Decomposition of energy-related CO2 emission over 1991–2006 in China

节能统计英语全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：Energy conservation is the practice of reducing the amount of energy consumed in a system. It is an important topic worldwide as energy resources are limited and the demand for energy continues to grow.第二篇示例：First and foremost, energy conservation is crucial in combating climate change. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), energy-related CO2 emissions reached a record high of 33.8 gigatonnes in 2018, contributing to global warming and extreme weather events. By reducing energy consumption through more efficient technologies and practices, we can lower our carbon footprint and mitigate the impacts of climate change.第三篇示例：Importance of Energy Conservation StatisticsEnergy conservation statistics provide valuable insights into the current state of energy consumption and the impact of energy conservation measures. These statistics help policymakers, businesses, and individuals make informed decisions about energy conservation strategies and investments. By tracking energy consumption patterns and the effectiveness of energy-saving technologies, stakeholders can identify opportunities for improving energy efficiency and reducing energy waste.2. Energy Use Intensity: Energy use intensity measures the energy consumption per unit of building area or industrial process. It helps identify energy-saving opportunities in buildings and industrial operations.第四篇示例：In recent years, the global focus on energy conservation has been growing due to the increasing awareness of climate change and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Many countries have set ambitious targets to reduce their energy consumption and increase the share of renewable energy sources in their energy mix. To monitor the progress towards these targets, energy conservation statistics play a crucial role inproviding accurate and reliable information on the current energy consumption patterns and trends.。

分类号：密级：U D C ：编号：经济学学硕士学位论文我国制造业碳排放回弹效应研究硕士研究生：王超指导教师：艾明晔副教授学位级别：经济学硕士学科、专业：产业经济学所在单位：经济管理学院论文提交日期：2015年4月论文答辩日期：2015年6月学位授予单位：哈尔滨工程大学Classified Index:U.D.C:A Dissertation for the Degree of M.EcoResearch on Carbon Emissions Rebound Effect ofChina’s ManufacturingCandidate:Wang ChaoSupervisor:Associate Prof. Ai MingyeAcademic Degree Applied for:Master of EconomicsSpecialty:Industrial EconomicsDate of Submission:Apr, 2015Date of Oral Examination:Jun, 2015University:Harbin Engineering University哈尔滨工程大学学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：本论文的所有工作，是在导师的指导下，由作者本人独立完成的。

有关观点、方法、数据和文献的引用已在文中指出，并与参考文献相对应。

除文中已注明引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经公开发表的作品成果。

对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。

本人完全意识到本声明的法律结果由本人承担。

作者（签字）：日期：年月日学位论文授权使用声明本人完全了解学校保护知识产权的有关规定，即研究生在校攻读学位期间论文工作的知识产权属于。

有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件。

本人允许哈将论文的部分或全部内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文，可以公布论文的全部内容。

Unit 1 The Earth at RiskPart I Getting readyenvironment:环境natural :自然globe：地球protecting：保护attempt：尝试，打算，企图Amazon /'氏n/：亚马逊cut down :砍伐burning :烧荒tree removal：砍树The World Wildlife Fund :世界野生动物基金会rain forest:雨林towels：毛巾nylon：尼伦，化纤defrost:去霜boil away：煮干cut out:关掉full load :满载fridge：冰箱lighting：灯（光）iron：熨斗；熨（衣服）Rough-dry :晾干（不熨）kettle：烧水壶thermostat:恒温（设置）器brim :壶口；注满wall fire :壁炉ring：（烧烤）环grill:烧烤架satellite：卫星The environment is the natural world of land, sea, air, plants, and animals that exists around towns and cities ・ Since there is only one globe where we're living, more and more people have come to realize the importance of protecting the total global environment.A The following words and phrases will appear in this unit ・Listen carefully and study the definitions ・1. vicious circle a set of events in which cause and effect'follow each other in a circular pattern2. monsoon season the seas on of heavy rains that fall in In dia and neighboring countries3. hygiene the study and practice of how to keep good health, esp. by pay ing atte nti on to clea nli ness4. accelerate (cause to) move or go faster5. fossil fuel any n aturally occurri ng carb on or hydrocarb on fuel, such as coal, petroleum, peat, and n atural gas, formed by the decomposition of prehistoric organisms6. latitude：a measure of relative position north or south on the Earth's surface, measured in degrees from the equator, which has a latitude of 0 , withthe poles having a latitude of 90 north and ° south.7. contamination：the act of polluting or the state of being polluted8. hierarchy：a system in which people or things are arranged accord ing to their importa nee9. priority : something given special or prior attention10. watershed: a ridge of high ground forming a divide between two differe nt dra in age bas ins or river systems or the regi on en closed by such a divide and draining into a river, river system, or other body ofwater.B You are going to hear a short speech. Liste n carefully and write dow n the en vir onmen tal issues men ti oned in the speech.burning of the forests/tree removal (deforestation)/reduction of the world's rain forestsAudioscript:The Amaz on forests are disappear ing because of in creased bur ning and tree removal. In September, satellite pictures showed more than 20 000 fires burning in the Amazon. Experts say most of these fires were set by farmers. The farmers were attempt ing to clear land to grow crops. The World Wildlife Fund says ano ther serious problem is that too many trees in the Amazon rain forest are being cut down. World Wildlife Fund says the fires show the n eed for urge nt in ter nati onal acti on to protect the world's rai n forests. The group warns that without such acti on some forests could be lost forever.Nowadays energy is too expensive to waste ・ It costs the country, and you, too much ・ What have you done to conserve existing energy resources? Here are some tips to help you slim yourwaste —save energ y. Always remember that energy sense is common sense.C Now listen to some simple tips to help you save energy.Complete the dos and don'tsAudioscript:• Don't attempt to iron everythi ng. Roug-dry your towels and nylon things. Trust the thermostat on your iron—don't turn it up too high.•Don't leave the kettle to boil away. And don't fill it to the brim for only a cup of tea!•Cut out unnecessary lighting. Every little helps.•Save it on hating. Do without a wall-fire if you can.•Defrost the fridge regularly. Ice buildup wastes fuel. Don't put hot food in either —if you do, the fridge has to work overtime.•It makes energy sense to wait until you've a full load before using your washi ng machi ne.•Cook a complete meal in the oven and save it on the rings and grill. Roast chicke n, veg, and baked sweet to follow?It all adds up. The more en ergy you save, the more money you save. That's good housekeep ing!When we listen to the weather forecasts, we often come across some terms related with the weather. For example, what is a cyclone? What is a hurricane? Are they the same? Here is the explanation ・D Listen to the explanation about different weather terms ・Complete the information in the chart ・Major ocean storms in the northern part of the world usually develop in late summer or autu mn over waters n ear the equator. They are known by several differe nt n ames. Scie ntists call these storms cycl ones whe n they happe n just north or south of the equator in the Indian Ocean. In the western Pacific Ocean or the China Sea, these storms are called typhoons. In the eastern Pacific and Atlantic Ocean, they are called hurrica nes.Part II The Earth at Risk (I) chopped down 砍倒nutrients :养分，养料instantly:立即，马上recycled: 回收利用clear-cut：砍光soil：土壤dries up：（晒）干washes the soil away 把土壤冲走document aries：纪录片expand :扩展continent:大陆at risk:有危险stabilize：（使）稳定impact：冲击，撞击；影响at an alarming rate:以惊人的速度blow away:吹掉the Sahara Desert 撒哈拉沙漠（非洲北部）unproductive：不毛的；没有产物的cut down :砍伐consequently 所以，因此匕available：可获得的Mali :马里grasslands 草原intensive 集约的；加强的agriculture :农业intensive agriculture 集约农业region :地区tropical :热带ranches：大牧场cattle：牛，牲口；畜生be raised 饲养export :出口tinned meat :罐头肉Brazil :巴西the size of Britain and France combined 大小是英法两国合起来jungle :丛林an iron ore mine：铁矿hardwood :硬木luxury furniture : 豪华家具domestic animals 家畜firewood :柴火;劈柴vicious circle 恶性循环make way for : 让路convert:（使）转变plant species植物物种rare plant :珍稀植物rainfall :降雨extinct：灭绝的；绝种的carbon dioxide 二氧化碳oxygen：氧century :世纪interview :采访Do you know what happens to a rain forest when the trees are chopped down? About 80% of the rain forests nutrients come from trees and plants ・ That leaves 20% of the nutrients in the soil ・ The nutrients from the leaves that fall are instantly recycled back into the plants and trees ・ When a rain forest is clear-cut, conditions change very quickl y. The soil dries up in the sun ・ When it rains, it washes the soil away.A Listen to the first part of an interview ・ Note down the key words in the notes column ・ Then answer the questions ・Questi ons:1. What is the vicious circle mentioned by Brian Cowles?More people>・ more firewood> fewer trees{ More domestic animals—> more plants—> fewer available plants}—>more desert—> move south—>desert expanding south- > no grass2. Why is the rain so important to soil?Growing crops stabilize soil, without them the top soil just blows awa y. But if there isn't enough rain the crops don't grow ・3. What are some of the reas ons that tropical forests are being cut dow n?People try to grow food to support themselves or to create ranches where cattle can be raised, or to get hardwood for export, or to make way for mines ・Audioscript:I —In terviewer B —Bria n CowlesI: Bria n Cowles is the producer of a new series of documen t aries called "The Earth at Risk" which can be seen onChannel 4 later this mon th. Each program deals with a differe ntcon ti nent, does n't it, Brian?B:That's right. We went to America, both North and South and then we went over to Africa and Southeast Asia.I: And what did you find in each of these continents?B:Starting with Africa, our film shows the impact of the population on the en vironment. Gen erally speaki ng, this has caused theSahara Desert to expand. It's a bit of a vicious circle we find.People cut dow n trees for firewood and their domestic ani malseat all the available pla nts— and so con seque ntly they have to move south as the Sahara Desert expa nds further south. I mean, soon the whole of Mali will become a desert. And in East Africa:here the grassla nds are support ing too many ani mals and theresult is, of course, there's no gras—nothing for the ani mals toeat.I: I see. And the next film deals with North America?B:That's right. In the USA, as you know, intensive agriculture requiresa ple ntiful supply of rain for these crops to grow, I mea n if thereisn't eno ugh rai n the crops don't grow. And growing cropsstabilize soil, without them the top soil just blows away. This is also true for any region that is intenselyfarmed —most of Europe, for example.I: And what did you find in South America?B:l n South America (as in Cen tral Africa and Souther n Asia) tropical forests are being cut dow n at an alarmi ng rate. This is done sothat people can support themselves by grow ing food or to create ran ches where cattle can be raised to be exported to Europe or America as tinned meat. The problem is that the soil is so poorthat only a couple of harvests are possible before this very thin soil becomes exhausted. And it can't be fed with fertilizers likeagricultural la nd in Europe.For example, in Brazil in 1982 an area of j un gle the size ofBrita in and France comb ined was destroyed to make way for an iron ore mine. Huge nu mbers of trees are being cut dow n forexport as hardwood to Japa n, Europe, USA to make thi ngs like luxury furniture. These forests can't be replaced- the forest soil is thi n and un productive and in just a few years, a jun gle hasbecome a waste land. Tropical forests con ta in rare pla nts (which we can use for medic in es, for example) and an imal—one animal or pla nt species becomes ext inct every half hour. Theseforest trees also have worldwide effects. You know, they convert carb on dioxide into oxyge n. The con seque nee ofdestroying forests is not only that the climate of that region cha nges (because there is less rain fall) but this cha nge affects the whole world. I mean, over half the world's rain forest has bee n cut dow n this cen tury (20th cen tury).B Now try this: liste n to a more authe ntic vers ion of the first part of the in terview. Complete the outli ne.Outline (1)I. En vir onmen tal problems in differe nt continentsA. Africa1. Sahara Desert expa nsion2. no grass for animals to eat (East Africa)B. North America & most of Europe1. situati on —in te nsive farmi ng/agriculture2. pote ntial problem —top soil blowing awayC. South America, Cen tral Africa & Souther n Asia1. problem —tropical forests destruction2. consequencesa. soil —> thi n —> un productive —>wastela ndb. animal/plant species becoming extinctc. climate change for the whole world Audioscript:I —In terviewer B —Bria n CowlesI: Bria n Cowles is the producer of a new series of documen t aries called "The Earth at Risk" which can be seen onChannel 4 later this mon th. Each program deals with a differe nt con ti nent, does n't it, Brian?B:That's right, yes, we went to ... er ... we went to America, both North and South and the n we went over to Africa and Southeast Asia.I: And what did you find in each of these continents?B:Well ... er ... start ing with ... er ... Africa, our film shows the impact of the populati on on the en vironment. Gen erally speak ing, this has caused the Sahara Desert to expa nd. It's a bit of a vicious circle ... er ... we find, people cut dow n trees forfirewood and their domestic animals eat all the available plants —and so con seque ntly they have to move south as the SaharaDesert expa nds further south. I mean, soon the whole of Mali will become a desert. And ... er ... i n East Africa: here the grassla nds are support ing too many ani mals and the result is, of course,there's no gras—nothing for the ani mals to eat.I: Mm, yes, I see. Um ... and the ... the next film deals with North America?B:That's right. I n the ... er ... USA, as you know, inten sive agriculture requires a plentiful supply of rain for these crops to grow, I mean if there isn't eno ugh rain the crops don't grow. And growing cropsstabilize soil, without them the top soil just... it just blows away. I mean, this is also true for any regi on that is in te nsely farmed—most of Europe, for example.I: And what did you find in South America?B:I n South America (a ... as in Cen tral Africa and Souther n Asia) tropical forests are being cut dow n at an alarmi ng rate. Th ... this is done so that people can support themselves by grow ing food or to create ran ches where cattle can be raised to exp ... to beexported to Europe or America as tinned meat. The problem is that the s ... the soil is so poor that ... um ... that only a couple ofharvests are possible before this very thin soil becomesexhausted. And it can't be fed with fertilizers like agricultural land in Europe.Um ... for example, in Brazil in 1982 an area of j un gle the size of Britain and France combined was destroyed to make way for an iron ore min e. I mean, huge nu mbers of trees are being cut dow n for export as hardwood to Japa n, Europe, USA ... I mean ... tomake things like luxury furn iture. These forests can't ... er ... they can't be replace—the forest soil is thin and un productive and in just a few years, a ... a jun gle has become a waste land. Tropical forests con tai n rare pla nts (which ... er ... we can use for medic in es, for example) and an imal—one animal or plant speciesbecomes extinct every half hour.These ... er ... forest trees ... I mean ... also have worldwideeffects. You know, they convert carb on dioxide into oxyge n.The con seque nee of destro ying forests is not only that theclimate of that region changes (because there is less rainfall) but this cha nge affects the whole world. I mean, over half the world's rai n forest has bee n cut dow n this cen tury (20th cen tury).Part III The Earth at Risk (II)agency局，机关Conservation of Nature 自然保护the United Nations Earth Summit:联合国地球峰会I i1i I—> Rio de Janeiro/［美］'r^d^ & 'neP u,［英］'r^ ded^ 9 'n\d r d u/：里约热内卢(巴西港市，州名)in tackling :着手处理issues问题man-made : 人造，人为flooding :洪水natural disasters 自然灾害by and large：总的来说，大体而言obviously 明显hurricanes :飓风earthquakes：地震Bangladesh孟加拉共和国Nepal :尼泊尔India :印度Himalayas :喜马拉雅山monsoon season 季风季节the river Ganges /'g 民nd3 iz/ :恒河Sudan:苏丹the Nile:尼罗河Ethiopia /iQ i'^upiB/:埃塞俄比亚terribly :很;非常极非常糟糕地depressing使沮丧;使萧条;使跌价national governments 中央政府forward-looking :有远见的，向前看的policies政策;策略as far ahead as 远至the next election 下届大选on an international basis 在国际上；以国际为基础presumably:据推测；大概;可能;想来As early as in 1984, the United Nations created a special environmental agency, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature ・ In 1992, the United Nations Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro aroused great media interest in tackling difficult global environmental issues ・A Listen to the second part of the interview ・ Note down the key words in the notes column ・ Then answer the questions ・Questi ons:1. Why is some flood ing man-made?Trees would hold rainfall in their roots ・ When forests in the higher up-river have been destroyed by men, all the rain that fallsin the monsoon season flows straight into the river and starts the flooding.2. What does Brian imply when he says the national governments have to be forward-look ing?He implies that some national governments just consider the results of their policies in the near future, or just think as far ahead as the next election.Audioscript:I —In terviewer B —Bria n CowlesI: So, Bria n, would you agree that what we gen erally think of as n atural disasters are in fact man-made?B:Y es, by and large. I mean, obviously not hurrica nes or earthquakes, but take floodi ng, for example. Practically everyyear, the whole of Bangladesh is flooded and this is gettingworse. You know, the cause is that forests have bee n cut dow n up in Nepal and In dia, I mea n, higher u—river in the Himalayas. Trees would hold rain fall in their roots, but if they've bee n cut dow n all the rain that falls in the monsoon seas on flows straight into the river Gan ges and floods the whole country. The reason for flooding in Sudan is the sam—the forests higher up the Blue Nile in Ethiopia have bee n destroyed too.I: Well, this all sounds terribly depressing. What is to be done? I mean,can anything be done, in fact?B:Yes, of course it can. First, the national governments have to be forward-look ing and con sider the results of their policies in ten or twenty years, not just thi nk as far ahead as the next electi on.Somehow, all the coun tries in the world have to work together on an intern ati onal basis. Secon dly, the populati on has to be con trolled in some way: there are too many people trying to live off too little land. Thirdly, we don't need tropical hardwood to make ourfurn iture—it's a luxury people in the West must do without.Softwoods are just as good, less expe nsive and can be produced on en vir onmen t-frie ndly "tree farms", where trees are replaced at the same rate that they are cut dow n.I: And, presumably, education is important as well. People must be educated to realize the con seque nces of their acti ons.B:Y es, of course.I: Well, thank you, Brian.Now try this: listen to a more authentic version of the second part of the interview ・ Complete the outline ・Outli ne (II)II. Reas ons for some "n atural" disasters— mai nly man-madeA. flooding in BangladeshB. flood ing in Suda nIII. Action to be takenA. n atio nal gover nments —forward-look ingB. population controlC. stopp ing using hardwood for furniture-maki ngD. educat ing people to realize the con seque ncesAudioscript:I ——In terviewer B ——Bria n CowlesI: So, Bria n, would you agree that what we gen erally thi nk of as ...er ... as er ... n atural disasters are in fact man-made?B:Y es, by and large ... er ... I mean, obviously not hurrica nes or earthquakes, but take floodi ng, for example. I mean, practically every year, the whole of Bangladesh is flooded and this is gett ing worse. You know, the cause is that forests have bee n cut dow n up in Nepal and In dia ... I mean ... higher u—river in theHimalayas. Trees ... er ... would hold rain fall in their roots, but ifthey've been cut down all the rain that falls in the monsoon seas on flows straight into the river Gan ges and floods the wholecountry. The reason for flooding in Sudan is the same—theforests higher up the Blue Nile in Ethiopia have bee n destroyed too.I: Well, this all sounds terribly depressing. Um ... what is to be done? I mean, can any thi ng be done, in fact?B:Yes, of course it can ... er ... first, the national governments have to be forward-look ing and con sider the results of their policies in ten or twenty years, no t just think as far ahead as the n extelection. Somehow, all the countries in the world have to work together on an intern ati onal basis. Secon dly, the populati on has to be con trolled in some way: there are too many people trying to live off too little land. Thirdly, we don't need tropical hardwood to make our furn iture—it's a luxury people in the West must do without. Softwoods are just as good, less expe nsive and can be produced on en vir onmen t-frie ndly "tree farms", where trees are replaced at the same rate that they are cut dow n.I: And, presumably, education is important as well. People must be educated to realize the con seque nces ... um ... of their acti ons.B: Yes, yes of course.I: Well, thank you, Brian.Part IV More about the topic:The Effect of Global WarmingIt matters :重要average：平均temperatures :温度Britain's Climate Prediction Center：英国气候预测中心trapped :受限gases气体atmosphere 大气industrial processes 工业过程the earth's surface 地表fossil fuels化石燃料the sea level 海平面ice caps 冰顶melt :融化latitudes :纬度lower/higher latitude：高/低纬度equator :赤道drought :干旱Hygiene :卫生，卫生学；保健法insects 昆虫bacteria :细菌expect期待includes：包括distribution :分配，分布infective agents 传染媒heat-related food poisoning与热有关的食物中毒contamination :污染;弄脏;毒害;玷污diarrhea :腹泻sensitively敏感地；易受伤害地；易生气地;慎重地worldwide：世界范围；全世界economies 经济politicians：政客；政治家put stress on 强调warming :变暖potential：潜在的，有可能的global warming :全球变暖accelerate 力口速poles：（地）极take action :采取行动decline：下降environmental refugee 环境难民The world is getting warmer. It matters because it changes a lot of things to do with our everyday life ・ We can also say because the Earth is warming up we could simply not have enough to eat. Do you know what some of the effects of global warming are? Listen to the material. Complete the outline.Outli neI. Wanning up of the worldA. average temperatureB. yearly in creaseII. Causes of global warm ingIII. Effects of global warmingA. great cha nges in rain fallB. rise in the sea levelC. reduced pote ntial for food producti onD. health and social problems1. en viro nmen tal refugees2. cha nge of patter ns of distributio n of in sectsand in fective age nts3. change of patterns of heat-related foodpoisoning, etc.IV. Time to take acti onAudioscript:The world is warm ing up. We know this because average temperatures are the highest si nee scie ntists started measuri ng them 600 years ago. The in crease is about 0.2C every year. This may seem very slight, but we know that slight cha nges in temperature can have a big effect on other thi ngs. Most scie ntists now believe this global warmi ng is due to huma n activity.Jeff Jenkins is head of Britain's Climate Prediction Center. He expla ins how global warm ing can happe n."Sunlight strikes the earth and warms it up. At the same time heat leaves the earth, but part of that is trapped by carb on dioxide and other gases in the earth's atmosphere. That has bee n happe ning eversi nce the earth was formed. But the fear is that in creas ing amounts of carb on dioxide produced by in dustrial processes and transport and so on will lead to a greater warming of the earth's surface. So that's the global warm ing that people are concerned about."People are most concerned about the use of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are oil, coal, wood and so on. When these bur n, they produce the gas carb on dioxide. Many scie ntists agree that an in crease in the amount of carb on dioxide and some of the gases in the atmosphere will in crease the amount of warm ing. Computers are being used to predict what this may mea n. They showed that there could be great cha nges in rain fall and the rise in the sea level as ice caps in the north and south poles melt. This could have a serious effect on agriculture according to Prof. Martin Perry of University College in London. He says it could become more difficult to grow food in the tropics at lower latitudes n earer to the equator."The most clear pattern emerging is the possibility of reduced pote ntial producti on in lower latitude regi ons, and most gen erally speak in g, in creased pote ntial in higher latitude regi ons. Lower latitude regi ons are already warm, to put it extremely simply, and plants there are quite near their limits of heat and drought stress. An in crease in temperature or reducti on in moisture would place limits oncrop growth."Woman: Global warmi ng could reduce food producti on in lower latitude regions. Lower latitude regions are already warm. Global warm ing could put more stress on pla nts and place limits oncrop growth.Food production is only one area that could be affected. There could also be health and social problems. Prof. Antony McMichael of the London School of Hygie ne and Tropical Medic ine believes that some rural areas are already sufferi ng. And the in sects and bacteria could spread disease more easily."Already a nu mber of rural populatio ns around the world are sufferi ng from the decli ne of agricultural systems. Climatic cha nge would add to this. And we would expect that it would accelerate the flood of environmental refugees around the world. But it includes not just the food producti on systems, but the patter ns of distributi on of the in sects and in fective age nts aro und the world. It in cludes likely effects on patter ns of heat-related food pois oning, water contamination and diarrhea diseases, lots of things like this that would resp ond very sen sitively to cha nges in climate."Woman: Global warmi ng could affect the distributi on of in sects.Global warmi ng could cha nge patter ns of heat-related food poisoning.Many coun tries now agree that someth ing must be done to reduce the dan ger of global warm ing. But a worldwide agreeme nt on loweri ng the producti on of carb on dioxide has bee n difficult to reach. This is because many econo mies depe nd on fossil fuels like oil. Scientists believe it's now the politicians in every region of the world who n eed to take acti on.Part V Do you know …？composed o：组成broad-leaved trees 阔叶树tropical regions：热带awareness 知道diminish：丫肖失Indonesia：印尼humid :潮湿的variation :变化，变动see・・・as看作hierarchy：分层，层次；等级制度;统治集团as far as：只要;远到…;据…;直到…为止campaigning organization 活动的组织（者）in different ways :不同方式in different types：不同型号make changes 变更a critical period :养分阶段in terms of:依据；按照；在…方面；以…措词depend on 依靠flexibility:柔韧性，机动性，灵活性；伸缩性;可塑度;柔度and so on 等等write off：流利地写下；损失掉;毁掉；结束掉priority :优先，优先权；（时间，序上的）先，前at international level：国际水平livelihood：生活，生计；谋生之道；营生prime:最好的;首要的;最初的;基本的watersheds流域;分水岭（watershed的名词复数）;分水线;转折点八、、the biological richness 生物多样性a genetic treasure chest 遗传的宝藏climatic patterns：气候型tribal people：部落，部族，土著民Rain forests are generally composed of tall, broad-leaved trees and usually found in wet tropical regions around the equator. Despite increased awareness of the rainforests' importance during the late 20th century, they continue to diminish ・ Rainforests grow mainly in South and Central America, West and Central Africa, Indonesia, parts of Southeast Asia, and tropical Australia, where the climate is relatively humid with nomarked seasonal variation ・Listen to the interview ・ Complete the outline ・Outli neI. The most important environmental issuesA. difficult to make a hierarchy of worryB. rai n forests concen trated on most by thecampaig ning orga ni zati onII. Importance of rain forestsA coun tries depe nding on theme.g. people depe nding on them for their livelihood andthe quality of their en vir onmentB. the biological richness of the rain forestse.g. more tha n 60% of the world's species found in therain forestsC. impact on climatic patternsAudioscript:A: About big intern atio nal issues: what do you see as the most importa nt en vir onmen tal issues of the mome nt?B:It's quite difficult to make a kind of hierarchy of worry here, because so many issues are there, and so ... and they're all veryvery importa nt. But I thi nk it has to be said that as far as wewe're concern ed, as a campaig ning orga ni zatio n, it really is the ra in forest that we are concen trat ing on most. If we don't take acti on on that issue with in the n ext five years, the nen vir onmen tal pressure groups won't have any thi ng to do inten years' time, because there won't be any rai n forests, really, for them to campaign about. So this is a critical period for the rainforests, the n ext five years, and there is eno ugh flexibility in the system to allow us to hope that we're going to be able to makesome changes during that time. So that's why we've made it ourpriority.A:What's so important about the rain forests, then? Er, what's, what's the differe nee betwee n hav ing them or not hav ing them? Isn't it just, you know, basically either there are a lot of trees there orthere aren't a lot of trees there?B:Uhh ... well that's what some people would like to thi nk. Um, there, it's importa nt in many differe nt ways, importa nt firstly for thecountries themselves, in terms of the fact that millions of peopledepe nd on the rain forests for their livelihood, and for their ... the quality of their en viro nment, through the protecti on ofwatersheds, and so on. Secon dly, they're importa nt becauseof the biological richness of the rain forests. Um, a genetic。

与能源相关英语Energy is an essential part of our daily lives and plays a crucial role in the development of society and the economy. It is important to have a good understanding of energy-related issues in order to make informed decisions about energy use and conservation. In this article, we will explore various aspects of energy, including different sources of energy, energy conservation, and the future of energy.First and foremost, let's talk about the different sources of energy. There are two main categories of energy sources: renewable and non-renewable. Renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power, are derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. These sources of energy are considered to be sustainable and environmentally friendly. On the other hand, non-renewable energy sources, such as fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), are finite and will eventually be depleted. These sources of energy also have a significant impact on the environment, contributing to air and water pollution as well as greenhouse gas emissions.Now, let's discuss energy conservation. Energy conservation is the practice of reducing the amount of energyused while achieving a similar outcome. It is an important strategy for reducing energy costs and environmental impact. There are many ways to conserve energy, such as using energy-efficient appliances, improving insulation in buildings, and adopting energy-saving habits. In addition, businesses and industries can also implement energy management systems to optimize energy use and reduce waste.Looking ahead, the future of energy is a topic of great interest and debate. With the growing concerns about climate change and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, there is a shift towards cleaner and more sustainable energy sources. Innovations in renewable energy technologies, such as solar panels and wind turbines, are making these sources of energy more affordable and accessible. Furthermore, advancements in energy storage and smart grid technologies are paving the way for a more flexible and resilient energy system.In conclusion, energy is a fundamental part of our lives, and it is important to consider the various aspects of energy, including sources, conservation, and the future. By understanding these issues, we can make informed decisions about energy use and work towards a more sustainable and resilient energy future.能源是我们日常生活中不可或缺的一部分，对社会和经济的发展起着至关重要的作用。

DIRECTIVESDIRECTIVE 2009/125/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCILof 21 October 2009establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-related products(recast)(Text with EEA relevance)THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THEEUROPEAN UNION,Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular Article 95 thereof,Having regard to the proposal from the Commission,Having regard to the opinion of the European Economic andSocial Committee ( 1 ),Acting in accordance with the procedure laid down inArticle 251 of the Treaty ( 2 ),Whereas:(1) Directive 2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and ofthe Council of 6 July 2005 establishing a framework forthe setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-using products ( 3 ) has been substantially amended. Since further amendments, strictly limited to the extension of the scope of application of that Directive to include all energy-related products, are to be made, that Directive should be recast in the interests of clarity.(2) The disparities between the laws or administrativemeasures adopted by the Member States in relation tothe ecodesign of energy-related products can create barriers to trade and distort competition in the Community and may thus have a direct impact on the establishment and functioning of the internal market.The harmonisation of national laws is the only means to prevent such barriers to trade and unfair competition. The extension of the scope to all energy-related products ensures that ecodesign requirements for all significant energy-related products can be harmonised at Community level.(3) Energy-related products account for a large proportion ofthe consumption of natural resources and energy in theCommunity. They also have a number of other important environmental impacts. For the vast majority of product categories available on the Community market, very different degrees of environmental impact can be noted though they provide similar functional performances. In the interest of sustainable development, continuous improvement in the overall environmental impact of those products should be encouraged, notably by identifying the major sources of negative envi ­ronmental impacts and avoiding transfer of pollution, when this improvement does not entail excessive costs.(4) Many energy-related products have a significant potentialfor being improved in order to reduce environmental impacts and to achieve energy savings through better design which also leads to economic savings for busi ­nesses and end-users. In addition to products which use, generate, transfer, or measure energy, certain energy-related products, including products used in construction such as windows, insulation materials, or some water-using products such as shower heads or taps could also contribute to significant energy savings during use.(5) Theecodesign of products is a crucial factor in the Community strategy on Integrated Product Policy. As a preventive approach, designed to optimise the environ ­mental performance of products, while maintaining their functional qualities, it provides genuine new oppor ­tunities for manufacturers, consumers and society as a whole.( 1 ) OJ C 100, 30.4.2009, p. 120.( 2 ) Opinion of the European Parliament of 24 April 2009 (not yet published in the Official Journal) and Council Decision of 24 September 2009.( 3 ) OJ L 191, 22.7.2005, p. 29.(6) Energy efficiency improvement — with one of theavailable options being more efficient end use of elec ­tricity — is regarded as contributing substantially to the achievement of greenhouse gas emission targets in the Community. Electricity demand is the fastest growing energy end use category and is projected to grow within the next 20 to 30 years in the absence of any policy action to counteract this trend. A significant reduction in energy consumption as suggested by the Commission in its European Climate Change Programme (ECCP) is possible. Climate change is one of the priorities of the Sixth Community Environment Action Programme, laid down by Decision No 1600/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council ( 1 ). Energy saving is the most cost-effective way to increase security of supply and reduce import dependency. Therefore, substantial demand-side measures and targets should be adopted.(7) Action should be taken during the design phase ofenergy-related products, since it appears that thepollution caused during a product’s life cycle is determined at that stage, and most of the costs involved are committed then.(8) A coherent framework for the application of Communityecodesign requirements for energy-related productsshould be established with the aim of ensuring the free movement of those products which comply with such requirements and of improving their overall environ ­mental impact. Such Community requirements should respect the principles of fair competition and inter ­national trade.(9) Ecodesign requirements should be set taking account ofthe goals and priorities of the Sixth CommunityEnvironment Action Programme, including, as appro ­priate, applicable goals of the relevant thematic strategies of that Programme.(10) This Directive seeks to achieve a high level of protectionfor the environment by reducing the potential environ ­mental impact of energy-related products, which will ultimately be beneficial to consumers and other end- users. Sustainable development also requires proper consideration of the health, social and economic impact of the measures envisaged. Improving the energy and resource efficiency of products contributes to the security of the energy supply and to the reduction ofthe demand on natural resources, which are precon ­ditions of sound economic activity and therefore of sustainable development.(11) A Member State that deems it necessary to maintainnational provisions on grounds of overriding needsrelating to the protection of the environment, or to introduce new provisions based on new scientific evidence relating to the protection of the environment on grounds of a problem specific to that Member State that arises after the adoption of the applicable imple ­menting measure, may do so under the conditions laid down in Article 95(4), (5) and (6) of the Treaty, which provides for prior notification to, and approval from, the Commission.(12) In order to maximise the environmental benefits fromimproved design, it may be necessary to informconsumers about the environmental characteristics and performance of energy-related products and to advise them on how to use products in a manner which is environmentally friendly.(13) The approach set out in the Commission’s Communi ­cation of 18 June 2003 entitled ‘Integrated ProductPolicy — Building on Environmental Life-Cycle Thinking’, which is a major innovative element of the Sixth Community Environment Action Programme, aims to reduce the environmental impacts of products across the whole of their life cycle, including in the selection and use of raw materials, in manufacturing, packaging, transport and distribution, installation and maintenance, use and end-of-life. Considering at the design stage a product’s environmental impact throughout its whole life cycle has a high potential to facilitate improved environmental performance in a cost- effective way, including in terms of resource and material efficiency, and thereby to contribute to achieving the objectives of the Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources. There should be sufficient flexibility to enable this factor to be integrated in product design whilst taking account of technical, func ­tional and economic considerations.(14) Although a comprehensive approach to environmentalperformance is desirable, greenhouse gas mitigationthrough increased energy efficiency should be considered a priority environmental goal pending the adoption of a working plan.( 1 ) OJ L 242, 10.9.2002, p. 1.(15) It may be necessary and justified to establish specificquantified ecodesign requirements for some products orenvironmental aspects thereof in order to ensure thattheir environmental impact is minimised. Given theurgent need to contribute to the achievement of thecommitments in the framework of the Kyoto Protocolto the United Nations Framework Convention on ClimateChange, and without prejudice to the integrated approachpromoted in this Directive, some priority should be givento those measures with a high potential for reducinggreenhouse gas emissions at low cost. Such measurescan also contribute to a sustainable use of resourcesand constitute a major contribution to the 10-yearframework of programmes on sustainable productionand consumption agreed at the World Summit onSustainable Development in Johannesburg from26 August to 4 September 2002.(16) As a general principle and where appropriate, the energyconsumption of energy-related products in stand-by oroff-mode should be reduced to the minimum necessaryfor their proper functioning.(17) While the best-performing products or technologiesavailable on the market, including on internationalmarkets, should be taken as a reference, the level ofecodesign requirements should be established on thebasis of technical, economic and environmentalanalysis. Flexibility in the method for establishing thelevel of requirements can make swift improvement ofenvironmental performance easier. Interested partiesshould be consulted and cooperate actively in thisanalysis. The setting of mandatory measures requiresproper consultation of the parties involved. Such consul­tation may highlight the need for a phased introductionor transitional measures. The introduction of interimtargets increases the predictability of the policy, allowsfor accommodating product development cycles andfacilitates long-term planning for interested parties.(18) Priority should be given to alternative courses of actionsuch as self-regulation by the industry where such actionis likely to deliver the policy objectives faster or in a lesscostly manner than mandatory requirements. Legislativemeasures may be needed where market forces fail toevolve in the right direction or at an acceptable speed.(19) Self-regulation, including voluntary agreements offered asunilateral commitments by industry, can enable quickprogress due to rapid and cost-effective implementation,and allows for flexible and appropriate adaptations totechnological options and market sensitivities.(20) For the assessment of voluntary agreements or other self-regulation measures presented as alternatives to imple­menting measures, information on at least thefollowing issues should be available: openness of partici­pation, added value, representativeness, quantified andstaged objectives, involvement of civil society, moni­toring and reporting, cost-effectiveness of administeringa self-regulatory initiative and sustainability.(21) The Commission’s Communication of 17 February 2002,entitled ‘Environmental Agreements at Community levelwithin the Framework of the Action Plan on the Simplifi­cation and Improvement of the Regulatory Environment’,could provide useful guidance when assessing self-regu­lation by industry in the context of this Directive.(22) This Directive should also encourage the integration ofecodesign in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)and very small firms. Such integration could be facilitatedby wide availability of, and easy access to, informationrelating to the sustainability of their products.(23) Energy-related products that comply with the ecodesignrequirements laid down in implementing measures tothis Directive should bear the ‘CE’ marking and associatedinformation, in order to enable them to be placed on theinternal market and move freely. The rigorousenforcement of implementing measures is necessary toreduce the environmental impact of regulated energy-related products and to ensure fair competition.(24) When preparing implementing measures and theworking plan, the Commission should consult MemberStates’ representatives as well as interested partiesconcerned with the product group, such as industry,including SMEs and craft industry, trade unions, traders,retailers, importers, environmental protection groups andconsumer organisations.(25) When preparing implementing measures, theCommission should also take due account of existingnational environmental legislation, in particular thatconcerning toxic substances, which Member States haveindicated should be preserved, without reducing theexisting and justified levels of protection in theMember States.(26) Regard should be given to the modules and rulesintended for use in technical harmonisation Directivesset out in Decision No 768/2008/EC of the EuropeanParliament and of the Council of 9 July 2008 on acommon framework for the marketing of products (1). (1) OJ L 218, 13.8.2008, p. 82.(27) Surveillance authorities should exchange information onthe measures envisaged within the scope of this Directivewith a view to improving surveillance of the market,having regard to Regulation (EC) No 765/2008 of theEuropean Parliament and of the Council of 9 July 2008setting out the requirements for accreditation and marketsurveillance relating to the marketing of products (1).Such cooperation should make the utmost use of elec­tronic means of communication and relevant Community programmes. The exchange of informationon environmental life cycle performance and on theachievements of design solutions should be facilitated.The accumulation and dissemination of the body ofknowledge generated by the ecodesign efforts of manu­facturers is one of the crucial benefits of this Directive.(28) A competent body is usually a public or private body,designated by the public authorities, that presents thenecessary guarantees for impartiality and availability oftechnical expertise for carrying out a verification of theproduct with regard to its compliance with the applicableimplementing measures.(29) Noting the importance of avoiding non-compliance,Member States should ensure that the necessary meansare available for effective market surveillance.(30) In respect of training and information on ecodesign forSMEs, it may be appropriate to consider accompanyingactivities.(31)It is in the interest of the functioning of the internalmarket to have standards which have been harmonisedat Community level. Once the reference to such astandard has been published in the Official Journal of theEuropean Union, compliance with it should raise apresumption of conformity with the correspondingrequirements set out in the implementing measureadopted on the basis of this Directive, although othermeans of demonstrating such conformity should bepermitted.(32)One of the main roles of harmonised standards shouldbe to help manufacturers in applying the implementingmeasures adopted under this Directive. Such standardscould be essential in establishing measuring and testingmethods. In the case of generic ecodesign requirements,harmonised standards could contribute considerably toguiding manufacturers in establishing the ecologicalprofile of their products in accordance with therequirements of the applicable implementing measure.These standards should clearly indicate the relationshipbetween their clauses and the requirements dealt with.The purpose of harmonised standards should not be tofix limits for environmental aspects.(33) For the purpose of the definitions used in this Directive itis useful to refer to relevant international standards suchas ISO 14040.(34) This Directive is in accordance with certain principles forthe implementation of the new approach as set out inthe Council Resolution of 7 May 1985 on a newapproach to technical harmonisation and standards (2)and of making reference to harmonised Europeanstandards. The Council Resolution of 28 October 1999on the role of standardisation in Europe (3) recommendsthat the Commission examine whether the NewApproach principle could be extended to sectors notyet covered as a means of improving and simplifyinglegislation wherever possible.(35) This Directive is complementary to existing Communityinstruments such as Council Directive 92/75/EEC of22 September 1992 on the indication by labelling andstandard product information of the consumption ofenergy and other resources by household appliances (4),Regulation (EC) No 1980/2000 of the EuropeanParliament and of the Council of 17 July 2000 on arevised Community eco-label award scheme (5),Directive 2002/96/EC of the European Parliament andof the Council of 27 January 2003 on waste electricaland electronic equipment (WEEE) (6), Directive 2002/95/EC of the European Parliament and of theCouncil of 27 January 2003 on the restriction of theuse of certain hazardous substances in electrical and elec­tronic equipment (7), Directive 2006/121/EC of theEuropean Parliament and of the Council of18 December 2006 amending Council Directive67/548/EEC on the approximation of laws, regulationsand administrative provisions relating to the classifi­cation, packaging and labelling of dangerous substancesin order to adapt it to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisationand Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) and establishinga European Chemicals Agency (8) and Regulation (EC) No106/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Councilof 15 January 2008 on a Community energy-efficiencylabelling programme for office equipment (9). Synergiesbetween this Directive and the existing Communityinstruments should contribute to increasing theirrespective impacts and building coherent requirementsfor manufacturers to apply.(1) OJ L 218, 13.8.2008, p. 30. (2) OJ C 136, 4.6.1985, p. 1.(3) OJ C 141, 19.5.2000, p. 1.(4) OJ L 297, 13.10.1992, p. 16.(5) OJ L 237, 21.9.2000, p. 1.(6) OJ L 37, 13.2.2003, p. 24.(7) OJ L 37, 13.2.2003, p. 19.(8) OJ L 396, 30.12.2006, p. 1.(9) OJ L 39, 13.2.2008, p. 1.(36) The measures necessary for the implementation of thisDirective should be adopted in accordance with CouncilDecision 1999/468/EC of 28 June 1999 laying down theprocedures for the exercise of implementing powersconferred on the Commission (1).(37) In particular, the Commission should be empowered toamend or repeal Council Directive 92/42/EEC (2), andDirectives 96/57/EC (3) and 2000/55/EC (4) of theEuropean Parliament and of the Council. Suchamendment or repeal must be adopted in accordancewith the regulatory procedure with scrutiny providedfor in Article 5a of Decision 1999/468/EC.(38) In addition, the Commission should be empowered toadopt implementing measures laying down ecodesignrequirements for defined energy-related products,including the introduction of implementing measuresduring the transitional period, and including whereappropriate provisions on the balancing of the variousenvironmental aspects. Since those measures are ofgeneral scope and are designed to amend non-essentialelements of this Directive by supplementing it with newnon-essential elements, they must be adopted inaccordance with the regulatory procedure with scrutinyprovided for in Article 5a of Decision 1999/468/EC.(39)The Commission should, on the basis of the experiencegained from applying this Directive, Directive 2005/32/EC and implementing measures, review theoperation, methods and effectiveness of this Directiveand assess the appropriateness of extending its scopebeyond energy-related products. Within that review, theCommission should consult Member States’ represen­tatives as well as concerned interested parties.(40) Member States should determine the penalties to beapplied in the event of infringements of the nationalprovisions adopted pursuant to this Directive. Thosepenalties should be effective, proportionate anddissuasive.(41) Since the objective of this Directive, namely to ensure thefunctioning of the internal market by requiring productsto reach an adequate level of environmental performance,cannot be sufficiently achieved by the Member States andcan therefore, by reason of its scale and effects, be betterachieved at Community level, the Community may adoptmeasures, in accordance with the principle of subsidiarityas set out in Article 5 of the Treaty. In accordance withthe principle of proportionality, as set out in that Article,this Directive does not go beyond what is necessary inorder to achieve that objective.(42) The obligation to transpose this Directive into nationallaw should be confined to those provisions whichrepresent a substantive change as compared withDirective 2005/32/EC. The obligation to transpose theprovisions which are unchanged arises under Directive2005/32/EC.(43) This Directive should be without prejudice to the obli­gations of the Member States relating to the time limitsfor transposition into national law of the Directives setout in Annex IX, Part B.(44) In accordance with point 34 of the InterinstitutionalAgreement on better law-making (5), Member States areencouraged to draw up, for themselves and in the interestof the Community, their own tables, illustrating, as far aspossible, the correlation between this Directive and thetransposition measures, and to make them public,HAVE ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:Article 1Subject matter and scope1. This Directive establishes a framework for the setting of Community ecodesign requirements for energy-related products with the aim of ensuring the free movement of such products within the internal market.2. This Directive provides for the setting of requirements which the energy-related products covered by implementing measures must fulfil in order to be placed on the market and/or put into service. It contributes to sustainable devel­opment by increasing energy efficiency and the level of protection of the environment, while at the same time increasing the security of the energy supply.3. This Directive shall not apply to means of transport for persons or goods.4. This Directive and the implementing measures adopted pursuant thereto shall be without prejudice to Community waste management legislation and Community chemicals legis­lation, including Community legislation on fluorinated greenhouse gases.Article 2DefinitionsFor the purposes of this Directive, the following definitions shall apply:(1) OJ L 184, 17.7.1999, p. 23.(2) OJ L 167, 22.6.1992, p. 17.(3) OJ L 236, 18.9.1996, p. 36.(4) OJ L 279, 1.11.2000, p. 33. (5) OJ C 321, 31.12.2003, p. 1.1. ‘Energy-related product’, (a ‘product’), means any good thathas an impact on energy consumption during use which is placed on the market and/or put into service, and includes parts intended to be incorporated into energy-related products covered by this Directive which are placed on the market and/or put into service as individual parts for end-users and of which the environmental performance can be assessed independently;2. ‘Components and sub-assemblies’ means parts intended tobe incorporated into products which are not placed on the market and/or put into service as individual parts for end- users or the environmental performance of which cannot be assessed independently;3. ‘Implementing measures’ means measures adopted pursuantto this Directive laying down ecodesign requirements for defined products or for environmental aspects thereof;4. ‘Placing on the market’ means making a product availablefor the first time on the Community market with a view to its distribution or use within the Community, whether for reward or free of charge and irrespective of the selling technique;5. ‘Putting into service’ means the first use of a product for itsintended purpose by an end-user in the Community;6. ‘Manufacturer’ means the natural or legal person whomanufactures products covered by this Directive and is responsible for their conformity with this Directive in view of their being placed on the market and/or put into service under the manufacturer’s own name or trademark or for the manufacturer’s own use. In the absence of a manufacturer as defined in the first sentence of this point or of an importer as defined in point 8, any natural or legal person who places on the market and/or puts into service products covered by this Directive shall be considered a manufacturer;7. ‘Authorised representative’ means any natural or legalperson established in the Community who has received a written mandate from the manufacturer to perform on his behalf all or part of the obligations and formalities connected with this Directive;8. ‘Importer’ means any natural or legal person established inthe Community who places a product from a third country on the Community market in the course of his business;9. ‘Materials’ means all materials used during the life cycle of aproduct; 10. ‘Product design’ means the set of processes that transformlegal, technical, safety, functional, market or other requirements to be met by a product into the technical specification for that product;11. ‘Environmental aspect’ means an element or function of aproduct that can interact with the environment during its life cycle;12. ‘Environmental impact’ means any change to theenvironment wholly or partially resulting from a product during its life cycle;13. ‘Life cycle’ means the consecutive and interlinked stages ofa product from raw material use to final disposal;14. ‘Reuse’ means any operation by which a product or itscomponents, having reached the end of their first use, are used for the same purpose for which they were conceived, including the continued use of a product which is returned to a collection point, distributor, recycler or manufacturer, as well as reuse of a product following refurbishment;15. ‘Recycling’ means the reprocessing in a production processof waste materials for the original purpose or for other purposes but excluding energy recovery;16. ‘Energy recovery’ means the use of combustible waste as ameans to generate energy through direct incineration with or without other waste but with recovery of the heat;17. ‘Recovery’ means any of the applicable operations providedfor in Annex II B to Directive 2006/12/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2006 on waste (1);18. ‘Waste’ means any substance or object in the categories setout in Annex I to Directive 2006/12/EC which the holder discards or intends, or is required, to discard;19. ‘Hazardous waste’ means any waste which is covered byArticle 1(4) of Council Directive 91/689/EEC of12 December 1991 on hazardous waste (2);20. ‘Ecological profile’ means a description, in accordance withthe implementing measure applicable to the product, of the inputs and outputs (such as materials, emissions and waste) associated with a product throughout its life cycle which are significant from the point of view of its environmental impact and are expressed in physical quantities that can be measured;(1) OJ L 114, 27.4.2006, p. 9.(2) OJ L 377, 31.12.1991, p. 20.。

硝酸或己二酸行业氧化亚氮直接催化分解技术研究进展及现状李飞;黄伟;李潇;刘程;仵静;侯鑫;庞菊玲;龚甍;满雪【摘要】在硝酸或己二酸行业生产过程中,均不同程度排放N2 O污染物.N2 O直接催化分解技术是消除其污染的最有效方法之一.从实际应用角度,针对硝酸或己二酸行业,尤其当前随着国内碳减排市场的不断成熟,研究开发新型N2 O直接催化分解技术或产品非常必要.综述了硝酸或己二酸行业N2 O直接催化分解技术研究进展及减排市场现状.【期刊名称】《工业催化》【年(卷),期】2018(026)009【总页数】5页(P6-10)【关键词】三废处理与综合利用;N2O;直接催化分解;硝酸;己二酸;碳减排【作者】李飞;黄伟;李潇;刘程;仵静;侯鑫;庞菊玲;龚甍;满雪【作者单位】西北化工研究院,陕西西安710061;西安元创化工科技股份有限公司,陕西西安710061;西安元创化工科技股份有限公司,陕西西安710061;西安元创化工科技股份有限公司,陕西西安710061;西安元创化工科技股份有限公司,陕西西安710061;西安元创化工科技股份有限公司,陕西西安710061;西安元创化工科技股份有限公司,陕西西安710061;西安元创化工科技股份有限公司,陕西西安710061;西安元创化工科技股份有限公司,陕西西安710061;西安元创化工科技股份有限公司,陕西西安710061【正文语种】中文【中图分类】X701;TQ426.94N2O是第三大温室气体，其温室效应潜值是CO2的310倍，CH4的21倍，在大气中寿命约150年[1]。

N2O也是平流层中NOx的主要来源，能够导致大气中臭氧层减少，引起温室效应及全球变暖，是严重污染环境的气体之一。

美国2009年8月公布的一项研究显示，N2O已成为人类排放的首要消耗臭氧层物质。

2005 年 2 月，中国参加签约的《京都议定书》正式生效，中国与世界各国广泛开展的消除污染国际合作已经启动。

the journal of physical chemistry c的issnThe Journal of Physical Chemistry C (J. Phys. Chem. C) is a scientific journal published by the American Chemical Society (ACS). It covers experimental and theoretical research in areas like materials chemistry, surface science, and nanoscience.The International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) for the Journal of Physical Chemistry C is 1932-7447. This unique 8-digit number is used to identify the journal and distinguish it from other publications. It is an essential reference when citing articles from this journal in other research papers or publications.The Journal of Physical Chemistry C publishes a wide range of articles that contribute to the field of physical chemistry. Here are some examples of the types of research papers you can find in this journal:1. Fundamental Studies: Many articles in J. Phys. Chem. C focus on understanding and characterizing the fundamental properties of materials. These studies often involve experimental techniques such as spectroscopy, microscopy, or electrochemistry. Researchers may investigate the optical, electrical, or magnetic properties of novel materials or study the behavior of nanoparticles or thin films.2. Energy Conversion and Storage: Given the importance of sustainable energy sources, this journal also features articles on energy-related research. For instance, scientists might explore new materials for solar cells or investigate the electrochemical properties of materials used in batteries or fuel cells.3. Catalysis and Surface Science: Research on catalysts and surface science plays a vital role in improving chemical processes and understanding reaction mechanisms. Articles in this area might focus on the design and characterization of catalyst materials, surface reactions, or the study of adsorbates on surfaces.4. Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: Nanoscience is a rapidly growing field, and J. Phys. Chem. C covers research related to nanoscale materials and devices. This includes the synthesis and characterization of nanoparticles, nanowires, or other nanostructures, as well as their applications in areas such as electronics, optoelectronics, or sensing.5. Theoretical Modeling: In addition to experimental studies, J. Phys. Chem. C also publishes theoretical papers that provide insights into the behavior of materials at the atomic or molecular level. These might include computational modeling, molecular dynamics simulations, or density functional theory calculations.6. Physical Chemistry of Surfaces and Interfaces: Understanding the properties and behavior of interfaces is crucial for various applications. Researchers might investigate surface adsorption, interfacial reactions, or self-assembly phenomena. The journal welcomes articles that shed light on the physical chemistry of surfaces and interfaces.In conclusion, the Journal of Physical Chemistry C (ISSN: 1932-7447) is a respected scientific journal that covers a wide range of topics in the field of physical chemistry. With its diverse andinnovative research papers, it provides valuable contributions to the scientific community and serves as a significant reference for researchers in this field.。

全国高中学生化学竞赛根本内容（Basic content of chemistry competition for senior high school students in China）The national high school student chemistry competition basic content.Txt, the real good friend is not together has the topic which cannot say, but is together, even if does not speak, will not feel embarrassed. When you look at other people, you are also the scenery in other people's eyes. The road to tomorrow must remember the road that we walked yesterday and the road we are walking today. Basic content of chemistry competition for senior high school students in ChinaThe 1. national chemistry contest of senior high school students (preliminary division contest) and final (winter) two stages, plus the winter after the national team players qualifying in three stages. The basic contents of the preliminary and final examination reflects the national level, is the basis of the examination proposition. The selection of the national team's athletes shall be based on the preparation of the International Chemistry Olympiad in the year.2. the current middle school chemistry teaching requirements and contents are preliminary examination shows that the content of the provisions. A consistent level of content knowledge in preliminary principle to full-time high school chemistry textbook published by people's education press, but for some of the chemical principle of the quantitative relationship, material structure, solid chemistry and organic chemistry and other supplements, in general, supplementary content is the natural growth point in chemical content. The preliminary requirements of knowledge in order to achieve internationalchemical descriptive chemistry contest outline level as the standard, the outline of the two or three levels of knowledge are not required in the application of memory based on.The basic content of the final 3. is properly based on the basic contents of preliminaries, descriptive chemistry knowledge principle to reach the international level two level of knowledge of chemistry contest syllabus for the degree, the outline of the three levels of knowledge are not required in the application of memory based on.4., pay attention to the intersection and interpenetration of chemical knowledge and non chemical knowledge, but the requirements of mathematics and physics knowledge should not exceed the requirements of middle school syllabus.5. basic content, if necessary, will be adjusted and announced in mid August 2001.The basic content of the preliminaries1. the concept and application of effective numbers. Correct use of effective figures in chemical and chemical experiments. Quantitative instrument (analytical balance, cylinder, pipettes, burettes, flask etc.) the effective number of precision and measuring data. The valid number of the result of the operation.2. ideal gas standard condition. Ideal gas equation of state. Gas density. Determination of relative molecular mass of gases. Gas solubility. Law of partial pressure.3. solution concentration, solid solution and calculation. Solution preparation (selection of instruments based on the accuracy of concentration). Estimation of the amount of purification by recrystallization. Selection of washing liquid and selection of washing method in washing operation. The law of solvent (including mixed solvent) similarity with solutes.4. basic concepts of titrimetric analysis - analytes, standard solutions, indicators, titration reactions, etc.. Calculation of titration results. Qualitative relationship between the titration curve and the concept of sudden rise (acid base strength, concentration, and solvent polarity). Quantitative calculation of titration curve is not required. Basic principles of pH calculation and selection of common acid-base titration indicators. Calculated by Potassium Permanganate, potassium dichromate, sodium thiosulfate, EDTA titration analysis results as the standard solution.5. atomic structure the possible space state of an outer nuclear electron. S, P and D are used to indicate the ground state structure (including neutral atoms, positive ions and negative ions) (not requiring the interpretation of the energy level interleaving and distribution); quantum numbers, wave functions, images are not required. General concepts of ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity.The 6. elements of the periodic law and the periodic system changes in general nature of the main group and subgroup, congeners from top to bottom; the concept of S, D, DS, P, f; positions of elements in the periodic table and the nuclearouter electronic structure (electron number, valence electron layer and valence electron number) the relationship between price and family; the highest number; diagonal rule; metal and non metal and the relation between the location of the periodic table. Metal and non metal in the periodic table position; half metal; primary and secondary group (first series) and important names, common elements, symbols and their positions in the periodic table and the main form of common valence.SevenMolecular structures: Lewis, structural (Electronic) and formal charges. Prediction of the three-dimensional structure of simple molecules (including ions) by valence electron pair repulsion model. The theory of hybrid orbitals explains the three-dimensional structure of simple molecules (including ions). Covalent bonds, [p-p, PI bonds, (S-S, S-P, P-P), sigma bonds and P-P large PI bonds] form conditions, bond energies, bond angles, saturation and directionality. The general concept of conjugate (or delocalization).8. complexes: the basic concepts of complexes (complexes) and complex ions (coordination ions). The center of important and common ion complex ions (atoms) and the important and common ions (water, hydroxyl, halogen ions, pseudo halide ions, ammonia molecules, ions, NO, CO etc.), the complexation reaction of complexing agent important and common and important and common. Qualitative description of the relation between complexation and acid base reactions, precipitation reactions, and redox reactions (not required by calculation). Basic concepts of space structure and geometric isomerism ofcomplexes. The basic concepts of the hybridization orbital theory of complexes. Memory magnetic moment calculation formula is not required. The basic concepts of crystal field and ligand field theory are not required.9. intermolecular force. The order of magnitude of the intermolecular interaction energy (does not require decomposition into orientational force, induced force, dispersive force). Hydrogen bond. Conditions for the formation of hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bond energy. Relationship between hydrogen bond and physical properties.10. crystal structure: the basic concept of cell. Basic concepts of cell atomic coordinates. Calculation of the number of atoms or the number of molecules in a cell and its relation to the chemical formula. Basic concepts of elementary cell and complex cell (body, core, heart, and core). The basic concepts of molecular crystals, atomic crystals, ionic crystals and metallic crystals. Selection of crystal cell, crystal system concept and several typical two element ionic crystals.11. chemical equilibrium: the basic concept of equilibrium constant. Qualitative relationship between acid-base balance constant and acid base strength. The basic concept of solubility product. Simple calculations using equilibrium constants. Calculation of electrical neutrality, material balance, and no requirement for proton conditions.12. correct writing and balancing of ionic equations.13. electrochemistry: the basic concepts of oxidationreduction and the writing and trimming of reactions. Galvanic cell: electrode symbol and electrode reaction, galvanic cell sign, galvanic cell reaction. The basic concept of standard electrode potential is used to determine the direction of reaction and the strength of oxidant and reductant. Battery symbols and electrode reactions in an electrolytic bath. Basic concepts of electrolysis and electroplating. Common chemical power source. Qualitative description of the effects of pH, complexing agents, and precipitation agents (do not require Nernst equations, redox equilibrium constants, and related calculations).14. element chemistry knowledge to international competition level 1 knowledge level. Two or three levels of knowledge do not require memory.15. knowledge of organic chemistry, level 1 in international competition. Two or three levels of knowledge do not require memory.Basic content of finals1. atomic structure increases four quantum numbers and atomic orbital wave function in the preliminary basis (plus the angle distribution image and s, P, D image track name).The 2. increase in the basic concept of molecular structure in the preliminary content based on molecular orbital. Bond level concept. Explanation of the paramagnetic property of oxygen by molecular orbital theory. Memory molecular orbital energy level diagram is not required.3. crystal structures: basic concepts of structural primitives and lattices. The basic concepts of enthalpies of formation, formation free energies and lattices, 14 lattice types, dense deposits (A1, A2, A3 and A4) and a bulk interstitial model.4. fundamentals of chemical thermodynamics -- concepts of thermodynamics, energy, enthalpy, free energy, and entropy. Enthalpies of formation, free energies of formation, standard entropies, and related calculations. Free energy and direction of reaction. Gibbs Helmholtz equation and its application. Fant Huff isothermal equation and its application. Standard free energy and equilibrium constant. A function of the equilibrium constant to temperature. Thermochemical cycle. Thermodynamic decomposition of temperature (both standard and nonstandard States) the effect of pressure on decomposition temperature.5. fundamentals of chemical kinetics -- basic concepts of reaction rates. The concept of reaction series. Using the experimental data to derive the reaction order.Calculation of first-order reactions (integral formula) (rate constants, half-life, carbon, -14, age, etc.). Arrhenius equation and relevant calculation (calculation of the influence of temperature on the reaction rate constant of the concept and calculation; Arrhenius activation energy calculation; rate constants etc.). Relationship between activation energy and reaction heat. General concept of reaction mechanism. Using steady-state approximation to derive rate equations. The nature of the influence of the catalyst on the reaction. The expression for the reaction rate and thecalculation of the integral are not required.6. proton theory of acids and bases. Basic concept of buffer solution. Using the calculation of acid-base equilibrium constant. Solubility product principle and related calculation.Calculation of 7.Nernst equation. The calculation of electrode potential and electromotive force of galvanic cell. The influence of pH value on electromotive force, electrode potential and redox reaction direction of galvanic cell. Influence of precipitant and complexing agent on redox reaction direction.Hybrid orbital theory of chemical bonds of 8. complexes. The hybrid orbital model of the complex ion (plane, quadrilateral, tetrahedral, and eight body configurations). The relation between the magnetic moment of a single electron and the hybridization type. Hybrid orbital and solid structure. Isomerism of complexes (including CIS trans isomerism and optical isomerism). Calculation of equilibrium constants in complexation reactions. General concept of chelates.9. elements of chemical descriptive knowledge reached the international competition outline level one or two.10. natural cycles of nitrogen, oxygen and carbon. The general concept of environmental protection, ecological balance and sustainable development.11. organic chemistry descriptive knowledge, to theinternational competition outline level one or two. Organic synthesis reaches international competition outline one or two level knowledge level. Four spectrum is not required. Asymmetric synthesis is not required. Do not seek racemic resolution. Organic reactions are not required.The basic concept of 12. amino acids and peptides. No Biochemistry (such as the name, symbol, structure, classification of 20 amino acids), base structure, name, pairing, photosynthesis, metabolism, etc. of DNA and RNA.13. IUPAC nomenclature of simple organic compounds (do not require the number of atoms in the memory ring).14. basic concepts of organic stereochemistry. Basic concepts of conformation and conformation. CIS trans isomerism and chiral isomerism (R- and S-).15. the identification and structure inference of simple compounds (without special reagents and reactions) using the basic reactions of inorganic and organic compounds.The basic operation of electronic weighing scales, 16. Organic Preparation and organic synthesis solution, heating, cooling, precipitation, crystallization, recrystallization and filtration (including filtration), washing, evaporation, distillation and reflux, decantation, liquid, mixing and drying. The experimental conditions are controlled by intermediate process detection such as pH, temperature, color, etc.. Calculation of yield and conversion. Knowledge and operation of laboratory safety and emergency emergencyhandling. Waste disposal. Washing and drying of instruments. Arrangement and arrangement of experimental work surface. Record of raw data.17. basic operation of routine capacity analysis, basic reactions and calculation of titration results. Concept of titration curve and protrusion (relation between qualitative and quantitative), plotting titration curve.。

化工进展Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress2024 年第 43 卷第 2 期基于EMD 的密相气力输送两相流系统内子系统相互联系和作用付飞飞1，李健2（1 潍坊学院机械与自动化学院，山东 潍坊 261061；2 大型发电装备安全运行与智能测控国家工程研究中心，东南大学能源与环境学院，江苏 南京 210096）摘要：利用信号分析考察密相气力输送两相流系统内子系统之间的相互联系和作用。

首先，基于经验模态分解（empirical mode decomposition ，EMD ）将密相气力输送两相流系统的静电波动信号分解成若干信号分量，即固有模态函数（intrinsic mode function ，IMF ），再结合各IMF 分量的能量比重确定出IMF1~IMF4为主干分量。

之后，结合静电信号EMD 分解结果、输送管道中颗粒的分布状况及颗粒运动机理的差异性三者，明确气固两相流系统内的子系统。

最后，利用IMF1~IMF4的主频和方差的变化规律，分别考察了子系统之间的联系和作用。

实验结果表明：水平输送管道中的气固两相流系统可分成4个子系统，分别是稀相区、交界区、浓相区以及贴壁区内的颗粒流体组织；子系统之间依靠颗粒在彼此间游走而进行联系；同时，子系统之间也存在竞争作用，该竞争是颗粒主导和气流主导两种机制之间的竞争，当颗粒悬浮性较弱时竞争激烈，当颗粒悬浮性变好时竞争减弱。

关键词：经验模态分解；密相气力输送两相流系统；子系统中图分类号：TM9 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1000-6613（2024）02-0696-07Relationship and interaction between subsystems in gas-solid two-phase flow system of dense phase pneumatic conveying based on EmpiricalMode DecompositionFU Feifei 1，LI Jian 2(1 School of Machinery and Automation, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, Shandong, China; 2 National Engineering Research Center of Power Generation Control and Safety, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University,Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China)Abstract: Signal analysis was used to investigate the interconnection and interaction between thesubsystems in the two-phase flow system of dense-phase pneumatic conveying. Firstly, based on empirical mode decomposition (EMD), electrostatic signals of a gas-solid two-phase flow system were decomposed into several signal components, namely intrinsic mode function (IMF) and the IMF1—IMF4, which were determined as major components by comparing the energy ratios of each IMF component. Afterward, subsystems of the gas-solid two-phase flow system were identified based on the decomposition results of electrostatic signals, the distribution of particles in the conveying pipeline, and the differences in particle motion mechanisms. Finally, the relationship and interaction between subsystems were研究开发DOI ：10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-1357收稿日期：2023-08-08；修改稿日期：2023-09-11。