CHAPTER 18
CONSUMER LOANS, CREDIT CARDS, AND REAL ESTATE LENDING
Goal of This Chapter: To learn about the many types of loans lenders make to consumers (individuals and families) and to real estate borrowers and to understand the factors that influence the profitability and risk of consumer and real estate loans. In addition, the chapter examines how consumer and real estate loan rates may be determined and the options a loan officer has today in pricing loans extended to individuals and families.
Key Topics in This Chapter
?Types of Loans for Individuals and Families
?Unique Characteristics of Consumer Loans
?Evaluating a Consumer Loan Request
?Credit Cards and Credit Scoring
?Disclosure Rules and Discrimination
?Loan Pricing and Refinancing
Chapter Outline
I. Introduction
II. Types of Loans Granted to Individuals and Families
A. Residential Mortgage Loans
B. Nonresidential Loans
1. Installment Loans
2. Noninstallment Loans
C.Credit Card Loans and Revolving Credit
D.New Credit Card Regulations
E.Debit Cards: A Partial Substitute for Credit Cards?
1.Debit Cards
2.Rapid Consumer Loan Growth
Ill. Characteristics of Consumer Loans
IV. Evaluating a Consumer Loan Application
A. Character and Purpose
B. Income Levels
C. Deposit Balances
D. Employment and Residential Stability
E. Pyramiding of Debt
F. How to Qualify for a Consumer Loan
G. The Challenge of Consumer Lending
V. Example of a Consumer Loan Application
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VI. Credit-Scoring Consumer Loan Applications
A. The Theory of Credit Scoring
B. An Example of Credit Scoring
C. The FICO Credit Scoring System
VII. Laws and Regulations Applying to Consumer Loans
A. Customer Disclosure Requirements
1. Truth in Lending Act
2. Fair Credit Reporting Act
3. Fair Credit Billing Act
4. Fair Credit and Charge-Card Disclosure Act
5. Fair Debt Collection Practices Act
B. Outlawing Credit Discrimination
1. Equal Credit Opportunity Act
2. Community Reinvestments Act
C. Predatory Lending and Subprime Loans
VIII. Real Estate Loans
A. Differences Between Real Estate Loans and Other Loans
B.Factors in Evaluating Applications for Real Estate Loans
C.Home Equity Lending
IX. The Changing Environment for Consumer and Real Estate Lending
X. Pricing Consumer and real Estate Loans: Determining the Rate of Interest and Other Loan Terms
A. The Interest Rate Attached to Nonresidential Consumer Loans
1.The Cost Plus Model
2.Annual Percentage Rate
3.Simple Interest
4.The Discount Rate Method
5.The Add-On Loan Rate Method
6.Rule of 78s
B. Interest Rates on Home Mortgage Loans
1. Fixed Rated Mortgages
2. Variable Rate Mortgages
3. Charging the Customer Mortgage Points
XI. Summary of the Chapter
Concept Checks
18-1. What are the principal differences among residential loans, nonresidential installment loans, noninstallment loans, and credit card or revolving loans?
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Residential loans are credit to finance the purchase of a home or fund improvements on a private residence. Installment loans are paid off gradually over time whereas noninstallment loans are generally paid off in lump sum at the end of the loan. Installment loans usually finance large-ticket purchases, such as automobiles or household furniture, whereas noninstallment loans usually are directed at current living expenses. Installment loans help the bank recover funds that can be reloaned more quickly but they generally require a more intensive credit investigation by the bank. Bank credit cards offer convenience and a revolving line of credit that the customer can access whenever the need arises.
18-2. Why do interest rates on consumer loans typically average higher than on most other kinds of loans?
Interest rates on consumer loans are typically higher than on most other kinds of loans since they are among the most costly and most risky to make per dollar of loanable funds. Consumer loans also tend to be cyclically sensitive. Moreover, consumers tend to be relatively unresponsive to changes in interest rates when they go out and borrow money.
18-3. What features of a consumer loan application should a loan officer examine most carefully?
A loan officer should examine character and purpose, income levels, employment and residential stability, and pyramiding of debt when evaluating a consumer loan application.
18-4. How do credit scoring systems work?
Credit-scoring systems use statistical techniques (usually multiple discriminant analysis) to classify borrowers based on selected characteristics of each borrower as to whether they are likely or unlikely to repay the loan they have requested.
18-5. What are the principal advantages to a lending institution of using a credit scoring system?
The credit scoring method has the advantage of being objective, requiring less loan officer judgment, possibly lowering loan losses, and lowering operating costs when a large volume of consumer loans is processed.
18-6. Are there any significant disadvantages to a credit scoring system?
Credit scoring systems do not take into account motivational factors or individual differences and may become outdated unless frequently retested for statistical accuracy.
18-7. In the credit-scoring system presented in the chapter, would a loan applicant who is a skilled worker, lives with a relative, has an average credit rating, has been in his or her present job and at his or her current address for exactly one year, has four dependents and a telephone, and holds a checking account be likely to receive a loan? Please explain why.
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Given, the credit scoring model in the chapter, the skilled worker would have the following credit score:
Skilled worker 8 points
Lives with friend or relative 2
Average credit rating 5
One year in current job 2
One year in current residence 1
Telephone in home 2
Number of Dependents:
More than three 2
Bank Accounts Held:
Checking Account only 2__
Total Score 24 points
Because this loan applicant's criterion score is below 28 points the loan request is likely to be denied.
18-8. What is FICO and what does it do for lenders? Why is this credit scoring system so popular today?
FICO is a credit scoring system developed by Fair Isaac Corporation. It is fast, objective and impartial and that makes it very useful for regulated financial institutions
18-9. What laws exist today to give consumers fuller disclosure about the terms and risks of taking on credit?
The following federal laws give consumers who are borrowing money fuller disclosure about the terms and risks of taking on credit:
a. Truth-in-Lending Act c. Fair Credit Billing Act
b. Fair Credit Reporting Act d. Fair Debt Collection Practices Act
The Truth-in-Lending Act makes household borrowers better informed about the terms of credit so they can shop around. The Fair Credit Reporting Act gives individuals easier access to their credit-bureau records and the right to challenge information contained therein and to insist on the prompt correction of errors. The Fair Credit Billing Act gives consumers the right to dispute billing errors and have those errors corrected. The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act limits how far a creditor or credit collection agency can go in pressing that customer to pay up.
18-10. What legal protections are available today to protect borrowers against discrimination? Against predatory lending?
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The Equal Credit Opportunity Act outlaws discrimination in lending based on race, age, sex, religious preference, receipt of public assistance, and similar factors. The Community Reinvestment Act requires banks and other lending institutions to make an "affirmative effort" to serve all segments of their designated market areas without discriminating against certain neighborhoods.
Predatory lending is an abusive practice among some lenders that consists of making loans to weak borrowers and then charging them excessive fees and interest rates, thereby increasing the risk of default. In 1994 Congress passed the Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act which was aimed to protect home owners from loan agreements they could not afford. Loans whose APR is 10 percentage points or more above the yield on comparable Treasury securities are defined as abusive and consumers have 6 days in which to decide whether to proceed with the loan. Credit granting institutions must fully disclose all fees and risks. If these are not disclosed, then the borrower has up to 3 years to rescind the transaction and lenders might be liable for all damages that occur.
18-11. In your opinion, are any additional laws needed in these areas?
This question does not have a right or wrong answer. Depending on one's point of view, more or less regulation in these areas can be supported. Most, if not all, bankers and bank trade associations, as well as many of the regulatory agencies, tend to agree that there are already more than enough laws and regulations in these areas. Consumer groups and some elected officials would argue that consumers, particularly in certain economic groups or communities, need more legislation and/or regulation to protect their interests.
18-12. In what ways is a real estate loan unique compared to other kinds of bank loans?
Real estate loans are longer-term than most other loans and usually involve above-average amounts of funds at risk. Moreover, they depend more heavily on the value and maintenance of collateral than most other types of loans.
18-13. What factors should a lender consider in evaluating real estate loan applications? Among the factors to be considered in evaluating a real estate loan applications are:
1. What is the borrower's monthly income and monthly debt repayments? The bank
must be assured there is adequate cushion to comfortably absorb the home loan
repayments.
2. Does the borrower have good prospects for continued employment? Because the
loan is long term the bank must have reasonable assurance the borrower can service
a long-term loan.
3. Is the current market value of the home to be purchased sufficiently larger than the
amount of the loan to give the bank adequate cushion if local real estate values
decline?
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18-14. What is home equity lending and what are its advantages and disadvantages for banks and other consumer lending institutions?
Home-equity loans use the residual market value of a home (over and above the amount of any outstanding liens against the home) as a borrowing base. Financial institutions often lend a fraction of this residual value, which subjects them to the risk that the market value of a home will fall, significantly eroding the cushion of protection for a loan of this type. If the customer fails to make any promised loan payments, the bank or other lender could foreclose and take over the home to sell it and recover at least a portion of loaned funds.
18-15. How is the changing age structure of the population likely to affect consumer loan programs? What other forces are reshaping household lending today?
As people grow older, especially beyond the age of 40 or 45, they tend to make less use of credit and to pay down outstanding debt obligations. This suggests that the total demand for consumer credit per capita may fall, forcing banks and other consumer lenders to fight hard for profitable consumer loan accounts.
18-16. What challenges have U.S. bankruptcy laws provided consumer lenders when it comes to liquidating the assets of defaulting borrowers?
Recent changes in U.S. bankruptcy laws present serious challenges to consumer lending institutions. Congress passed the Bankruptcy Reform Act in 1978, amending a federal bankruptcy code that had stood since the turn of the century. While amendments in 1984 tightened up some of the loopholes in the 1978 law, the most recent reforms tipped the legal scales substantially in favor of individuals filing bankruptcy petitions and more severely limited the amount and kinds of debtors' assets that could be converted into cash for distribution to banks and other creditors. However, the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act was signed in April of 2005. This law is likely to make it more difficult, expensive and time consuming to file for bankruptcy. Consumers must complete a credit counseling program before becoming eligible for filing bankruptcy and a ‘means test’ has been added. This test will let consumers know whether they are eligible to file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy which wipes out most debt or whether they will have to file Chapter 13 which requires them to have a court approved repayment plan for their outstanding debt.
18-17. What options does a loan officer have in pricing consumer loans?
Most consumer loans, like most business loans, are priced off some base or cost rate, with a profit margin and compensation for risk added on. The rate on a consumer loan may be figured from the cost-plus model or the base-rate model. Most installment and lump-sum payment loans are made with fixed interest rates. However, due to the volatility of interest rates in the 1 970’s and 1980's, a greater number of floating rate consumer loans have appeared.
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18-18. Suppose a customer is offered a loan at a discount rate of 8 percent and pays $75 in interest at the beginning of the term of the loan. What net amount of credit did this customer receive? Suppose you are told that the effective rate on this loan is 12 percent. What is the average loan amount the customer had available during the year?
The relevant formula is:
Then the net amount of credit received must be $75/.08 or $937.50.
Suppose you are told that the effective rate on this loan is 12 percent. What is the average loan amount the customer had available during the year?
In this instance:
Interest Owed
$75 Effective loan ratio = Average Loan Amount During the Year
= x = 0.12
Then the average loan amount during the year must be:
x = $75 = $625.
0.12
18-19. See if you can determine what APR you are charging a consumer loan customer if you grant the customer a loan for five years payable in monthly installments, and the customer must pay a finance charge of $42.74 per $100.
The terms quoted mean that the customer must pay an APR of 15 percent (using a financial calculator and using 142.74/60 as the monthly payments, $100 as the amount borrowed and 60 months as the number of periods and then adjusting the interest rate to be an annual interest rate)
PV = A*PVIFA k/m,n*m $100 = 2.379PVIFA ?, 60 k/m = 1.25% so k = 15%
18-20. If you quote a customer is quoted an APR of 16 percent on a $10,000 loan with a term of four years that requires monthly installment payments, what finance charge must this customer pay.
The Finance charge per $100 of amount financed must be $36.03 or $36.03 *100 = $3603 in total finance charges.
Discount Interest Owed $75 loan rate = Net Amount = x = 0.08 of Credit Received
18-21. What differences exist between ARMs and FRMs?
An ARM is a mortgage whose interest rate changes over time, usually based upon changes in some base or reference rate. A FRM is a mortgage whose interest rate does not change with current market conditions.
18-22. How is the loan rate figured on a home mortgage loan? What are the key factors or variables?
The best way to figure out the affordability of a home mortgage loan is to calculate the required monthly mortgage payment. This is a time value of money calculation and the payment depends upon the loan principal, the interest rate, and the length of the mortgage loan.
18-23. What are points? What is their function?
Points are an additional charge up front in which each point to be paid equals one percent of the face value of the loan. Requiring the borrower to pay something extra over and above the interest owed on the loan, enable the lending institution to earn a higher effective interest rate.
Problems
18-1. The Childress family has applied for a $5,000 loan to make home improvements, especially to install a new roof and add new carpeting. Bob Childress is a welder at Ford Motor Company, the first year he has held that job and his wife sells clothing at Wal-Mart. The have 3 children. The Childresses own their home, which they purchased six month ago, and have an average credit rating with some late bill payments. They have a telephone, but only a checking account with a bank and a few bonds. Ms. Childress has a $35,000 life insurance policy with a cash surrender value of $1,100. Suppose the lender uses the credit scoring system presented in this chapter and denies all credit applications scoring fewer than 36 points. Is the Childress family likely to get the loan?
The credit-scoring system presented in Chapter 18 is assumed here to have a cut off point of 36 with denials of credit requests imposed when applicants score below 36. The Childress family would score approximately as follows under the scoring system in the chapter:
Occupation (for skilled or clerical workers) 7.5(average of 7 and 8)
Housing Status (own home) 6
Credit Rating 5
Time in Job (one year or less) 2
Time at Current Address (one year or less) 1
Telephone (years) 2
Number of Dependents (3) 4
Bank Accounts Held (checking only) Total 2
29.5 points
This credit request, in the absence of other mitigating factors, would be denied.
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18-2. Mr. and Mrs. Napper are interested in funding their children's college education by taking out a home equity loan in the amount of $24,000. Eldridge National Bank is willing to extend a loan, using the Napper's home as collateral. Their home has been appraised at $110,000, and the Eldridge permits a customer to use no more than 70 percent of the appraised value of the home as a borrowing base. The Nappers still owe $60,000 on the first mortgage against their home. Is there enough residual value left in the Nappers home to support their loan request? How could the bank help them meet their credit needs?
The maximum credit line available to the Nappers under the bank's current home-equity loan policy is:
$110,000 x 0.70 - $60,000 = $77,000 - $60,000 = $17,000.
This would clearly not result in a large enough borrowing base to cover the $24,000 loan requested. Many banks make adjustments in the permissible loan amount if the customer has an
above-average level of income, other assets to pledge, relatively low mortgage debt obligations, and an excellent credit rating. Thus, the Nappers may be able to qualify for an additional $7,000 in loanable funds (perhaps by pledging other collateral) to make up the $24,000 they need.
18-3. Justin James has just been informed by a finance company that he can access a line of credit of no more than $28,000 based upon the equity value in his home. James still owes $105,000 on a first mortgage against his home and $25,000 on a second mortgage claim against the home, which was incurred last year to repair the roof and driveway. If the appraised value of James’s residence is $197,500 what percentage of the home's estimated market value is the lender using to determine James’s maximum available line of credit?
Maximum Credit Line Available = Appraised Value * Allowable Percentage of Market Value
- Mortgage Loans Outstanding
Substituting in what we know:
$28,000 = $197,500 *Allowable Percentage of Market Value -$130,000
or
$158,000 = $197,500 * Allowable percentage of Market Value
0.8 = Allowable Percentage of Market Value
or about 80%.
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18-4. What term in the consumer lending field does each of the following statements describe?
a. Plastic cards used to pay for goods and services without borrowing money. – Debit card
b. Loan to purchase an automobile and pay it off monthly. – Installment Loan
c. If you fail to pay the lender seizes your deposit. – Right of offset
d. Numerical rating describing likelihood of loan repayment. – Credit score
e. Loans extended to low-credit-rated borrowers. – Sub prime loans
f. Loan based on spread between a homes market value and its mortgage balance. – Home equity loans
g. Method for calculating rebate borrower receives from retiring a loan early – Rule of 78s
h. Lender requires excessive insurance fees on a new loan. – Predatory lending
i. Loan rate lenders must quote under the Truth in Lending Act – APR
j. Upfront payment required as a condition for getting a home loan. - points
18-5. Which federal law or laws apply to each of the situations described below?
a. A loan officer asks an individual requesting a loan about his or her race - prohibited by the
Equal Credit Opportunity Act.
b. A bill collector calls Jim Jones three times yesterday at the latter's work number without
permission - prohibited by the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act.
c. Sixton National Bank has developed a special form to tell its customers the finance charges
they must pay to secure a loan - disclosure of all charges required by Truth in Lending
legislation (Consumer Credit Protection Act).
d. Consumer Savings Bank receives an outstanding rating from bank examiners for its efforts
to serve all segments of its community - ratings required by the Community Reinvestment Act.
e. Presage State Bank must disclose the areas within its local community where it has made
home mortgages and home improvement loans - required by the Home Mortgage
Disclosure Act.
f. Reliance Credit Card Company is contacted by one of its customers in a dispute over
amounts of charges at a local department store - the Fair Credit Billing Act applies.
g. Amy Imed, after requesting a copy of her credit report, discovers several errors and
demands a correction - the Fair Credit Reporting Act applies.
18-6. James Smithern has asked for a $3,500 loan from Beard Center National Bank to repay some personal expenses. The bank uses a credit scoring system to evaluate such requests, which contains the following discriminating factors along with their associated point weights in parentheses:
Credit Rating (excellent 3; average 2; poor or no record 0)
Time in Current Job (5 years or more 6; one to five years 3)
Time at Current Residence (more than 2 years 4; one to two years 2; less than 1 year 1)
Telephone in Residence (yes 1; no 0)
Holds Account at Bank (yes 2; no 0)
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The bank generally grants a loan if a customer scores 9 or more points. Mr. Smithern has an average credit rating, has been in his current job for three years and at his current residence for two years, has a telephone, but has no account at the bank. Is James Smithern likely to receive the loan he has requested?
Credit rating: average, 2 points
Time in current job: one to five years, 3 points
Time in current residence: one to two years, 2 points
Telephone: yes, 1 point
Holds Bank Account: No, 0 points
Smithern's point total is 8. If the bank grants loans to applicants with credit scores of 9 or more points, then Smithern is not likely to receive a loan under this scoring system.
18-7. Jamestown’s Savings Bank in renewing its credit card customers finds that of those customers scoring 40 points or less on its credit-scoring system, 35 percent (or a total of 10,615 credit customers) turned out to be delinquent credits resulting in total losses. This group of bad credit card loans averaged $2700 in size per customer account. Examining its successful credit accounts Singleton finds that 12% of its good customers (or a total of 3640 customers) scored 40 points or less on the bank’s scoring system. These low scoring but go od accounts generated about $1,700 in revenues each. If Jamestown’s credit card division follows the decision rule of granting credit cards only to those customers scoring more than 40 points and future credit accounts generate about the same average revenues and losses, about how much can the bank expect to save in net losses.
The total loss to the bank from delinquent customers is $28.661 million or 10,615 customers * $2700. On the other hand, paying credit-card customers (amounting to 3640 customers) averaged a score of 40 points or less, but successfully generated about $1700 a piece in revenues, resulting in aggregate revenues of $6.188 million or $1700 * 3640 customers. By adopting a decision rule to grant credit-card privileges only to customers scoring more than 40 points (and assuming about the same average revenues and losses) the bank will save about $22.473 million.
18-8 The Lathrop family needs some extra funds to put their two children through college starting this coming fall and to buy a new computer system for a part-time home business. They are not sure of the current market value of their home, though comparable 4-bedroom homes are selling for about $410,000 in the neighborhood. The Van Nuys Federal and Merchants Savings Association will loan 80 percent of the property’s appraised value, but the Lathrops still owe $242,000 on their home mortgage and home improvement loan combined. What maximum amount of credit is available to this family should it elect to seek a home equity credit line? Maximum credit available = Current Market Value of Home *Allowable Percentage of Market
Value Mortgage Loans Outstanding
= $410,000 * 0.80 - $242,000 = $86,000
is the amount available for their needs?
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18-9 San Carlos Bank and Trust Company uses a credit scoring system to evaluate most
consumer loans that amount to more than $2,500. The key factors used in its scoring system are as follows (see textbook). The Mulvaney family has two wage earners who have held their present jobs for 18 months. They have lived at their current street address for one year, where they rent on a six month lease. Their credit report is excellent but shows only one previous charge. However, they are actively using two credit cards right now to help with household expenses. Yesterday, they opened an account at San Carlos and deposited $250. The Mulvaneys have asked for a $4,500 loan to purchase a used car and some furniture. The bank has a cutoff score in its scoring system of 30 points. Would you make this loan for two years as they have requested? Are there factors not included in the scoring system that you would like to know more about? Please explain.
The Mulvaney family wants to borrow $4500 from San Carlos Bank and Trust to purchase a used car and some furniture. The credit scoring system considers the following factors?
Length of Employment: More than one year – 6 points
Length of time at Current Address: One to Two Years – 4 points
Current Home Situation: Rents Home – 4 points
Credit Bureau Report: Excellent – 8 points
Credit Cards Currently Active: 2 Cards – 4 points
Deposit Accounts with Bank: Yes – 5 points
The Mulvaney family has a point total of 31. San Carlos Bank and Trust has a cutoff score of 30 points so the Mulvaneys are likely to receive their loan.
18-10. Ray Volkers wants to start his own business. He has asked his bank for a $25,000
new-venture loan. The bank has a policy of making discount rate loans in these cases if the venture looks good, but at an interest rate of prime plus 2. (The prime rate is currently posted at 7 percent). If Mr. Volker ’s loan is approved for the full amount requested, what net proceeds will he have to work with from this loan? What is the effective interest rate on this loan for one year?
This means Volker will receive net loan proceeds of $25,000 - $25,000 * 0.09 = $22,750.
Using this net figure as a base, Petrel will pay an effective interest rate of
$2250 / $22.750 or 9.89%.
18-11. The Robbins family has asked for a 20-year mortgage in the amount of $75,000 to purchase a home. At a 11 percent loan rate, what is the required monthly payment?
$627.33 1
- 0.08/12) 1(0.08/12) (1 * 0.08/12 * 75,000$12*2012*20=++
or use a financial calculator.
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18-12. James Jones received an $8000 loan last month with the intention of repaying the loan in12 months. However, Alters now discovers he has cash to repay the loan right now after making just two payment. What percentage of the total finance charge is Jones entitled to receive as a rebate and what percentage of the loan's finance charge is the bank entitled to keep?
The Rule of 78s applies here. James Jones is entitled to receive back as an interest rebate:
percent 70.51 = 100x 78
551211...2110 + . . . + 2 + 1=++++
of the total finance charges on the loan: the lender is entitled to keep 29.49 percent of the finance charges associated with this loan.
18-13. The Watson family has been planning a vacation to Europe for the past two years.
Stillwater Savings Association agrees to advance a loan of $8,500 to finance the trip provided the Watsons pay the loan back in 12 equal monthly installments. Stillwater will charge an add on loan rate of 6%. How much in interest will the Watsons pay under the add on loan rate method? What is the amount of each required monthly payment? What is the effective loan rate in this case?
Interest Paid = Loan principal * Loan Rate = $8500 * 0.06 = $510
What is the amount of each required monthly payment?
Amount of Monthly Payment = $750.83 12
$510 $8500=+
What is the effective loan rate in this case?
Effective Loan Rate = 12%or 0.12 $4250
$510 Year the During Amount Average Owed Interest ==
18-14. Joseph Key's request for a four year automobile loan for $10,000 has been approved. Reston Center Bank will require equal monthly installment payments for 48 months The bank tells Joseph that he must pay a total of $3,817 in finance charges. What is the loan’s APR?
Loan payments would be (10,000+3817)/48 = 287.85 per month
Using a financial calculator and solving for the interest: APR = 16.87%
18-15. Kyle Bender has asked for a 30 year mortgage to purchase a home on Long Island. The purchase price is $465,000 of which Bender must borrow $375,000 to be repaid in monthly installments. If Kyle can get his loan for an APR of 7.75%, how much in total finance charges must he pay?
Using a financial calculator calculate monthly payments: payment = $2,686.55
Total payments over the life of the loan = 360 x $2686.55 = 967,158
Finance charges = $967,158 - $375,000 = $592,158
18-16. Mary Cantrary is offered a $1,200 loan for a year to be paid back in equal quarterly installments of $300 each. If Mary is offered the loan at 8 percent simple interest, how much in total interest charges will she pay? Would Mary be better off (in terms of lower interest cost) if she were offered the $1,200 at 6 percent simple interest with only one principal payment when the loan reaches maturity? What advantage would this second set of loan terms have over the first set of loan terms?
Mary Cantrary will pay the following in interest on her $1200 loan for one year at 8 percent simple interest:
First Quarter: I = $1200 x 0.08 x 1/4 = $24
Second Quarter: I = $900 x 0.08 x 1/4 = $18
Third Quarter: I = $600 x 0.08 x 1/4 = $12
Fourth Quarter: I = $300 x 0.08 x 1/4 = $6
Total Interest owed = $24 + $18 + $12 + $6 = $60.
If Mary were offered the $1200 loan at a 6 percent simple interest rate and the loan is paid in lump sum at maturity, she will pay total interest of:
$1200 * 0.06 x 1 = $72.
She clearly would pay more in interest but would have the full $1200 available for her use for one year.
18-17. Buck and Sue Rogers are negotiating with their local bank to secure a home mortgage loan in order to buy their first home. With only a limited down payment available to them, Buck and Sue must borrow $225,000. Moreover, the bank has assessed them one and a half points on the loan. What is the dollar amount of points they must pay to receive this loan? How much home mortgage credit will they actually have available for their use?
The dollar amount of points they must pay upfront is:
Dollar Value of Points = $225,000 * 0.015 = $3375.
The Rogers will have available for their use only $221,625 or $225,000 - $3375.
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18-18. Dresden bank’s pe rsonal loan department quotes Lance Angelo a finance charge of $6.06 for each $100 in credit the bank is willing to extend to him for a year (assuming the balance of the loan will be paid off in 12 equal installments). What APR is the bank quoting Lance? How much would he save per $100 borrowed if he could retire the loan in 6 months?
The APR on this loan is 11 percent. If he could retire the loan in 6 months the finance charges per $100 would be $4.40. He would save $1.66 per $100 borrowed.
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《商业银行经营管理》形考作业 1 一、名词解释 1、商业银行:商业银行是以吸收公众存款、发放贷款、办理结算为主要业务的企业法人, 是以追求利润最大化为经营目标, 以货币信用业务和综合金融服务为经营对象的综合性、多功能的金融企业。 2、信息披露:信息披露是指商业银行依法将反映其经营状况的主要信息, 如财务会计报告、各类风险管理状况、公司治理、年度重大事项等真实、准确、及 时、完整地向投资者、存款人及相关利益人予以公开的过程。 3、存款保险制度:存款保险制度是保护存款人的利益、稳定金融体系的事后补救措施。它要求商业银行将其吸收的存款按照一定的保险费率向存款保险机构投保, 当商业银行经营破产不能支付存款时,由存款保险机构代为支付法定数额的保险金。 4、抵押贷款:抵押贷款是指按照《中华人民共和国担保法》规定的保证方式以借款人或第三人的财产作为抵押物发放的贷款。 5、贷款风险分类:贷款风险分类又称为贷款五级分类,是指商业银行按照借款 人的最终偿还贷款本金和利息的实际能力, 确定贷款的遭受损失的风险程度, 将贷 款质量分为正常、关注、次级、可疑和损失五类的一种管理方法,其中后三类被称为不良资产。 6、分级授权:分级授权是商业银行进行贷款业务活动时应当遵循的基本原则之一,是指在统一法人管理体制下,总行、一级分行、二级分行逐级向下授权和转授权, 下级行必须在上级行的授权范围内和权限内从事信贷业务,超过权限必须向上级行审批。
7、不良贷款:不良贷款是指借款人未能按照原定的贷款协议按时偿还商业银行的贷款本息, 或者已有迹象表明借款人不可能按照原定的贷款协议按时偿还商业银行的贷款本息而形成的贷款。 8、信贷资产证券化:信贷资产证券化是指将缺乏流动性但又具有未来现金流的信贷资产集中起来, 进行结构性重组, 将其转变为可以在金融市场上进行流通的证券, 据以融通资金的过程。 二、判断正误并说明理由 1、商业银行具有信用创造功能,其信用创造有一定的限度。 正确 2、按照目前的法律规定,中国公民可以成为商业银行的股东。 正确 3、我国商业银行的分支机构不具有法人资格。 正确 4、目前我国的商业银行资产业务中,占绝对比重的是贷款和证券投资。 正确 5、银行从事股票投资业务是其证券投资业务的重要内容之一。 错误 , 因为目前我国商业银行从事证券投仅限于政府债券和金融债券,并不从事股票投资业务。 + 三、简述题 1、政府对商业银行实施监管德望目标和原则是什么?
第六章商业银行：管理与创新 二、选择题： 1、商业银行经营风险中，属于系统性风险的有：（ ABC ） A 购买力风险 B 利率风险 C 汇率风险 D 管理风险 2、根据《巴塞尔协议》的规定，核心资本不低于风险资产的：（ A） A 4% B 6% C 8% D13% 3、以下属于商业银行附属资本的是：（ABD ） A 资产重估储备 B 次级长期债务 C 公开储备 D 普通准备金 4、属于商业银行核心资本的是：（AC ） A 普通股本 B普通准备金 C 公开储备 D 债务性资本工具 5、可以用来充当商业银行二线准备的资产有：（ABD ） A.拆放同业资金 B. CDs C.在中央银行的存款 D.国库券 6、商业银行资产负债表是重要的财务报表，由以下部分组成：（ ABC ） A资产 B负债 C股东产权 D存款 7、商业银行资产负债表的资产方反映银行资金运用，它的组成有：（ ABCE ） A现金资产 B投资 C贷款 D资本
E其他资产 8、商业银行资产负债表的负债方是反映商业银行资金来源的，包括：（ ACDE ） A股东权益 B投资 C借款及其他负债 D存款 E公积金 9、银行的资产业务包括：（AE ） A贷款业务 B借款业务 C信托业务 D承兑业务 E证券业务 10、商业银行的投资业务是指银行从事（ A）的经营活动。 A购买有价证券 B租赁 C代理买卖 D现金管理 11、可以归人商业银行中间业务的有：（BCDE ） A信贷业务 B汇兑业务 C信用证业务 D代收、代客买卖业务 E投资业务 F贴现业务 12、银行代客户买卖外汇和有价证券的业务属于：（D ） A汇兑业务 B证券业务 C承兑业务 D信托业务 13、商业银行替客户办理中间业务可能获得的实际好处是：（ A ） A手续费收入 B控制企业
Chapter 5 The Financial Statements of Banks and Their Principal Competitors Fill in the Blank Questions 1. Fed funds purchased is an example of _______________________ along with Eurodollar borrowings. Answer: nondeposit borrowings 2. The short term securities of the bank, including T-Bills and commercial paper, are often called __________________________ because they are the second line of defense to meet demands for cash. Answer: secondary reserves 3. __________________________ is a noncash expense on the bank's income statement which allows the bank to account for future bad loans. Answer: Provision for loan losses 4. __________________________ is the difference between interest income and interest expenses for a financial institution. Answer: Net interest income 5. __________________________ are the primary long term liabilities of the bank. These liabilities are paid only after deposits have been paid in the event of bankruptcy. Answer: Subordinated notes and debentures
第一章导论 是指商业银行通过负债业务把社会上的各种闲散货币资金集中到银行，再通过资产业务，把它投向需要资金的各部门，充当有闲置资金者和资金短缺者之间的中介人，实现资金的融通。（作用）是商业银行最基本、也是最能反应其经营活动特征的功能，有以下作用：使闲散货币转化为资本；使闲置资本得到充分利用；续短为长，满足社会对长期资本的需要。P4 （定义）指商业银行为商品交易、债权债务的清偿提供一种结算机制。利用活期存款账户，为客户办理各种货币结算、货币收付、货币兑换和转移存款等业务活动。（作用）是商业银行的传统功能。使商业银行拥有比较稳定的廉价资金来源；可节约社会流通费用，增加生产资本投入。 （定义）指商业银行通过吸收存款、发放贷款衍生出更多的存款货币，从而增加社会的货币供应量。（作用）是商业银行的特殊功能。建立在信用中介职能和支付中介职能的基础之上的。主要作用在于：通过创造流通工具和支付手段，可以节约现金使用，节约流通费用，又能满足社会经济发展对流通和支付手段的需要。 金融服务：商业银行利用其声誉、信息、技术、网络等方面优势为社会提供多样化的服务。（信息指信用中介、支付中介中所获得的信息） 货币政策传导者：商业银行是宏观调控的对象。在中央银行货币政策指引下，在国家其他宏观政策的影响下，实现调节经济结构，调节投资与消费比例关系，引导资金流向，实现产业结构调整，发挥消费对生产的引导作用。（调节经济的职能） （风险管理的职能）：商业银行通过介入高风险资金而向存款人发型低风险的间接证券，实际上承担了金融市场上的风险套利职能。 商业银行经营原则（3性）P24 商业银行经营管理的目标就是保证资金的安全，保持资产的流动，争取最大的盈利，简称为：“三性”，即安全性、流动性、盈利性。 （定义）是指商业银行在业务活动中应尽量避免各种不确定因素的影响，保证资金安全和稳健经营。（做法）合理安排资产规模和结构，注重资产质量（存贷比、不良贷款率、资本净值与资产的比率）；提高自有资本在全部负债中的比重；必须遵纪守法，合法经营。 （定义）是指资产的变现能力；在商业银行在经营过程中，则是指能够随时满足客户提存需要和客户合理的贷款要求。（做法）量化指标来衡量流动性状况。资产类：现金资产比例/头寸比例、流动性资产比率、贷款占总资产比率；负债类：股权占总资产比率、存款占总负债比率、核心存款占总存款比例；资产负债类：存贷比。 （定义）是商业银行经营活动的最终目标，这一目标要求商业银行的经营管理者在可能的情况下，尽可能地追求利润最大化。（收入与支出）收入包括：贷款利息收入、投资收入（股息、红利、债息）、劳务收入（手续费、佣金）；支出：存款利息、借入资金利息、贷款与投资的损失、工资/办公/维修/税金
Chapter 10 The Investment Function in Banking and Financial-Services Management Fill in the Blank Questions 1. A(n) _________________________ is a security issued by the federal government which has less than one year to maturity when it is issued. Answer: Treasury bill 2. Debt instruments issued by cities, states and other political entities and which are exempt from federal taxes are collectively known as _________________________ . Answer: municipal securities 3. The investment maturity strategy which calls for the bank to have one half of its investment portfolio in very short term assets and one half of its investment portfolio in long term assets is known as the _________________________ . Answer: barbell strategy 4. A(n) _________________________ is a security where the interest portion of the security is sold separately from the principal portion of the security. Answer: stripped security 5. _________________________ are the way the federal, state and local governments guarantee the safety of their deposits with banks. Answer: Pledging requirements 6. The most aggressive investment maturity strategy calls for the bank to continually shift the maturities of its securities in responses to changes in interest rates and is called the __________________. Answer: rate expectation strategy 7. _________________________ is the risk that the bank will have to sell part of its investment portfolio before their maturity for a capital loss. Answer: Liquidity risk 8. _________________________ is the risk that the economy of the market area they service may take a down turn in the future. Answer: Business risk
《商业银行经营管理》综合测试一 一、 单选题(在每小题的四个备选答案中选出一个正确的答案，并将正确答案的号码填在题干的括号内。每小题1分，共10分) ()1、银行业务营运的起点和前提条件是： A. 自有资本B ?负债业务C ?资产业务D ?贷款业务 ()2、________的成立，标志着资本主义商业银行的诞生。 A.英格兰银行E.威尼斯银行C ?圣乔治银行D ?阿姆斯特丹银行 ()3、在下列几种通过外部融资扩充银行资本的方法中，对普通股每股收益影响最小的是： A.发行普通股B ?发行优先股C ?发行资本性长期债券 D ?发行可转换债券 ()4、商业银行最主要的盈利性资金运用是： A.同业存款B ?短期国库券C ?贷款D?长期证券 ()5、借款人的还款能力出现了明显的问题，依靠其正常经营收入已无法保证足额偿还本息的贷款是： A ?损失类贷款 B ?可疑类贷款 C ?次级类贷款 D ?关注类贷款 ()6、定活两便存款利率一般参照整存整取存款利率打 ______________ 折计息。 A. 4 B ? 5 C ? 6 D ? 7 ()7、决定商业银行资产规模的基础是： A.比例规模B .资产结构C .银行资本D .负债业务 ()8、中国人民银行全面推行资产负债比例管理和风险管理始于： A. 1996 年B . 1997 年C . 1998 年D . 1999 年 ()9、通常把商业银行库存现金与在中央银行的超额准备金之和称为： A.可用头寸B .基础头寸C .可贷头寸D .超额头寸 ()10、一家银行的资产是100万元，资产收益率是1%其杠杆比率是4，该银行的资本收益率为： A . 1% B . 4% C . 5% D . 10% 二、多选题(在每小题的备选答案中选出二个或二个以上正确的答案，并将正确答案的号码填在题干的括号内。正 确答案未选全或有选错的，该小题无分。每小题2分，共16分) ()1、下列业务活动中引起银行现金流入增加的有： A.利息支付B .同业拆入资金 C .兑付大额可转让存单D .发行债券 ()2、下列属商业银行非存款性的资金来源主要有： A.拆出资金 B.再贷款 C.再贴现 D.发行债券 ()3、商业银行现金资产管理应坚持的基本原则有： A.成本最低原则B .安全性原则C .适时流量调节原则 D .适时存量控制原则 ()4、下列___________ 项目属于商业银行的附属资本。 A.股本金B .税后留利C .呆帐准备金D .自有房产 ()5、下列属银行表外业务的有： A.担保B .证券承销C .备用信用证D .融资租赁 ()6、商业银行分行制的特点有： A. 银行业务多集中于某一行业或地区，风险集中； B. 分支机构多，分布广，业务分散； C. 银行规模较大，易于采用现代化设备； D. 银行内部层次、机构较多，管理困难。 ()7、商业银行不良贷款是指下列哪几类之和： A.损失类贷款B .可疑类贷款C .次级类贷款D .关注类贷款 ()8、通过对商业票据的贴现业务，商业银行可以：
Chapter 3 The Organization and Structure of Banking and the Financial-Services Industry Fill in the Blank Questions 1.A(n) ___________________ is a machine located at the merchant's place of business which allows depositors to use their debit card to pay for purchases directly. Answer: POS 2.A(n) _____________________ is a bank which offers its full range of services from several locations. Answer: branch bank 3.A(n) _____________________ is a bank which offers its full range of services from only one location. Answer: unit bank 4.A(n)________________________ is a corporation chartered for the express purpose of holding the stock of one or more banks. Answer: Bank Holding Company 5.Managers who value fringe benefits, plush offices and ample travel budgets over the pursuit of maximum returns for stockholders are exhibiting signs of __________________________. Answer: Expense Preference Behavior 6.A(n) __________________________ can invest in corporate stock as sell as loan money to help finance the start of new ventures or support the expansion of existing businesses. Answer: Merchant bank 7. A bank which operates exclusively over the internet is known as a ___________ bank. Answer: Virtual 8.One new 21st century bank organizational structures is _____________________ . This is a special type of holding company that may offer the broadest range of financial services. Answer: Financial Holding Company (FHC)
商业银行信贷风险管理理论概述 一.信贷风险的定义: 1.信贷。 银行信贷是商业银行为保证贷款业务而从事的与之相关的经营活动,是商业银行的主要业务.银行信贷是商品货币关系的产物,是以偿还为条件,并且收取利息为获取报酬的借贷行为.它的运行方式为:吸收来自个体储户的存款,然后将之发放给信用可靠的贷款人.在这个过程中,银行向储户支付利息,贷款人向银行支付利息.银行通过利息的不同来获取收益.银行信贷具有聚集,分配社会资金,调节社会经济活动,反映和监督国民经济活动的职能. 2.信贷风险的含义。 风险在经济领域中,一般将之理解为在未来的一段时间内,损失的发生因为影响因素的大量性,无规则性和随机性而具有多种可能性或不确定性.商业银行在经营与信贷活动中因受多种因素的影响存在损失发生的可能性或不确定性,就是商业银行风险.信贷风险作为商业银行的主要风险,在广义上它指因客户违约引发的风险,在狭义上指银行不能如期收回贷款本金和利息的不确定性,也即银行在信贷活动中预期收益不能实现的可能性.(商业银行信贷风险管理—张淼) 3.信贷风险的特征。 （1）客观性。 只要银行经营信贷活动，就不可能完全规避信贷风险，信贷风险在信贷活动中是客观且肯定存在的。换句话说，没有信贷风险的信贷活动是不存咋的。 （2）隐蔽性。 信贷活动中各种影响因素的大量性、随机性和不确定性决定了信贷风险难以直接的、精确的被观察和度量。 （3)可控性。 虽然信贷风险具有隐蔽性，但银行可以通过一定的方法提前识别、计量、监测和控制。 二.信贷风险形成的原因. 从一般意义上考察,任何经济活动风险的存在都与其所处的自然环境,社会和政
治环境,经济形势的变化和人的行为等诸多因素的影响.银行信贷作为社会经济活动的组成部分,同样受到这些因素的影响.银行风险的形成原因是错综复杂的,既有客观原因,又有主观原因;既有外部原因,又有内部原因.这些因素的大量性,随机性,不确定性以及不同因素之间相互交错,使得信贷风险的评估与管理变得复杂化. 1.主要表现形式。 商业银行的信贷风险主要体现在巨额不良债权上。债权是指商业银行(债权人)按信用原则和交易准则，以贷款为形式、以契约承诺为载体，让渡信贷资金使用权给借款人(债务人)，并藉此拥有向借款人追索贷款本金和利息的一种经济权利。根据贷款契约的履行情况，商业银行的债权可分为正常债权和不良债权。就一笔贷款而言，如果该贷款能够按贷款契约规定的期限要求按时偿还本金和利息，那么该项债权就属于正常债权。否则，就属于不良债权范畴。“不良债权”是指按期很难收回或无法收回的贷款，即通常所说的呆账、坏账。(我国商业银行信贷风险形成原因分析—王红夏) 2.产生原因。 不良债权的产生主要来自于商业银行信贷经营管理水平低,其体现在以下方面：（1）银行对经营对象了解不深入,分析不透彻.信贷风险的产生与银行工作人员对贷款对象的了解程度有很大关系,在发放贷款前,没有对贷款对象进行深入调查,没有对其资产状况和偿还能力进行评估,就像对方贷款.这样做的后果是某些贷款人信用低,不具有偿还能力.而一些贷款单位管理水平低,经济效益差,导致其不具有偿还能力. （2)缺乏科学的可行性分析和项目评估.无论哪一种业务,事先都应进行可行性评估.对于银行来说,在贷款之前,应结合所掌握的资料进行科学的可行性评估.如果凭借决策者的主观经验进行决策贷款,无疑会产生信贷风险. （3)信息不灵.银行的任何一项决策,都应该建立在及时,可靠的信息上,并且贷款之后,也应跟踪调查贷款对象的最新信息,确保其具有偿还贷款的能力. （4）国家体制原因。我国的特殊的经济体制也会对银行的信贷风险的产生有一定影响.如行政干预,指令贷款会形成贷款风险.由于在计划经济下形成的政企不分的问题没有得到根本解决,银行的资金流向,投量的掌握在一定的程度上还政
第一章概论 商业银行的概念：商业银行是以追求最大利润为目标，以金融资产和金融负债为经营对象，利用负债进行信用创造，全方位经营各类金融业务的综合性、多功能的金融服务企业。 商行的特征：（1）商业银行与一般工商企业一样，是以盈利为目的的企业。 （2）商业银行又是不同于一般工商企业的特殊企业，即金融企业。 （3）商行与专业银行相比有所不同，商行的业务更综合，功能更全面，为客户提供所有的金融服务。 商行的职能： 1 信用中介职能这是最基本，最能反映其经营活动特征的职能。 2 支付中介职能（结算）此职能不仅打打减少了现金的使用，节约了社会流通费用，而且加速了结算国能和货币资金的周转，从而促进了社会再生产的扩大。 3 信用创造功能 4 金融服务功能 商业银行经营的原则：1 安全性原则2流动性原则3效益性原则 商业银行成立的一般程序： 1 申请登记。必须以公司的形式组建。 2 招募股份。即发行股票。 3验资开业。我国规定，设置全国性商行的注册资本最低限额10亿元人民币，设置城市银行的限额为1亿元人民币，设置农业商行最低限额5000万元。注册资本应当是实缴资本。 第二章商行资本管理 商业银行资本的特点 1 商行资本金所包含的内容比一般企业广泛。 2 商行资本占资产比重与一般企业相比很小。 商业银行资本的构成：股本、盈余、债务资本、储备资本。 商行资本的功能： 1营业功能 2保护功能：1 资本可以弥补日常资金运行中偶发性的资金短缺。 2 资本为银行的经营活动提供信誉保证。 3 资本可以保护存款人及其他债权人的利益。
4 管理功能。 巴塞尔协议资本的组成 1 核心资本，也成一级资本，包括股本和公开储备。 2 附属资本：1 非公开储备2 资产重估准备3普通准备金和普通呆账损失准备金4 混合资本工具5 长期次级债务 巴塞尔协议规定，从事国际业务的商行，起资本标准为：核心资本与风险加权资产的比率不得低于4%，总资本与风险加权资产的比率不得低于8%。 商业银行资本筹措包括外部筹措和内部筹措。 外援资本金的筹措： 1 发行股票2发行资本性票据和3通过国家资金的投入4通过出售银行资产增加资本。 内源资源主要来源于银行的留存盈余，即从银行内部进行资本累积。 第三章商行负债管理 负债业务概念：是指商业银行筹措资金、借以形成其资金来源的业务，它是商行最主要、最基本的业务。存款被动，同业拆借主动。 传统存款业务：1 活期存款2 定期存款3 储蓄 非交易用存款：定期和储蓄存款，储蓄存款分为活期和定期两种。 存款的种类：1 个人存款：人民币储蓄存款，外币储蓄存款 2 单位存款：单位活期、单位定期、单位协定、单位通知存款。存款成本的构成：1 利息成本 2 营业成本 3 相关成本 4 资金成本 5 可用资金成本 商行短期借款的种类： 1 像央行借款：1再贴现：卖给央行，获取现金2再贷款：像央行直接取得抵押贷款。 2 同业借款：这是银行的一项传统业务，指银行之间利用资金融通过程中的时间差、空间差、行迹差调剂资金头寸的短期借款。 3 回购协议 4 国际金融市场借款 银行中长期借款的种类：主要是发行金融债券，包括1资本性的2一本性的3国际性的金融债券 商行负债经营管理内容：1保持适度的负债规模2保持合理的负债结构3降低负债成本。 保持合理的负债结构的原因： 1经济发展，国民经济增长2金融机构同业竞争3新技术在商行领域的应
浅议商业银行管理创新 浅议商业银行管理创新 导语：经济发展的多元化、竞争的激烈化,越来越集中地表现在创新能力的竞争上。商业银行作为特殊的企业，面临着国际化竞争的大背景，提高竞争能力就必须进行管理创新，管理创新成为当前商业银行适应经营发展形势的重要一环，特别是市场化、全球化以及信息化的挑战对商业银行的管理创新工作提出了更高的要求。 一、商业银行管理创新的目的、含义及内容 在以市场主导的大背景下，商业银行面临着市场竞争的巨大压力，适应竞争需求就必须对市场反应灵活，而管理创新是适应市场竞争需求的重要内容，是建立一种新型管理模式，调动全体员工积极性，采取各种行之有效的措施，从而保证商业银行安全运行的重要工作。 管理是企业内部的事务，目前，管理工作被置于一个前所未有的高度上。所谓管理创新是指企业对其管理思想、管理方法、管理工具和管理模式的创新，是企业面对技术和市场的变化所作出的相应的改进和调整。管理创新作为一个复杂的系统工程，是一个非常重要而又复杂的过程，成功的管理创新实质上是管理技术和管理制度的综合体现，管理既是一门科学，也是一门艺术，它既有自然的工具属性，又有一定的社会属性。 商业银行作为特殊的企业，进行管理创新是其改革的重点，所谓商业银行的管理创新,就是指商业银行用新思想、新方法和新方式对包括管理思想、管理方式、管理手段、管理模式、管理文化和管理制度等在内的创新。具体而言，一是改革商业银行的管理体制，理顺条块关系，清晰划定各级机构、部门和人员的权责范围和管理半径，建立规范明确的管理主体责任归属制度;二是改革商业银行的管理手段，建立以量化管理为主、定性管理为辅的现代商业银行管理模式，不断完善管理指标体系;三是调整商业银行内部的管理层次，适当压缩管理层级，简化管理流程，推行扁平化效率型管理方式。 二、商业银行进行管理创新的推进因素与阻碍因素 商业银行进行管理创新是有效整合其资源以实现经营目标的动态过程，是一种有目的、有计划的组织行为，它需要一定的条件作为基础，但同时又会受到多
1、商业银行演变：国际贸易——币制混乱——货币兑换商——货币保管商——货币支付商——货币信贷商 2、特征：商业银行与一般工商企业一样，是以盈利为目的的企业 ；商业银行又是不同于一般工商企业的特殊企业，其特殊性具体：①经营对象的特殊②影响的特殊③责任的特殊。 商业银行与专业银行相比有所不同。商业银行的业务综合，功能全面，经营一切金融“零售”业务（门市服务）和“批发业务”（大额信贷业务），为客户提供所有的金融服务。 3、职能：信用中介；支付中介；信用创造；金融服务 4、经营原则：安全性原则；流动性原则；盈利性原则 5、“三性”的关系：“三性原则”的关系：①流动性是商业银行正常经营的前提条件，是商业银行资产安全性的重要保证；②安全性是商业银行稳健经营的重要原则，离开安全性，商业银行的效益性也就无从谈起；③效益性原则是商业银行的最终目标，保持盈利是维持商业银行流动性和保证银行安全的重要基础。 6、组织形式：单元制；分行制；持股公司制；连锁制 组织结构：①决策系统：股东大会；和董事会。②执行系统：总经理(行长)；部门经理。③监督系统：监事会；稽核部门 7、商业银行资本的概念：资本也称资本金，是指商业银行在建立之初由投资者投入的资金，以及银行在经营活动中由税后留存收益和银行借入的次级长期债务用来转增资本的资金，它代表投资者对商业银行的所有者权益。 8、商业银行资本的特点：商业银行资本金所包含的内容比一般企业宽泛；商业银行资本占资产的比重与一般企业相比很小。 9、资本构成：股本、盈余、债务资本、储备资本。 10、资本的功能：营业功能；保护功能；管理功能。 11、88版《巴》背景：银行业经营的风险不断加大；银行业之间的不平等竞争日趋严重。 内容：①资本的组成（核心资本+附属资本） ②风险资产的计算：总风险资产=表内加权风险资产+表外加权风险资产+衍生工具风险资产。∑?=相应的风险权重） （表内资产账面价值表内加权风险资产 ∑??= 相应的风险权重）信用风险转换系数（表外资产账面价值表外加权风险资产∑?+?=相应的风险权重成本） 当前市场风险敞口替代信用风险转换系数值（衍生工具资产账面价衍生工具风险资产③标准化比率的目标④过渡期及实施的安排。 12、评价：积极的方面：①有助于银行的稳健经营；②有助于各国商业银行在平等的基础上进行竞争；③为国际间银行监管和协调提供了极大方便。 不足之处：①协议仅涉及商业银行的信用风险，而忽视了其他风险；②粗线条的风险权重档次不能充分体现各种资产之间的信用差别，难以准确反映银行面临的真实风险；③协议对非OECD 成员国有歧视待遇；④经济资本和监管资本不一致，导致银行通过资产证券化进行监管资本套利。 13、04版《巴》三大支柱：最低资本要求；监管当局的监管检查；市场纪律 核心资本比率＝核心资本/风险加权资产×100％＝核心资本/（信用风险加权资产＋12.5×市场风险＋12.5 × 操作风险）×100％≥4％ 总风险资本比率＝总资本/风险加权资产×100％＝（核心资本＋附属资本）/ （信用风险加权资产＋12.5×市场风险＋12.5×操作风险）×100％≥8％ 14、资本金筹措：商业银行外源资本金的筹集：发行普通股；发行优先股；发行资本票据和债券。 商业银行的内源资本金主要源于银行的留存盈余。 15、商业银行负债业务的概念种类：是指商业银行筹措资金、借以形成其资金来源的业务，
CHAPTER 1 AN OVERVIEW OF BANKS AND THE FINANCIAL-SERVICES SECTOR Goal of This Chapter: In this chapter you will learn about the many roles financial service providers play in the economy today. You will examine how and why the banking industry and the financial services marketplace as a whole is rapidly changing, becoming new and different as we move forward into the future. You will also learn about new and old services offered to the public. Key Topics in This Chapter ?Powerful Forces Reshaping the Industry ?What is a Bank? ?The Financial System and Competing Financial-Service Institutions ?Old and New Services Offered to the Public ?Key Trends Affecting All Financial-Service Firms ?Appendix: Career Opportunities in Financial Services Chapter Outline I. I ntroduction: P owerful Forces Reshaping the Industry II. W hat Is a Bank? A. D efined by the Functions It Serves and the Roles It Play: B. B anks and their Principal Competitors C. Legal Basis of a Bank D. D efined by the Government Agency That Insures Its Deposits III.The Financial System and Competing Financial-Service Institutions A.Savings Associations B.Credit Unions C.Money Market Funds D.Mutual Funds E.Hedge Funds F.Security Brokers and Dealers G.Investment Bankers H.Finance Companies I.Financial Holding Companies
商业银行管理期末考试重点名词解释汇总 1、商业银行：商业银行是以吸收公众存款、发放贷款、办理结算为主要业务的企业法人，是以追求利润最大化为经营目标，以货币信用业务和综合金融服务为经营对象的综合性、多功能的金融企业。 2、存款保险制度：存款保险制度是保护存款人的利益、稳定金融体系的事后补救措施。它要求商业银行将其吸收的存款按照一定的保险费率向存款保险机构投保，当商业银行经营破产不能支付存款时，由存款保险机构代为支付法定数额的保险金。 3、大额可转让定期存单：大额可转让定期存单是银行发行的具有固定期限和一定利率，并且可以转让的金融工具。这种金融工具的发行和流通所形成的市场称为可转让定期存单市场。 4、存款准备金制度：存款准备金是指金融机构为保证客户提取存款和资金清算需要而准备的在中央银行的存款，中央银行要求的存款准备金占其存款总额的比例就是存款准备金率 5、边际存款成本：边际存款成本：指银行增加最后一个单位存款所支付的成本 6、同业拆借：同业拆借是指金融机构(主要是商业银行)之间为了调剂资金余缺，利用资金融通过程的时间差、空间差、行际差来调剂资金而进行的短期借贷。 7、证券回购证券回购是指证券买卖双方在成交同时就约定于未来某一时间以某一价格双方再行反向成交。
8、资金头寸：资金头寸是指商业银行能够运用的资金，它包括时点头寸和时期头寸两种。 9、票据贴现：是一种以票据所有权的有偿转让为前提的约期性资金融通。 10、次级贷款:指银行或贷款机构提供给那些信用等级或收入较低、无法达到普通信贷标准的客户的一种贷款。这种贷款通常不需要首付，只是利息会不断提高 11、资产负债管理：资产负债管理是指商业银行在业务经营过程中，对各类资产和负债进行预测、组织、调节和监督的一种经营管理方式，以实现资产负债总量上平衡、结构上合理，从而达到最大盈利的目的。 12、中间业务:中间业务是指不构成商业银行表内资产、表内负债，形成银行非利息收入的业务，即能为商业银行带来货币收入，却不直接列入银行资产负债表内的业务。 中间业务是指商业银行从事的，按照通行的会计准则不列入资产负债表、不影响资产负债总额、但是会改变银行当期损益的经营活动。 13、杠杆租赁:杠杆租赁是指在一项融资租赁交易中，出租人只需投资租赁设备购置款项的20～40%的金额,即可在法律上拥有该设备的完整所有权;设备购置款项的60～80%由银行等金融机构提供无追索权贷款解决,但需出租人以租赁设备抵押,以转让租赁合同和收取租金的权利作担保的一种租赁方式.它有别于
Chapter 16 Lending Policies and Procedures: Managing Credit Risk Fill in the Blank Questions 1. The______________ is a uniform rating system developed by regulators where banks are given a rating from one to five in each of six categories and an overall rating from one to five. Answer: CAMELS 2. One of the 6 C?s of lending,______________ suggests that the lender must look at the position of the business firm in the industry and the outlook of the industry to evaluate a loan. Answer: condition 3. One of the 6 C?s of lending,______________ suggests that the lender must look to see if the borrower is legally entitled to sign a binding loan agreement. For an individual this entails making sure the borrower is of legal age to sign a contract. Answer: capacity 4. When a bank purchases a whole loan or a piece of a loan from another bank they are purchasing what is known as a____________________________. Answer: participation 5. Loans that have minor weaknesses because the bank has not followed its written loan policy or which have missing documentation are called______________ by regulators. Answer: criticized 6. ____________________________ are loans extended to farmers and ranchers to assist in planting crops, harvesting crops and to support the feeding and care of livestock. Answer: Agriculture loans 7. ____________________________ devote the bulk of their credit portfolio to large-denomination loans to corporations and other businesses and tend to be large banks. Answer: Wholesale lenders 8. ____________________________ are loans which are secured by land buildings and other structures. These loans can be short term construction loans or longer term loans to finance the purchase of homes and apartments among others. Answer: Real estate loans
导论： 1.商业银行的性质。①．商业银行是企业，具有企业的一般特征。实行独立核算，自负盈亏，自担风险以盈利为经营目标②．商业银行是特殊的企业——金融企业。经营对象是货币，资金活动范围是货币信用领域，创造能充当一般等价物的存款货币，可以重复买卖同一金融产品。③．商业银行是特殊的银行。区别于中央银行：服务对象不同，地位不同，职能不同；区别于其他金融机构：与政策性银行不同，与专业银行不同。 2.商业银行产生与发展。①商业银行的产生。第一家股份制银行：1694年英格兰银行；两种产生途径：旧式高利贷银行转化而来，直接组建股份公司。②变化中的商业银行。业务结构：从传统存、贷、汇向金融服务与表外业务发展；组织结构：并购浪潮风起云涌；人员结构：自然科学家与社会科学家的结合。③银行业的未来。存在的社会条件：中介职能；社会职能：资金分配、风险分散、收付结算；自身的业绩：三次大的冲击：股市大崩溃、债务危机、泡沫经济 3.商业银行的功能。①信用中介：提供期限转换，将社会闲散货币转化为资本；提供风险转换，为客户和自身分散和降低风险；降低交易成本②支付中介：传统职能；社会信用链的枢纽；功能的发挥早于信用中介③信用创造：派生功能；创造流通工具与支付手段；影响社会信贷规模与货币供给④金融服务：充分利用银行信息与管理优势；服务性收入在银行收入中比重日渐增
多；种类繁多，如财务咨询、代理融通、信托、租赁、现金管理⑤调节经济。
银行实 力；提高 抵御风 险与参 与市场 竞争的 能力。缺点：易形成集 中与垄 断，不利 于银行 间开展 竞争；限 制银行 的经营 自主性； 不利于 银行创 新活动。连锁银行制。两 家或两 家以上 相互持 股的银 行组织 起来，围 绕一个 地区的 大银行 组成。 缺陷：不 利 于 资 金