母对孩子的亏欠以及社会对家长的亏欠》中，她认为父母在生活的多个方面都肩负重担：在谈到孩子的话题时，父母们“无路可走”：“社会希望也需要家长们能不间断地照看好他们的孩子，而且是人类用以开发智力、培养情感和树立道德的那种深度的、亲密无间的照看。社会还希望并需要父母们能坚守这一角色，18 年如一日，如有必要，甚至还可以更长。” 大部分父母出于爱都会照顾孩子，不照顾孩子的父母则会受到公众的处罚。换句话说，父母们所做的一切都是这个国家所密切关注的问题，原因很明显，照顾孩子不仅从道德上来说是迫切的而且对这个社会的未来至关重要。国家在大多数保障儿童福利的家庭法律中都认可了这一点，而父母们在履行社会所强加给他们的、会改变其命运的义务时得到的帮助却甚少。把养育孩子视为个人选择、集体没有责任的做法不仅仅忽视了良好家庭教育所产生的社会效益，而且会抹杀这部分社会效益，因为当今天的孩子成为明天的具有生产力的公民时这部分社会效益会属于整个社会。实际上，据估计父母对孩子投入的价值，包括时间和金钱的投入（包括失去的薪水）相当于国内生产总值的20%—30%。如果这些投入能够产生巨大的社会效益——很明显能产生——那么为家庭提供更多的社会支持所带来的效益将会更加显而易见。 Passage Two 塔夫茨大学公民学习和参与信息研究中心(CIRCLE)一份新的调查显示，现在有比以前更多的年轻人参与投票选举，美国发展中心2008 年的一份调查也表明越来越多的年轻选民和活动家开始支持传统的自由事业。但要看出这些调查数字在现实生活中的意义并非易事。在总统竞选期间，巴拉克·奥巴马以希望和改变为宣传口号组成了不同种族之间和不同意识形态之间人们的联盟。当新一届政府执政下的现实生活步入正轨的时候，有些支持者可能会大失所望。随着国家进一步走入奥巴马执政时代，参与政治的年轻人是会继续支持奥巴马及其施政议程还是会渐行渐远？ “O（奥巴马的简称）一代”是《新闻周刊》新开的一个博客，致力于记录那些支持奥巴马的年轻人的生活。“O 一代”的作者们想就上面的问题做出回答。未来的三个月，Michelle Kremer 和其他11 位年龄从19 岁到34 岁不等的奥巴马支持者将会用博客来记录美国社会的主流生活，一个不同之处在于：通过将他们所有的观点和经历与新任总统及其领导下的政府紧密结合，这些博客作者试图开启一场对话，探讨在当今美国，年轻并且在政治方面活跃到底意味着什么。24 岁的Malena Amusa 是该博客的一位作者，也是来自圣路易斯的一位舞者，她将这一项目看做是即时记录历史的一种方式。Amusa 今年春天为了完成其著作前往印度，后来又去塞内加尔教授英语，她和她的朋友一直在谈论奥巴马当政会如何改变他们的日常生活，她希望把其中的一些观点和她的全球性视角写到帖子里。她很兴奋，要看清楚世界，“我不必等上15 年”，她这样解释说。 Henry Flores 是圣玛丽大学的政治学教授，他将年轻一代的政治力量归因于他们对科技的拥护。“网络使他们接触到更多的思想，”他说，“不同地区想法相同的人们就会聚到一起。”这正是“O 一代”博主们所期待的事情。结果可能会出现一群年轻人，就像他们在二战后生育高峰期出生的父母一样，伴随一种强烈的目的感而成长，他们也会改变此前从“X 一代”人身上所继承下来的冷漠形象。由一群普通但有抱负的年轻人来管理博客是个不小的挑战，但“O 一代”的成员能胜任这项任务。
六级翻译 helj 2011/4/12 令狐采学 10/12) 82.There is no denying that you __________________________________ (越仔细越好) in dealing with this matter. 83.Only when I reached my thirties _____________________________(我才意识到读书是不能被忽视的). 84. Much _________________________________(使研究人员感到惊讶), the outcome of the experiment was far better than they had expected. 85. Oh, my, I can’t find my key; ______________________________(我一定是把它忘在哪儿了). 86. I ____________________________________________ (宁愿加入你们去做义工) than go to the beach for a holiday. (10\06) 82.___(他们的独生儿子从未想过) to leavethem and strike out on his own though he is in his late twenties. 83.Before you take any action, please remember to ___ (权衡你的决
定会产生的后果).84. He assured his friend that under no circumstances ___ (他会违背还钱的承诺).85. Most educators advise that kids ___ (不要沉溺于电脑游戏).86. Business major as he is, he has ___ (从未考虑过从事推销员工作). (09\12 ) 82. How long does a jacket like this last me? — (这要看你多长时间穿一次). 83. The theory he advanced has proved (对许多传统概念的一种挑战). 84. The manager (本可以亲自参加会议), but he was called away for some urgent business abroad. 85. Both research and practical experience have shown that a (均衡的饮食对健康是必不可少的). 86. Much (我感到遗憾), I was unable to finish the work on time. (09/06) 82.With the oil prices ever rising, she tried to talk ________ (说服他不买车). 83.________ (保持幽默有助于) reduce stress and promote creative thinking in today’s competitive society.. 84.When confronted with the evidence, ________ (他不得不坦白
翻译内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等。六级长度为180-200字。把这段180-200汉字翻译成英文是需要一定步骤的，我们一起来看一下：做题步骤和时间分配： ?1. 通读全段，逐句标号。 –标出难词等。2分钟。 ?2. 处理原文，梳理逻辑。 –正确断句、合句、找准主语。3分钟 ?3. 逐句翻译，快速草稿。15分钟。 ?4. 调整加工，定稿誊抄。复查 –检查有无漏译、错译;检查语言是否通顺。8分钟。 , 了解完了翻译步骤，我们一起来看一下六级翻译的要点及方法：翻译，就是对语言表层背后，深层思维差异的处理。很多同学在翻译时容易犯逐字翻译的错误，其实翻译是意思的传递，所以保证原文的意思不变是最重要的。 大家在翻译词汇选择时要做到以下原则： –“瞻前顾后”：句子前后都要注意，联系前后文选择词汇 –“得意忘形”：翻译最重要的是传达意思，不要过于拘于形式。 总这样说可能过于抽象，下面结合实例为大家讲解一些翻译技巧： 翻译时最主要的精力不是放在最难的句子，要放在最前面的句子。全段6-7句话。前两句一般难度最低，但在评分中最为重要。 ?首句(或首句+次句)：破题/下定义 –主语+谓语+宾语【S-V-O】 –主语+系语+表语【S-V-P】 } –主语+谓语+双宾语【S-V-oO】 –主语+谓语+复合宾语【S-V-OC】 –主语+谓语【SV】
牢记基本句型，因为：中英文此处一致! 【翻译技巧】汉译英时，如是单句，应首先确定主谓主干;如是复杂的句子或长句，则需要确立信息重心。这是英译的第一步，也是正确译文的基础。 ?确定主谓 【翻译技巧】将中文主语的“开放”，想办法变成英文的“封闭”。 ?“京剧(Peking Opera)已有200多年的历史，是中国的国剧。” ?Peking Opera is the national opera of China. 【翻译技巧】英语首先解决： ~ ?“谁，干了啥” 【翻译技巧】先定主谓，再加修饰。 “右扩展”VS.“左扩展”：如果是单个修饰词，我们就把修饰词放在主干的左边，如果是两个及两个以上的修饰词，我们就把修饰词放到主干的右边：例如： –一个花园 a garden(主干) –一个漂亮的花园 a beautiful garden(修饰词在主干的左边) –一个看上去很漂亮的花园 a garden that looks beautiful.(修饰词在主干的右边) 【翻译技巧】英语句子通用公式： ?(状)+ 主+(定)+ 谓+(状)+宾+(定)+(状) ?昨天下午三点钟我在东风广场附近的昆明百货大楼花了50元买了一条裤子。 ） ?I bought a pair of trousers at the cost of 50 yuan in Kunming Department Store near Dongfeng Square at 3 o’clock yesterday afternoon. 翻译技巧：“短句合译” –1. 使用从句(状从、定从) –2. 使用非谓语动词 –3. 使用同位语
2013年12月大学英语六级考试翻译题目 闻名于世的丝绸之路是一系列连接东西方的路线。丝绸之路延伸6,000多公里。得名于古代中国的丝绸贸易。丝绸之路上的贸易在中国、南亚、欧洲和中东文明发展中发挥了重要作用。正是通过丝绸之路，中国的造纸、火药、指南针、印刷等四大发明才被引介到世界各地。同样，中国的丝绸、茶叶和瓷器（porcelain）也传遍全球。物质文化的交流是双向的。欧洲也通过丝绸之路出口各种商品和植物，满足中国市场的需要。 The world-renowned Silk Road is a series of routes connecting the East and the West. It extended more than 6,000 kilometers. The Silk Road was named after ancient China’s silk trade which played an important role in the civilization development of China, South Asia, Europe and the Middle East. It was through the Silk Road that pap ermaking, gunpowder, compass and printing of the four great inventions of ancient Ch ina were introduced around the world. Similarly, Chinese silk, tea and porcelain sprea d all over the world. Europe also exported various goods and plants through the Silk R oad to meet the needs of the Chinese market. 中国园林是经过三千多年演变而成的独具一格的园林景观。它既包括为皇室成员享乐而建造的大型花园，也包括学者、商人和卸任的政府官员为摆脱嘈杂的外部世界而建造的私家花园。这些花园构成了一种意在表达人与自然之间应有的和谐关系的微缩景观。典型的中国园林四周有围墙，园内有池塘、假山、树木、花草以及各种各样由蜿蜒的小路和走廊连接的建筑。漫步在花园中，人们可以看到一系列精心设计的景观犹如山水画卷一般展现在面前。 After 3,000 years of evolvement, Chinese gardens have become a unique landsca pe. This includes both large gardens built as entertainment venues for royal family, an d private gardens built as secluded retreats for scholars, merchants and retired govern ment officials. These gardens have constituted a miniature that is designed in praise of the harmony between man and nature. A typical Chinese garden is surrounded by wal ls and consists of various buildings linked by winding trails and corridors, with ponds, rockeries, trees, and flowers scattered in it. Wandering in such a well-designed garde n, people may feel that they are walking in a landscape painting. 中国人自古以来就在中秋时节庆祝丰收，这与北美地区庆祝感恩节的习俗十分相似，过中秋节的习俗与唐代早期在中国各地开始流行，中秋节在农历八月十五，是人们拜月的节日，这天夜晚皓月当空，人们合家团聚，共赏明月。2006年，中秋节被列为中国的文化遗产，2008年又被定为公共假日，月饼被视为中秋节不可或缺的美食，人们将月饼作为礼物馈赠亲友或在家庭聚会上享用。传统的月饼上带有“寿”(longevity)、“福”或“和”等字样。 Since ancient times, the Chinese people usually celebrate harvest in the Mid-Aut umn, which is similar to the custom of celebrating Thanksgiving in the North America . The tradition of celebrating Mid-Autumn festival became popular throughout China i n the early Tang dynasty. The lunar August 15 is a day for people worshiping the moo n. On this day, under the dazzling bright moon, families reunite and enjoy the moon’s
精品文档2016中国农业套:12月英语六级翻译真题第3年亿。中国农业产量全球第一，主要生产水3农业是中国的一个重要产业，从业者超过但为世界百分之二十的人提供稻、小麦和豆类。虽然中国的农业用地仅占世界的百分之十，勤劳和富有创造性的中国年开始种植水稻。了粮食。中国7700早在使用机械和化肥之前，农民就已经采用各种各样的方法来增加农作物产量。中国农业最近的发展是推进有机农业。有机农业可以同时服务于多种目的，包括食品安全，大众健康和可持续发展。 Agriculture is one of the most important industries inChina which embra agriculture output ranks the first ces more than 300 millionworkers. China ‘sand beans. China provid rice, wheat allover the word, and it mainly produce es 20 percent of the worldfood, though its agriculture land only accounts for 1 history ofplanting rice dates back as early as 7world'stotal.China's 0% of the c an d and fertilizers,industrious700 B.C. Long befor e the use o f machinery farmers had already used different kinds of methods to increase crop reativepromot of the agriculture development in China is to yields. The latest trend of pur agriculture can serve a varietyorganice organic agriculture. And the poses, which including foodsafety, public health and sustainable development. :学汉语第2套月英语六级翻译真题2016年12 使汉语成了世界上人们最爱学的语学汉语的人数迅速增加，随着中国经济的蓬勃发展，言之一。近年来，中国大学在国际上的排名也有了明显的提高。由于中国教育的巨大进步，万国际学生40中国成为最受海外学生欢迎的留学目的地之一就不足为奇了。2015年，近在全球而包括科学与工程。蜂拥来到中国市场。他们学习的科目不再限于中国语言和文化，教育市场上，美国和英国仍占主导地位，但中国正在迅速赶上。economy booms, there is a dramaticincrease in the number of China'sAs people learning Chinese,which makes it become one of the most popularlanguages. In recent years, international ranks ofChinese universities have apparently boosted. Owingto the progress of Chinese education, it is not odd that China has become one of the mostfavorite destinations for oversea students studying abroad. In 2015, around four hundredthousand international students piled into China to study. What they learn is no more limitedto the subjects of Chinese and Chinese culture, they also learn science and engineering. In theglobal education market, America and Britain still play dominant roles, while China is catchingup. 旅游套:第年201612月英语六级翻译真题1 中国人的时间主过去，随着生活水平的提高，度假在中国人生活中的作用越来越重要。经济的繁荣和富近年来中国旅游业发展迅速。要花在谋生上，很少有机会外出旅行。然而，精品文档．精品文档出国旅游也裕中产阶级的出现，引发了一个前所未有的旅游热潮。中国人不仅在国内旅游，亿元。据世界贸易组织估越来越普遍。年国庆节假日期间，旅游消费总计超过40002016在未来几年里将成为处境旅游支出增长最快2020年中国将成为世界上最大的旅游国，计，的国家。 With the improvement of living standards, vacationis playing an increasin life. In the past, Chinese people mainlysChinesepeople'sgly important role in
2020年六级(CET6)翻译题举例及解析(3)翻译策略 顺序法 顺序法翻译不改变原文表达语序，不会影响对原文内容的理解。 例1 即使在我们关掉床头灯甜甜地进入梦乡时，电仍然为我们工作：开动电冰箱，把水加热，或使室内空调机继续运转。 译文： Even when we turn off the bedside lamp and are fast asleep , electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned. 在句子中，句子前半部分是一个让步状语从句，后半句的“开动”，“加热”，“使……运转”都是“电在为我们工作”的具体内容。因而在译文中，译者将这三个并行动作处理成了V-ing 形式，补 充说明working的内容。译文按照原句的语序完全传达了原文的意思，采用顺序法翻译，达到了“精确，通顺”的目的。 例2 It was a Saturday evening, when Tom was lying on the bench of the school listening to a blackbird and composing a lyric, that he saw the girls running among the trees, with the red-cheeked Joe in swift pursuit. 译文：那是周六的傍晚，汤姆正躺在学校的长凳上，一面听画眉 鸟唱歌，一面写一首抒情诗，忽然看见女孩子们在树林里奔跑，后面 紧跟着那红脸的乔。 原句里一连串出现了一系列的动词如：lying, listening, composing, saw，这是按汤姆实行这些动作的先后顺序来描述的，如 果在译文中打乱这些顺序，就反而会显得凌乱，没有逻辑。