Chapter 1 Discourse & Translation
Objectives
To formulate the concept of text translation, and appreciate their appropriate and authentic use in practice.
To get to know the difference between text translation and sentence translation.
To be aware of cohesion, coherence and Intertextuality.
To grasp the concepts of cohesive ties: reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, lexical cohesion.
To learn to accomplish application of coherence in translation.
To practice using proper sentence patterns while translating, considering context.
To learn to perceive the emotional coloring and the cultural differences between English and Chinese, and try to avoid the mother tongue interference.
Main Contents
Preface
Part I Cohesion and Coherence
Section A Cohesion
?reference
?substitution
?ellipsis
?conjunction
?lexical cohesion
Section B Coherence
Part II Tactics for Coherence
Tip 1: Diversity of sentence patterns
Tip 2: Avoiding repetition of the subject
Tip 3: The continuity of the paragraph
Tip 4: Rhythm of Translation
Part III Passage translation
?Literary Translation
?News Report Translation
?Translation of the practical writing
?Translation of the scientific research articles
?Advertisement Translation
Teaching Plan
Preface
What is Discourse (Text)? 什么是语篇？
所谓语篇, 指不完全受句子语法约束的在一定语境下表示完整意义的自然语言。它具有形式和逻辑的一致性。语篇并非是互不关联的句子的简单堆积，而是一些意义相关联的句子为达到一定交际目的，通过各种衔接手段而实现的有机结合。
篇章（text）是表达整体概念的语义单位。篇章是语言在交际中，特别是在书面交际中
的对象和理想单位。它不只是一连串句子和段落的集合，而是一个结构完整、功能明确的语义统一体。（陈宏薇）
篇章翻译是指高于句子层次或句以上的语言单位的翻译。（王治奎）可见，在交际功能上相对完整和独立的一个语言片段可以成为语篇（“text” or “discourse”）。例如，内容相对完整的文章或著作节选。
语篇意义：语言的组成部分互相联系所产生的意义。相互联系的手段也叫衔接手段（cohesion）。因此，语篇衔接手段自然成为语篇研究的重要对象之一。语篇翻译即用译语语篇传达原语语篇的信息, 以实现原语语篇及译者的交际目的。原语语篇的信息大体包括基本信息和文体信息两类。前者是作者要说的话, 后者作者说话的方式。
语篇处理：
1）大处着眼，了解其内容，特别是语言在语境中的意义。
2）以句子为基本单位，采用各种翻译技巧。
3）从语篇角度出发，实现意义和文体的最近似、最自然的复制。
翻译策略和技巧体现在每一层面上都有一定的侧重点。在词及词组层面上主要是解决搭配问题; 在小句及句子层面主要要解决信息的组合以及句子的构建问题, 而在段落和篇章层面则主要解决小句及句子之间的逻辑连接问题。当然, 在整个翻译过程中译者不能忘记语篇的文体特征、作者的风格等。
What is the difference between discourse translation and sentence translation? 语篇翻译与单句翻译的区别:
语篇翻译与单句翻译在翻译标准与技巧等方面有许多共同之处。但篇章翻译还别具自己的特色，即它拥有一个范围较大的舞台——语境。在一定的上下文的帮助下，译者有可能比较准确地掌握原篇的中心思想，理解其疑难隐晦之处；表达时也有比较宽松的回旋变通的余地，有可能把译文再现得更加通顺可读。从这个角度来看，篇章不失为一个比较理想的翻译单位。
Part I Cohesion and Coherence
Section A Cohesion
衔接与连贯(cohesion and coherence )
衔接是语篇的有形网络。连贯是语篇的无形网络。
衔接手段(cohesive ties):
Halliday 在Cohesion in English一书中将英语的衔接手段分成五大类：
1.照应(reference)
2.替代(substitution)
3. 省略(ellipsis)
4. 连接(conjunction)
5. 词汇衔接(lexical cohesion)
1.照应(reference)
照应关系是正确理解语篇中句与句，段与段之间关系的纽带。
照应又称指称照应:按指称范围分：
语外照应（外指）（exophoric reference）
例如：张明是我的朋友。
(外指，“张明”存在于客观世界之中)
语内照应(内指）:（endophoric reference）
1)前照应（回指）（anaphoric reference）
2)后照应（下指）（cataphoric reference）
例如：
张明是我的一个朋友。他是西安人。（内指，“他”回指“张明”）
他在那边！张明。（内指，“他”下指“张明”）
这件事我不清楚，我不知道他是否参加了那次会议。 （下指）
他参加了那次会议？ 这我不清楚。 （回指）
指称照应按指称手段分：
1.1 人称照应（personal reference ）
人称照应是通过人称代词(they, she, him 等）、所属限定词（his, your, its 等）, 和所属代
词（hers, theirs ，mine 等）来实现。英语人称代词以及相应的限定词的使用频率远高于汉语。
无论汉语语篇还是英语语篇，主语都起着重要的衔接作用。在汉语语篇中，主语的衔接作用
主要是通过对原词的重复，省略或代词替代来实现。而英语语篇中的主语则往往避免重复原
词，更不能省略原词，而更多地使用照应和替代来衔接上下文。根据汉语的习惯，若一个主
题第一次提出后，下文又是同一个主题，那么主语常常可以省略。
生于1909年，浙江省绍兴人。中国现代作家。1930年任《儿童时代》编辑。1949
年以前一直在上海从事报纸编辑工作，并积极投入电影、话剧运动。解放后，曾任《文汇报》
副总编辑。现任上海电影局顾问。
任《儿童时代》编辑→be one of the editors of Children Times
从事报纸编辑工作→be engaged in editorial work in newspaper offices
任《文汇报》副总编辑→fill the post of deputy editor -in-chief of Wenhuibao 任上海电影局顾问→be adviser of Shanghai Film Bureau
但是，在英语这种主语突出的语言中，只要是句子就须有主语；如果主语是相同，那么
同一主语在第二次出现时往往用代词指代照应。
engaged in editorial work in newspaper offices and took an active part in activities of film and
modem drama in Shanghai. After liberation filled the post of deputy editor-in-chief of
痕；一部乱蓬蓬的花白的胡子。穿的虽然是长衫，可是又脏又破，似乎十多年没有补，也没
有洗。（《孔乙己》）
was the only long-gowned customer to drink his wine was a big man,
strangely pallid, with scars that often showed among the wrinkles of his had a large
looked as if it had not been washed or mended for over ten years.
每年农历十二月二十以后，海岛上的居民便开始进入过年倒计时。先搞卫生，掸去一年
尘土。接着准备食品，做年糕，炒倭豆、炒番薯片、打米花糖。二十五、二十六起，家家户
户开始“谢年”：祀祖先。
Every year after the 20th of the lunar 12th
fried beans, fired sweet potato chips, and baked rice cookies. On the 25th and 26th
of the month,
-
那年冬天， 正是祸不单行的日子，我从北京到徐州，
“事已如此，不必难过，好在天无绝人之路！” （朱自清《背影》
hastening home to attend my grandma?s funeral. When I met in Xuzhou, the sight of disorderly mess in our courtyard and the thought to my grandma started tears trickling down my
said, “Now that things have come to such a mess, it?s no use crying. Fortunately, heaven always leaves one a way out.” (张培基译)
汉语常重复名词作为衔接手段，但英语习惯用人称代词照应。例如：
A lot of home appliances are are reliable in performance and easy in operation. (×)
A lot of home appliances are made in China. are reliabe in performance and easy in operation.
再如：
)
1.2 指示照应（demonstrative reference）
指示照应指说话人通过指明事物在时间和空间上的远近(proximity)来确定所指对象。
王治奎：“汉语的…这?和…那?以及英语中的this和that 都常用于指示照应，在语义上基本相同，但指称功能却大不一样。汉语的…这?往往起一种化远为近的作用，其功能负荷量大于…那?，因此使用频率也高于…那?。而在英语中却恰恰相反。”
例如：
“
” （《子夜》）“It?s a tall order, your question. But you can find an answer in the next room. There you have
a successful financier and a captain of little drawing room is Chinese society in miniature.” (Tr. Sidney Shapiro)
这幅画是一部用思考和修养完成的杰作，它既有历史感又有现代艺术语言的独特性。（袁运甫《我所认识的吴冠中及其绘画》）
it expresses a
（贾平凹《丑石》）
…… (夏衍《野草》）
It is an invisible force of life. So long as there is life, the force will show itself.
再如：
（朱生豪译）
（王佐良译）
（卞之琳译）
（宋天锡译）
例如：
“High” 和“tall”
如山。(×)
“High” 和“tall”
如山。(√)
注释：句中this 和that 都起着指示照应的作用，不作“这个”、“那个”讲，this用来指代两个事物中较近的一个，即后面的，一般可译为“后者”；that用来指代两个事物中较远的一个，即前面提到的，一般可译为“前者”。
再如：
(×)
(√)
照应关系是正确理解语篇中句与句，段与段之间关系的纽带。
Everybody has a responsibility to the society of which he is a part and through to mankind.
(×)
(√)
再如：
后来使我得出这样一种结论,
在跳动, (×)
(√)
再如：
have a warmth and friendliness which is less superficial than many foreigners
parades celebra
and friends tend to be emotional, like to dress correctly, even if “correctly” means
flamboyantly. love to boast, though often with tongue in cheek. can laugh at
city and state. Foreigners sometimes complain, however, that have little interest in or
“得体”，甚至“得体”
说大话，嘲笑自己的国家，严厉地自我批评，
2.替代(substitution)
替代指用替代形式（pro-form）去替代上下文出现的词语。它的语义要从所替代的成分去索引。
Halliday 和Hasan把替代分成三类：
⑴名词性替代，动词性替代和从句性替代。名词替代（one;ones;the sort;none;some 等)
我能看看那条围巾吗？
可以。哪一条？红的还是黑的？
May I have a look at that scarf?
这鞋我穿太小。有大些尺码的鞋吗？
⑵动词替代(do; do so)
她的英语说得很流利，但我不能肯定她弟弟的英语也说得流利。
She speaks English very fluently, but I?m not sure wheth
她歌唱得比去年好。
⑶从句替代(so; not)
A: Do you think he?ll come tomorrow?
A: Our president will be back tonight.
C: What if our president will not be
back tonight?
tonight.
3.省略(ellipsis)
省略是指将语言结构中的某个成分省去不提。被省略的成分通常可以从上下文中推知，因此省略具有语篇衔接功能。
Why so often the coarse appropriates the fine thus, the wrong man ^ the woman, the wrong woman ^ the man?
为什么总是粗野的占有了精致的？男人能占有他不应占有的女人、女人能占有她不应占有的男人？
-- “Will it target only existing customers?”
-- “At first, yes. But if the TV ads go well, then we?re going to do a larger follow-up mailshot. We?ll see what happens.”
-- 这只是面向现有的顾客吗？
-- 是的，起初是这样的。不过如果电视广告进展良好，我们将把更多的广告信函邮寄给潜在的顾客。我们要看一看事情的发展情况。
但是由于有了相对论，科学家们不再像从前那样看待世界了。
我们到那儿去春游？
（我们）到百岁山（去春游）.
Where shall we go for a spring outing?
(We?ll go to) Baisui Mountain ( for a spring outing).
工业园区土地使用权转让的成本价目前为每亩16万人民币，年内，对符合国家产业导
10亩土地的比例，给予特
殊价格优惠，其中注册资本在100300
61000
Currently the cost of land use transfer in the Zone is charged at the ratio of 160 thousand yuan per Chinese mu, whereas before the end of the year, the price will be lowered down to 1 million US dollars every 10 mu for those large and technology-intensive foreign projects that are run in compliance with the industrial orientation of the country. As regards those conglomerates with a registered capital ranging from 1 million () to 3 million US dollars, the price is 80 thousand yuan per mu, () 70 thousand yuan for those with that from 3 million () to 5 million (), 60
In the past, they would dismiss the kids with some money as a gift for the lunar New Year, but not () nowadays.
去年有50个社区获“文明社区”
be given the title.
4. 连接(conjunction)
连接是表示各种逻辑意义的连句手段,又称“逻辑联系语”(黄国文, 1988) 。通过使用各种连接词语,句子间的语义逻辑关系可以明确表示出来。（also, but, why, because, at first, then, in front of）, 汉语重意合，多用隐性连贯（covert coherence），借助语序表示逻辑关系；英语重形合，采用显性衔接(overt cohesion)，大量使用关联词。
我们轮流值班，大家都不感觉累。
We took turns at keeping watch, none of us felt tired. (×)
As we took turns at keeping watch, none of us felt tired.
西边闪电，天要下雨。
It lightens in the west, it is going to rain. (×)
If it lightens in the west, it is going to rain.
表示添加信息：and, also, too, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more…
表示因果关系：because, for, since, thus, for this reason, as a result, therefore, so, consequently, accordingly…
表示文章意义的转折或对比：although, however, on the contrary, still, otherwise, but, despite, nevertheless, though, in fact, on the other hand, as a matter of fact…
表示文章中事件发生的时空顺序：first, second, third… after this/that, meanwhile, suddenly, and so on, then, before, next, formerly, later, finally in the end, at last…
表示列举：firstly, secondly; for one thing, for another; first of all, to begin with, then, last, in conclusion, to conclude…
表示举例、解释：for example, for instance, that is, namely, to illustrate…
表示总结：in short, to sum up, in conclusion, briefly, on the whole, to conclude, to summarize…
例如：
What explains the growing trend towards delayed childbearing? First, the high divorce rate is making newlyweds think twice about starting a family. Furthermore, many young couples want to be financially secure before having children. Above all, more married women prefer to devote time to their careers before having a baby.
再如：
Foreign cars are often more expensive to own in the U.S. than American cars. For one thing, foreign cars cost more to buy. Then, high tariffs on many foreign models have raised prices. Furthermore, foreign cars often cost more to register. In addition, insurance rates can be higher. Moreover, parts and repair costs are much greater than they are for American cars.
5.词汇衔接(lexical cohesion)
词汇衔接是通过运用一组意义相关的词语以达到语篇衔接的目的。同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词、概括词、反义词. 运用这些词可以产生很强的粘合力，形成一张“词汇网”(lexicon network), 赋予语篇连贯性。
分为两大类：1. 复现(reiteration) 2. 同现(collocation)
1. 复现（同词重复或异词重复）
1) 原词复现
During all the years of my life, until that moment, I had carried the menacing, the hostile
(
二次创业”
展环境。目前已有
Township solid vehicles for the running new businesses and greatly improve the setting for the development So far, 3772
2) 同义词或近义词复现（synonyms & antonyms)
……读
”
At that Kong Yiji would flush, the veins on his forehead standing out as he protested,
books … for a scholar … can?t be counted
3) 上义词和下义词复现(superordinate & subordinate)
概括词general word 具体词specific word
on, up Constitution Hill, down into Lamas Street, and the
the cobbles that led down to the Towy Bridge, I remembered Grandpa?s nightly noisy journeys
head tufted and smiling in the candlelight. The tailor before us turned round on his saddle, his
“I see Dai Thomas” he cried.
( Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog by Dylan Thomas)
: “
着朵，开起来颜色深红，倒是最好看的。” （杨朔《茶花赋》）
Taking me through the Pu Zhiren told me the names of different
many others. Then,
only just in bud. With deep red blossoms, it?s really most beautiful.”
General word
Halliday & Hasan 的书中提到的general word（范畴词category word、泛指词、概括词）也称作“准实义词”。其特点是语义上空、泛、抽象，其所指或含义需借助上下文推断。由于这种词的所指需依赖上下文，因此它们和指示代词及人称代词一样，具有所指性，可以构成篇章的整体语义结构和逻辑框架，创建语篇连贯。这类词数量多，使用普遍。如problem, situation, concern, group, plan, scheme, practice, move, operation, endeavor等。
汉译英时，在适当地方添加general word, 有助于译出语义连贯、逻辑严密、条理清楚的文字.
新年的漱口水，洗脸水不可到落地，而倒入预先准备好的水盆里，当天也不扫地，谓
积财”。
According a basin is especially reserved for water from tooth brushing and warship, for such water is not allowed to be splashed on the ground. Nor is the floor to be cleaned
are intended for “fortune-saving.”
五年后，宁波港将建成国际深水枢纽港。据介绍，将宁波港建成国际深水枢纽港是宁波市“新世纪工程” 的第一项任务。
In 5 years, Ningbo port is to be turned into a deep-water harbor thoroughfare for international
Ningbo?s New Century Project.
2. 同现关系collocation
Halliday & Hasan 认为：同现关系指词汇在语篇中共同出现的倾向性(co-occurrence tendency) 。在语篇中，围绕着一定的话题，一定的词往往同时出现，而其他一些词就不大可能出现或根本不会出现。
词汇的同现关系包括：反义关系、互补关系、局部-整体关系、搭配关系等。
2.1 反义关系
(Inaugural Speech by John F. Kennedy) 2.2 互补关系
互补关系由两个对立项构成，因此，对一个词项的否定意味着对另一个词项的肯定，反之亦然。例如：
qualified to fill. ( A Liberal Education by T. H. Huxley)
2.3局部-整体关系
上下义关系侧重于命名上的内涵，而局部-整体关系则是侧重实体上的“内包”，如英语中的body 与arms, legs, feet, hands, heart 等构成局部-整体关系。例如：
were glass, except where the rag rugs covered it and they were spots of gay color.
(Gone with the Wind ) 2.4 搭配关系
有些在意义上相互联系的词语常常同时出现在同一语篇中，这些词语属于同一个词汇套，形成了词汇链(lexicon chain), 一个词汇套的词语倾向于在同一语篇中搭配出现，具有较强的衔接力。如：
因为没有工夫去做研究和试验。我
When summer comes, my little yard is covered with flowers, so there is no playground for
And I don?t want to shed my tears from time to time.
Section B Coherence
连贯(coherence): 是语篇中语义上的相互关联。存在于语篇的深层，体现了语篇中各个成分之间的逻辑关系，也体现了语篇作者的交际意图和预期的语篇功能。
语篇的连贯：通过读者的理解来实现
语篇的衔接：通过语法或词汇手段来实现。
Sample:
It?s lonely at the top. Just ask IBM. While a crowd of Lilliputian competitors is nibbling away at profits by selling “clones” of IBM?s personal computers, larger rivals are teaming up in an attempt to beat the computer colossus in the profitable software and office-network business.
高处不胜寒。只要请问国际商业机器公司。一群小小的竞争对手通过销售IBM个人电脑的衍生品蚕食IBM的利润，较大规模的竞争对手正在联合起来，试图在利润丰硕的软件及办公室网络业务上击败这家电脑大公司。
高处不胜寒，个中滋味，可以请问IBM公司。如今一群小公司正通过销售IBM个人电脑的复制品，渐渐蚕食着IBM的利润。与此同时，较大规模的竞争对手也正在联合起来，试图在利润丰硕的软件及办公室网络业务上击败这家电脑大公司。
1.语篇连贯的主要决定因素
衔接纽带____所用词语应相互衔接、呼应
By comparison with the narrow, ironclad days of fathers, there was an expansiveness, I thought, in the days of mothers. They went to see neighbors, to shop in town, to run errands at
school, at the library, at churches. (S.R. “Women and Mean”)
跟做父亲的那种狭窄、刻板的生活相比，我觉得做母亲的日子过得比较宽松自在。她们上邻居家串门，去城里买东西，到学校、图书馆、教堂跑跑腿儿。
2. 信息的排列顺序和逻辑关系
With the fear of largely imaginary plots against his leadership, his self-confidence seemed totally to desert him.
由于害怕有人阴谋推翻他的领导，他似乎完全丧失了自信。但所谓的阴谋在很多程度上是他自己假想出来的。
Can what remains of the Aral Sea be saved? People living around what were once its northern shores in Kazakhstan think they can salvage something from one of the world?s biggest environmental disasters.
残留的咸海还能得救吗？位于哈萨克斯坦境内昔日的咸海北部海滨现已濒临干涸，但世代生活在那里的居民认为他们还有办法从这一全球空前的环境灾难中挽回损失。
3.共有知识
A：Can you tell me the time?
B: Well, the milkman has come.
Act II Microwave Popcorn
Cinema Sweet
Part II Tactics for Coherence
连贯（Coherence），是指以信息发出者和接受者双方共同了解的情景为基础，通过逻辑推理来达到语义的连贯。—语篇的“无形网络”
衔接（Cohesion），也称词语连接，是指一段话中几个部分在语法或词汇方面存在联系。联系可能存在于段落或句子之间，也可能存在于一个句子的几个部分之间。—语篇的“有形网络”
语篇参照（Intertextuality），是指文章的类型、语篇表层体现出来的遣词造句的总体特点及其行文格调和文体特征。
篇章的翻译
篇章翻译不同于单句翻译, 通读并理解全文，并对文章的内容和风格有一个完整的和全面的认识，保证译文行文连贯
1.句型多样化
2.避免重复主语
3.段落的连贯性
4.翻译中的节奏
1.句型多样化：英语注重句型变化
1.1长短句结合
1.2简单句和复杂句结合
1.3主动、被动句式间杂
1.4陈述、强调、倒装交替
工人们开了一个活跃的讨论会，他们讨论得很热烈。几乎没有听到不同的意见，最后大家都同意了这个计划。
There was a lively debate among the workers. There was enthusiasm for the idea. There was hardly a dissenting voice. There was full agreement on the subject in the end. (×)
After a lively debate on the subject, all the workers came to agreement without even a dissenting voice at last.
2.避免重复主语
如果一段文字中连续使用某一主语, 翻译时应尽量减少它的使用频率而变换另外的说法.
下午，我到图书馆，借出一本书。然后，回家吃饭。吃饭后，我把书打开，我十分烦恼，原来这本书不是我要借的书。我就是这号人：拿出一本书不看就走。我不能怪别人，只能怪自己。
I went to the library in the afternoon. I took out a book. Then I put the book under my arm. I went home to eat supper. I opened the book after supper. Then I discovered that it was not the book I wanted. I was greatly annoyed. I was such a kind of man: I always take a book while I do not look at it. I had nobody to blame but myself. (×)
In the afternoon, after borrowing a book from the library, I went back home for supper. What depressed me was that I didn?t find that it was the wrong book until after supper. That is what I am like: I take a book and run away without even a glance on it. There is nobody else to blame but myself.
如果静思太久，觉得孤独了，不妨翻开你可爱的书，书会使你轻松让你充实。在静静的空间里读一本好书，如同冬日里围坐一盆炭火与挚友谈心。平日，因工作太忙，或交际太繁，你难得与古今中外的智者交谈。而今，你却可以凝神倾听他们的教诲了。在静心的阅读中，你的学识逐渐得到增长。你也可以依随自己的爱好，去干任何一件感兴趣的事。静静地听一段音乐，专注地画几笔画，认真摆一盘残局，甚至翻翻往日影集，想念一番遥远的朋友。这些，无一不是人生的快乐。
When loneliness comes over you as a result of too much thinking, a favorite book will ease your mind and broaden your horizon. Reading a good book is like having a fireside chat with a close friend. At other times you may be so occupied with work or social intercourse as to have no time for books. Now you can peacefully listen to wise men of all times, enriching yourself with their ideas and enlarging your stock of knowledge. Or you can do other things to suit your taste: enjoy a piece of music, attentively draw a picture or arrange for a near-end game of Chinese chess. If you are in the mood, you may as well open an album and let the photos bring back memories of those far away. Isn?t any one of these a real pleasure in life?
3.段落的连贯性
汉语：“意合” ，省略连接词，不同意思通过不同的短句表达出来
英语：“形合”，借助词形变化表示各种语法关系，逻辑性强，外形完整
虚词（如连接词、介词）：把汉语句子内含的逻辑关系用英语的连接词表达出来
从句以及独立主格：把汉语的流水句译成相互照应的简单句、复合句或复杂句非谓语动词（表目的、原因、伴随的动词译为不定式、分词、名词、介词等）：把汉语的众多动词分清顺序或分清主次，编排成英语的习惯表达
9月10日是教师节。教师在人们的心目中究竟是什么样子呢？清华附中的小记者走出校门，采访了76位路人。采访发现，83%的人认为老师肩负着培养下一代的重任，是提高全民族文化素质的决定因素，值得尊敬。
Sept.10 is Teachers Day. What is the image of teachers in people's heart? Little reporters from the middle school attached to Qinghua University walked out of their school gate and interviewed 76 passersby. The interview shows that 83% people think that teachers shoulder the important task of educating the next generation, they are the decisive factor of improving the whole people's
cultural level, and they are worth of being respected. (×)
What?s the teacher's image? On Teacher's Day, Sept.10, a group of teenage reporters from the middle school attached to Qinghua University took a poll on the street on seventy six passersby. 86% of those surveyed said that teachers should be held in high esteem because they are committed to the shaping of the younger generation, an undertaking crucial to achieving a higher level of education in China.
1953年，英美两国计划对中国援朝部队使用原子弹，并准备用核武器进攻中国。当这个消息由第三国外交官转告北京时，新中国的领导人深感忧虑，立即作出了建立和发展原子弹和导弹事业的决定。
In 1953, America and England planned to use atomic bombs against Chinese aiding troops in Korea and to attack China with nuclear weapons. When the news was transferred to Beijing from diplomatic sources of a third country, the leaders of new China felt deeply worried and immediately decided to set up and develop atomic bomb and missile cause. (×)
In 1953, when they learned from diplomatic sources of a third country that the United States and Britain were prepared to attack the Chinese troops in Korea with nuclear weapons, the leaders of new China, deeply concerned, decided that China must have its own atomic bombs and missiles.
4.翻译中的节奏
我试着往前凑，它跳一跳，可是又停住，看着我，小黑豆眼带出要亲近我又不完全信任的神气。
I was gingerly edging along toward the bird when it fluttered away a little and stopped again, staring back with its small, black, bean-like eyes that had a look of distrust while seeking to be friends with me.
曲曲折折的荷塘上面，弥望的是田田的叶子。叶子出水很高，象亭亭的舞女的裙。
All over this winding stretch water, what meets the eye is a silken field of leaves, reaching rather high above the surface, like the skirts of dancing girls in all their grace.
Part III Passage Translation
语篇翻译
一）英译汉
(1)文学翻译
萨克雷，《名利场》
（her eyes）so attractive ,that the Reverend Mr .Crisp,fresh from Oxford , and curate to the Vicar of Chiswick, the Reverend Mr .Flowerdew ,fell in love with Miss Sharp ,being shot dead by a glance of her eyes which was fired all the way across Chiswick Church from the school pew to the reading desk. This infatuated young man used sometimes to take tea with Miss Pinkerton , to whom he had been presented by his mamma ,and actually proposed something like marriage in an intercepted note which the one-eyed apple women was charged to deliver.
契息克得弗拉沃丢牧师手下有一个副牧师，名叫克里斯伯，刚从牛津大学毕业，竟爱上了她。夏波小姐的眼风穿过契息克教堂，从学校的包座直射到牧师的讲台，一下子就把克里斯波牧师射的灵魂出窍。这昏了头的小伙子本来是他妈妈介绍个平克顿小姐的，有时也来和平克顿小姐喝茶，他托那个独眼的卖苹果女人给他传递情书，被人发现，信里面的简直等于向夏波小姐求婚。评语：《名利场》揭露和讽刺了英国上流社会的堕落和虚伪。译者深刻领
会作者的创作意图，用生动的笔触再现了原作那颇具讽刺味道的语言风格，其语言风格之形象与传神，实在令人叹服。
（2）新闻文体翻译
American?s Careening Foreign Policy
Realities: It is unglamorous to articulate, and complex to conduct, centrists policy .But only this course can marshal our resources, meet global reality and maintain rapport. Since World War II our major achievement have been forged at center. American foreign policy must contain element of both power and principal, to promote both security and justice.
For our adversaries we need firmness and negotiation. With our allies we need to lead to evoke great contribution. For national security we must strength defenses and search for arms control .In the developing word we must address the East-West dimension and deeper roots of unrest.
摇摆不定的美国对外政策
现实情况：阐述一项不偏不倚的政策是乏味的，执行这项政策更为复杂。但是，唯有这条路线能使我们积聚一切资源，面对世界现实冰保持国内的和谐一致。二战以来，我们的重大成就都是靠中间路线创建的。吗，美国俄对外政策必须兼备力量和原则二要素，已达促进安全正义之一双重目的。
跟敌对国家，我们既要坚定，不妥协，也要恨他们谈判。与盟国时寻求军备控制。在发展中国家，我们在顾及东西方关系这个领域的同时，也要着手解决造成不安定形式的更为深刻的根源。
评语：从上例翻译可已看出，在新闻评论的翻译中译者应着力体现其逻辑严密，文笔庄重，准确，简明，富有概括性，哲理性的特点。
（3）应用文体翻译
Dear sir,
I am writing this letter in the hope that you will admit me into your Intensive English class starting in January. I have heard a lot about your institute, and I hope I could study with you.
I have enclosed a copy of I-20 form issued by the University of Montana. As soon as I finish your course I plan to work for my M.A. degree in the University of Montana. I am sure that if attend your Intensive English class, I can get much more out of my graduate work.
If your can send me the I-20form indicating my acceptance, I can prepare to leave at once. I hope that you will allow me to comer and study with you. I hope to hear from you soon. Sincerely yours
John Smith
亲爱的先生：
久闻贵校大名，盼望来贵校学习。今特写此信，希望获准入学参加贵校一月份的英语强化版班。
随信寄上一份蒙大拿大学的I-20表格。我打算学完贵校的课程以偶，去蒙大拿大学读硕士学位。我相信你们的强化版纳对我将来的研究生课程的学习一定会大有帮助。
如果能收到你们寄来的I-20表格，确认已经被录取，我随即启程前往。我希望能同意我的来贵校学习。请及时回复。
您真诚的
约翰.史密斯（4）科技英语翻译[Introduction]
This paper describes a programming tool which we have been using for nearly two years. It is
very effective, both for finding “bugs” and also for che cking that a program is in fact operating correctly. The too; works in conjunction with our STAB-1 program development system (STAB-1 is a soft ware writing language derived originally from BCPL). A similar tool could be constructed for use with virtually any language or program development system. Here we would like to direct attending o what we believe are the major advantages of this type of tool ,and to indicate which features have been most successful, and wet think are worth incorporating in other similar systems. [引言]
本文描述了一种程序设计工具，我们使用这种工具已将近两年。这种工具，对于寻找“故障”和检验程序的正常运行，都是很有效的。这种工具结合我们STAB-1程序编制系统一起工作（STAB-1 是一种最初从BCPL派生出来的软件写作语言）可以制成一种类似的工具，实际上可供任何语言形式或程序编制系统使用。这里放在我们所认为的这种工具的主要优点上，并指出哪些特征是最成功的，以及有哪些特征使我们认为值得引进到其他类似系统中去。（5）广告英语翻译
The Northern Trust Company in Chicago is grateful we did not inspire that telling quotation from Robert Forts ,Frost was a four-time recipient of the Pulitzer Prize Poetry ,and his remark demonstrates his crusty New England sense satire.
For over 96 years we?ve been protecting people from a rainy day, and now we?ve serving today?s generation. With personal banking products like our Equity Credit Line. It lets you use the roof over your head to gain a personal line of credit We want to talk to you about it. And about all your banking needs.
If you don?t want to get well , give us a call .
We want to talk, and you can quote us.
我们芝加哥“北方信托公司”非常庆幸没有激发弗罗斯特写出这么一句惊人的名言。弗罗斯特曾今因其诗歌四次获普利策奖，他这番话倒是显露出此人犀利的新英格兰讽刺感。
96年来我们一直在雨天防护者人们，而如今我们正以个性化的银行产品如“Equity Credit Line ”方案，来服务今天的这一代，让您利用头上的屋顶，获得个人贷款的最高额。我们想跟您谈谈这个方案，以及您需要的一切银行服务
如果您不想淋湿的话，请给我们一个电话。
我们需要谈一谈，您可以相信我们所说的.
（二）汉译英
1.Ode to the Autumn Sound
作者：欧阳修（宋朝）[2]
Written by Ouyang Xiu (Song Dynasity)
简介及其英译：
《秋声赋》是宋代文赋的典范。文章第一段写作者夜读时听到秋声，从而展开了对秋声的描绘。第二段是对秋声的描绘和对秋气的议论。从“草木无情”到“黟然黑者为星星”，作者将无情的草木和有灵的人类作对比，从而推出题旨：“奈何以非金石之质，欲与草木而争荣。念谁为之戕贼，亦何恨乎秋声！”这一段，作者在极力渲染秋气对自然界植物的摧残的基础上，指出对于人来说，人事忧劳的伤害，比秋气对植物的摧残更为严重得多；因而，想想这是谁对他们的伤害，就不会去怨恨秋声了，这也就是作者要表达的文中主题。全文紧扣题目，意境、气氛统一；而结尾表现的孤独感，更深深感染读者。人事忧劳对人的伤害更甚于秋气对草木的摧残,这是作者经历了数十年宦海沉浮后对人生的慨叹。
Brief Introduction:
Ode to the Autumn Sound was a good model of the article with the ode style in the Song
Dynasty. In the first paragraph the author wrote that he heard the autumn sound in his night reading, thus he spread out the description of the autumn sound in detail. The second paragraph described further the autumn sound and commented on the sough autumn air. From "the grass and trees are heartless" to "the black hair turns to hoary", the author compared the heartless grass and trees with the intelligent human being and then pushed forward the subject of this article: "The people's bodies are not made up of metal and stone, why they compete with grass and trees for glory? One should consider who is injuring himself, therefore there is no need to hate the autumn sound again.'' In this paragraph, the author, on the base of making every effort to dramatize how the autumn sound ravaged extremely the plants in nature, and then pointed out that the injury to human being due to anxiety and exhaustion is more critical than the plants destroyed. Therefore, if considering of who is injuring people themselves, they need not hate the autumn sound again. This was the main subject of this article, which the author wanted to express. The full text of this article grasped tightly this subject with the artistic conception and the atmosphere of unity so as to move the readers deeply by his solitary feeling at the end of the text. "The injury due to anxiety and exhaustion by the human affairs to people is the more critical than the plants destroyed by the autumn sound''. It was the author's sigh with regret to people lives when he was after the experience of several decades in his ups and downs of officialdom.
正文及其英译：
欧阳子方夜读书[3],闻有声自西南来者。悚然而听之[4],曰:“异哉!” 初淅沥以萧飒[5],忽奔腾而砰湃[6],如波涛夜惊,风雨骤至。其触于物也, 鏦鏦铮铮，金铁皆鸣[7];又如赴敌之兵,街枚疾走[8],不闻号令,但闻人马之行声。余谓童子:"此何声也? 汝出视之。“童子曰:"星月皎洁,明河在天[9],四无人声,声在树间。”
While I, the Ouyangcius, read at night, there was the sound come from Southwest. I listened horrifyingly to it, and said, “How strange it is!” At the beginning, the sound was just like the pattering rain and the soughing wind; suddenly, it became surging forward and rolling around, as if people were frightened by the huge waves in the terrible night and the violent storm would come soon. When touching objects, it sent out the tone of "Congcong" and "Zhengzheng", just like the sound of colliding between metals. The sound was also like the trotting soldiers, who hold the gags in the mouths and go to fight the enemy. I could not hear the orders but only heard the sound of the marching troops. I asked my young servant, "Where the sound comes from? Go out and see around!" Soon He returned, and answered, "The stars and the Moon are still bright and clear; the Milky Way is still in the sky. Nobody is around; the sound comes between the trees!"
余曰:“噫嘻悲哉[10]!此秋声也,胡为而来哉[11]?”盖夫秋之为状也:其色惨淡[12],烟霏云敛[13];其容清明,天高日晶;其气慄冽[14],砭人肌骨[15];其意萧条,山川寂寥[16]。故其为声也,凄凄切切,呼号愤发。丰草绿缛而争茂[17],佳木葱茏而可悦[18];草拂之而色变[19],木遭之而叶脱;其所以摧败零落者,乃其一气之余烈[20]。夫秋,刑官也[21],于时为阴[22];又兵象也[23],于行用金[24];是谓天地之义气[25],常以肃杀而为心[26]。天之于物,春生秋实。故其在乐也,商声主西方之音;夷则为七月之律[27]。商,伤也[28],物既老而悲伤;夷,戮也[29],物过盛而当杀[30]。
I said, "Alas! And also, lackaday! It is the autumn sound, why it comes here now?" Yet, the state of the autumn: the scenery is gloomy; the colors fade amid gathering steam and drifting clouds; the appearance is clear and bright; the sky is high and the Sun is brilliant; the breath is extremely cold even to cut people's bone; the prospect is desolate and the landscape is silent and lonely. So the autumn sound is mournful and wails with anger. Originally, the abundant grass was green and luxuriant to strive for luxuriance, and the nice and beautiful trees were verdant and
delighted by the people. However the grass touched with the autumn sound slightly, it would change their color; and the trees met the autumn sounds but only a while, they would drop their leaves. Why can the autumn sound urge objects to damage, bare trees and wither the grass? It is because of the residual strength of the autumn sound's breath. Autumn is a punishment officer, who belongs to the Feminine or Negative in time. Autumn is also the symbol of the military affairs, which belong to the Metal in the five basic elements. So the breath of autumn is harsh and raw, always taking stern punishment as its aim of action. All objects in the world treated by the heaven almost grow up in the spring and are harvested in autumn. So, in music, the tone of "Shuang" primarily takes charge of the Western and "Yi" is the tonality of the seventh month. "Shuang" expresses injury. Therefore, when the objects already become old, and then the sadness will come into being. "Yi" is also being slaughtered: when the objects are excess，then the surplus will be killed.
"嗟乎!草木无情,有时飘零。人为动物,惟物之灵[31],百忧感其心,万事劳其形,有动于中,必摇其精[32]。而况思其力之所不及,忧其智之所不能,宜其渥然丹者为槁木,黟然黑者为星星[33]。奈何以非金石之质,欲与草木争荣。念谁为之戕贼,亦何恨乎秋声[34]!"
"Alas! The grass and trees are heartless, sometimes become faded and fallen. People being animals are the most intelligent of all objects in the world. Numerous anxieties would affect their hearts and all things would tire of their bodies; shaking in the heart surely would injure their energy. Moreover, thinking what is beyond their power and worrying about what is unable to be gotten by their intelligence, certainly make the rosy facial features becomes faded and the black hair turns to hoary. The people's bodies are not made up by metal and stone, why they compete with grass and trees for glory? One should think who is injuring him, so there is no need to hate the autumn sound again.''
童子莫对[35],垂头而睡。但闻四壁虫声唧唧,如助余之叹息。
The young servant was silent, lowered down his head and fell asleep. Then I only heard the chirps of the insect sound on walls like helps to my sigh of sorrow！
中文注释：
[1]本文作于宋仁宗嘉祐四年(1059)。以秋声发端，描绘暮秋山川寂寥、草木凋零的萧条景象，极渲染之能事。
[2]欧阳修(1007-1072),字永叔，号醉翁，晚年又号六一居士，庐陵(今江西吉安县)人，是北宋诗文革新运动的领导人，作品以散文的成就最高，为唐宋八大家之一。宋仁宗天圣八年进士。庆历初年为谏官，政治上站在范仲淹一边，主张革新。因受政敌排斥，屡遭贬谪，曾做地方官多年。晚年政治上趋向保守。有《欧阳文忠公集》。
[3]欧阳子：作者自称。
[4]悚然：吃惊的样子。
[5]淅沥：象形词，形容雨、雪、落叶等声音。萧飒：风声。
[6]砰湃：同"澎湃"。浪涛冲激声。
[7]鏦鏦铮铮(cōng zhēng聪争):金属相击声。
[8]衔枚：古代行军时为了防止喧哗，叫士兵嘴里衔着一支筷子似的东西，称"衔枚"。
[9]明河：明亮的银河。
[10]噫嘻：感叹声。
[11]胡为：为何，怎样。
[12]惨淡：阴暗无色；凄惨。
[13]烟霏云敛：烟飞云聚，指阴天。
[14]慄冽：寒冷。
[15]砭：以针刺治病，这里作刺讲。
[16]寂寥：寂静空旷。
[17]绿缛：碧绿茂密。
[18]葱茏：形容草木青翠而茂盛。
[19]拂之：碰上秋声。拂：去。
[20]一气：指秋气。余烈：余威。
[21]刑官：周代以天地四时之名命六官，司寇为秋官，掌刑狱，后世因以秋官为刑部的通称，故秋属刑官。
[22]于时为阴：古人用阴阳二气的升降消长来解释季节的变化，并以阴阳二气配四时，春夏为阳，秋冬为阴。故秋在四时中受阴气支配。
[23]兵象：战争的象征。古代征伐、治兵，多在秋天，秋天属金，故言秋为兵象。
[24]于行用金：在五行中属金。古人用金、木、水、火、土五行的学说来解释社会和自然现象，并用五行配四时，秋属金。
[25]义气：指秋为阴阳二气的正常变化。
[26]肃杀：严酷萧瑟的样子，指万物凋敝。
[27]"故其"三句：意谓因此表现在音乐上，"五音"中的商代表西方的声音，"十二律"中的夷则属于七月的律调。按古人把音乐的音调分为五音十二律，用五音与四时相配，用十二律与十二月相配。五音中的商音属秋，(秋的方位属西)，十二月律的夷则与七月相配。
[28]商，伤也：商的意思就是悲伤。
[29]夷，戮也：夷的意思就是杀戮。
[30]物过盛而当杀：万物的盛衰是合理的自然现象。
[31]"人为"两句意谓：人是动物，在万物中是最有灵性的。
[32]"百忧"四句意谓：人有忧愁劳苦，比草木更容易衰老。精：指人的精神、元气。
[33]"宜其"两句意谓：难怪人们红润的面容忽然变得象枯木一样，乌黑的头发很快变白。渥(wō窝)然丹者：红润的脸色。渥：沾润，浓抹。丹：朱红色。黟(yī衣)：黑的样子。星星：形容鬓发花白。
[34]"念谁"两句意谓：是谁使人受到这样的残害，还不是由于人的忧劳，又何必去怨恨无知的秋声呢？戕贼：残害。何：何必。
[35]莫对：不回答
2.丑石The Ugly Stone
我经常遗憾我家门前那块丑石呢：它黑黝黝地卧在那里，牛似的模样，谁也不知道是什么时候留在这里的，谁也不去理会它。只是麦收时节，门前摊满了麦子，奶奶总是一要说：这块丑石，多碍地面呦，多时把它搬走吧。
I often pitied the ugly stone lying in front of our house. It was black and looked like an ox. Nobody in the village could tell when it was left there. Everyone ignored it. Every year when the harvested wheat was spread and dried over the ground outside our house, grandmother would say: We should have the ugly stone moved away. It takes too much space.”
于是，伯父家盖房，想以它垒山墙，但苦于它极不规则，没棱角儿，也没平面儿；用錾破开吧，又懒得花那么大力气，因为河滩并不甚远，随便去搧一块回来哪一块也比它强。房盖起来，压铺台阶，伯父也没有看上它。有一年，来了一个石匠，为我家洗一台石磨，奶奶又说：用这块丑石吧，省得从远处搬运。石匠看了看，摇着头，嫌它石质太细，也不采用。
Consequently my uncle planed to use the ugly stone for the gable of his new house, but it proved unusable. It was irregular in shape, uneven an short of corners, and my uncle would not
take the trouble to break it with a chisel because it was much easier to fetch a stone more suitable than this one from the nearby riverbank. And he even disdained to use it for the step of his newly built house. One year a mason came to the village, we asked him to make a mill. Grandmother suggested to him, “you may use the ugly stone so that you don?t have to fetch another one from afar.” The mason took a look at it and shook his head. He thought it too fine for the millstone.
它不像汉白玉那样的细腻，可以凿下刻字雕花，也不像大青石那样的光滑，可以供来浣纱捶布；它静静地卧在那里，院边的槐荫没有庇覆它，花儿也不再在它身边生长，荒草便繁衍出来，枝蔓上下，慢慢地，竟锈上了绿苔，黑斑。我们这些作孩子的，也讨厌起来，曾合伙要搬走它，但力气又不足；虽时时咒骂它，嫌弃它，也无可奈何，只好任它留在那里去了。
Chinese characters and flowers can?t be carved on the ugly stone for it was not so fine as a pieceof white marble. Clothes could not be washed on it for it was not so smooth as a bluish cobble. It stayed there quietly. The pagoda tree near the wall did not give shade to it. Flowers did not grow around it. Weed grow rank.. crept over it and gradually it was covered with green moss and black spots. We children began to disliking it. We tried in vain to move it away because we did not have enough strength. Although we got tired of it and often cursed at the ugly stone, we could do nothing but leave it where it was.
稍稍能安慰我们的，是在那石上有一个不大不小的坑凹儿，雨天就盛满了水。常常雨过三天了，地上已经干燥，那石凹里的水还有，鸡儿便去了那里喝饮。每每到了十五的夜晚，我们盼那满月出来，就爬到其上，翘望天边；奶奶总是要骂的，害怕我们摔下来，磕破了我们的膝盖呢。
However the medium-sized hollow in the ugly stone pleased us a bit. The hollow was filled with water when it rained. But three days after the rain when the ground became dry, there was still water in the hollow, where chickens went to drink. On the evening of the fifteenth day of each lunar month, we would climb onto the stone and stand there, looking up at the sky in the hope of seeing the full moon. Fearing that we might fall from it, grandmother would scold us. She had reasons to feel anxious for I hurt my knees when I fell off the stone that time.
人人都骂它是丑石，它真是丑得不能再丑的丑石了。
Everyone in the village called it the ugly stone. It was the ugliest of all the stones in the world.
终有一日，村子里来了一位天文学家。他在我家门前路过，突然发现了这块石头，眼光立刻就拉直了。他再没有走去，就住了下来；以后又来了好些人，说这是一块陨石，从天上落下来已经有二三百年了，是一件了不起的东西。不久便来了车，小心翼翼地将它运走了。
One day an astronomer came. As he walked in front of our house and spotted the ugly stone, he riveted his eyes on it at once. He simply stayed in our house. Later many people came and they said the ugly stone was a precious aerolite that fell from the sky two or three hundred years ago. Afterwards ,a lorry entered the village and carefully carried it to some other place.
这使我们都很惊奇！这又怪又丑的石头，原来是天上的呢！它补过天，在天上发过热，闪过光，我们的先祖或许仰望过它，它给了他们光明，向往，憧憬；而它落下来了，在污土里，荒草里，一躺就是几百年了？！
This amazed us！It turned out that the weird, ugly stone had come from the sky, where it had twinkled sending out warmth. Our ancestors might have looked up at it. It had given them light, hope and longing. But the fallen stone had simply lain in mud and weeds for hundreds of years!
奶奶说，“真看不出！它那么不一般，却怎么连墙也砌不成，台阶也垒不成呢？”
“I can?t imagine why such an uncommon stone could not be used for the gable or the step?” grandmother asked.
“它是太丑了。”天文学家说。
“it is too ugly”, answered the astronomer.
“真的，是太丑了。” “ sure, it is too ugly.”
“可这正是它的美！”天文学家说，“它是以丑为美的。”
“ but it?s beauty just come from its ugliness,” said the astronomer. “ it takes ugliness for beauty.”
“以丑为美？”
“it takes ugliness for beauty ?”
“是的，丑到极处，便是美到极处。正是因为它不是一般的顽石，当然不能去做墙，做台阶，不能去雕刻，捶布。它不是做这些小玩意儿的，所以常常就遭到世俗的讥讽。”
“ yes. The ugliness turns out to be the most beautiful. Neither could it be used for the gable or the step, nor could Chinese characters be carved or clothes be washed on it, of course, just because it was an uncommon stone. Therefore it was often sneered at by people with common views on account of its unsuitability for trifling things.”
奶奶脸红了，我也脸红了。我感到自己的可耻，也感到丑石的伟大；我甚至怨恨它这么多年竟会默默地忍受着这一切？而我又立即深深地感到它那种不屈于误解，寂寞的生存的伟大。
I feel ashamed of myself… even though I resent its peaceful endurance for all the misfortunes for so many years, I felt deeply moved at once by its not yielding to misunderstanding and its lonely existence. I perceive that the ugly stone is great.