蒋悟生《生物专业英语》教/学案
Lesson One（4学时）Inside the Living Cell: Structure and Function of Internal Cell Parts
Lesson One（4学时）
Inside the Living Cell: Structure and Function of Internal Cell Parts
教学目的：使学生掌握细胞的组成结构（各种细胞器以及它们在细胞中的位置），以及结构与功能之间的关系。各细胞器及功能相关英语词汇以及主要用法。
教学重点：各细胞器的概念和功能，及相关英语词汇的掌握
教学难点：专业英语词汇的记忆
讲授方法：以学生翻译为主，老师讲解相关专业知识辅助学生理解
授课时间：3月22日；3月29日
教学内容：
Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory
细胞质：动力工厂
Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.
生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。
The Nucleus: Information Central（细胞核：信息中心）
The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.
真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。细胞核含有一或二个核仁，核仁促进细胞分裂。核膜贯穿许多小孔，小分子可以自由通过核膜，而象mRNA 和核糖体等大分子必须通过核孔运输。
Organelles: Specialized Work Units（细胞器：特殊的功能单位）
All eukaryotic cells contain most of the various kinds of organelles, and each organelle performs a specialized function in the cell. Organelles described in this section include ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi complex, vacuoles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and the plastids of plant cells.
所有的真核细胞都含有多种细胞器，每个细胞器都有其特定功能。本节主要介绍核糖体，内质网，高尔基体系，液泡，溶酶体，线粒体和植物细胞中的质体。
The number of ribosomes within a cell may range from a few hundred to many thousands. This quantity reflects the fact that, ribosomes are the sites at which amino acids are assembled into proteins for export or for use in cell processes. A complete ribosome is composed of one larger and one smaller subunit. During protein synthesis the two subunits move along a strand of mRNA, "reading" the genetic sequence coded in it and translating that sequence into protein. Several ribosomes may become attached to a single mRNA strand; such a combination is called a polysome. Most cellular proteins are manufactured on ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Exportable proteins and membrane proteins are usually made in association with the endoplasmic reticulum.
核糖体的数量变化从几百到几千，核糖体是氨基酸组装成蛋白质的重要场所。完整的核糖体由大亚基和小亚基组成。核糖体沿着mRNA移动并阅读遗传密码，翻译成蛋白质。一条mRNA上可能有多个核糖体，称多聚核糖体。大多数细胞蛋白是由细胞质中核糖体生产。输出蛋白和膜蛋白通常与内质网有关。
The endoplasmic reticulum, a lacy array of membranous sacs, tubules, and vesicles, may be either rough (RER) or smooth (SER). Both types play roles in the synthesis and transport of proteins. The RER, which is studded with polysomes, also seems to be the source of the nuclear envelope after a cell divides.
内质网，带有花边的生物囊，有管状，泡状之分，以及光滑和粗糙面区别。两种都与蛋白质的合成和运输有关。粗糙内质网上分布许多核糖体，也可能提供细胞分裂后所需的细胞膜。
SER lacks polysomes; it is active in the synthesis of fats and steroids and in the oxidation of toxic substances in the cell. Both types of endoplasmic reticulum serve as compartments within the cell where specific products can be isolated and subsequently shunted to particular areas in or outside the cell.
光滑内质网上无核糖体，主要作用是脂肪和类固醇的合成以及细胞内有毒物质的氧化。两种内质网合成的产物在其中进行分流或运输到细胞外。
Transport vesicles may carry exportable molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum to another membranous organelle, the Golgi complex. Within the Golgi complex molecules are modified and packaged for export out of the cell or for delivery else where in the cytoplasm.
运输小泡能够将可运输分子从内质网运输到高尔基复合体上。在高尔基复合体中修饰，包装后输出细胞或传递到细胞质中的其他场所。
Vacuoles in cells appear to be hollow sacs but are actually filled with fluid and soluble molecules. The most prominent vacuoles appear in plant cells and serve as water reservoirs and storage sites for sugars and other molecules. Vacuoles in animal cells carry out phagocytosis (the intake of particulate matter) and pinocytosis (vacuolar drinking).
细胞中的液泡好象是中空的，但实际上充满了液体和可溶分子。最典型的液泡存在于植物细胞中，储备水，糖以及其它分子。动物中的液泡起吞噬和胞饮作用。
A subset of vacuoles are the organelles known as lysosomes, which contain digestive enzymes (packaged in lysosomes in the Golgi complex) that can break down most biological macromolecules. They act to digest food particles and to degrade damaged cell parts.
溶酶体是液泡亚单位，含有消化酶，降解大部分生物大分子。消化食物微粒和降解损伤的细胞残片。Mitochondria are the sites of energy-yielding chemical reactions in all cells. In addition, plant cells contain plastids that utilize light energy to manufacture carbohydrates in the process of photosynthesis. It is on the large surface area provided by the inner cristae of mitochondria that ATP-generating enzymes are located. Mitochondria are self-replicating, and probably they are the evolutionary descendants of what were once free-living prokaryotes.
线粒体是细胞中化学产能的场所。另外，植物细胞中的质体在光合作用中利用光能产生碳水化合物，线粒体内嵴上提供了很大的表面积并分布着产A TP酶。线粒体自我复制，并且可能是自由生活的原核生物在进化中形成的后代。
There are two types of plastids: leucoplasts, which lack pigments and serve as storage sites for starch, proteins, and oils; and chromoplasts, which contain pigments. The most important chromoplasts are chloroplasts-organelles that contain the chlorophyll used in photosynthesis. The internal structure of chloroplasts includes stacks of membranes called grana, which are embedded in a matrix called the stroma.
质体有两种类型：白色体，缺乏色素，是淀粉，蛋白质和油的储备场所；色质体，含有色素。叶绿体是最重要的色质体，含有与光合作用有关的叶绿素。叶绿体的内部结构是由多层膜形成的叶绿体基粒，其中包埋在基质中的基粒称子座。
The Cytoskeleton（细胞骨架）
All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton, which is a convoluted latticework of filaments and tubules that appears to fill all available space in the cell and provides support for various other organelles. A large portion of the cytoskeleton consists of threadlike microfilaments composed mainly of the contractile protein actin. They are involved in many types of intracellular movements in plant and animal cells. A second protein, myosin, is involve in the contraction of muscle cells. Another main structural component of the cytoskeleton consists of microtubules, which are composed of the globular protein tubulin and together act as scaffolding that provides a stable cell shape. Cytoskeletal intermediate filaments appear to impart tensile strength to the cell cytoplasm. Mechanoenzymes such as myosin, dynein, and kinesin interact with the cytoskeletal filaments and tubules to generate forces that cause movements.
所有的细胞都有细胞骨架，网络结构的纤丝充满了它所能触及的全部空间并且对细胞器提供支持作用。细胞骨架大部分由微丝组成，微丝主要由可收缩的肌动蛋白组成。动植物细胞的许多种类型细胞内运动与肌动蛋白有关。第二类蛋白是肌球蛋白，它与肌肉细胞的收缩有关。细胞骨架的另一个主要结构成分是微管，由球状的微管蛋白组成，象脚手架一般维持细胞的稳定形态。细胞骨架的中间丝提供了细胞质伸缩动力。机械酶，例如，肌球蛋白，动力蛋白，驱动蛋白与微丝，微管相互作用产生动力而引起细胞运动。Cellular Movements（细胞运动）
Although the cytoskeleton provides some stability to cells, its microtubules and filaments and their associated proteins enable cells to move by creeping or gliding. Such movements require a solid substrate to which the cell can adhere and can be guided by the geometry of the surface. Some cells also exhibit chemotaxis, the ability to move toward or away from the source of a diffusing chemical.
尽管细胞骨架提供了细胞的某些稳定性，微丝，微管及相关蛋白能使细胞爬行或滑动。这种运动需要固体基质依托并通过表面几何形状的改变而运动。某些细胞具备趋药性，即趋向或逃离扩散开的化学源。Certain eukaryotic cells can swim freely in liquid environments, propelled by whiplike cilia or flagella. Both cilia and flagella have the same internal structure: nine doublets (pairs of microtubules) are arranged in a ring and extend the length of the cilium or flagellum, and two more microtubules run down the center of the ring. Every cilium or flagellum grows only from the cell surface where a basal body is located. Movement is based on the activities of tiny dynein side arms that extend from one of the microtubules of each doublet.
某些真核细胞能在液体液体中自由运动，由纤毛或鞭毛推动。纤毛和鞭毛具有同样的内部结构：九个双微管环形排列，纵向延伸，环中心是两个或以上微管组成。纤毛或鞭毛从细胞表面的基体出生长，双微管的动力蛋白臂从一侧延伸到另一侧而引起运动。
Nutrients, proteins, and other materials within most plant cells are moved about via cytoplasmic streaming. The process occurs as myosin proteins attached to organelles push against microfilaments arrayed throughout the cell. Microfilaments and microtubules are responsible for almost all major cytoplasmic movements. During cell division, microtubules of the spindle assembled from tubutin subunits near organelles called centrioles move the chromosomes.
大部分植物细胞的营养，蛋白质和其它物质由细胞质流运输。这个过程是由于依附在细胞器上的肌球蛋白反推排列在细胞周围的微丝形成的。绝大部分细胞质运动由微丝和微管完成。在细胞分裂期间，中心粒周围的由微管蛋白亚基装配形成的纺锤体微管移向染色体。
课后作业：第一第二篇阅读材料
答案：1B,2C,3B,4B,5D,6c; 1A,2B,3D,4A
Glossary
cytoplasm （细）胞质
The living contents of a cell bounded externally by the plasmalemma, including an aqueous ground substance (hyaloplasm, cell sap, or cell matrix) containing organelles and various inclusions but excluding the nucleus and visible vacuoles.
cytoskeleton 细胞骨架
Of eukaryotic cells, an internal "skeleton". Its microtubules and other components structurally support the cell, organize and move its inteftial components. The cytoskeleton also helps free-living cells move through their environment.
nucleus 细胞核，核(复数nuclei)
The organelle of the eukaryote cell that contains the chromosomes and hence ultimately controls cellular activity and inheritance through the activity of the genetic material, DNA
chromosome 染色体
A DNA-histone thread residing in the nucleus of a cell. Each chromosome possesses two telomeres and a centromere, and some contain a nucleolus organizer. RNA proteins are invariably associated with the chromosome.
nucleoid 拟核，类核，核质体
The DNA-containing area of a prokaryote cell, analogous to the eukaryote nucleus but not membrane bounded. nucleoli 核仁( 单数nucleolus)
Nuclear structures composed of completed or partially completed ribosomes and the specific parts of chromosomes that contain the infon-nation for their construction.
nuclear envelope 核膜，核被膜
A double membrane (two lipid bilayers and associated proteins) that is the outermost portion of a cell nucleus. ribosome 核糖体
Small structures composed of two protein and ribonucleic acid subunits involved in the assembly of proteins from amino acids.
polysome 多核糖体
Of protein synthesis, several ribosomes all translating the same messenger RNA molecule,one after the other. endoplasmic reticulum 内质网
Folded membranes and tubes throughout the eukaryotic cell that provide a large surface upon which chemical activities take place.
Golgi complex 高尔基复合体
A stack of flattened, smooth, membranous sacs; the site of synthesis and packaging of certain molecules in eukaryotic cells.
vacuole 液泡
Storage container within the cytoplasm of a cell having a surrounding membrane.
phagocytosis 吞噬作用
The process by which the cell wraps around a particle and engulfs it.
pinocytosis 胞饮作用
The process by which a cell engulfs some molecules dissolved in water
lysosome 溶酶体
A specialized organelle that holds a mixture of hydrolytic enzymes.
mitochondrion 线粒体(复数mitochondria )A membranous organelle resembling a small bag with a larger bag resembling a small bag with a larger bag inside that is folded back on itself; serves as the site of aerobic cellular respiration.
plastid 质体
An organelle present in all plants except bacteria, blue-green algae, and fungi; it is enclosed by two membranes (the envelope) and has various functions
chloroplast 叶绿体
A plastid in which photosynthesis is carried out. Chloroplasts occur in all photosynthetic organisms except photosynthetic bacteria blue-green algae.
stroma 基质，子座（复数stromata）
Region within a chloroplast that has no chlorophyll.
microfilament 微丝，纤丝
Long, fiberlike structures made of protein and found in cells, often in close association with the microtubules; provide structural support and enable movement.
actin 肌动蛋白
A globular contractile protein. In muscle cells, actin interacts with another protein, myosin, to bring about contraction.
myosin ['maiesin] 肌球蛋白
A protein that, with actin, constitutes the principal element of the contractile apparatus of muscle.
microtubute 微管
Small, hollow tubes of protein that function throughout the cytoplasm to provide structural support and enable movement.
tubulin 微管蛋白
A protein that is the major constituent of microtubules.
dynein 动力蛋白，动素
A group of at least four distinct proteins found in the flagella and microtubules of eukaryotic cells and possessing ATPase activity.
chemotaxis 趋化性
A locomotory movement of an organism or cell in response to, and directed by, an directional stimulus.
cilia 纤毛
Numerous short, hairlike structures projecting from the cell surface that enable locomotion.
flagella 鞭毛(单数flagellum)
Long, hairlike structures projecting from the cell surface that enable locomotion.
basal body 基体
A body identical in structure to a centriole, found always at the base of a cilium or eukaryote flagellum.
centriole 中心粒
An organelle located close to the nucleus in most animal and lower plant cells but absent from prokaryotes and higher plants.
A 高分子化学和高分子物理 UNIT 1 What are Polymer? 第一单元什么是高聚物？ What are polymers? For one thing, they are complex and giant molecules and are different from low molecular weight compounds like, say, common salt. To contrast the difference, the molecular weight of common salt is only 58.5, while that of a polymer can be as high as several hundred thousand, even more than thousand thousands. These big molecules or ‘macro-molecules’are made up of much smaller molecules, can be of one or more chemical compounds. To illustrate, imagine that a set of rings has the same size and is made of the same material. When these things are interlinked, the chain formed can be considered as representing a polymer from molecules of the same compound. Alternatively, individual rings could be of different sizes and materials, and interlinked to represent a polymer from molecules of different compounds. 什么是高聚物？首先，他们是合成物和大分子，而且不同于低分子化合物，譬如说普通的盐。与低分子化合物不同的是，普通盐的分子量仅仅是58.5，而高聚物的分子量高于105，甚至大于106。这些大分子或“高分子”由许多小分子组成。小分子相互结合形成大分子，大分子能够是一种或多种化合物。举例说明，想象一组大小相同并由相同的材料制成的环。当这些环相互连接起来，可以把形成的链看成是具有同种分子量化合物组成的高聚物。另一方面，独特的环可以大小不同、材料不同，相连接后形成具有不同分子量化合物组成的聚合物。 This interlinking of many units has given the polymer its name, poly meaning ‘many’and mer meaning ‘part’(in Greek). As an example, a gaseous compound called butadiene, with a molecular weight of 54, combines nearly 4000 times and gives a polymer known as polybutadiene (a synthetic rubber) with about 200 000molecular weight. The low molecular weight compounds from which the polymers form are known as monomers. The picture is simply as follows: 许多单元相连接给予了聚合物一个名称，poly意味着“多、聚、重复”，mer意味着“链节、基体”（希腊语中）。例如：称为丁二烯的气态化合物，分子量为54，化合将近4000次，得到分子量大约为200000被称作聚丁二烯（合成橡胶）的高聚物。形成高聚物的低分子化合物称为单体。下面简单地描述一下形成过程： butadiene + butadiene + ???+ butadiene--→polybutadiene (4 000 time) 丁二烯＋丁二烯＋…＋丁二烯——→聚丁二烯 （4000次） One can thus see how a substance (monomer) with as small a molecule weight as 54 grow to become a giant molecule (polymer) of (54×4 000≈)200 000 molecular weight. It is essentially the ‘giantness’of the size of the polymer molecule that makes its behavior different from that of a commonly known chemical compound such as benzene. Solid benzene, for instance, melts
Inside the Living Cell: Structure and Function of Internal Cell Parts Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory 细胞质：动力工厂 Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning. 生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。 The Nucleus: Information Central（细胞核：信息中心） The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores. 真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。细胞核含有一或二个核仁，核仁促进细胞分裂。核膜贯穿许多小孔，小分子可以自由通过核膜，而象mRNA 和核糖体等大分子必须通过核孔运输。 Organelles: Specialized Work Units（细胞器：特殊的功能单位） All eukaryotic cells contain most of the various kinds of organelles, and each organelle performs a specialized function in the cell. Organelles described in this section include ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi complex, vacuoles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and the plastids of plant cells. 所有的真核细胞都含有多种细胞器，每个细胞器都有其特定功能。本节主要介绍核糖体，内质网，高尔基体系，液泡，溶酶体，线粒体和植物细胞中的质体。 The number of ribosomes within a cell may range from a few hundred to many thousands. This quantity reflects the fact that, ribosomes are the sites at which amino acids are assembled into proteins for export or for use in cell processes. A complete ribosome is composed of one larger and one smaller subunit. During protein synthesis the two subunits move along a strand of mRNA, "reading" the genetic sequence coded in it and
高分子专业英语课文翻译 高分子专业英语选讲课文翻译资料 A 高分子化学和高分子物理 UNIT 1 What are Polymer? 第一单元什么是高聚物, What are polymers? For one thing, they are complex and giant molecules and 什么是高聚物, 首先，他们是合成物和大分子，而且不同于低分子化合物，譬are different from low molecular weight compounds like, say, common salt. To 如说普通的盐。 contrast the difference, the molecular weight of common salt is only 58.5, while 与低分子化合物不同的是，普通盐的分子量仅仅是58.5， that of a polymer can be as high as several hundred thousand, even more than thousand 而高聚物的分子量高于105，甚至大于106。 thousands. These big molecules or ‘macro-molecules’ are made up of much smaller 这些大分子或“高分子”由许多小分子组成, 小分子相互结合形成大分子，molecules, can be of one or more chemical compounds. To illustrate, imagine that 大分子能够是一种或多种化合物。举例说明， a set of rings has the same size and is made of the same material. When these things 想象一组大小相同并由相同的材料制成的环。当这些环相互连接are
全国中小学“教学中的互联网搜索”优秀教学案例评选 《数据图表与分析》教学设计 江苏省连云港市赣榆县华杰双语学校廖桂萍 一、教材分析： 本课的教学内容是苏科版《初中信息技术》上册，第四章第四节——“数据图表与分析”。图表是一种能直观地反映数据特征和趋势的表现形式，它能把枯燥的数据表现得栩栩如生，在数据统计中有着不可替代的重要作用，这决定了本节课在本章内容中的重要地位。 教材中通过数据描述的多样性与图表的制作两部分内容，要求学生掌握建立图表、编辑图表的操作，并且在众多类型的图表中重点介绍了常用的柱形图、折线图、饼图，并通过探究学习让学生体会柱形图、折线图、饼图适合表达的数据关系、适用的场合。 二、学情分析： 通过前面的学习，部分学生已经熟悉了Excel电子表格软件的基本操作，具备了一定的自学能力，能通过自主探究，较好地完成学习任务，个别学困生不能适应整体节奏，需要老师及时的帮助，以达到教学目标。本节课图表类型的选取对于学生的逻辑思维能力提出了一定要求，有一定难度。 三、设计思路： 本课的学习对象是七年级的学生，这些学生是新教材投入使用以来，一直接受“新”（新知识、教师教学的新方法）的幸运儿，在本课学习之前，学生已经学习了工作表数据的处理，并且每一位学生都能独自操作。为了使学生进一步了解数据图表的知识与技能，让学生领悟计算机给我们带来的益处。我在教授时尽量多的以课件展示，用数据引导学生学会分析为题引，展开了教学。在技能知识的传授中，我重视学生的自主探究、合作学习，注重培养学生会学习的好习惯。本节课我是沿着以下思路完成对新知识的建构：创设情境，激活思维，引入课题---步步为营，导学达标---归纳总结，完成建构。 四、教学目标 1.知识与技能： ①掌握利用图表向导，创建柱形图、折线图、扇形图的方法； ②理解柱形图、折线图、饼图在反映数据上的区别； ③能根据所要反映的数据情况选择适当的图表类型并建立图表； ④能根据需要对图标进行修改和美化。 2.过程与方法： ①通过分析数据之间的关系，选择合适的图表类型来制作图表； ②通过小组合作讨论、学生的自主学习，让学生自己总结出不同类型图表的适用范围； 3.情感态度与价值观： ①培养善于分析、乐于尝试、独立思考的自学品质，提高学以致用的能力。 ②鼓励学生从不同的角度看问题，并大胆表达自己的观点和看法。 ③以探究学习方式了解数据分析的有关知识，加深了对已有知识的理解，进一步拓宽知识面。同时在探究的过程中品味有关信息技术发展、应用等知识，树立努力学习好信息时代的技术，做一名新时期的人才的观念。 五、教学重点： 1．根据图表向导制作柱形图、折线图和扇形图； 2．图表的修改与美化。 六、教学难点：
UNIT 1 What Are Polymers? 第一单元什么是高聚物？ 什么是高聚物？首先，他们是络合物和大分子，而且不同于低分子化合物，譬如说普通的盐。与低分子化合物不同的是，普通盐的分子量仅仅是58.5，而高聚物的分子量高于105，甚至大于106。这些大分子或“高分子”由许多小分子组成。小分子相互结合形成大分子，大分子能够是一种或多种化合物。举例说明，想象一组大小相同并由相同的材料制成的环。当这些环相互连接起来，可以把形成的链看成是具有同种（分子量）化合物组成的高聚物。另一方面，独立的环可以大小不同、材料不同，相连接后形成具有不同(分子量)化合物组成的聚合物。 许多单元相连接给予了聚合物一个名称，poly意味着“多、聚、重复”，mer意味着“链节、基体”（希腊语中）。例如：称为丁二烯的气态化合物，分子量为54，化合将近4000次，得到分子量大约为200000被称作聚丁二烯（合成橡胶）的高聚物。形成高聚物的低分子化合物称为单体。下面简单地描述一下形成过程： 丁二烯＋丁二烯＋…＋丁二烯——→聚丁二烯 （4000次） 因而能够看到分子量仅为54的小分子物质（单体）如何逐渐形成分子量为200000的大分子（高聚物）。实质上，正是由于聚合物的巨大的分子尺寸才使其性能不同于像苯这样的一般化合物(的性能)。1例如，固态苯，在5.5℃熔融成液态苯，进一步加热，煮沸成气态苯。与这类简单化合物明确的行为相比，像聚乙烯这样的聚合物不能在某一特定的温度快速地熔融成纯净的液体。而聚合物变得越来越软，最终，变成十分粘稠的聚合物熔融体。将这种热而粘稠的聚合物熔融体进一步加热，不会转变成各种气体，但它不再是聚乙烯（如图1.1）。 固态苯——→液态苯——→气态苯 加热，5.5℃加热，80℃ 固体聚乙烯——→熔化的聚乙烯——→各种分解产物-但不是聚乙烯 加热加热 图1.1 低分子量化合物（苯）和聚合物（聚乙烯）受热后的不同行为发现另一种不同的聚合物行为和低分子量化合物行为是关于溶解过程。例如，让我们研究一下，将氯化钠慢慢地添加到固定量的水中。盐，代表一种低分子量化合物，在水中达到点（叫饱和点）溶解，但，此后，进一步添加盐不进入溶液中却沉到底部而保持原有的固体状态。饱和盐溶液的粘度与水的粘度不是十分不同，但是，如果我们用聚合物替代，譬如说，将聚乙烯醇添加到固定量的水中，聚合物不是马上进入到溶液中。聚乙烯醇颗粒首先吸水溶胀，发生形变，经过很长的时间以后，（聚乙烯醇分子）进入到溶液中。2同样地，我们可以将大量的聚合物加入到同样量的水中，不存在饱和点。将越来越多的聚合物加入水中，认为聚合物溶解的时间明显地增加，最终呈现柔软像面团一样粘稠的混合物。另一个特点是，在水中聚乙烯醇不会像过量的氯化钠在饱和盐溶液中那样能保持其初始的粉末状态。3总之，我们可以讲（1）聚乙烯醇的溶解需要很长时间，（2）不存在饱和点，（3）粘度的增加是典 型聚合物溶于溶液中的特性，这些特性主要归因于聚合物大分子的尺寸。 如图1.2说明了低分子量化合物和聚合物的溶解行为。 氯化钠晶体加入到水中→晶体进入到溶液中.溶液的粘度不是十分不同于充分搅拌 水的粘度→形成饱和溶液.剩余的晶体维持不溶解状态.加入更多的晶体并搅拌氯化钠的溶 解 聚乙烯醇碎片加入到水中→碎片开始溶胀→碎片慢慢地进入到溶液中允许维持现状 充分搅拌→形成粘稠的聚合物溶液.溶液粘度十分高于水的粘度继续搅拌聚合物的溶解
Lesson One(4 学时) Inside the Living Cell: Structure and Function of Internal Cell Parts : The Dynamic, Mobile Factory 细胞质：动力工厂Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning. 生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜(原生质膜)包被。细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。 2．The Nucleus: Information Central (细胞核：信息中心) The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli- that play a role in cell division. A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores. 真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用(原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中)。细胞核含有一或二个核仁，核仁促进细胞分裂。核膜贯穿许多小孔，小分子可以自由通过核膜，而象mRNA 和核糖体等大分子必须通过核孔运输。 : Specialized Work Units (细胞器：特殊的功能单位) All eukaryotic cells contain most of the various kinds of organelles, and each organelle performs a specialized function in the cell. Organelles described in this section include ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi complex, vacuoles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and the plastids of plant cells. 所有的真核细胞都含有多种细胞器，每个细胞器都有其特定功能。本节主要介绍核糖体，内质网，高尔基体系，液泡，溶酶体，线粒体和植物细胞中的质体。 The number of ribosomes within a cell may range from a few hundred to many thousands. This quantity reflects the fact that, ribosomes are the sites at which amino acids are assembled into proteins for export or for use in cell processes. A complete ribosome is composed of one larger and one smaller subunit. During protein synthesis the two subunits move along a strand of mRNA, "reading" the genetic sequence coded in it and translating that sequence into protein. Several ribosomes may become attached to a single mRNA strand; such a combination is called a polysome. Most cellular proteins are manufactured on ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Exportable proteins and membrane proteins are usually made in association with the endoplasmic reticulum. 核糖体的数量变化从几百到几千，核糖体是氨基酸组装成蛋白质的重要场所(其数量表明了核糖体是细胞过程中将氨基酸组装成蛋白质输出或供细胞所用的场所) 。一个完整的核糖体由一个大亚基和一个小亚基组成。核糖体沿着mRNA 移动并阅读遗传密码，翻译成蛋白质。一条mRNA 上可能有多个核糖体，称多聚核糖体。大多数细胞蛋白是由细胞质中核糖体生产。输出蛋白和膜蛋白通常与内质网有关。 The endoplasmic reticulum, a lacy array of membranous sacs, tubules, and vesicles, may be either rough (RER) or smooth (SER). Both types play roles in the synthesis and transport of proteins. The RER, which is studded with polysomes, also seems to be the source of the nuclear envelope after a cell divides. 内质网，带有花边的生物囊，有管状，泡状之分，以及光滑和粗糙面区别。两种都与蛋白质的合成和运输有关。粗糙内质网上分布许多核糖体，也可能提供细胞分裂后所需的核膜。 SER lacks polysomes; it is active in the synthesis of fats and steroids and in the oxidation of toxic substances in the cell. Both types of endoplasmic reticulum serve as compartments within the cell where specific products can be isolated and subsequently shunted to particular areas in or outside the cell. 光滑内质网上无核糖体，主要作用是脂肪和类固醇的合成以及细胞内有毒亚物质的氧化。这两种内质网在细胞中作为分隔，使特定产品分隔开，随后将他们转移到细胞内外特定的部分或细胞外。 Transport vesicles may carry exportable molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum to another membranous organelle, the Golgi complex. Within the Golgi complex molecules are modified and packaged for export out of the cell or for delivery else where in the cytoplasm. 运输小泡能够将可运输分子从内质网运输到高尔基复合体上。在高尔基复合体中修饰，包装后输出细胞或传递到细胞质中的其他场所。 Vacuoles in cells appear to be hollow sacs but are actually filled with fluid and soluble molecules. The most prominent vacuoles appear in plant cells and serve as water reservoirs and storage sites for sugars and other molecules. Vacuoles in animal cells carry out phagocytosis (the intake of particulate matter) and pinocytosis (vacuolar drinking). 细胞中的液泡好象是中空的，但实际上充满了液体和可溶分子。最典型的液泡存在于植物细胞中，储备水，糖以及其它分子。动物中的液泡起吞噬和胞饮作用。 A subset of vacuoles are the organelles known as lysosomes, which contain digestive enzymes (packaged in lysosomes in the Golgi complex) that can break down most biological macromolecules. They act to digest food particles and to degrade damaged cell parts. 溶酶体是液泡亚单位，含有消化酶，降解大部分生物大分子。消化食物微粒和降解损伤的细胞残片。 Mitochondria are the sites of energy-yielding chemical reactions in all cells. In addition, plant cells contain plastids that utilize light energy to manufacture carbohydrates in the process of photosynthesis. It is on the large surface area provided by the inner cristae of mitochondria that ATP-generating enzymes are located. Mitochondria are self-replicating, and probably they are the evolutionary descendants of what were once free-living prokaryotes.
第二十章数据的分析 数据的代表 20.1.1平均数（第一课时） 一、教学目标： 、使学生理解数据的权和加权平均数的概念 、使学生掌握加权平均数的计算方法 、通过本节课的学习，还应使学生理解平均数在数据统计中的意义和作用：描述一组数据集中趋势的特征数字，是反映一组数据平均水平的特征数。 二、重点、难点和难点突破的方法： 、重点：会求加权平均数 、难点：对“权”的理解 三、例习题意图分析 、教材的问题及讨论栏目在教学中起到的作用。 （）、这个问题的设计和讨论栏目在此处安排最直接和最重要的目的是想引出权的概念和加权平均数的计算公式。 （）、这个讨论栏目中的错误解法是初学者常见的思维方式，也是已学者易犯的错误。在这里安排讨论很得当，起揭示思维误区，警示学生、加深认识的作用。 （）、客观上，教材的问题是一个实际问题，它照应了本节的前言——将在实际问题情境中，进一步探讨它们的统计意义，体会它们在解决实际问题中的作用，揭示了统计知识在解决实际问题中的重要作用。 （）、的云朵其实是复习平均数定义，小方块则强调了权意义。 、教材例的作用如下： （）、解决例要用到加权平均数公式，所以说它最直接、最重要的目的是及时复习巩固公式，并且举例说明了公式用法和解题书写格式，给学生以示范和模仿。 （）、这里的权没有直接给出数量，而是以比的形式出现，为加深学生对权的意义的理解。 （）、两个问题中的权数各不相同，直接导致结果有所不同，这既体现了权数在求加权平均数的作用，又反映了应用统计知识解决实际问题时要灵活、体现知识要活学活用。
、教材例的作用如下： （）、这个例题再次将加权平均数的计算公式得以及时巩固，让学生熟悉公式的使用和书写步骤。 （）、例与例的区别主要在于权的形式又有变化，以百分数的形式出现，升华了学生对权的意义的理解。 （）、它也充分体现了统计知识在实际生活中的广泛应用。 四、课堂引入： 、若不选择教材中的引入问题，也可以替换成更贴近学生学习生活中的实例，下举一例可供借鉴参考。 求该校初二年级在这次数学考试中的平均成绩下述计算方法是否合理为什么 x 4 1 （） 五、例习题分析： 例和例均为计算数据加权平均数型问题，因为是初学尤其之前与平均数计算公式已经作过比较，所以这里应该让学生搞明白问题中是否有权数，即是选择普通的平均数计算还是加权平均数计算，其次若用加权平均数计算，权数又分别是多少例的题意理解很重要，一定要让学生体会好这里的几个百分数在总成绩中的作用，它们的作用与权的意义相符，实际上这几个百分数分别表示几项成绩的权。 六、随堂练习： 、老师在计算学期总平均分的时候按如下标准:作业占、测验占、期中占、期末考试占，小关 （单位：小时） 求这些灯泡的平均使用寿命
《数据收集整理》教学设计 —社富中心小学沈燕教学目标: 【知识技能】使学生经历数据的收集、整理、描述和分析的过程，能利用统计表的数据提出问题并回答问题。 【数学思考】了解统计的意义，学会用简单的方法收集和整理数据。 【问题解决】能根据统计图表的数据提出并回答简单的问题，并能够进行简单的分析。 【情感态度】通过对周围现实生活中有关事例的调查，激发学生的学习兴趣，培养学生的合作意识和创新精神。 教学重点：了解统计的意义，学会用简单的方法收集和整理数据。 教学难点：能根据统计图表的数据提出并回答简单的问题，并能够进行简单的分析。 教具准备:课件。 一、导入新知： 1、生成统计的概念： 导：师：最近咱们班图书角要新增一些图书，老师准备在这几类图书中选择。（出示课件1、2、3）有故事书，（成语故事书、动物故事书、开心趣味故事书）漫画书（少儿漫画、成语漫画，百科知识漫画书）科幻书，这么多书呢？在这三类图书中，你最喜欢看哪一类图书？（出示课件4） 生1：我最喜欢故事书 生2：我最喜欢看漫画书
师：那老师应该哪类图书放在图书角呢？ 生：选故事书 师：哦，因为你喜欢看故事书所以你觉得放故事书合适是吗？那老师能不能应为某一个同学喜 欢的图书来确定新增的图书呢？ 生：不能 师：不能根据某一个同学喜欢看的图书来确定，那应该怎样选择？ 生：应该选更多人喜欢的图书 师：哦，也就是说咱们先要了解一些大多数同学都喜欢的图书，知道在咱们班中喜欢哪类图书的人最多，选择最多人喜欢的图书才合适是吗？ 生：是 师：那有什么办法才能知道，咱们班喜欢哪类图书的人最多呢？你有什么好方法吗？ 生：可以用投票的方法 师：他的意思是让我们每个人都发表自己的意见投票选一选，你同意吗？ 生：同意 师：老师也觉得这个方法可行，那行，就按你们说的，按咱们班每一个同学都发表一下自己的 意见，看看咱们班到底喜欢哪类图书的人最多。（出示课件5） （请老师想请3位同学来做小小统计员帮助统计，请喜欢看故事书的同学举手，你来）喜欢 看漫画书的同学举手……
宿城区2018-2018学年度第二学期 七年级数学教案案 数； 2．频率：频数与总次数地比值. 议一议： 1．选举“环保小卫士”用地是哪种调查方法? 2．每位候选人得票地频数指地是什么? 3．每位候选人得票地频率指地是什么? 4．你认为．通过选举产生“环保小卫士”与指定某同学为“环保小卫士”这两种方法,哪种更好? 练习：练一练. 三、随堂练习
频率是 请回答： (1>这个班总人数是_______人；身高______、_____人数最多,分别是 请你根据上表计算出正面地频率,根据计算你能发现什么规律吗? 5．下表是对某班50名学生如何到校问题进行地～次调查结果,根据表 中已知数据填表： 6.七年级某班期中考试地数学成绩统计如下:如果80分以上(包括80分> 定为成绩优秀,60分以上(包括60分>定为成绩及格,那么,(1>在这个班级地这次成绩统计中,成绩不及格地频率是多少？(2>成绩及格地频率是多少?(3>成绩优秀地频率是多少? 小结： 通过本节课地学习,你学到了什么？还有什么疑惑?
宿城区2018-2018学年度第二学期七年级数学教案案
3.频数折 线图. 将每个 小长方形 上面一条 边地中点 顺次用折 线连接起 来地频数分布直方图 练习：想一想和练一练. 三、随堂练习 ．已知一组数据有80个,其中最大值为140,最小值为40,取组距为10,则可以分成 ( > 10组 B．9组 C．8组 D．7组 ．在对个数据整理时,把这些数据分成7组,则各组地频数之和、频率之和为 ( > 和1 B．和 C．1和D．1和1 某校九年级共有学生400人,为了解这些学生地视力情况,抽查 生地视力,对所得数据进行整理．在得到地频率分布表中,各小组频数之和等于_______；若某一小组地频数为4,则该小组 _______；若视力在0.95～1.15这一小组地频率为0.3,则可估计该校九年级学生视力在0.95～1.15范围内地人数约为________． 某校八年级学生进行体育测试,八年级(2>班男生地立定跳远成绩绘制成如图l2—23所示地频数分布直方图,图中从左到右各矩形地高之比是7：5：3,最后一组地频数是6,根据直方图所表达地信息,解答下列问
Unit 1 What are polymers? What are polymers? For one thing, they are complex and giant molecules and are different from low molecular weight compounds like, say, common salt. 什么是高聚物？首先，他们是合成物和大分子，而且不同于低分子化合物，譬如说普通的盐。 To contrast the difference, the molecular weight of common salt is only 58.5, while that of a polymer can be as high as several hundred thousand, even more than thousand thousands. 与低分子化合物不同的是，普通盐的分子量仅仅是58.5，而高聚物的分子量高于105，甚至大于106。 These big molecules or ‘macro-molecules’ are made up of much sma ller molecules, can be of one or more chemical compounds. 这些大分子或“高分子”由许多小分子组成。小分子相互结合形成大分子，大分子能够是一种或多种化合物。 To illustrate, imagine that a set of rings has the same size and is made of the same material. When these things are interlinked, the chain formed can be considered as representing a polymer from molecules of the same compound. 举例说明，想象一组大小相同并由相同的材料制成的环。当这些环相互连接起来，可以把形成的链看成是具有同种化合物组成的高聚物。 Alternatively, individual rings could be of different sizes and materials, and interlinked to represent a polymer from molecules of different compounds. 另一方面，环可以大小不同、材料不同, 相连接后形成具有不同化合物组成的聚合物。 This interlinking of many units has given the polymer its name, poly meaning ‘many’ and mer meaning ‘part’ (in Greek). 聚合物的名称来自于许多单元相连接，poly意味着“多、聚、重复”，mer意味着“链节、基体”（希腊语中）。 As an example, a gaseous compound called butadiene, with a molecular weight of 54, combines nearly 4000 times and gives a polymer known as polybutadiene (a synthetic rubber) with about 200 000molecular weight. 例如：气态化合物丁二烯的分子量为54，连接4000次可得到分子量大约为200000的聚丁二烯（合成橡胶）高聚物。 The low molecular weight compounds from which the polymers form are known as monomers. The picture is simply as follows: 形成高聚物的低分子化合物称为单体。下面简单地描述一下形成过程： butadiene + butadiene + ??? + butadiene--→polybutadiene(4 000 time) 丁二烯＋丁二烯＋…＋丁二烯——→聚丁二烯（4000次） One can thus see how a substance (monomer) with as small a molecule weight as 54 grow to become a giant molecule (polymer) of (54×4 000≈)200 000 molecular weight. 能够知道分子量仅为54的小分子物质（单体）如何逐渐形成分子量为200000的大分子（高聚物）。 It is essentially the “giantness” of the size of the polymer molecule that makes its behavior (different from that of a commonly known chemical compound such as benzene.) 实质上正是由于聚合物的巨大分子尺寸才使其性能不同于像苯这样的一般化合物（的性能） Solid benzene, for instance, melts to become liquid benzene at 5.5℃and , on further heating, boils into gaseous benzene. 例如固态苯在5.5℃熔融成液态苯，进一步加热，煮沸成气态苯。 As against this well-defined behavior of a simple chemical compound, a polymer like polyethylene does not melt sharply at one particular temperature into clean liquid. 与这类简单化合物明确的行为相比，像聚乙烯这样的聚合物不能在某一特定的温度快速地熔融成纯净的液体。 Instead, it becomes increasingly softer and, ultimately, turns into a very viscous, tacky molten mass. Further heating of this hot, viscous, molten polymer does convert it into various gases but it is no longer polyethylene. (Fig. 1.1) . 而聚合物变得越来越软，最终变成十分粘稠的聚合物熔融体。将这种热而粘稠的聚合物熔融体进一步加热，它会转变成不同气体，但它不再是聚乙烯（如图1.1）Another striking difference with respect to the behavior of a polymer and that of a low molecular weight compound concerns the dissolution process. 聚合物行为和低分子量化合物另一不同的行为为溶解过程。 Let us take, for example, sodium chloride and add it slowly to fixed quantity of water. The salt, which represents a low molecular weight compound, dissolves in water up to a point (called saturation point) but, thereafter, any further quantity added does not go into solution but settles at the bottom and just remains there as solid. 例如，将氯化钠慢慢地添加到定量的水中。盐作为一种低分子量化合物，在水中溶解直到某一点（叫饱和点），但进一步添加, 盐不进入溶液中却沉到底部而保持原有的固体状态 The viscosity of the saturated salt solution is not very much different from that of water. But if we take a polymer instead, say, polyvinyl alcohol, and add it to a fixed quantity of water, the polymer does not go into solution immediately. 饱和盐溶液的粘度与水的粘度接近.但是，如果我们用聚合物，如聚乙烯醇添加到定量水中，聚合物不是马上进入到溶液中。 The globules of polyvinyl alcohol first absorb water, swell and get distorted in shape and after a long time go into solution. 聚乙烯醇颗粒首先吸水溶胀，发生变形，经过很长时间后，（聚乙烯醇分子）进入到溶液中。 Also, we can add a very large quantity of the polymer to the same quantity of water without the saturation point ever being reached. 同样地，我们可以将大量的聚合物加入到同样量的水中，不存在饱和点。 As more and more quantity of polymer is added to water, the time taken for the dissolution of the polymer obviously increases and the mix ultimately assumes a soft, dough-like consistency. 将越来越多的聚合物加入水中，认为聚合物溶解的时间明显地增加，最终呈现柔软像面团一样粘稠的混合物。 Another peculiarity is that, in water, polyvinyl alcohol never retains its original powdery nature [as the excess sodium chloride does] [in a saturated salt solution]. 另一个特点是，在水中聚乙烯醇不会像过量的氯化钠在饱和盐溶液中那样能保持其初始的粉末状态。 In conclusion, we can say that (1) the long time taken by polyvinyl alcohol for dissolution, (2) the absence of a saturation point, and (3) the increase in the viscosity are all characteristics of a typical polymer being dissolved in a solvent and these characteristics are attributed mainly to the large molecular size of the polymer. 总之，我们可以讲（1）聚乙烯醇的溶解需要很长时间，（2）不存在饱和点，（3）粘度的增加是聚合物溶于溶液中的典型特性，这些特性主要归因于聚合物大分子的尺寸。 The behavior of a low molecular weight compound and that of a polymer on dissolution are illustrated in Fig.1.2.