英美文化与国家概况British and American Studies ( British Part )
Unit One
大学英语第一教研室余非编
2013年2月
Unit 1 The Country and the People Contents:
1.Geographic Features
2.People and Religion
3.Official and Local Languages
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1. Geographic Features
1.1Component （组成部分）
?To the west and off the European Continent, several thousand of islands exist on the
Continental Shelf. They are generally called the British Isles（不列颠群岛）.
?Of all these isles, the largest one is called Great Britain（大不列颠；英国）. For the sake of
convenience, Great Britain is often shorten to Britain.
?The island of Great Britain runs nearly 1,000 kilometers from south to north . It extends , at
the widest part, about 500 kilometers from west to east.
?Still to the west of Great Britain is Ireland , the second largest island. It is politically divided
into two parts, the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.
?The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)
is made up of Great Britain, Northern Ireland and a number of smaller islands around them.
The total area of U.K. is over 245,000 square kilometers. Its total population is about
60.94million (2008)
Traditionally, Great Britain is divided into three countries or political regions:
?England in the south
?Scotland in the north
?Wales in the southwest.
England :
?The largest area of all the three
?Its area : almost 60% of the whole island
?Its population : over 50 million .
?The importance of Engla nd is so great in Britain that some foreigners just say “England”
when they mean Britain, and they say the “English people” when they mean the British people.
Scotland :
?The second largest both in area and population
?Its area : about 78,760 square kilometers
?Its population : more than 5 million.
Wales
?The smallest of the three both in area and population
?Its area : about 20,700 square kilometers
?Its population : about 2.7 million.
Northern Ireland
?Its area : about 14,000 square kilometers
?Its population : about 1.5 million.
Supplement 1
Ireland
?Ireland was an independent kingdom before the Anglo-Norman（盎格鲁-诺曼语的）
invaders came. Henry VIII（亨利八世）was the first English king to conquer Ireland and force English law on the Irish people. Soon after the conquest, large numbers of Scottish immigrants came in and established a colony in Ulster (阿尔斯特), another name for Northern Ireland.
?The Irish people were mostly Roman Catholics （罗马天主教）and they were opposed to the
English occupation. The English Government put down the rebellion made by the Irish people and passed the Penal Law (刑法) in 1690, which deprived the Irish Catholics of all their legal rights.
?Irish people never stopped fighting for independence. Their successful struggle finally led to
the establishment of the Republic of Ireland in 1927 within British Commonwealth（英联邦.
In 1948 Ireland withdraw from Commonwealth and declared itself a republic.
?However, since most of the immigrants from Britain were Protestants (新教徒) , they
refused to separate themselves form their home country. They held the northeast of the island , and up to now they continue to keep it within the United Kingdom. It is today’ s Northern Ireland.
Supplement 2
Irish Republican Army ( IRA)
?Nowadays, in Northern Ireland there are one-third of people are still Roman Catholics ,who
demand independence from Britain that is dominated by Protestantism (新教徒主义、新教徒).
?Therefore, some radical Roman Catholics organized a military group fighting for the
independence of Northern Ireland. It often resorts to terrorist campaigns （战役；活动）of bombing, murdering and arson.
1.2 Physical Features（自然特色）
?Leaving Ireland on one side, The island of Great Britain can be divided into two parts
according to its geographic features:
1) The Highland Zone in the north and west and
2) The Lowland Zone in the south and southeast.
?Britain is an island country, with its coastline running about 8,000 kilometers.
?The coastline is highly irregular with many bays and inlets that provide lots of harbors and
shelters for ship and boats.
?As an island country, Great Britain does not share a land border with any other countries
except the Republic of Ireland.
?To the north of Great Britain the seaway is open and leads to the Arctic Ocean(北冰洋).
?Across the North Sea Britain faces such countries as Holland, Germany , Denmark and
Norway.
?To the southeast and across the English Channel is France , which is linked with Britain by a
tunnel called the Channel Tunnel (海峡隧道)，open to traffic in 1994, was built by British
and French private investors. The main tunnel is 50-km long at an average depth of 40 meters below the seabed.
?The tunnel has great symbolic importance as an unbroken link between Britain and the
European Continent.
The Highlands of Scotland:
?Scotland is a mountainous country , with its highlands taking up over half of the country. Ben
Nevis, the highest mountain in Britain, with an elevation of 1,300 meters in North Scotland. The Central Lowlands of Scotland:
? A great valley , which forms the Central Lowlands of Scotland , is lying to the south of the
Highlands of Scotland, the valley is also called the Middle Valley. It is the most important economic region in Scotland and accommodates three-quarters of Scotland’s total population.
?The Southern Uplands: The land on the southern side of the Central Lowlands of Scotland is
known as the Southern Upland. The area includes some very old mountains with round tops. The Pennines (奔宁山脉)：
?In the northern part of England, include some old mountains which make up a kind of plateau.
Pennine Chains run about 120 kilometers from south to north , known as the backbone of England.
The Lake District:
?Well-known for its unique lakes, is situated on the western side of the Pennines. The area has
the finest scenery in Britain. It is also well-known in the history of English literature because it was home to Lake Poets (湖畔[派]诗人)，such as William Wordsworth (华兹华斯)；
Robert Southey(罗伯特.骚塞_ .
The Welsh Massif:
?This massif embraces all the hill masses that near to the west of middle part of England.
2.People and Religion
2.1 People
?The United Kingdom has a population of 60.94 million (2008), with an average population
density of 244 persons per sq km.
?British’s population is overwhelmingly urban, with about 90% living in urban areas and 10%
living in rural areas.
?Like U.S.A, the United Kingdom is also a melting-pot of different cultures. It has a diverse
population that includes people from almost every continent of the world , such as Indians, Chinese and Africans, but a majority of them are white westerns.
?Immigrants from India make up 1.5% of the population; Chinese, 0.3%; and Africans, 0.03%.
?Asian and black minorities are still suffering from discrimination and disadvantages.
?However, the British government has passed laws to ensure fairness and justice for ethnic
minorities. The Race Relations Act of 1976 makes it illegal to discriminate against any person because of race, color, nationality, or origin, and it is a criminal offense to incite racial hatred.
Ethnic component of white people in Britain :
①English people : originate from the descendents of English-speaking Anglo-Saxons
and the Jutes(朱特人), who arrived in Britain as invaders between the 5th and 7th
centuries A.D.
②Scottish and Welsh people: Most of them originate from Celts ---The first settlers who
lived on this land, but later driven to the North and West by later arrivers.
③French-speaking Normans: conquered England in 1066, adding another ethnic
component to the nation.
?The U.K. has a smaller percentage of younger people and a higher percentage of older people,
with more than 20% of the people over the age of 60; those under the age of 15 years make up only 19.5 of the population.
?Life expectancy in Britain is 75 years for men and 81 years for women. (2001)
2.2 Religion
?The British law protects religious freedom. Everyone has the freedom to believe any church,
or not to believe any religion at all. Most of the world’s religi ons have followers in Britain.
?The majority of the British people believe in Christianity., which is the religion of the
followers of Jesus Christ. The first Christian church was established at Canterbury (坎特伯雷，英格兰东南部一座自治市)。
?The U.K. has two established churches（国定教会）: the Church of England and the Church
of Scotland （英格兰圣公会和苏格兰长老会）。An established church is an official church founded and financially supported by the state.
?Another important church in Britain is the Roman Catholic Church . About 20% of the
British citizens claim to be Roman Catholics.
Other religions in Britain:
①The Jewish Community in Britain is the second largest in Europe and has about 350
congregations(圣会).
②The Muslim Community is around 1 million and there are over 600 mosques and prayer
centers through Britain.
③The Sikh Community
④The Hindu Community
⑤The Buddhist Community
3. Official and Local Languages
?Standard English is the official language of the United Kingdom as well as the first language
of the vast majority of its citizens.
?Local languages are mainly Cockney, Celtic language, Scottish language, Irish, Welsh.
Cockney is spoken in East London and Northern England.
The development of English is usually divided into three major periods:
?Old English
?Middle English
?Modern English.
①Old English ( 5th-12th) --- was spoken by the ancient Germans , and brought by Anglo-Saxons
during their invasion of England.
②Middle English(12th-15th) --- The Middle English period began soon after the Norman
conquered England in 1066. For nearly 300 years , there were two languages in England because the Norman brought their French language and continued to speak it. As a language spoken by the ruling class, French influenced the evolution of English extensively, including spelling and sounds.
③Modern English (15th---) --- By the end of the 15th century, London English had been
accepted as a standard literary language in most parts of the country. There were several contributing factors.
1)London was the most important center of population and activities.
2)After painting was introduced into England in 1740, London became the center of
book-publishers in England. They published many books in London English, which were read by people all over the country.
3)The development of trade and social contacts required the service of an accurate language
accepted by all the citizens.
?Now Modern English is spoken as the native language in the United States, Britain, Ireland,
Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and South Africa.
?Today Modern English has become an important international language. It is also one of the
working languages of the United Nations.
?Almost all famous scholars and scientists seek to publish their research papers in English.
英国国家概况及英国文化 、教育简介国名： 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国(TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland)国旗： 呈横长方形，长与宽之比为２∶１。 为“米”字旗，由深蓝底色和红、白色“米”字组成。 旗中带白边的红色正十字代表英格兰守护神圣乔治，白色交叉十字代表苏格兰守护神圣安德鲁，红色交叉十字代表爱尔兰守护神圣帕特里克。 此旗产生于１８０１年，是由原英格兰的白地红色正十旗、苏格兰的蓝地白色交叉十字旗和爱尔兰的白地红色交叉十字旗重叠而成。 国徽： 即英王徽。 中心图案为一枚盾徽，盾面上左上角和右下角为红地上三只金狮，象征英格兰；右上角为金地上半站立的红狮，象征苏格兰；左下角为蓝地上金黄色竖琴，象征爱尔兰。 盾徽两侧各由一只头戴王冠、代表英格兰的狮子和一只代表苏格兰的独角兽支扶着。 盾徽周围用法文写着一句格言，意为“恶有恶报”；下端悬挂着嘉德勋章，饰带上写着“天有上帝，我有权利”。 盾徽上端为镶有珠宝的金银色头盔、帝国王冠和头戴王冠的狮子。
国歌： 《上帝保佑女王》杜摯猠癡?桴?畱敥屮（如在位的是男性君主，国歌改为杜摯猠癡?桴步湩屧）国花： 1 / 10 玫瑰花国鸟： 红胸鸽国石： 钻石科学节： １８３１年开始，一年举办一次科学周： １９９４年开始，在每年的３月举办自然地理： ２４．４１万平方公里（包括内陆水域），英格兰地区１３.０４万平方公里，苏格兰７.８８万平方公里，威尔士２.０８万平方公里，北爱尔兰１.４１万平方公里。 位于欧洲西部的岛国。 由大不列颠岛（包括英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士）、爱尔兰岛东北部和周围一些小岛组成。 隔北海、多佛尔海峡、英吉利海峡与欧洲大陆相望。 它的陆界与爱尔兰共和国接壤。 海岸线总长１１４５０公里。 全境分为四部分： 英格兰东南部平原、中西部山区、苏格兰山区、北爱尔兰高原和山区。主要河流有塞文河（３５４公里）和泰晤士河（３４６公里）。
英国概况英格兰面积最大苏格兰，爱丁堡为首府威尔士，加的夫，Cardiff为首府北爱尔兰，贝尔法斯特Belfast为首府伦敦，UK首都，皇家法庭royal courts of justice 及圣保罗大教堂st paul’s cathedral在这里。威斯敏斯特westminster，伦敦市的一个行政区，也叫西敏寺，这里有议会houses of parliament，包含大钟楼big ben，白厅whitehall即英国政府，白金汉宫buckingham palace即英国皇宫，还有st james’hall 圣詹姆斯宫。The great charter in 1215,1215年大宪章，亦称the great charter or Magna Charta,确保一些平民的政治权利与自由，保障教会不受国王的控制，改革了法律和司法，限制国王及王室官员的行为。议会雏形，1265年，Simon de Montford 召集the Great Council在西敏寺开会，就是最早的议会，后来发展了House of Lords上议院，House of Commons下议院。玫瑰战争和英国宗教改革：Richard 三世和Henry Tudor都铎（duduo）打了玫瑰战争，都铎胜利，终成五代都铎王朝。亨利八世进行宗教改革，想切断英国教会与罗马教皇的关系，使英国教会独立起来。宗教改革的真正进行是在亨利八世的儿子爱德华时期，新教是Protestant，即基督教，改革叫做“The Reformation”。伊丽莎白一世时期，伊丽莎白为女王统治英国，她是基督教徒，大力推行新教，从此英国都是信奉新教。文艺复兴运动The English Renaissance 文艺复兴是中世纪到现代的过渡时期，从1350-1650，有300年，从意大利发起，达芬奇等人为代表。在这段时期，罗马教会经历新教改革，人文主义兴起，海外探索（大航海时代？）。英国内战The Civil Wars 是国王和议会间的战争，Norttingham King Charles和议会开战，国王军是Cavaliers(骑士)，议会军是Roundheads(圆颅党)，因为他们短发。查尔斯战败，克伦威尔Cromwell称王。英国内战又称清教徒革命，因为国王的反对者多是清教徒Puritan。清教徒是基督教新教中的一派。这场战争颠覆了英国的封建制度，甚至动摇了欧洲的封建制度，被认为是世界现代史的开端。王朝复辟The Restoration 克伦威尔死后，儿子Richard 继位，但是统治失败，议会选择让上代国王流放法国的儿子King Charles 二世回归。光荣革命The Glorious Revolution 奥兰治王室（William of Orange橘子？英国的名字真搞笑），用一场不流血的政变夺了王室的权，William and Mary 共同接受了Bill of Right(1689)权利法案，英国“光荣革命”后巩固资产阶级与封建贵族联合专政、确立君主立宪政体的宪法性文件之一。君主立宪由此开始。辉格党和托利党（Whigs and Tories）两党名称来自光荣革命，辉格党就是后来的Liberal party，托利党是Conservative party 宪章运动Chartist Movement 由于对改革法案《Reform Act》和新贫困法《New Poor Law》的不满，工人组织了伦敦工人联盟London Working Men’s Association，起草了人民宪章《People’s Charter》，想让议会通过但是失败，宪章运动是第一次全国性的工人运动。工会和工党Trade Unions and Labor Party 工人意识到联合的重要性，于是工会出现，Grand National Consolidated Trade Union成立，是全国的大公会，后来Trade Union Congress 开始。殖民扩张Colonial Expansion 自1583年开始，英国在新大陆Newfoundland开始殖民统治，1900日不落帝国形成，“on which the sun never set”君主政体英国是君主立宪制constitutional monarchy, 元首head of state is king or queen。Head of the commonwealth 是女王，现在是伊丽莎白二世。议会组成House of lords 上议院house of commons 下议院下议院最有权力政党：工党Labor Party 和Conservative Party保守党，政党的领导人是总理Tony Blair是有史以来最年轻的工党领导人，总理。枢密院the Privy Council，是国家执行力机构，chief source of executive power in the state,可追溯到King’s Council 司法特点：no single legal system, no complete code,法律的来源包括：statutes法令，大量的common law，equity law衡平法，european community law。二战后英国经济的发展50s-60s稳定发展阶段，70s经济萧条，80s经济恢复：撒切尔夫人Mrs. Thatcher 当选总理，推行中期财政计划Medium-term Financial Strategy 国教established chruches：在英国church of england，在苏格兰church of scotland 非国教unestablished churches：英国圣公会anglican chruches，自由教free churches，天主教roman catholic
I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分 1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。 2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。 3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones. 不列颠群岛由两个大岛-大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。 4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales. 大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。 (1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section. 英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。 (2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：爱丁堡。 (3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府：加的夫 (4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast. 北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府：贝尔法斯特。 5.The Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991. 英联邦是曾为英国殖民地的、但现已独立国家所构成的自由联合体。它成立于1931年，至1990年止已有50个成员国。 II. Geographical Features 英国的地理特征 1.Geographical position of Britain: 英国的地理位置： Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. 英国是一个岛国。它位于大西洋北部，与欧洲大陆的北海岸隔海相望。南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海将它与欧洲其它部分隔开。 2.The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands. 英国的西部和北部主要是高地，东部和东南部主要是低地。 III. Rivers and Lakes 河流与湖泊
Ⅰ. True or False: 1. Although the monarch does not have any real power, he (or she) does have great influence. T 2. Britain does not have a written constitution. T 3. Each Member of Parliament represents a constituency, and holds his seat during the life of a Parliament. T 4. The House of Lords is the second chamber where changes in law can be made. F 5. The party which wins the second largest number of seats in the House of Lords becomes the official Opposition. F 6. Ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. T 7. The two major parties in Britain today are the Conservative Party and the Liberal Democratic Party. F 8. Ministers in Britain cannot be elected Members of Parliament at the same time. F Ⅱ. Multiple Choices: 1. The British constitution is made up of the following EXCEPT ______A_____. A. Commonwealth law B. statute law C. common law D. ancient documents 2. The House of Commons is elected by universal suffrage and has about _______A____ Members of Parliament. A. 650 B. 660 C. 670 D. 680 3. British Conservative Party was formerly called __B_____ Party in the 18th century. A. Whig B. Tory C. Liberal D. Nationalist 4. The United Kingdom is governed in the name of ______D_____, by ___________. A. the King; the Prime Minister B. the Queen; the Prime Minister C. the Prime Minister; His or Her Majesty’s Government D. the Sovereign; His or Her Majesty’s Government 5. ___A_____ is the “supreme governor”of the Church of England. A. The monarch B. The Archbishop of York C. The Archbishop of Canterbury D. The Roman Pope 6. In Britain the citizens aged ____B________ or over have the right to vote. A. 16 B. 18 C. 21 D. 30 7. By tradition, the leader of the majority party is appointed _______A_____ by the Sovereign in the United Kingdom. A. Prime Minister B. Member of Parliament C. Lord of Appeal D. Speaker of the House 8. The Liberal Democratic Party is the combination of the Social Democratic Party and _______C______. A. the Conservative Party B. the Labour Party C. the Liberal Party D. the Green Party 9. Parliament has the following functions EXCEPT ____C________. A. making law B. authorizing taxation and public expenditure C. declaring war D. examining the actions of the government Ⅲ. The British parliamentary democracy has been emulated in many parts ofthe
英国国家概况（八）（中英文版） 第八章 Justice and the law 法律与司法机构 There is no single legal system in the United Kingdom. A feature common to all systems of law in the United Kingdom is that there is no complete code. The sources of law include (1) statutes; (2) a large amount of "unwritten" or common law; (3) equity law; (4) European Community. Another common feature is the distinction made between criminal law and civil law. 联合王国不实行完全统一的法律制度。联合王国所有法律制度的一个共同特点是没有以部完整的法典。法典来源包括：（1）成文法；（2）大量的"不成文法" 或习惯法；（3）衡平法；（4）欧共体法。另一个共同的特点是刑法和民法之间的区别。 I．Criminal Proceedings 刑事诉讼程序 1. In England and Wales, once the police have charged a person with a criminal offence, the crown Prosecution Service assumes control of the case reviews the evidence to decide whether to prosecute. 在英格兰和威尔士，一旦警察指控某人犯有刑事罪，皇家检察总署就要接管此案，并独立地审核证据以决定是否起诉。 2. In Britain all criminal trial are held in open count because the criminal law presumes the innocence of the accused until he has been proved guilty beyond reasonable doubt. The prosecution and the defense get equal treatment. No accused person has to answer the question of the police before trial. He is not compelled to give evidence in count. Every accused person has the right to employ a legal adviser to conduct his defense. If he can not afford to pay, he may be granted aid at public expense. In criminal trial by jury, the judge passes sentence, but the jury decided the issue of guilt or innocence. The jury composed of 12 or ordinary people. If the verdict of the jury can not be unanimous, it must be a majority. 在英国，所有的刑事审判都在法院公开进行。因为刑法认为，在消除合理怀疑证明被告有罪之前，他是无辜的。原告与被告同样平等，审判时被告不必回答警察
英国概况 一．概况（Introduction） 国名：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国（The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland），简称联合王国（United Kingdom），或者英国（Britain）。 国旗（National Flag）：米字旗 国徽（National Emblem）：国徽中心有一枚盾，盾面的左上角和右下角分别有三只红底金狮，象征着英格兰，右上角是象征着苏格兰的三只金底红狮，左下角的竖琴（harp）则象征着爱尔兰。盾左边是一支头戴王冠的狮子，象征英格兰，而右侧的独角兽（unicorn）则象征着苏格兰。 国歌（National Anthem）：《天佑女王》（God Save the Queen），如果在位君王是男性，则改为（God Save the King）。 国庆日（National Day）：英王的生日即为国庆日。 国花（National Flower）：玫瑰花（Rose） 首都（Capital）：伦敦（London），英国的第一大城市和第一大港口，欧洲最大的都会之一。同时它也是世界三大金融中心之一。（纽约，伦敦，东京） 语言（Languages）：官方用语为英语。此外英国各个地区还有自己的通用语言：威尔士语（Welsh），爱尔兰语（Irish），苏格兰语（Scots）等等。 行政区域（Administrative Region）：分为四个部分：英格兰（England），威尔士（Wales），苏格兰（Scotland）和北爱尔兰（Northern Ireland）。伦敦又被称作为“大伦敦” （Greater London），它辖有32个独立的城区（London Boroughs）和一个“金融城”（City of London）。 二．英国地理（Geography） 1.英国简介（Brief introduction to Britain） 英国由大不列颠岛（Britain）和北爱尔兰（Northern Ireland）组成，其中大不列颠岛由英格兰（England）、苏格兰（Scotland）和威尔士（Wales）三个部分组成。 2.地理名词（Geographical Terms） 英吉利海峡（English Channel）：位于英国和法国之间，是隔离英国和欧洲大陆的海峡，同时也是国际航运要道。 塞文河（Severn River）：英国境内最长的河流。
期末考试 一、单项选择题 1. The UK is bordered on the _____ by the English Channel. A. east B. west C. north D. south 【正确答案】D 【答案解析】答案选D。The UK is bordered on the south by the English Channel.参见教材P86。 本题知识点：Geographical features(UK), 2. The narrowest part of the English Channel is called _____. A. the Straits of Dover B. Chunnel C. Strait of Gibraltar D. Marroqui 【正确答案】A 【答案解析】答案选A。The English Channel between England and France is quite narrow and the narrowest part is called the Straits of Dover.参见教材P86。 本题知识点：Geographical features(UK),
3. The UK has a _____ climate. A. arid climates B. semi-humid C. continental D. maritime 【正确答案】D 【答案解析】答案选D。The UK has a maritime climate.参见教材P88。本题知识点：Climate(UK), 4. The UK is an island country which lies between latitude _____ north. A. 50° to 60° B. 30° to 40° C. 40° to 50° D. 60° to 70° 【正确答案】A 【答案解析】答案选A。The UK is an island country which lies between latitude 50° to 60° north.参见教材P88。 本题知识点：Climate(UK), 5. The UK has a _____ throughout the whole year.
英美概况（英国篇5:大英帝国的兴衰 ) I. Whigs and Tories 辉格党人和托利党人 These two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688). 这两个政党名称皆起源于1688年的光荣革命。 The Whig were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Whig were to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party. 辉格党人是指那些反对绝对王权，支持新教徒宗教自由权利的人。辉格党人在 19世纪中叶与持不同意见的托利党人组盟组成自由党。 The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party. 托利党人是指那些支持世袭王权、不愿去除国王的人。托利党是保守党的前身。 I. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century 18世纪末的农业革命 During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the "open-field" system ended when the Enclosure Act was passed. The movement lasted for centuries. Agricultural enclosure had good as well as bad results: 18世纪末、19世纪初的农业革命期间，随着《圈地法》的颁布，传统的"开放田地"制结束。圈地运动持续了将近一个多世纪。农业圈地运动的利弊共存： （1） Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small; 由于大农场兼并了小农场，农场成为越来越在的生产单位； （2） More vegetables, more milk and more dairy produce were consumed, and diet became more varied; 人们消费的蔬菜，牛奶及奶制品越来越多，饮食种类愈加丰富； （3） Enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures. These peasant farmers were forced to look for work in towns. Enclosure led to mass emigration, particularly to the New World; 圈地对佃家而言是场灾难，他们被赶出土地，被迫到城镇找工作。圈地运动导致了大规模的移民，尤其是移民至新大陆。 （4） A new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships. 农村关系中产生了新的阶级对立。 II. The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830) 工业革命（1780-1830） 1．The industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. 工业革命指的是17世纪末、18世纪初英国工业的机械化，以及因此而导致的社会结构和经济结构的变化。
英国概况 【城市】伦敦首都。是英国的政治、经济、文化和交通中心，最大海港和首要工业城市。它位于英格兰东南部，跨泰晤士河下游两岸，距河口88公里。世界十大都市之一。 伦敦市城外的12个市区，称内伦敦，以外的20个市区，称外伦敦。伦敦城加上内外伦敦，合称大伦敦市。伦敦城面积1.6平方公里，大伦敦面积则达1580平方公里。 伦敦的交通很发达，是英国的铁路中心，十几条铁路干线从这里伸向大不列颠岛上各主要城镇。伦敦也是全国公路网的中心。伦敦还是世界上最大的国际港口和航运市场，世界上所有的主要航运、造船和租船公司，都在这里设有代表机构。伦敦的西郊有一座欧洲客运量最大的国际机场——希恩罗机场。 伦敦是座多古迹名胜的城市，这里有白金汉宫、唐宁街10号(首相府)、议会大厦、大本钟、“伦敦城”、大英博物馆、蜡人馆、圣保罗教堂、威斯敏特教堂、格林威治、“东伦敦”、“西伦敦”、“中国城”。海德公园和马克思城。 朴次茅斯英国南部中段沿海重要商港和最老的海军基地之一，扼英吉利海峡的朴次茅斯湾湾口。朴次茅斯建于12世纪，19世纪中叶成为重要海军基地，而且是军港、渔港、商港三者兼而有之。 伯明翰是仅次于伦敦的英国第二大城市。17世纪后，逐渐发展起来的一个工业城市，并享有“世界车间”之美称。伯明翰分为新城和老城。新城的火车站附近是英国工业展览会的所在地。老城车站是伯明翰市的中心。这里商店集中，道路狭窄，人流不息，因而禁止车辆通行。伯明翰市区只有少数的高楼大厦，大部建筑都是二层楼房，显得古朴无华。伯明翰的四周，有无数大工厂。它的工业产值占全国工业产值的1/5。 曼彻斯特 曼彻斯特在英格兰西北部兰开夏郡内，是英国中部地区工商业、金融和文化中心。曼彻斯特是英国工业革命的故乡。从20世纪初，曼彻斯特的工业结构发生了变化，纺织工业衰退了，机械、电子、化学、炼油、食品加工、玻璃塑料等工业发展起来。曼彻斯特市中心的商业区相当繁华，阿登商业中心是最大商店。从曼彻斯特商业中心往西南步行30多分钟就到了曼彻斯特的贫民区，这里是欧洲最大的贫民窟。曼彻斯特也是一座文化城市，是英国新闻业的第二中心，英国北部地区的广播和电视总部都设在这里。曼彻斯特是英国工人运动的中心之一。恩格斯曾在此居住多年。 利物浦在英格兰西海岸默西河口，英国的大工业中心和第二大商港，有人口47万(1983年)。港口的海堤全长11公里，1年的货物吞吐量达3000万吨。利物浦是个历史悠久的古城，这里有许多有名的观光胜地。利物浦北部爱尔兰海岸上有几个风景优美的海滨休养地，其中最大的是布莱克普尔。布莱克普尔的灯景是利物浦的一大景观。沿岸长长的海堤，马路的两边和天空布满了彩灯。灯形千奇百怪。 【旅游】“大本”钟泰晤士河畔议会大厦的北面，耸立着高高的钟楼，镶有大钟，名为“大本”。每隔一小时，大钟根据格林威治时间发出沉重而铿锵的响声，在数英里之外也能听到钟声的回荡。 1859年，大钟由当时的英王工务大臣本杰明·霍尔爵士监制，大钟共重21吨，铸造时耗资2.7万英镑。 “大本”钟被视为伦敦的象征，凡到伦敦观光的人，无不想到钟楼周围，站在议会桥上欣赏伦敦这个独具一格的建筑。 伦敦塔伦敦塔始建于1078年。它在历史上既作过王宫，也作过法院，后来又是一所监狱。伦敦塔占地7.2公顷，周围用巨石筑成一道厚实的城墙。城墙上有许多炮台、箭楼，四周是一条又宽又深的护城河。从1107年，诺曼征服伦敦后，伦敦塔成了国王行辕总署和兵营。从1140年到17世纪该塔一直是英国历代国王的主要住处。英国暴君詹姆斯一世在塔内被处死之后，伦敦塔就成了监禁犯人的牢狱和刑场。 伦敦塔现在已经成了对外开放的博物馆。塔内有个珍宝馆，观众可以看到英国历代国王的王冠、王室珍藏的金银珠宝。伦敦古堡中还有一些身体肥胖称为“渡乌”的大乌鸦，有专人饲养。伦敦塔有千年的历
英国国家概况（一）（中英文版） 第一章英国的国土与人民 第一章 Land and People 英国的国土与人民 I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分 1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。 3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones. 不列颠群岛由两个大岛-大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。 4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales. 大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。 (1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.
英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。 (2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：爱丁堡。 (3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府：加的夫 (4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast. 北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府：贝尔法斯特。
英美文化与国家概况British and American Studies ( British Part ) Unit One 大学英语第一教研室余非编 2013年2月
Unit 1 The Country and the People Contents: 1.Geographic Features 2.People and Religion 3.Official and Local Languages ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1. Geographic Features 1.1Component （组成部分） ?To the west and off the European Continent, several thousand of islands exist on the Continental Shelf. They are generally called the British Isles（不列颠群岛）. ?Of all these isles, the largest one is called Great Britain（大不列颠；英国）. For the sake of convenience, Great Britain is often shorten to Britain. ?The island of Great Britain runs nearly 1,000 kilometers from south to north . It extends , at the widest part, about 500 kilometers from west to east. ?Still to the west of Great Britain is Ireland , the second largest island. It is politically divided into two parts, the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. ?The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国) is made up of Great Britain, Northern Ireland and a number of smaller islands around them. The total area of U.K. is over 245,000 square kilometers. Its total population is about 60.94million (2008) Traditionally, Great Britain is divided into three countries or political regions: ?England in the south ?Scotland in the north ?Wales in the southwest. England : ?The largest area of all the three ?Its area : almost 60% of the whole island
英国概况 I. 地理概况 英国是远离欧洲大陆的岛国，又称为不列颠群岛【British Isles】 一、地理特征 面积：243000 sq km 南北长度：600 miles 本土南面英吉利海峡【the English Channel】，北靠北海【the North Sea】。英国与欧洲大陆依靠英法海底隧道【the Chunnel】连接，隧道于1994年5月建成通车。 英法之间的是英吉利海峡，海峡最窄处叫做多佛海峡【the Strait of Dover】 英国在政治区划上可分为四个独立的部分 1．英格兰【England】 首府：伦敦【London】 英格兰位于大不列颠南部，西靠威尔士，北邻苏格兰。 英格兰是地理面积最大的区域，占据全岛面积的将近60%
英格兰主要山脉是奔宁山脉【The Pennies】 2. 苏格兰【Scotland】 首府：爱丁堡【Edinburgh】 位于不列颠北部，整个区域可分为四个自然区域 a. 北部丘陵【the Highlands】区域内有不列颠最高的（1343m）本尼维斯山【Ben Nevis】, b. 中部低地【the Lowlands】苏格兰工业和人口的主要所在地 c. 南部高地【the Uplands】 苏格兰以英语为主要语言，在丘陵地区以及岛屿西部兼有盖尔语【Gaelic】 3.威尔士【Wales】 首府：加迪夫【Cardiff】 处于不列颠西部，是多山的地区，首府加迪夫是其最大城市，位于威尔士南部的布里斯托尔海峡【Bristol Channel】 4. 北爱尔兰【Northern Ireland】 首府：贝尔法斯特【Belfast】 二、河流和湖泊 塞文河【the Severn River】英国最长的河流 泰晤士河【the Thames River】英国最重要的河流，英国第二长的河流，重要的熟路运输要道，牛津【Oxford】坐落于河岸 克莱德【River Clyde】苏格兰最重要的河流 湖区【The Lake District】位于英格兰西北部，最流行的旅游景区，湖畔诗人华兹华斯【William Wordsworth】的故乡。 内伊湖【Lough Neagh】英国最大的湖泊，位于北爱尔兰 三、气候 英国地处岛屿，位于北纬50~60度之间，与同纬度国家相比，其气候更加温和。 英国的气候一般温和宜人，天气虽然多变但是极少出现极端天气。 英国的气候属于海洋性气候，冬季气候温和，夏季气候凉爽，常年降雨量平均且适中。 海洋性气候类型决定了英国的气候特点：气温凉爽，与多云天气为主，常有暴风雨侵袭。英国气候十分多变，有时一天之内就可以体会一年四季的天气情况。 英国特殊的气候特点的成因： 1. 岛屿周围的海洋对于温度的调节作用 2. 全岛常年盛行东南风， 3. 北大西洋暖流【the North Atlantic Drift】经过不列颠群岛的西海岸 II. 人口 人口数量：60million 主要人口居住地：英格兰【England】 人口构成： 英格兰人—安格鲁-撒克逊人的后裔 苏格兰人—热情且慷慨 威尔士人—情绪化和欢快的人群，音乐爱好者，以他们的历史为荣 爱尔兰人—将爱尔兰语视为第一语言，英语为第二语言。渴望保持文化独立的民主主义者们与爱尔兰语为荣。 北爱尔兰人