油田生产事业部钻井专业高级英语题库
一、专业词汇英译汉（125题）
1Drilling Superintendent 钻井监督
2OIM 海上设施经理
3Senior Toolpusher 高级队长
4Junior Toolpusher 值班队长
5Driller 司钻
6Assistant Driller（简AD）副司钻
7Derrick Man 井架工
8Floor Man （或roughneck）钻工
9Barge Master（或captain）船长
10First Mate(或Barge Engineer) 大副
11Chief Engineer 轮机长
12Flag Man(或Head of Roustabout) 甲板班长
13Crane Operator 吊车工
14Roustabout 甲板工
15Mechanic 机械师
16Electrician 电气师
17Motorman 轮机员
18Welder 焊工
19Warehouse Man (或Material Man) 材料员
20Medic 医生
21Safety Supervisor 安全监督
22Interpreter（或translator）翻译
23Chief Steward 管事
24Cook 厨师
25Steward 厨工
26Laundry Man 洗衣工
27Company Man (或Operator’s Representative) 公司代表28Geologist 地质师
29Mud Logging Engineer(或Mud logger) 泥浆录井工程师
30Mud Engineer 泥浆工程师
31Cementer 固井工
32Cement Engineer 固井工程师
33Testing Engineer 试油工程师
34Wireline Logging Engineer 电测工程师
35Drawworks 钻井绞车
36Top Drive System(简TDS) 顶驱
37Crown Block 天车
38Traveling Block 游车
39Pipe Spinning Wrench 钻杆气动扳手
40Cat Head 液压猫头
41Fishing Tool 打捞工具
42Power Tong 动力大钳
43Air Winch (或Air Tugger) 气动绞车
44Crown Block Saver 防碰天车装置
45Mud Pump 泥浆泵
46Shale Shaker 振动筛
47Desilter 除泥器
48Desander 除沙器
49Degasser 除气器
50Centrifuge 离心机
51Mud Agitator 泥浆搅拌器
52Mud Mixing System 泥浆混合系统
53Centrifugal Pump 离心泵
54Rotary Hose 水龙带
55Bulk Air System and Tank 吹灰系统和灰罐
56Pipe Ram Preventer 管子闸板防喷器
57Annular Preventer 万能防喷器
58BOP Stack 防喷器组
59Gate Valves 闸阀
60Standpipe Manifold 立管管汇
61Choke and Kill Manifold 阻流压井管汇
62Remotely Operated Panel 远程控制面板
63Choke Control Panel 阻流控制面板
64Diverter 转喷器
65Vent 通风口、通气口
66Air Supply Fan 供气扇
67Mooring System 锚泊系统
68Communication Equipment 通讯设备
69Jacking System 升降系统
70Skidding System 井架滑移系统
71Windlass 锚机
72Anchor 锚
73Buoy 浮标
74Emergency Generator 应急发电机
75Water Maker (或desalinization unit) 造淡机76Boiler 锅炉
77Air-conditioning System 空调系统
78Sea Water Service Pump 海水供给系统
79Transformer 变压器
80MCC 马达控制中心
81VFD 变频器
82Fire Control System 消防控制系统
83Portable Extinguisher 移动灭火器
84Fire-Fighting Equipment 消防设备
85Lifeboat 救生艇
86(Inflatable) Life Raft (气胀式)救生筏
87Breathing Apparatus（或breather）呼吸器
88Life Jacket (或life vest) 救生衣
89Life Buoy 救生圈
90Mud Logging Unit 泥浆录井房
91Standby Boat 值班船
92Day (night) Shift 白（夜）班
93Sack Storage Area 散装材料储存区
94BHA: Bottom Hole Assembly下部钻具组合
95TVD: True Vertical Depth （定向井的）垂直深度
96SCR: Silicon Controlled Rectifier 可控硅
97WOW: Wait on Weather 等候天气
98WOC :Wait on Cement 候凝
99WOB: Weight On Bit 钻压
100RPM: Revolution Per Minute 转速/分钟
101SWL: Safe Working Load 安全工作负荷
102API :American Petroleum Institute 美国石油学会
103IADC: International Association of Drilling Contractors 国际钻井承包商协会
104drilling under pressure/under balance pressure drilling欠平衡钻井
105drilling over pressure 过平衡钻井
106near-balance pressure drilling 近平衡钻井
107DST---drilling stem test 中途测试
108ECD---equivalent circulating density 等效/当量循环密度
109gas-cut mud/气侵泥浆
110fault 断层
111filter cake 滤饼
112filter loss 滤失量
113flow check 溢流检测
114formation breakdown pressure 地层破裂压力
115formation competency test 地层承压能力测试
116formation fracture gradient地层破裂压力梯度
117hydrostatic pressure静液压力
118ICP(initial circulating pressure) 初始循环压力
119FCP (final circulating pressure) 终了循环压力
120 permeability 渗透性
121pit gain 泥浆池增量
122rate of penetration (ROP)机械钻速 m/hr
123snub 不压井起下钻
124stripping in/out 强行起/下钻
125swab 抽汲
二．专业词汇汉译英（100题）
1.异常压力 abnormal pressure
2.储能器瓶 accumulator bottle
3.酸化压裂 acid fracture(AF)
4.可调节流阀 adjustable choke
5.环空压力(套压) annular pressure/casing pressure
6.立压 drillpipe pressure
7.环空上返速度 annular velocity
8.倒扣/卸扣 back off
9.回压 back-pressure
10.防喷器控制系统 blowout preventer control unit(Closing unit)
11.上返时间 bottoms-up time
12.迟到时间 lag time
13.套管破裂压力 casing burst pressure
14.单向阀 check valve
15.节流阀 choke
16.关井压力 closed-in pressure （shut-in pressure）
17.司钻法 driller’s method
18.等待加重法/工程师法 wait-and-weight method
19.钻具内防喷器 inside blowout preventer
20.井涌 kick /overflow
21.压井管线 kill line
22.堵漏剂 lost circulation additives
23.泥浆压力梯度 mud gradient
24.返出物 returns
25.浅层气 shallow gas
26.井塌 cave in
27.循环池 Active tank
28.沉砂池 Settling pit
29.空气包 Air chamber
30.套管割刀 Casing cutter
31.刮管器 Casing scraper
32.井口甲板 Cellar deck
33.灌注泵 Charging pump
34.回压凡尔 Check valve
35.离合器 Clutch
36.冷却水泵 Cooling-water pump
37.变换接头 Crossover joint(x/o)
38.滚筒 Drum
39.指梁 Finger board
40.打捞震击器 Fishing jars
41.铣鞋 Milling shoe
42.近钻头扶正器 Near-bit stabilizer
43.非磁钻铤 Non-magnetic drilling collar
44.鹅颈管 Goose neck pipe
45.内外加厚 Internal external upset
46.内平钻杆接头 Internal flush joint
47.打捞杯 Junk sub
48.方钻杆保护接头 Kelly protective sub
49.键槽破坏器 Key seat reamer
50.弯管 Knee pipe
51.锁紧螺栓 Lock bolt
52.开口扳手 Open-ended spanner
53.梅花扳手 Ring spanner
54.钳子 Pincers
55.铆钉 Rivet
56.套筒扳手 Socket
57.虎钳 vice(vise)缸套 Liner
58.活塞 Piston
59.活塞皮碗 Piston cup
60.活塞杆 Piston rod
61.旋塞阀 Plug valve
62.气动工具 Pneumatic tool
63.滑轮 Pulley
64.反循环打捞篮 Reverse circulation junk basket
65.钢圈 Ring gasket
66.立根盒 Setback
67.螺旋钻铤 Spiral drill collar
68.盘根盒 Stuffing box
69.井架大门 v-door
70.冲管 wash pipe
71.耐磨补芯 wear bushing
72.造斜器，斜向器 whip stock
73.钻杆排放区 Pipe Rack Area
74.坡道 Ramp
75.餐厅 Mess(也称Dining) Room
76.娱乐室 Recreation Room
77.工衣房 Change Room
78.厨房 Kitchen
79.套管扶正台 Casing Stabbing Board
80.通管器 Rabbit
81.尾管 Liner
82.导管 Conductor
83.扩眼钻头 Reamer
84.打捞筒 Overshot
85.打捞篮 Junk Basket
86.打捞矛 Spear
87.打捞公锥 Fishing Tap
88.下部钻具组合 Bottom Hole Assembly （BHA）
89.重晶石 Barite
90.般土 Bentonite
91.润滑油 Lubricant (Lube/Lube Oil)
92.黄油 Grease
93.添加剂 Additive
94.烧碱 Caustic Soda
95.稀释剂 Thinner
96.氧气 Oxygen
97.氮气 Nitrogen
98.乙炔 Acetylene
99.万用表 Multimeter
100.焊机 Welding Machine
三．专业英语阅读理解（25题）
1. Power System
The main function of a rotary rig is to drill a hole, or as it is known in the industry, to make hole. Making hole with a rotary rig requires not only qualified personnel, but a lot of equipment as well. In order to learn about the components that it takes to make hole, it is convenient to divide them into four main systems: power, hoisting, rotating, and circulating. Various components comprise the last three systems, but all require power to make them work.
Practically every rig uses internal-combustion engines as its prime power source, or its prime mover. A rig's engines are similar to the one in a car except that rig engines are bigger, more powerful, and do not use gasoline as a fuel. Also, rigs require more than one engine to furnish the needed power. Most rig engines today ate diesels, although some are still around that burn natural or liquefied gas as a fuel. Gas engines use spark plugs to ignite the fuel-air mixture in their combustion chambers to produce power.
On the other hand, diesel engines do not have spark plugs. Instead, the fuel-air mixture is ignited by the heat that is generated by compression inside the engine. Any time a gas is compressed, its temperature rises; compress it enough (as in a diesel engine), and, if it's flammable, it gets hot enough to ignite. Therefore, diesel engines are sometimes called compression-ignition engines, while gas and gasoline are called spark-ignition engines. Diesel engines have almost totally
supplanted gas engines because diesel engines are generally less expensive to operate.
A rig, depending on its size and how deep a hole it must drill, may have from two to four engines. Naturally, the bigger the rig, the deeper it can drill and the more power it will need. Thus, the big rigs have three or four engines, all of them together developing up to 3000 or more horsepower. Of course, once all the horsepower is develop, it must be sent, or transmitted, to the components to be put to work. Two common methods are used to transfer the power electrical and mechanical.
1. Compared with a rig's engines the one in a car is bigger and more powerful.（F）
2. A rig needs two or more engines for the required power. （T）
3. Diesel engines are different from gas engines in that diesel engines use spark plugs to ignite the fuel-air mixture in their combustion chambers to produce power. （F）
4. Gas engines are less expensive to operate than diesel engines. （F）
5. Three or four engines in a big rig will produce up to 30 000 or more horsepower. （F）
2. The Drawworks and the Cat-heads
The drawworks is a big, heavy piece of machinery. It consists of a revolving drum around which the wire rope called the drilling line is spooled or wrapped. It also has a cat shaft on which the cat-heads are mounted. Further, it has several other shafts, clutches, and chain-and-gear drives for speed and direction changes. It also contains a main brake, which has the ability to stop and prevent the drum from turning. When heavy loads are being raised or lowered, the main brake is assisted by an auxiliary hydraulic or electric brake to help absorb the momentum created by a heavy load.
Typically, four cat-heads are mounted on the cat shaft of the drawworks. A cat-head looks somewhat like a cat's head when viewed end on. Two different types of cat-heads
are mounted on each end of the cat shaft, which extends out from both sides of the drawworks. On the very ends of the cat shaft are the friction cat-heads and right next to them are the automatic or mechanical cat-heads.
A friction cat-head is a relatively small, spool-shaped device. Using a large fiber rope (called the catline) wrapped several times around the spool of the friction cat-head, a crew member can use the cat-head to hoist pieces of equipment that have to be moved around on the rig floor. Many rigs are now equipped with small air-powered hoists that are used in place of the friction cat-heads. Air hoists are items of equipment separate from the drawworks and are much safer and easier to use than a cat-head.
A mechanical cat-head can be employed to make up or break out the drill string when it is being taken out or being put into the hole, or when a length of drill pipe is added as the hole deepens. The mechanical cat-head located on the side of the drawworks near the driller's position is the makeup cat-head because it plays a part when drill pipe is made up. The mechanical cat-head on the other side of the drawworks is the breakout cat-head because it plays a part when drill pipe is broken out.
1. Which of the following is not a part of the draw-works? （c）
a. Clutches
b. Revolving drum
c. Cat
d. Cat-shaft
2. ________ is used to stop the revolving drum from turning. （a）
a. A main brake
b. An auxiliary brake
c. A hydraulic brake
d. An electric brake
3. Which kind of cat-heads can be mounted on the cat shaft? （d）
a. Friction cat-heads
b. Automatic cat-heads
c. mechanical cat-heads
d. all of the above
4. _________can be used to replace the friction cat-heads? （d）
a. Automatic cat-heads
b. Mechanical cat-heads
c. Spool-shaped device
d. Air-powered hoists
5. Which of the following is not true? （d）
a. A mechanical cat-head can be used to make up the drill string.
b. A mechanical cat-head can be used to brake up the drill string.
c. A mechanical cat-head on the other side of the drawworks near the driller's position plays a part when drill pipe is made up.
d. A mechanical cat-head on the other side of the drawworks near the driller's position plays a part when drill pipe is broken out.
3. The Blocks and Drilling Line
A drilling line is made of wire rope that generally ranges from 1? To 1? inches in diameter. Wire rope is similar to common fiber rope, but wire rope, as the name implies, is made out of steel wires and is a fairly complex device. It looks very much like what ordinary folks call "cable" but is designed especially for the heavy loads encountered on the rig.
For wire rope to be useful as the drilling line, it has to be strung up, for it arrives at the rig wrapped on a large supply reel. So, the first step in stringing up the drilling line is to take the end of the line off the supply reel and raise the end up to the very top of the mast or derrick where a large, multiple pulley is installed. This large set of pulley is called the crown block. The pulleys are called sheaves (pronounced "shivs" ). The drilling line is reeved (threaded) over a crown block sheave and lowered down to the rig floor. On the rig floor rests (only temporarily for now) another very large set of pulleys or sheaves called the traveling block. The end of the line is reeved through one of the traveling block sheaves, and is raised again up to the crown block. There the line is reeved over a sheave in the crown block, lowered back down, reeved again through the traveling block, taken back up to the crown block, brought back down to the traveling block, and so on, until the correct number of lines has been strung up.
The number of lines, of course, is only one; but, since the drilling line is reeved several times over the crown block sheaves and through the traveling block sheaves, the effect is that of several lines. The number of lines strung depends on how much weight needs to be supported. For example, if a deep hole is going be drilled, more lines are strung (say, eight or ten) than would be strung for a shallower well. It
takes more pipes and thus a heavier load to drill a deep hole than it does to drill a shallow hole.
Once the last line has been strung over the crown block sheaves, the end of the line is lowered down to the rig floor and attached to the drum in the drawworks. Several wraps of line are then taken around the drawworks drum. The part of the drilling line running out of the drawworks up to the crown block is called the fastline---fast because it moves as the traveling block is raised or lowered in the derrick. The end of the line that runs from the crown block down to the wire-rope supply reel is then secured. This part of the line is called the deadline-dead because, once it is secured, it does not move. Mounted in the rig substructure is a device called a deadline anchors. The deadline is firmly clamped to the anchor. Now the traveling block can be raised up off the rig floor and into the derrick by taking in line with the drawworks. To lower the traveling block, line is let out of the drawworks drum. Crown blocks and traveling blocks usually look smaller than they actually are because of the distance from which they are seen. The sheaves around which the drilling line passes are often 5 feet or more in diameter, and the pins on which the sheaves rotate may be 1 foot or so in diameter. The number of sheaves needed on the crown block is always one more than the number needed in the traveling block. For example, a ten-line string requires six sheaves in the crown block and five in the traveling block. The extra sheave in the crown block is needed for reeving the deadline. Attachments to the traveling block include a large hook to which the equipment for suspending the drill string is attached.
1. The diameter of a drilling line may not be _________.（c）
a. 1?
b. 1?
c. 1? D. 1?
2. _______ is put temporarily on the rig floor. （a）
a. Traveling block
b. Crown block
c. Mast
d. Derrick
3. If one drilling line is reeved 5 times over the crown block sheaves and through the traveling block sheaves, the effect of that of ______ lines. （b）
a. 1
b. 5
c. 10
d. 15
4. The part of the drilling line running out of the drawworks up to the crown block is called ________.（d）
a. deadline
b. cable
c. wire rope
d. fast line
5. A ten-line string requires _______ sheaves in the crown block and _______ in the traveling block. （c）
a. 5...6 b. 5 (5)
c. 6...5 d. 6 (6)
4. The Bit
Diamond bits function the same as drag bits, particularly in the fact that both weight and rotary speed are directly related to drilling speed. The diamonds must be kept clean and cool, this hydraulic effort is just as important for diamond bit performance as when using roller bits. Under some condition diamond bits can drill almost as fast as roller types. They will often stay in good condition times longer, thus hole cost foot will be less notwithstanding the higher price of the diamond bit. Analysis of performance using total cost per foot is important regardless of the type of bits employed.
Roller cone, or rock, bits have cone-shaped, steel devices called cones that are free to turn as the bit rotates. Most roller cone bits have three cones, although some have two and some have four. Bit manufacturers either cut teeth out of the cones or insert very hard tungsten carbide buttons into the cones. The teeth are responsible for actually cutting or gouging out the formation as the bit is rotated. All bits have passages drilled through them to permit drilling fluid to exit. Jet bits have nozzles that direct a high velocity stream or jet of drilling fluid to the sides and bottom of each cone, so that rock cuttings are swept out of the way as the bit drills.
Diamond bits do not have cones; nor do they have teeth. Instead several diamonds
are embedded into the bottom and sides of the bit. Since diamonds are so hard, diamond bits are sometimes used to efficiently drill rock formations that are quite hard. They are also used to drill soft formation effectively.
Dull bits should be pulled when they are ready, based on reduction of drilling rate, drill pipe torque, or other indication. Drilling time, related to the weight and RPM employed and to previous runs of similar bits under similar conditions, is a good reference as to the general condition of a bit. The driller's opinion in this regard is usually the best guide.
1. Hydraulic effort is important for roller bit performance. （T）
2. The hole cost per foot with roller bits is less than that with diamond bits. （F）
3. Roller cone bits usually have two to four cones. （T）
4. Diamond bits with cones are used efficiently both for hard formations and soft formations. （F）
5. According to this passage drilling time is the best reference to the general condition of a bit for judging whether a bit is dull enough to be pulled. （F）
5．Drilling Fluids
Drilling fluid --- mud --- is usually a mixture of water, clay, weighting material, and a few chemicals. Sometimes oil may be used instead of water, or a little oil is added to the water to fice the mud certain desirable properties. Drilling mud serves several very important functions. Mud is used to raise the cuttings made by the bit and lift them to the surface for disposal. But equally important, mud also provides a means for keeping underground pressures in check. Since a hole full of drilling mud exerts pressure (just as a swimming pool full of water exerts pressure, which is why a person's ears sometimes hurt when he dives to the bottom in the deep end of a pool), the mud pressure can be used to contain pressure in a formation. The heavier or denser the mud is, the more pressure it exerts. Weighting materials --- barite is the most popular --- are added to the mud to make it exert as much pressure as needed to contain formation pressures. Clay is added to the mud so that
it can keep the bit cuttings in suspension as they move up the hole. The clay also sheaths the wall of the hole. This thin veneer of clay called wall cake makes the hole stable so it will not cave in or slough (pronounced "sluff"). Numerous chemicals are available to give the mud the exact properties it needs to make it as easy as possible to drill the hole.
In certain areas, several formations contain a large amount of shale. Although fairly easy to drill, shale causes many problems for the drilling-fluid engineer. It dispersed easily into the mud, large lumps "slough" and fall into the hole, and frequently the pores of the shale contain fluid trapped under quite high pressure. To counter this, new fluids have been developed with a different concept to the conventional mud. These new fluids are clear solutions of polymerized viscosity building agents (either polysaccharides or polyacrylamides) that give hole cleaning capacity to a solution of potassium chloride in sea-water. It has been found that these "no-solids" C polymer systems are the most efficient for drilling difficult shale sections.
In other areas including some parts of the southern North Sea, in order to drill rock salt, the drilling fluid is first saturated with salt; this avoids leaching out the salt formation which would cause enlarged hole development and consequent collapse of interbedded formations. Salt-saturated mud do not respond to thinning by conventional chemical mean and viscosity control is generally carried out by dilution method and mechanical separation of dispersed frilled solids; organic additives are used for filtration control.
Other drilling-fluid chemical control methods include the application of suitable additives to counteract the contaminating influence of cement left in the borehole after cementation operations, the use of corrosion inhibitors in salt mud and aerated mud, and the application of emulsifiers when oils is added to the mud improve its lubricating properties.
When a potential production zone is penetrated, production can be serious impeded by invasion of the wall of the borehole by drilling-fluid solids and water filtrate id strict control, commensurate with sate drilling practice, is not exercised.
Oil-base mud, or special (invert) oil-emulsion mud, are sometimes used to avoid the damaging influence on well productivity by aqueous filtrate.
1. Which of the following is not in the mixture of drilling fluid? （d）
a. Water
b. Oil
c. Clay
d. Lighting material
2. Drilling mud serves the following functions except ____.（c）
a. raising the cutting made by the bit
b. lifting the cutting to the surface
c. diluting
d. controlling under ground pressure
3. Which of the following is not true? （c）
a. Adding enough weighting materials to the mud may contain formation pressures.
b. Adding clay to the mud may keep the bit cuttings suspended as they move up the hole
c. Adding much oil to the mud rather than water may increase the pressure of the mud
d. Adding enough salt to the mud may avoid leaching our the salt formation
4. Shales tend to _______.（b）
a. cause many problems for the drilling-fluid engineering
b. be not easy to drill
c. disperse easily into the mud
d. come off in large lumps and fall into the hole
5. Drilling-fluid chemical control methods include the following except ________.（b）
a. the application of suitable additives to oppose the contaminating effect of cement after cementation
b. the application of suitable additives to counteract the contaminating influence of the clay left in the borehole after cementation operations
c. the application of corrosion inhibitors in slat mud and aerated mud
d. the application of emulsifiers when oil is added to the mud to improve its
lubricating properties
6．Mud Pumps and Conditioning Equipment
At one time the principal surface feature of the mud circulating system of a drilling rig was merely a hole dug in the ground adjacent to the well. Such a large variety of mechanical mud control devices are to be found on today's rigs between the mud discharge line from the well and the standpipe. The derrick man is generally responsible for the proper operation and maintenance of this equipment.
The main components of a fluid circulating system for rotary drilling involve: the pump, hose and swivel, drill string, mud return line, and pits. Mud conditioning equipment includes shale shakers, mud agitators, desanders, desilters, mud centrifuges, mud-gas separators, degassers, dry mud handling facilities, water supply equipment, and storage equipment for oil used in the mud. Accessory equipment includes the standpipe, chemical tank, mixing hopper, mud storage, and mud pit instrumentation.
The mud pump is the primary component of any fluid circulating system. Almost all mud pumps today are powered by diesel or gas engines or electric motors. Mud pumps for rotary drilling have ratings up to 1750 input horsepower (hp). They are capable of moving large volumes of fluid at pressures as high as 5000 pounds per square inch (psi), depending on the size of the pistons and the power rating of the pump. Mud pumps for drilling are usually duplex, double-acting. Reciprocating types; but triplex, single-acting pumps have become popular in recent years and are available in sixes from 350 to 1700 hp. Centrifugal pumps in sizes up to 100 hp have almost completely replaced reciprocating units for general service on rotary drilling rigs. General service includes supplying water for washdown; brake cooling; mud mixing; pump supercharging; and mud circulation through various mud conditioning devices including desanders, desilters, and degassers.
1. The main components of a fluids circulating system for rotary drilling do not involve _____.（d）
a. the pumps
b. the hose and swivel
c. the drill string
d. the mud agitator
2. Mud conditioning equipment excludes ________.（b）
a. shale shakers
b. mud return line
c. desanders and desilters
d. mud-gas separators
3. Which of the following does not belong to accessory equipment of a fluid circulating system for rotary drilling? （c）
a. The chemical tank
b. The standpipe
c. The mud centrifuge
d. The mixing hopper
4. Almost all mud pumps today are powered by ______.（d）
a. electric motors
b. diesel engines
c. gas engines
d. All of the above
5. Centrifugal pumps in sizes up to _____ hp have almost completely replaced reciprocating units for general service on rotary drilling rigs. （a）
a. 100
b. 350
c. 500
d. 1700
7．Jobs on the Rig
Drilling is one of those jobs where a man has to work his way up. Even if a man has a university or a polytechnic education, most oil companies will want him to get rig experience by working on the floor with then rotary crew for a certain period.
A boo weevil, even if he is well-educated, can be a highly dangerous person around the rotary table. He may be a danger person around the rotary table, he may be a danger to himself (by braking a leg in the mouse-hole, for example), and he may be a hazard to the other members of the crew. What might happen, for instance, if he opened the wrong valve or misunderstood an urgent instruction?
On some rigs, the first step up the ladder is the job of roustabout. A roustabout does semi-skilled labor such as scraping rust hosing down, painting, carrying cans of dope, unloading materials and supplies, etc.
Having worked for a time as a roustabout, a man might be ready for the job of roughneck. Among a roughneck's duties are such things as operating the cat-head,
handling the slips and tongs, standing pipe back in the derrick, assisting in mixing the slush, and so on. Like a roustabout, a roughneck may have to be told what to do. In general, though, roughnecks know their job well enough to get on wit hot for the minimum number of spoken instructions. It is noisy around the Kelly bushing, and events frequently take place too fast for verbal orders to be given. Much of the time, roughnecks are expected to know automatically what must be done.
Next, between the positions of roughnecks and drillers, is the job of derrickman. The derrickman works from about 60 ft. t0 90 ft. above the rig floor, near the top of the casing is run into or pulled out of the hole. The height at which he works depends on the length of the sections of pipe, casing or tubing what have to be handled. These may be in doubles, trebles or fourbles. The derrickman also cleans, oils, greases, inspects and repairs the pulley blocks and cables which are used to raise and lower section of pipe and casing. When he isn't busy on his platform up in the derrick, the derrickman usually has special responsibility for the slush pumps and tanks.
Normal drilling operations are, after all, what the rig and crew is mainly hired to do. Simply stated, that which constitutes normal drilling operations are (1) keeping a sharp bit on bottom, drilling as efficiently as possible; (2) adding a new joint of pipe as the hole deepens; (3) tripping the drill string out of the hole to put on a new bit and running it back to bottom, or making a round trip; and (4) running and cementing casing, large-diameter steel pipe that is put into the hole at various, predetermined intervals. Often, however, special casing crews are hired to run the casing and usually a cementing company is called on to place cement around the casing to bond it in place in the hole. Still, the rig crew usually assists in casing and cementing operations.
1. Most oil companies require a person to have ______ if one wants to be real driller. （d）
a. university degree
b. vocational degree
c. no family
d. rig experience
2. A boo weevil is _______.（c）
a. an insect
b. a bull
c. a new hand
d. a stranger
3. The job of roustabout can include ______.（d）
a. scraping rust hosing down
b. painting and unloading materials and supplies
c. carrying cans of dope
d. a, b and c
4. When a roughneck, a man will ______.（c）
a. give orders
b. only take orders
c. be expected to know automatically what he must do
d. be responsible for accidents
5. When a derrickman, a person will work ______.（d）
a. from 60 to 90 feet about the rig floor
b. above under the derrick
c. beside the derrick
d. on the top of the derrick
8．Tripping in
To resume drilling, a smaller bit is selected, because of must pass down inside the surface casing. To drill the surface hole, the example rig crew used a 17?-inch bit, whereas a 12?-inch bit will now be used. In this case, the inside diameter of the surface casing is 13? Inches, so in order to get adequate clearance, a 12?-inch bit is used. As before, the bit is made up on the drill collars followed by drill pipe.
Tripping the pipe back into the hole calls for a special skill in the part of one of the floormen, for he will perform a job known as throwing the spinning chain. As a stand of pipe hangs suspended in the hole, one end of the spinning chain is wrapped neatly around the tool joint of the suspended pipe. The other end of the chain is connected to the makeup cat-head. After the chain is wrapped, the crew stabs the next stand of pipe into the suspended stand, and the spinning chain is thrown. That is, the crewman, with a deft toss of the wrist, caused the chain to unwrap from the suspended pipe, move upward, and coil neatly around the tool joint of the stand that was just stabbed.
The driller then engages the cat-head to pull on the spinning chain. As the chain is pulled off the pipe, it caused the stand of the pipe to rotate, or spin. This motion screws the spinning stand into the suspended stand. The tongs are then used to buck up the stand to final tightness. Each time a stand is made up, the spinning chain and tongs are used until all of the drill string is back in the hole.
Many contractors now use special spinning tongs to spin up pipe. Spinning tongs are air-operated and automatically spin up the stand after they are latched on the pipe, eliminating the need to throw a spinning chain.
Once the drill string is back in the hole, the cement remaining inside the lower part of the casing and the concrete inside the guide shoe is drilled out, and the next portion of the hole is continued. In this part of the hole, connections may not be as frequent because some of the formation may be hard and the drilling slower. Also, at some point the bit will get dull and have to be replaced with a new one. When this happens, it is time for a round trip. Using the same techniques and tools described earlier, the drill string and bit are tripped out, a new bit, suitable for the type of formations being drilled, is made up, and the whole assembly of bit, drill collars, and drill pipe is tripped back in. several round trips may be necessary before drilling is one brought to halt.
1. To resume the drilling after the surface casing, what kind of bit is chosen? （a）
a. A bit smaller in diameter
b. A bit larger in diameter
b. A bit of the same diameter d. None of the above
2. Tripping the pipe back into the hole requires one of the floor men's special skill _____.（b）
a. to give instruction
b. to perform throwing the spinning chain
c. to call for help
d. to latch the pipe
3. One end of the spinning chain is wrapped neatly around the tool joint of the suspended pipe; the other end of the spinning chain _______.（a）
a. is connected to the makeup cat-head
b. b. is connected to the other end of the pipe
c. is connected to the middle part of the pipe
d. is hold by the floorman
4. After the chain is wrapped, the crew ______.（b）
a. wraps the other end of the joint
b. stabs the next stand of pipe into the suspended stand
c. climbs up the derrick
d. asks the thrower to come down
5. When the driller engages the cat-head to pull the spinning chain, the chain will ____.（a）
a. be pulled off the pipe
b. be wrapped tightly around the pipe
c. be lifted up
d. be contracted
9．Setting Production Casing and Perforating
If the operating company decides to set casing, casing will be brought to the well and for one final time, the casing and cementing crew run and cement a string of casing. Usually, the production casing is set and cemented through the pay zone; that is, the hole is drilled to a depth beyond the producing formation, and the casing is set to a point near the bottom of the hole. As a result, the casing and cement actually seal off the producing zone-but only temporarily. After the production string is cemented, the drilling contractor has almost finished his job except for a few final touched.
Since the pay zone is sealed off by the production string and cement, perforations must be made in order for the oil or gas to flow into the wellbore. Perforations are simply holes that are made through the casing and cement and extend some distance into the formation. The mist common method of perforating incorporates shaped-charge explosives (similar to those used in armor piercing shells).
Shaped charges accomplish penetration by creating a jet of high-pressure, high-velocity gas. The charges are arranged in a tool called a gun that is lowered into the well opposite the producing zone. Usually the gun is lowered in on wireline. When the gun is in position, the charges are fired by electronic means from the
Carry out drilling operation in accordance with the drilling program. 按钻井程序进行钻井作业. Prepared bell nipple. 准备”喇叭口”短节. Make up 2 joints of drill pipe. 接两根钻杆. Break out this connection. 卸开该接头. Run hole opener to sea bed. 下扩眼器到海底 Mix gel fluid for drilling conductor hole. 为钻导管井眼配制高粘度泥浆. Make up bottom hole assembly. 组合下部钻具 Check and reset crown-saver on every tour. 每个班都要检查并重新调整天车防碰装置. Number stands on trip out and trip in. 起下钻时给立柱编号. Pick up BHA and run to seafloor. 将下部钻具下到海底. Pick up stands. 接立柱 Don’t drill faster than 15 minutes for 1 stand. 钻进速度别超过15分钟1根立柱 Drop TOTCO. 投(陶特)测斜仪 Fish TOTCO with overshot. 用打捞筒捞起测斜仪 Resume drilling to T.D. 继续钻进到总深 Circulate 15 minutes.循环15分钟 Run in hole. 下钻 Put out of hole. 起钻 Make an inventory of all ring gaskets. 开一个所有垫圈的清单 Use spinning tong. 使用气动扳手 Operate the air winch. 操作气动绞车 Lay down 57 joints of 5” drill pipe. 甩57根钻杆 Pick up drill stem test tool. 提起钻杆测试工具 Circulate mud for 2 hours. 循环泥浆2小时 Move string during circulation. 在循环时注意活动钻具 Circulate hole clean. 循环清洗井眼 Circulate bottoms up. 循环泥浆几周 Fill up every 5 stands. 每5柱灌泥浆一次 Check mud weight every 15 minutes. 每15分钟检查泥浆比重 Reverse out excess cement. 反循环替出多余的泥浆 Change/replace old mud by new mud. 用新的泥浆替换出旧的泥浆 Stop drilling. 停止钻进 Drilling ahead. 钻进 Pull out of hole bit. 起出钻头 Change bit. 换钻头 Run the wear bushing. 下抗磨补心 The bit thread type is regular pin. 钻头丝扣是正规公扣 What’s the make-up torque? 上扣扭矩要多大? Run in 9” collars. 下9”钻铤 The cathead can’t give enough torque. 猫头力量不够 Connect crossover sub. 接上配合接头 The tong angle is too small. 大钳的角度太小了 Stop circulating. 停止循环泥浆 Break out the stand. 卸立柱
对照实物确认的钻井词汇 一、井口与井控 1.套管头升高短节（上下由法兰连接，中间是三通或四通）casing spool 2.油管悬挂器tubing hanger 3.油管悬挂器上边接有阀门的盖子tubing bonnet 4.（可焊接的）导管头（接箍）conductor connector 5.（可焊接的）套管头（接箍）casing connector 6.井口帽blanking cap & plug 7.三闸板防喷器triple slide-lok preventer 8.双闸板防喷器double slide-lok prevente 9.油/套管升高短节tubing/casing riser 10.整体式升高短节integral union riser 11.法兰×丝扣井口转换头wellhead adapter 12.井口四通两边的横向阀门wing valves 13.油管悬挂器上边的变径法兰大小头bonnet 14.上边是法兰的套管头casing flange 15.只上边是法兰，下边与表层套管焊接的套管头casing head 16.套管头内的卡瓦casing slips 17.（上法兰小，下法兰大）变径套管头casing spool crossover 18.与导管焊接的坐在圆井底的套管头landing head flange top 19.卡瓦密封套管悬挂器slips seal casing hanger
20.（上下是法兰，中间是四通的）油管升高短节tubing spool 21.柔性封隔闸板flexpacker ram 22.可变径闸板variable bore ram 23.剪切闸板shearing blind ram 24.卡瓦型套管悬挂器slip-type casing hangers 25.高负荷悬挂器high-load hanger 26.悬挂器断开式密封圈hanger isolation seal ring 27.井口封隔变径变压法兰（中间有几道密封圈，下边是低压，上边是高压）packoff/crossover flange 28.油管头（下法兰大，内带密封圈；中间是四通，上法兰小）tubing heads 29.底（下）变径法兰（下边内径大，上边内径小）basic adapter 30.单密封变径法兰（下内径大，上内径小）single seal bore adapter 31.变径大小头（下边是法兰，上边是本体上钻孔攻丝扣）coupling adapter 32.油管悬挂器转换大小头短节（上法兰小，下法兰大，下法兰内有丝扣）tubingsuspension adapter 33.双油管悬挂器dual completion tubing hanger 34.双密封孔连接法兰dual seal bore adapter 35.锁紧螺丝lockdown screw 36.（地面）单油管密封总成single packer completion 37.法兰式采油树盖子flanged tree caps 38.扰性油管悬挂器coiled tubing hanger
石油工程专业英语单词 A abnormal pressure 异常高压 absolute open flow potential 绝对敞喷流量 absolute permeability 绝对渗透率 acetic acids 乙酸 acid-fracturing treatment 酸化压裂处理 acidize 酸化 acidizing 酸化 additives 添加剂 Alkali/Surfactant/Polymer（ASP）tertiary combination flooding 三元复合驱anhydrite 无水石膏 annular space 环形空间 appraisal well 估计井，评价井 aquifer 含水层 areal sweep efficiency 面积波及系数 artificial lift methods 人工举升方法
B beam pumps 游梁式抽油机 bitumen 沥青 blast joint 耐磨钻头 block and tackle 滑轮组 blowout preventes 防喷器 blowout 井喷 bone strength 胶结强度 borehole 井筒，井眼 bottomhole/wellhead pressure 井底/井口压力bottorm water 底水 breakthrough 突破，穿透 bubble point 泡点 bubble point pressure 泡点压力 C cable tool drilling 顿钻钻井 capillary action 毛细管作用
carbonate reservoirs 碳酸盐储层 casing hanger 套管悬挂器 casing head 套管头 casing collapse 套管损坏 casing corrosion 套管腐蚀 casing leak 套管漏失 casing pressure 套管压力 casing string 套管柱 casing 套管 casing-tubing configuration 套管组合casing-tubing configuration 油套管井身结构caustic flooding 碱水驱油 cavings 坍塌 cement additive 水泥浆添加剂 cement job 固井作业 cement plug 水泥塞 cement slurry 水泥浆
修改过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译Unit 16 压力容器及其部件 压力容器时不泄露的容器。它们有各种尺寸。最小的直径不到一英寸，最大的直径能达到150英尺甚至更大。某些是埋在地下或海洋深处，多数是安放在地上或支撑在平台上，还有一些实际上是在航天飞行器中的贮槽和液压装置中。 由于内部压力，容器被设计成各种形状和尺寸。内部的压力可能低到1英寸，水的表面压力可能达到300000多磅。普通的单层表面建筑压力是15到5000磅，虽然有很多容器的设计压力高出或低于这个范围。ASME锅炉和压力标准中第八卷第一节指定一个范围从15磅在底部到上限，然而，内部压力在3000磅以上，ASME 标准，第八卷第一节，指出考虑特殊设计的情况是必要的。 压力容器的典型部件描述如下: 圆柱壳体在石化工业中对于结构压力容器圆柱壳体是经常被用到的，它是很容易制造、安装并且维修很经济。虽然在一些场合应用载荷和外压控制，要求的厚度通常由内压决定。其他因素如热应力和不连续压力可能有要求厚度决定。 成型的封头许多的端封头和过度部分有设计工程师选择。用一种结构相对另一种依靠很多因素，如成型方法、材料成本、和空间限。一些经常应用的成型封头是: 带凸缘的封头这些封头通常在较低压力的压力设备中，例如汽油罐和锅炉。有些也应用在较高压力的但是较小直径的设备中。设计和结构的许多细节在ASME 标准，第八卷第一节中给出。 半球形封头通常，在一个给定温度和压力下半球形的要求厚度是相同直径和材料圆柱壳体的一半。假如我们用镍和钛昂贵的合金建造实心或覆盖形半球形封头，这样是很经济的。假如使用碳钢，然而，由于这高价的制造费用就不比凸缘形
1.英语学术论文的语言风格特点就（知人方能论世） 为什么我们会读不懂SCI上面的文章呢？ 第一，由于SCI里面出现的专业词汇一般都是出现在特定领域，一类是一词对应于一意，另外一类则是一词多义。 其次，名词化结构则是另外另外一个普遍出现的现象，可以看到，复合名词，加前缀和后缀，以及省略现象可谓是漫山遍野，因为文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实，一般文章不会夹杂着太多主观看法。 最后，大量使用长句和定语从句SCI论文发表中大量使用长句和定语从句，在论证上起到连接信息和强调信息的作用。广泛使用被动语态SCI论文发表中侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确，第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态。名词作定语和缩写词使用频繁SCI论文发表中要求结构紧凑、行文简炼，缩写词和名词作定语的频繁使用，增大了信息密度，简化了句型。 如果我们能逆向思维，转换个角度去看文章，如果你要发表一篇SCI论文，你会怎么去构造你的行为，你如何组织你文章的逻辑，特别是用词方面，口语和一些狸语在一般
情况不应该出现在文章中。还有些中式英语也会极大地影响我们的阅读，例如说足球比赛，可不是我们想象中的football match （之前有次演讲说，英语里面不能有2个名词的情况，在此就举了个例子bicycle man），而应该做football play亦作soccer play。 2.翻译是一门艺术，从某种意义上来讲是没有标准答案的。 这里本人想要想要阐述这样一种观点，翻译是一个不断精进的过程，翻译最初的目的即是为了实现语言之间的一个互相沟通，然而不同的人对一句话，应该会有着不同的理解。这也就有了译者极大的自由发挥性，但是译者必须准确理解原文的基础之上的。 有三个字可以高度概括翻译的精髓“信，达，雅”，想必大家都应该听过。”“信”指意义不背原文,即是译文要准确,不歪曲,不遗漏,也不要随意增减意思；同样可以举个例子？This is a pan in my hand （请问如何翻译呢？） “达”指不拘泥于原文形式,译文通顺明白;这里就涉及到一个直译和意译的关系啦，否则就会出现像bicycle
井下工具服务 Well Completion & Working Service 1.修井作业W orkover service 2.防砂作业Gravel packing service 3.酸化作业Acidizing service 4.油套管作业Casing and tubing service 5.完井液过滤服务Completion fluid filtration service 6.电潜泵服务ESP service 7.纳威泵服务Navi pump service 8.生产测试Production logging 9.井下工具服务Downhole tools service 固井服务 Cementing Service 1.固井工程设计,施工和评价 Cementing Engineering design, operation & Evalution 2.固井水泥浆密度自动控制系统 Slurry Automatic Density Control System 3.固井液外加剂自动添加系统 Cementing Liquid-Additive System 4.超深井,丛式井,水平井,高温高压井和小间隙井固井作业 Cementing for Deep Well, Multiple Well, Horizontal Well, HTHP Well & Small Hole well
5．尾管悬挂及注水泥作业 Liner hang & Cementing 5.挤水泥和注水泥塞作业 Cement squeezing & back-cement 6.试压和压井作业 Pressure test & kick-killing 7.下可钻式和可回收式桥塞以及风暴阀作业 Running the RTTS packer ,storm packer and SQ packer 8.API水泥浆性能实验 API cement slurry lab, testing 负压钻井-----UBD 盘油管钻井-----CT 钻井液服务 Drill Fluids Service 1.钻井液，完井液现场服务技术 Drilling fluid & completion fluids engineering service at well site 2.钻井液，完井液室内配方研究与性能评价 Formula research and properties analysis of drilling fluids & completion fluid in laboratory 3.钻井液，完井液材料供应 Additives and chemicals supply 4.钻井液，完井液材料检验
3-D seismic survey (D: dimension:) 三维地震勘探 5-spot pattern n.五点井网Abandon v.（油井）报废，废弃Abandon well n.废井Acid wash n.酸洗 Acidization n.酸化（作用）Acidization n.酸化（作用） Acidize v.酸化Additive n.添加剂 Agent n.试剂，媒介Alkane n.烷烃，链烷烃 Analytic solution n.解析解Anisotropic a.各向异性的，非均质的Annular a.环形的Annular mist flow n.环雾流 Annulus n.环形空间，环空Anticline n.背斜 API standards n.美国石油协会标准Aromatic n.芳香族，芳香族环烃；a. 芳香的 Artifical lift n.人工举升Artificial lift n.人工举升 Artificial water drive n.人工注水驱Asphaltene n.沥青烯 Asphaltic a.含沥青的，沥青质的；n.沥青质Associated a.伴生的 Attribute n.属性，特征，标志Baffle n.隔板；v.阻碍，挫折Barefoot completion n.裸眼完井Barite n.重晶石 Barrel n.桶Barrier n.隔层 Bbl (blue barrel) Bean n.油嘴，节流器 Belt cover n.皮带盖Bentonite n.膨润土，斑脱岩 Bit n.钻头Black-oil simulator n.黑油模拟器Blender truck n.混砂车Blow out v.井喷 Blowout n.井喷Blowout preventer (BOP) n.防喷器Borehole n.井眼Bottom hole n.井下 Collapse v.坍塌，倒塌Collar n.钻铤 Compaction n.压实作用Compaction n.压实（作用），挤压Completion n.完井，完成，结束Compress v.压缩 Compressor n.压缩机Concentration n.浓度；集中Condensate n.凝析油Condensate n.凝析油 Conductor casing n.导管Conductor casing n.导管 Conductor hole n.导管孔Conductor pipe n.导管 Cone n.圆锥，（锥形）牙轮Configuration n.构造 Connate a.原生的，共生的Connate water n.原生水，共生水Contaminant n.杂质，污染物Continuous lift n.连续气举 Core n.岩心Core n.岩心 Core holder n.岩心夹持器Core slug n.岩心塞 Coring bit n.取芯钻头Corrode v.腐蚀 Corrode v.腐蚀，侵蚀；锈蚀Corrosion n.腐蚀 Corrosion n.腐蚀Corrosive a.腐蚀的；n.腐蚀剂Corrosive a.腐蚀的；n.腐蚀剂Counterbalance n.平衡（块）；v.使平衡，抵消 Counterweight n.平衡块Crack v.裂开 Crank n.曲柄，摇把Crown block n.钻台 Crumble v.坍塌，破碎Crust n.地壳 Curve n.曲线Cutting/chips n.钻屑
abrasiveness 研磨；腐蚀absolute 绝对的accumulate 堆积；积累 acid 酸；酸性的，酸味的actuator 执行机构 adjust 调整；调节agitation 搅拌 air preheater 空气预热器 air register 空气调节器airflow 气流 alkali 碱 allowance 公差，容差，容许量alloy 合金 alternating current 交流电 angle 角度，角 apparatus 装置，仪器，仪表application 应用 artificial 人造的；仿造的assembly 装配 atmospheric 大气的，大气层的austenite 奥氏体 automation 自动化，自动操作auxiliary 辅助设备，附属机构backflow 回流 baffle 挡板；折流板；隔板batch 一批，批量 bearing 轴承 bellow 波纹管 belt 带；腰带；地带blade 叶片 blower 鼓风机 boiler 锅炉
bolt 螺栓 bonnet 阀盖，阀帽，机罩box furnace 箱式炉 brittle 易碎的，脆弱的burner 燃烧器 bushing 轴衬；套管butterfly valve 蝶阀capacity 容积 carbon steel 碳钢，碳素钢casing 机壳 cast 浇铸 catalyst 催化剂category 分类，种类cavity 腔；洞，凹处centrifugal force 离心力chamber 腔，室，船舱check valve 止回阀checklist 检查表，清单classify 分类；分等clockwise 顺时针方向的coating 涂层，覆盖层coefficient 系数 coil 盘管，线圈 coking 结焦，焦化 column 圆柱，柱形物combination 结合 combustion 燃烧，氧化 component 成分；组件；零件composition 组成，成分 compressor 压缩机 concentration 浓度 concentric 同轴的，同心的
英语专业实习报告 ????实习学校.市二中学,上海市第二中学,自己初中,高中7年的母校,可以说是再熟悉不过,看到大学里对口的学校里有这所的时候,没有丝毫犹豫地就填进了志愿里,也如愿的在母校开始了大学必经的实习阶段,也是别有一番意义的.回学校实习,亲切万分,亲爱的老师们还在,接受教育的学生们却是一张张全新的面孔,想想自己离开学校3年来的进进出出,目前的3个年级都是我毕业后考进市二的学生.学校的操场,小花园,甚至是几间教室,都是充满回忆的地方,接下来实习的日子,走过这些地方的时候,过去的记忆就不断在脑海里回旋. ????初日.我们一行8位同学到达市二后,接待我们的是现任教导主任高萍老师,她向我们简单介绍了下学校目前的状况,以及实习期间需要注意的一些事项.接下来是认识带教老师,我与其他2位同学分到高一,其余5位同学到高二.英语学科的带教老师是王雅芬老师,教学经验丰富,还担任高一的年级组长;班主任唐虹老师,自己高三时,她教过我政治,算是相当熟悉,呵呵.带教老师和班主任都向我们简单介绍了一下所带班级的基本情况.第一天只是熟悉下校园,第二天正式到班级,当时想到就要面对40多个学生,不免还是有点担心和紧张. ????身份.实习老师,是个很特别的存在.还记得第一次被班级里学生叫老师好的时候的那种错愕,渐渐适应,然后自如反应,点头示意.开始的一个礼拜,日渐习惯起学校的生活,仿佛重回高中时代一般,只是是以一种全新的角度来看待学生,以老师的身份来要求自己了,这种感觉挺奇妙的,以往觉得“高高在上”的老师,突然间成了身边的“同事”,作为实习老师,又该以怎样的态度去面对高中的学生?身份的转变,是实习阶段第一个要跨越的坎吧,正确认识自己的身份:带教老师的学生,高中学生的老师. ????高一(X)班.担任实习班主任工作的班级是高一(7)班,高一年级两个理科班之一,与我那时的理科班大为不同,现在理科班的学生不像我们那时那么沉闷,就像班主任唐老师所说,对于老师来说是喜忧参半吧,毕竟调皮的学生太多,比较不容易控制.一进教室就看到教室后的墙壁上贴满了奖状,看的出来这个班级在学校里也是相当活跃的,学校里评选的各个之星,几乎7班也每个都有份.班上同学的性格很活泼,几天相处下来,就建立起了不错的关系,谈谈班级同学,日常琐事,甚至也有同学会来找我解答问题,谈谈理想,也让自己渐渐有了的确是个老师了的觉悟. ????听课.实习的必经阶段,听课不仅能够学习带教老师的教学方法,也能熟悉自己将要教学的班级.高中阶段的英语课程与大学里大不相同,尽管自己以前高中时也上过牛津的教材,现在的教学要求又有新的变化,也因老师的不同,教学方法上有很大的差异.带教的王老师教态相当严谨,备课很充分,听第一节课的时候就觉得整节课规划的很好,让学生知道这节课要完成的内容,就算有突发状况的发生,也能自行控制好时间等等.学校规定的听课是10节左右,自己基本上能去听的课都去了,为的是想了解整个章节上课的完整过程,每个部分都有不同的上课手段和形式,都是值得学习的地方.大学里所学的英语教学法课程,提及不少教学
行业英语之实用词汇
现场实用词汇短语 一、甲方乙方 1. 承包商人员 ( Contractor’s Personnel ) Equipment Supervisor 设备总监 Materials Supervisor 材料总监 Senior Toolpusher 高级队长 Junior Toolpusher 值班队长 Driller 司钻 Sub Sea Engineer (SSE) 水下工程师 Assistant Driller (AD) 副司钻 Derrick Man 井架工 Floor Man (roughneck) 钻工 Crane Operator 吊车工 Mechanic 机械师 Electrician 电气师 Repairman 修理工 Welder 焊工 Radio Operator 电报员 Warehouse Man (stock Keeper) 材料员 Medic 医生
Safety Supervisor 安全监督 Interpreter (translator) 翻译 Chief Steward 管事 Cook 厨师 2、作业者及服务公司人员 ( Operator’s Personnel and Service Company Personnel) Drilling Superintendent 钻井监督 Company Man (Operator’s Representative) 公司代表 Geologist 地质师 Mud Logging Engineer (Mud logger) 泥浆录井工程师 Sample Catcher 捞砂工 Mud Engineer 泥浆工程师 ROV Engineer 潜水工程师 Cementer 固井工 Cement Engineer 固井工程师 Testing Engineer 试油工程师 Coring Engineer 取芯工程师 Wireline Logging Engineer电测工程师
石油工程专业英语词 汇
石油工程专业英语单词 A abnormal pressure 异常高压 absolute open flow potential 绝对敞喷流量 absolute permeability 绝对渗透率 acetic acids 乙酸 acid-fracturing treatment 酸化压裂处理 acidize 酸化 acidizing 酸化 additives 添加剂 Alkali/Surfactant/Polymer（ASP）tertiary combination flooding 三元复合驱anhydrite 无水石膏 annular space 环形空间 appraisal well 估计井，评价井 aquifer 含水层 areal sweep efficiency 面积波及系数 artificial lift methods 人工举升方法 B beam pumps 游梁式抽油机 bitumen 沥青 blast joint 耐磨钻头 block and tackle 滑轮组 blowout preventes 防喷器 blowout 井喷 bone strength 胶结强度 borehole 井筒，井眼 bottomhole/wellhead pressure 井底/井口压力 bottorm water 底水 breakthrough 突破，穿透 bubble point 泡点 bubble point pressure 泡点压力 C cable tool drilling 顿钻钻井 capillary action 毛细管作用 carbonate reservoirs 碳酸盐储层 casing hanger 套管悬挂器 casing head 套管头 casing collapse 套管损坏 casing corrosion 套管腐蚀 casing leak 套管漏失 casing pressure 套管压力
Reading Material 6 Stainless Steel Stainless steels do not rust in the atmosphere as most other steels do. The term "stainless" implies a resistance to staining, rusting, and pitting in the air, moist and polluted as it is, and generally defines a chromium content in excess of 11 % but less than 30%. And the fact that the stuff is "steel" means that the base is iron. Stainless steels have room-temperature yield strengths that range from 205 MPa (30 ksi) to more than 1725 MPa (250 ksi). Operating temperatures around 750 C (1400 F) are reached. At the other extreme of temperature some stainless steels maintain their toughness down to temperatures approaching absolute zero. With specific restrictions in certain types, the stainless steels can be shaped and fabricated in conventional ways. They can be produced and used in the as-cast condition; shapes can be produced by powder-metallurgy techniques; cast ingots can be rolled or forged (and this accounts for the greatest tonnage by far). The rolled product can be drawn, bent, extruded, or spun. Stainless steel can be further shaped by machining, and it can be joined by soldering, brazing, and welding. It can be used as an integral cladding on plain carbon or low-alloy steels. The generic term "stainless steel" covers scores of standard compositions as well as variations bearing company trade names and special alloys made for particular applications. Stainless steels vary in their composition from a fairly simple alloy of, essentially, iron with 11% chromium, to complex alloys that include 30% chromium, substantial quantities of nickel, and half a dozen other effective elements. At the high-chromium, high-nickel end of the range they merge into other groups of heat-resisting alloys, and one has to be arbitrary about a cutoff point. If the alloy content is so high that the iron content is about half, however, the alloy falls outside the stainless family. Even with these imposed restrictions on composition, the range is great, and naturally, the properties that affect fabrication and use vary enormously. It is obviously not enough to specify simply a "stainless steel.” Classification the various specifying bodies categorize stainless steels according to chemical composition and other properties. However, all the stainless steels, whatever specifications they conform to, can be conveniently classified into six major classes that represent three distinct types of alloy constitution, or structure. These classes are ferritic, martensitic, austenitic, manganese-substituted austenitic, duplex austenitic ferritic, and precipitation-hardening. Each class is briefly described below. (1) Ferrous stainless steels: This class is so named because the crystal structure of the steel is the same as that of iron at room temperature. The alloys in the class are magnetic at room temperature and up to their Curie temperature (about 750 C; 1400 F). Common alloys in the ferrous class contain between 11% and 29% chromium, no nickel, and very little carbon in the wrought condition. (2)Martensitic stainless steels: Stainless steels of this class, which
专业英语结课报告翻译：基于AT89S51单片机的电子万年历的设计 班级：10级电子信息统本01班 姓名：席宇康 学号：101102010128
摘要 本文借助电路仿真软件Protues对基于AT89S51单片机的电子万年历的设计方法及仿真进行了全面的阐述。该电子万年历在硬件方面主要采用AT89C51单片机作为主控核心，由DS1302时钟芯片提供时钟、1602LCM点阵液晶显示屏显示。AT89C51单片机是由Atmel公司推出的，功耗小，电压可选用4～6V电压供电；DS1302时钟芯片是美国DALLAS公司推出的具有涓细电流充电功能的低功耗实时时钟芯片，它可以对年、月、日、星期、时、分、秒进行计时，还具有闰年补偿等多种功能，而且DS1302的使用寿命长，误差小；数字显示是采用的LED液晶显示屏来显示，可以同时显示年、月、日、星期、时、分、秒等信息。此外，该电子万年历还具有时间校准等功能。在软件方面，主要包括日历程序、时间调整程序，显示程序等。所有程序编写完成后，在Keil软件中进行调试，确定没有问题后，在Proteus软件中嵌入单片机内进行仿真。 论文主要研究了液晶显示器LED及时钟芯片DS1302，温度传感器DS18B20与单片机之间的硬件互联及通信，对数种硬件连接方案进行了详尽的比较，在软件方面对日历算法也进行了论述。 研究结果表明，由于万年历的应用相当普遍，所以其设计的核心在于硬件成本的节约软件算法的优化，力求做到物美价廉，才能拥有更广阔的市场前景。 关键词：单片机；DS1302；LED 绪论 随着社会、科技的发展，人类得知时间，从观太阳、摆钟到现在电子钟，不断研究、创新。为了在观测时间的同时，能够了解其它与人类密切相关的信息，比如温度、星期、日期等，电子万年历诞生了，它集时间、日期、星期和温度功能于一身，具有读取方便、显示直观、功能多样、电路简洁等诸多优点，符合电子仪器仪表的发展趋势。伴随着电子技术的迅速发展，特别是随大规模集
英语专业实习调查报告 在大学，英语专业的理论学习仅限于课本知识，同学们可以在实习中尝试把所学知识运用到实践中去。下面是小编为您收集整理的英语专业实习调查报告范文，欢迎阅读与参考。 英语专业实习调查报告(一) 实习的目的和意义: 对学生已学部份理论知识进行综合运用的培训,加强学生对社会和了解,培养和训练学生认识,观察社会以及分析解决问题的能力, 提高学生的专业技能,实习可以学到书本外的知识和能力,开阔视野, 是一扇认识和观察社会的窗口,可以提高听说能力,可以培养合作沟通能力,有助于发现自身专业及能力方面的不足,明确以后改进的方向. 社会实践方式: 学校组织. 社会实践的时间地点:20xx年.锦汉展览馆 实习对于大学生来说是非常有必要的,虽然自己在进入大学前也有过好几年的工作经验,但并没有这种有组织有目的的实践经历,所学商务英语专业和实习地为交易会对自己来说也都算是新的领域.于XX年秋在锦汉展览的实习虽然是短短的二十几天,但却经历了一个完整的工作历程.我觉得在这次实习中有很多新的体会和感受. 首先,对于交易会有了一个整体的认识.交易会在促进商品出口方面起着重大的作用.交易会这种活动的本身带动
了国内经济发展，尤其是广州经济.它作为一个窗口展现在国外人士面前,除了经济上的互动还有文化,技术,知识各方面的互动,商品附上了民族文化气息.此次实习,扩宽了我们的视野,扩展了知识面,更有利于我们之后学习各国文化的理论课程.不同肤色的人,不同的服饰带着不同的风情,兀自成为一道风景,又以汇合的笔墨构成一幅风景图.让我对世界融炉字样产生了遐想.我喜欢上了这流动的画面,这变换的色彩. 工作的总体职责是： 1. 按时参加班前(后)会，服从主管工作安排，及时汇报情况。 2.上岗前检查岗位设备设施是否正常运作，如发现设备有异常，应及时报告主管人员：提出前配备好所需物品，作好充分准备。 3.留意当天的特别事项，总结情况，与交班人员做好交接班工作，填写好意见登记本，并及时向小组长或主管人员反映。 4.同时每个人都应肩负起“八大员”职责： 1)导展员：正确介绍展览会信息。 2)客服员：及时准确的解决客户的问题。 3)消防员：及时消除火灾隐患。 4)保安员：随时肩负起展馆、人员及财务的安全责任。
目录 第一节钻井英语单词 (2) 第二节井场用语，钻井常用短语及句子 (10) 第三节钻井泥浆术语 (29) 第四节常用安全术语 (31) 第五节钻井设备英语 (33) 第六节石油钻井英语情景会话 (40) 附录一：平台人员、作业者及服务公司人员名称 (47) 附录二：主要设备名称 (48) 附录三：钻具、井口工具、打捞工具名称 (52) 附录四：材料和工具名称 (53) 附录五：常用缩写形式 (55)
第一节钻井英语单词 drilling crew 钻井队 drill floor,rig floor,floor 钻台drawworks 绞车 well-site, rig-site 井场 rig manager 平台经理 DC (drill collar) 钻铤 drilling engineer 钻井工程师 DP (drill pipe) 钻杆 toolpusher 带班队长 rotary table 转盘 driller 司钻 assistant driller 副司钻derrickman, monkeyman 井架工roughneck, floorman 钻工roustabout 场地工 liner 缸套 motor fire man 司机（motorman）wellhead 井口 circulation & solid system 循环固控系统 machinist 机械师,机工,机械大班electrician 电器师,电工,电器大班operation program 作业程序(指令) cathead 猫头 caravan 营房，大篷车 tong 大钳 elevator 吊卡 well depth 井深 slip 卡瓦makeup 上扣 spud in 开钻 breakout 卸扣 ROP (rate of penetration),drilling speed, penetration rate 钻速 trip 起下钻 diesel-engine 柴油机 loss circulation 井漏，循环漏失working uniform 工作服 brake handle, brake bar 刹把 water well condition 水井井况circulating tank, circulation tank 循环罐 normal drilling 正常钻进 reserve tank 储备罐 parameter 参数 trip tank 补给罐，尖底罐, 起下钻泥浆罐（起下钻计量罐） rotary speed 转盘转速（转速）shale shaker 振动筛 pump pressure 泵压 WOB (weight on bit) 钻压 mesh 目,网孔;啮合,编织 torque 扭矩 screen cloth 筛布 displacement 排量 safety meeting 班前会 pump stroke 泵冲 shift exchange 交班、（倒班）