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启航考研2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题解析
Section ⅠUse of English
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.
5 he, however, might tremble at the
6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only
7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in
8 are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.
This group generally do well in IQ tests, 9 12~15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world renowned scientists, 13. They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14, have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been 15 to social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 education. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately 18 . His argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 state of affairs.（273 words）
1. ［A］selected［B］prepared ［C］obliged ［D］pleased
2. ［A］unique ［B］particular ［C］special ［D］rare
3. ［A］of ［B］with ［C］in ［D］against
4. ［A］subsequently［B］presently ［C］previously ［D］lately
5. ［A］Only ［B］So ［C］Even ［D］Hence
6. ［A］thought ［B］sight ［C］cost ［D］risk
7. ［A］advises ［B］suggests［C］protests ［D］objects
8. ［A］progress ［B］fact ［C］need ［D］question
9. ［A］attaining ［B］scoring ［C］reaching ［D］calculating
10. ［A］normal ［B］common ［C］mean ［D］total
11. ［A］unconsciously ［B］disproportionately［C］indefinitely ［D］unaccountably
12. ［A］missions ［B］fortunes ［C］interests ［D］careers
13. ［A］affirm ［B］witness ［C］observe ［D］approve
14. ［A］moreover ［B］therefore ［C］however ［D］meanwhile
15. ［A］given up ［B］got over ［C］carried on ［D］put down
16. ［A］assessing ［B］supervising ［C］administering ［D］valuing
17. ［A］development ［B］origin ［C］consequence ［D］instrument
18. ［A］linked ［B］integrated ［C］woven ［D］combined
19. ［A］limited ［B］subjected ［C］converted ［D］directed
20. ［A］paradoxical ［B］incompatible ［C］inevitable ［D］continuous
Section ⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing ［A］, ［B］, ［C］or ［D］. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1．(40 points) Text 1
While still catching up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men, according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.
Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affects the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed out female rats had their ovaries （the female reproductive organs）removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.
Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities”for stress. It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with, says Dr. Yehuda. Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s, she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”
Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family numbers, and they tend not to be one shot deals. The wear and tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”
Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but had determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better. Later her marriage ended and she became a single mother. It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”
Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.
21．Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?
［A］Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.
［B］Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.
［C］Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.
［D］Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.
22．Dr. Ychuda’s research suggests that women .
［A］need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.
［B］have limited capacity for tolerating stress.
［C］are more capable of avoiding stress.
［D］are exposed to more stress.
23．According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be .
［A］domestic and temporary［B］irregular and violent
［C］durable and frequent［D］trivial and random
24．The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”(Line 6, Para. 5) shows that .
［A］Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.
［B］Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.
［C］Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.
［D］Alvarez paid practically everything by check.
25．Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
［A］Strain of Stress: No Way Out?［B］Response to Stress: Gender Difference
［C］Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say?［D］Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress Text 2
It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.
No longer. The Internet ——and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government funded research by restricting access to it ——is making access to scientific results a reality. This week, the Organization for Economic Co operation and Development （OECD）has just issued a report describing the far reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.
The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1．2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.
This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main onces were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site licensing agreements. There is open access publishing, typically supported by asking the author （or his employer）to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer review process, at least for the publication of papers.
26．In the first paragraph, the author discusses .
［A］the background information of journal editing
［B］the publication routine of laboratory reports
［C］the relations of authors with journal publishers
［D］the traditional process of journal publication
27．Which of the following is true of the OECD report?
［A］It criticizes government funded research.
［B］It introduces an effective means of publication.
［C］It upsets profit making journal publishers.
［D］It facilitates public investment in scientific research.
28．According to the text, online publication is significant in that .
［A］it provides an easier access to scientific results.
［B］it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.
［C］it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.
［D］it facilitates public investment in scientific research.
29．With the open access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to .
［A］cover the cost of its publication.
［B］subscribe to the journal publishing it.
［C］allow other online journals to use it freely.
［D］complete the peer review before submission.
30．Which of the following best summarizes the text?
［A］the internet is posing a threat to publishers.
［B］ a new mode to publication in laboratory.
［C］authors welcome the new channel for publication.
［D］publication is rendered easily by online service.
Text 3
In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association （NBA）listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42．The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.
The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people —especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations —apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go, says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.
Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients notably, protein —to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height —5′9″for men, 5′4″for women —hasn’t really changed since 1960．
Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism, says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.
Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass, ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.
31．Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to .
［A］illustrate the change of height of NBA players.
［B］show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..
［C］compare different generations of NBA players.
［D］assess the achievements of famous NBA players.
32．Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?
［A］Genetic modification.［B］Natural environment.
［C］Living standards.［D］Daily exercise.
33．On which of the following statement would the author most probably agree?
［A］Non Americans add to the average height of the nation.
［B］Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.
［C］Americans are the tallest on average in the world.
［D］Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.
34．We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future .
［A］the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.
［B］the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.
［C］genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.
［D］the existing data of human height will still be applicable.
35．The text intends to tell us that .
［A］the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.
［B］human height is becoming even more predictable.
［C］Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.
［D］the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.
Text 4
In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.
That’s a far different image from the cherry tree chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the role slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars
examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong and yet most did little to fight it.
More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.
For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,”says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,”including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.
And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.
Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children ——though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the valor of black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.
36．George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to .
［A］show the primitive medical practice in the past.
［B］demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.
［C］stress the role of slaves in the U.S history.
［D］reveal some unknown aspect of his life.
37．We may infer from the second paragraph that .
［A］DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.
［B］in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.
［C］historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.
［D］political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S history.
38．What do we learn from the text about Jefferson?
［A］His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.
［B］His status as a father made him free the child slaves.
［C］His attitude towards slavery was complex.
［D］His affair with a slave stained his prestige.
39．Which of the following is true according to the text?
［A］Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.
［B］Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.
［C］Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.
［D］Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.
40．Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his .
［A］moral considerations. ［B］military experience.
［C］financial conditions. ［D］political stand.
Part B
Directions: In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41 45, choose the most suitable one from the list A G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1．（10 points）
The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. 41．.
Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. 42．. Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.
43．. Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.
If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraph by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. 44．. These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revision.
Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote “The A&P as a State of Mind”wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women.
45．.
Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times and then again ——working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.
［A］To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper.
［B］After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.
［C］It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrible, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.
［D］It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.
［E］Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A&P “policy”he enforces.
［F］In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A&P”, the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.
［G］By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.
Part C
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2．（10 points）
In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but （46）he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed he possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. （47）He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry.（48）On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the Origin of Species is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.”（49）He adds humbly that perhaps he was superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.
Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said, “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.”（50）Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.
Section ⅢWriting
应用文［Part A］
51.Directions:
You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to
1）make an apology, and
2）suggest a solution.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2．
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead.
Do not write the address. （10 points）
议论文［Part B］
52.Directions:
Write an essay of 160200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1）describe the drawing briefly,
2）explain its intended meaning, and then
3）give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2．（20 points）
2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
答案及解析Section ⅠUse of English
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
【命题出处】
本文节选自2005年6月2日《经济学人》一篇题为The evolution of intelligence (智商的进化)的文章。文章写作思路与1995年关于睡眠的完型填空相仿，都是以事实举例来证明观点的常规写作思路。从选项来看，20个空有16个空考查词汇，2个空考查词组和固定搭配，只有2个空考查语法概念。这说明考研的语言知识与运用部分重心在往词汇方面转移。
【命题风格】
本年度完型中，较难的题目多是考查考生语言要素的规范性。有些题目（如2、10、15题）要求考生结合上下文依据同义词、近义词知识或是固定搭配进行辨析选择；还有的（如5、11、20题）则是考查考生对于语段特征的辨析能力，要求考生在整体理解的基础上根据上下文的逻辑关系做出判断和选择。
备考完型需在两方面下功夫: 一是提高语言要素（词汇的词义辨析和搭配、表达方法和结构等）的掌握水平；二是不断培养对于语段特征（如语篇的连贯性和一致性、上下文的衔接等）的辨别或分析能力。
【文章导读】
本文介绍了生物学研究的一项成果：某些群体智慧超群，但同时他们又受遗传疾病的折磨。文章总结了这个群体的特点，并介绍人们对这些现象的科学分析。
【全文精译】
一些族群比另一些族群聪明，这是人们一直不敢明确提出的一种假设。但是，Gregory Cochran （1）准备无论如何也要说出来。他是（2）极少数不依赖（3）于任何机构的科学家之一。他曾参与普及这样一种观点：一些（4）以前被认为不是由细菌引起的疾病实际上也是传染病。这一观点最初提出来时引起了极大争议。
但是，（5）即使是他，在（6）想到自己将要做的事情时都可能会感到不寒而栗。他同其他两位科学家一起发表了一篇论文，论文中不仅（7）指出某些人比其他人更聪明，而且解释了这种情况的产生过程。论文中（8）提到的这一特定群体来自中欧。其发展过程就是自然选择。
总体来讲，这群人在智商测试中的成绩不错，（9）得分比100分的（10）平均分高12至15分，并且就像这个民族的精英，包括一些全球著名的科学家的（12）事业所（13）证实的那样，这个民族对西方学术及文化的贡献与他们的人口数量（11）不成正比。此外，与多数人相比，他们更容易患一些凶险的遗传病，如乳腺癌。（14）但是，以前人们认为这两者是没有关系的。人们将前者（15）归结于社会影响，例如（16）重视教育的浓厚传统。将后者视为基因隔离的（17）后果。Cocltan博士指出智力和疾病是紧密（18）联系的。他的论点是，这些人非同寻常的历史让他们（19）遭受某些独特的进化压力，而这些压力导致了这种（20）矛盾情况的产生。
【逻辑结构】
第一段：提出有关智商的话题。
句①引出话题：有一种关于人的智商的假设，人们不敢明确提出。句②作为过渡句转折，引出与众科学家不同的格雷戈里·科克伦，他准备提出并论证这一假设。句③④对格雷戈里·科克伦这名特立独行的科学家及其背景作简要介绍。
第二段：该科学家的科研论文能证明这一假设。
句⑤是过渡句，承接第一段。句⑥⑦⑧对该科学家的论文内容作解释说明，引出了文章主题，即某一人类族群更聪明的观点，而该过程是自然选择的结果。
第三段：展开说明，对文章主题作更加详细的解释。
本段首句通过事实，以数字例证该族群的智商较高，对人类贡献巨大。第二句例证该族群的另外一个特征，即容易患遗传疾病。第三句介绍人们之前对这两个特征的认识——认为两者毫无关系。第四五句对第三句进一步解释。第六句给出格雷戈里·科克伦的观点：智商与遗传疾病相关。最后一句具体说明出现此种状态的原因。
【答案精解】
1. 【答案】［B］答对率为24%
【解析】语义衔接题。本题目选择动词过去分词形式，构成be…to do sth.的结构，在句子中充当谓语。选项［A］selected“选择”;［B］prepared“准备”;［C］obliged“迫使，责成”;［D］pleased“高兴”。本题所在句子由but一词引导，在句义上与前一句相反。上一句是The idea that some people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. “一些人比另一些人聪明，这一观点一直是人们不敢明确提出来的一种假设。”所以这句应该是“打算或准备说了”，故选［B］。
2. 【答案】［D］答对率为16%
【解析】语义衔接/词汇辨析题。本题目选择形容词，在句子中充当定语。选项［A］unique “独一无二的”;［B］particular “特殊的，特别的”;［C］special “特殊的”;［D］rare “珍惜的，罕见的，珍贵的”。此处rare birds意为“稀世珍品，旷世奇才，罕见人（物）”，Gregory Cochran打破常规，准备说了，因此像是“出头鸟”。
3. 【答案】［A］答对率为11%
【解析】惯用衔接题。independent of是搭配，意为“独立于，不依赖于”。注意dependent 后面还可搭配on，但意为“依赖于，依靠于”。He is that rare bird, a scientist who works independently any institution. “他就是属于极个别人，是一位不依赖于任何机构的独立的科学家。”
4. 【答案】［C］答对率为51%
【解析】语义衔接题。本题目选择副词，在句子中充当状语。句子叙述到He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused muchcontroversy when it was first suggested.分析本句结构可以看出：that引导的是同位语从句，说明idea的内容，从句中some diseases not thought to have a bacterial cause是主语部分，谓语是were actually infections，而后面which 引导的非限制定语从句是修饰the idea这个名词的。解本题的关键词是actually “实际上”，隐含转折之意，即过去的看法和实际情况不同。选项［A］subsequently “随后”;［B］presently “当前”;［C］previously “先前”;［D］lately “近来，最近”。为了与本句子中的actually “实际上”相互呼应，要体现时间上的先后交替关系。因此，正确答案为［C］。
5. 【答案】［C］答对率为44%
【解析】逻辑关系/语义衔接题。由本句中的however可知，“虽然如此，一想到他即将要做的，他本人也会有点战战兢兢”，even符合逻辑关系，so和hence表示因果关系，与前文所述无内在的逻辑关系。
6. 【答案】［A］答对率为33%
【解析】语义衔接/固定搭配题。文中at和四个选项中的名词都可搭配，但意思相去甚远。选项［A］at the thought of “一想到……”;［B］at the sight of “一看到……”;［C］at the cost of “以……为代价”; ［D］at the risk of “冒……的风险”。根据句意，正确答案为［A］。
7. 【答案】［B］答对率为56%
【解析】词汇辨析题。本题目选择动词，在句子中充当谓语。选项［A］advise “建议”;［B］suggest “提出;暗示，建议”;［C］protest “对……提出异议”;［D］object “反对”。Gregory Cochran“不但……，而且解释了出现这种情况的过程”，从本题所在的句意可以看出，［B］正确。另外注意，suggest有两个基本意义：一为“建议”，其后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气;二为“提出，暗示”，其后的宾语从句不用虚拟语气。
8. 【答案】［D］答对率为13%
【解析】语义衔接/固定搭配题。本题目选择介词短语，在句子中充当定语，修饰前面的the group。选项［A］in progress “在……的进程中”;［B］in fact “事实上”;［C］in need “在危难（急）中”;［D］in question “讨论中的; 考虑中的”。前句提到人类某些人的平均智商要高一些，词句衔接上一句，由此可知空格处要表达的是“正在被讨论的这个群体”。选项［D］符合句意。
9. 【答案】［B］答对率为44%
【解析】词汇辨析/ 惯用搭配题。本题目选择动词，在句子中充当谓语。选项［A］attaining “（经过长期努力）获得；达到；实现（目标等）”; ［B］scoring “得分”;［C］reaching “达到”;［D］calculating “通过计算得出”。句子中的宾语是分数，因此要选择得分。因此，正确答案为［B］。
10. 【答案】［C］答对率为14%
【解析】词汇辨析题。本题目选择形容词，在句子中充当定语，修饰后面的名词。scoring 12－15 points above the value of 100, “这个群体在智商测试中成绩突出，比100分的分多得12分到15分。”选项［A］normal “正常的”;［B］common “普通的;共同的”;［C］mean“中位值的”;［D］total “总共的”。一般来说，average表示“（数字或数值上）平均的”较常用，这里的mean表示居于中位值的，即100分是个参照值，中位值数字是大多数人的基本智商数值。因此，正确答案为［C］。
11. 【答案】［B］答对率为18%
【解析】语义衔接题。本题目选择副词，在句子中充当状语。This group generally do
well in IQ tests, scoring 12－15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, “这个群体在智商测试中成绩很好，比100分的平均分多得12分到15分。这个群体为西方的学术和文化做出的贡献是……”，选项［B］“不成比例地;不相称地，比例太大（或太小）地”，与题意相符合。选项［A］unconsciously “无意识地”;［C］indefinitely “不确定地”;［D］unaccountably “不能说明的; 不可理解的”。这三项都不符合题意。
12. 【答案】［D］答对率为36%
【解析】语义衔接题。本题目选择名词，在as 引导的非限制性定语从句中充当主语，意为“正如他们中的精英——包括一些世界知名的科学家——的事业成就所证实的”。选项［A］missions “使命，任务”;［B］fortunes “财富，运气”;［C］interests “利益;兴趣”;［D］careers “生涯，事业”。因此，正确答案为［D］。
13. 【答案】［A］答对率为17%
【解析】语义衔接/词义辨析题。本题目选择动词，在非限制性定语从句中充当谓语。选项［A］affirm “证实，确定”;［B］witness “目击，证明”;［C］observe “观察;遵守”;［D］approve “赞成，批准”。选项［B］常用作及物动词;选项［C］和选项［D］一般以人作主语。因此，正确答案为［A］。
14. 【答案】［C］答对率为71%
【解析】逻辑衔接题。本题目选择逻辑关系词，体现前后两个句子的逻辑关系。They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, , have previously been thought unrelated. “此外，与多数人相比，他们更容易患一些恶性的遗传病，例如乳腺癌。人们以前认为这些情况是没有关联的。”选项［A］moreover “此外，而且”;［B］therefore “因此”;［C］however “然而，但是”;［D］meanwhile “同时”。前后两个句子表现出转折关系。因此，正确答案为［C］。
15. 【答案】［D］答对率为27%
【解析】词汇辨析/语义衔接题。本题目选择动词短语，在句子中充当谓语。选项［A］be given up to “让与……”;［B］get over “克服（不与to 连用）”;［C］carry on “继续（不与to 连用）”;［D］be put down to “归因于”。选项［D］be put down to “归因于”，句意为“智商归因于社会影响”，符合句子含义。因此，正确答案为［D］。
16. 【答案】［D］答对率为34%
【解析】词汇辨析题。本题目选择动名词形式。选项［A］assessing “评估，评价”;［B］supervising “监督”;［C］administering “管理，掌管”;［D］valuing “重视，崇尚”。assessing通常表示“估计”出某物的价值，以更有效地利用它。此句要表达的意思是“高度重视教育”，因此选［D］项。
17. 【答案】［C］答对率为49%
【解析】语义衔接题。本题目选择名词，构成as…of的结构。The latter was seen as a of genetic isolation意为“后者被视为遗传隔离的……”。选项［A］development “发展”;［B］origin “起源”;［C］consequence “结果”; ［D］instrument “工具，器皿”。此处与第15题形成“对应结构”，前后呼应，“前者归因于社会影响，例如重视教育的优良传统”，“后者被认为是遗传隔离的结果”。因此，正确答案为［C］。
18. 【答案】［A］答对率为49%
【解析】词汇辨析题。本题目选择动词，在句子中充当谓语。选项［A］linked “两者之间的关联或联系”;［B］integrated “两者结合为一个整体”;［C］woven （原形weave;过去式wove）“摇摆”;［D］combined “两者结合，连接”。句子表达的含义为“智力和疾病是紧密相关的”。因此，正确答案为［A］。integrate隐含“部分是整体不可缺少的”，
而intelligence和disease 是两类不同属性的事物;weave通常表示“编入”，意为“相互交织的”。
19. 【答案】［B］答对率为36%
【解析】语义衔接/固定搭配题。本题目选择动词，在句子中构成固定搭配，充当谓语。His argument is that the unusual history of these people has them to unique evolutionary pressures, “他的观点是，这些人非同寻常的经历使其更容易遭受独特的进化压力”。选项［A］limited to “局限于，限制（只能构成be limited to短语，被限制在……）”;［B］subjected to “使遭受（经受），屈服（subject…to…使……屈服于……）”;［C］converted to “转变为，改变”;［D］directed to “指向，导向”。选项［B］符合题意。
20. 【答案】［A］答对率为27%
【解析】词汇辨析/语义衔接题。His argument is that the unusual history of these people has them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this state of affairs，意为“他的观点是，这些人非同寻常的经历使其更容易遭受独特的进化压力，而这些压力导致了这种似乎矛盾的状况”。本文一方面说，这类人贡献很大;但另一方面，他们经受的独特的进化压力使他们更容易患上恶性疾病——这两方面看似矛盾，令人困惑，故［A］项正确。
Section ⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing ［A］, ［B］, ［C］or ［D］. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1．(40 points) Text 1【全文精译】
尽管女性在现代生活中的某些领域一直未能超过男性，但至少在一个不那么受欢迎的领域，女性似乎遥遥领先。在纽约退伍军人管理医院工作的首席精神科医师Yehuda 博士说，“（25）与男性相比，女性面对压力时特别容易发展成抑郁或焦虑性障碍。”
（21）对人类和动物的研究均表明性激素在某种程度上影响对压力的反应，在同样情况下，处于压力状态下的女性比男性产生更多的触发器化学物质。在几项研究中，当处于压力状态下的雌鼠的卵巢（雌性生殖器）被摘除，它们产生的化学物质就变得和雄鼠一样多。
（22）使女性因压力产生的化学物质增多的问题更加严重的是，她们承受压力的“机会”越来越多。Yehuda 博士说，“这并不是说女性做事不如男性做得好，原因只是她们要做的事儿太多。”她说，“女性对压力的耐受力甚至超过了男性，只是因为她们要处理的事务太多，她们才更快、更明显地变得精疲力尽。”
Yehuda 博士还注意到两性之间的另一个差异。（23）“我认为女性接触的事情往往是长期的、重复的。男性参战，要承受战争的压力。男人接触的往往是随机的身体上的暴力，而女性接触的人与人之间的暴力往往发生在家里，不幸的是，其实施者是父母或其他家庭成员，而且这些暴力往往不止一次。而这种长期关系带来的折磨就可能给她们造成毁灭性的打击。”
Adeline Alvarez 18 岁结婚，生了儿子，但是决心读完大学。“我为获得大学学位苦苦挣扎过。生活中遇到那么多的挫折，上学并不断进步，做得更好，这对我来说意味着一种解脱。”那之后，她离婚了，变成了单身母亲。（24）“最困难的事情是照顾一个十几岁的孩子，上班，付房租，付车贷，偿还债务。我的生活就是花光这个月的薪水花下个月的。”
Alvarez 指出，并非每个人都经历长期的严重压力，但是如今多数女性要承担许多义务，很少有时间休息，一直面临压力。Alvarez 的经历表明，要在压力威胁到你的健康和机能之前找到方法疏导它，这很重要。
【答案精解】
21．【答案】［A］答对率为45%
【解析】主旨大意题。第一段和第二段主要说明：在面对压力时，由于男女生理上的
差异，女性可能更容易产生焦虑和沮丧。文中的“sex hormones”和“chemicals”是关键词，与题干中的“biologically”意思吻合，故选［A］。［B］“女性遭受的压力多来自男性”和［C］“女性比男性更有处理压力的经验”在前两段中都未提及，较容易排除。［D］项只是单纯说明男女面对压力的差异，未涉及前两段的核心，所以不正确。
22．【答案】［D］答对率为51%
【解析】事实细节题。文章第三段中叶胡达医生的研究表明，女性容易在压力面前表现出焦虑，并非其不善于容忍压力，而是因其较男性面临更多压力，因此选［D］。［A］表意错误，第二段指出女性面对压力时产生的化学物质比男性多，从而更易焦虑，而不是说女性需要更多的化学物质来处理焦虑。第三段第三句提到女性容忍压力的能力或许比男性更好，所以［B］项错误。原文提到女性需要处理更多压力，而不是更能逃避压力，显然［C］项错误。
23．【答案】［C］答对率为52%
【解析】事实细节题。从该段中“…tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature”和“…they tend not to be one shot deals. …these longer relationships can be quite devastating….”可知答案为［C］，其中该选项中的“durable”与原文中的“chronic”同义；“frequent”与“not one shot，longer”同义。［A］“家庭内部的”和“暂时性的”，［B］“不规则的”和“暴力性的”和［D］“琐碎的”和“偶然的”，均不合题意。
24．【答案】［B］答对率为64%
【解析】细节理解题。该句的字面意思是“每个月都是靠工资度日，也就是说工资仅仅能够维持生活，没有结余”。从文中可以看出，作为一个单身母亲，阿尔瓦雷兹面临很大的生存压力，要付房租等日常开支，这与［B］项中所指的她的薪水几乎不能满足日常生活开销相吻合。［A］和［C］两项断章取义。［D］完全曲解了“paycheck”的意义。
25．【答案】［D］答对率为64%
【解析】主旨大意题。整篇文章主要说明：文章一开头就说女性在其他领域还在一直追赶男性，但是在面临的压力面前一直是领先的。文章通篇应照了在压力方面男女不平等的这一主题。所以选［D］。［A］项过于宽泛，未提及性别差异这一关键因素。［B］只是单纯指出了男女在压力面前的差异，而忽略了文章的侧重点：女性在压力面前的表现。［C］只是文章涉及的某个具体知识点，不能概括文章的全部内容。
【词汇注释】
1. undesirable ［5Qndi5zaiErEbl］a. 不受欢迎的
2. susceptible ［sE5septEbl］a. 易受影响的（be ~ to “易受……影响的”）
3. trigger ［5tri^E］n. 触发器
4. expose ［iks5pEuz］vt. 暴露，揭露（be ~ed to “暴露于，接触到”）
5. chronic ［5krCnik］a. 慢性的，长期的（~ unemployment长期失业）
6. obligation ［7Cbli5^eiFEn］n. 义务
7. strain ［strein］n. 紧张，劳累
8. diffuse ［di5fju:z］vt. 散播
9. hormone ［5hC:mEun］n. 激素，荷尔蒙
10. devastating ［5devEsteItIN］a. 破坏性的
【难句突破】
1．Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones Somehow affect the stress response，causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.
【句子翻译】对人类和动物的研究结果均表明，性激素会以某种方式影响压力的反应，
导致在同样情况下，处于压力状态下的女性比男性产生更多的触发不良反应的化学物质。
【句子主干】Studies have shown that
【结构分析】本句为复合句。整个句子的结构是：句子的主语是Studies；of both animals and humans是介词短语作定语修饰Studies；谓语是have shown；sex hormones…conditions 是that 引导的宾语从句。causing…是分词短语作结果状语。females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the conditions 是比较级结构，比较对象是females under stress 和males under the same conditions。
2．In several of the studies，when stressed out female rats had their ovaries（the female reproductive organs）removed，their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.
【句子翻译】在几项研究中，当将压力过大的雌鼠的卵巢（雌性生殖器）摘除时，它们产生的化学物质就变得和雄鼠的一样多。
【句子主干】their chemical responses became equal
【结构分析】本句为复合句。整个句子的结构是：when 引导的是时间状语从句，其中had their ovaries removed 是have sth.done 这一固定结构的具体用法，表示“让别人做某事”之意。became是句子主干的谓语，equal to those of the males 为句子的宾语成分。
3．“Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men‘s，”she observes，“it ‘s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”
【句子翻译】她说：“女性对压力的忍受力甚至比男性要强，但因为她们要处理那么多的事儿，她们更明显、更快地变得精疲力尽。”
【句子主干】she observes
【结构分析】本句为由she observes 隔开的两个直接引语，第一个为简单句；第二个为复合句，其主干是it‘s just that they’re dealing with so many more things，其中的that 应理解成because。
4．The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations，by，unfortunately，parents or other family members，and they tend not to be one shot deals.
【句子翻译】而女性接触的人际间暴力往往发生在家里，不幸的是，施暴者通常是父母或其他家庭成员，而且往往不止一次。
【句子主干】The kinds of interpersonal violence tend to be in domestic situations and they tend not to be one shot deals.
【结构分析】本句为并列复合句，由and 连接两个并列分句，第一个是复合句，其主干是The kinds of interpersonal violence tend to be in domestic situations；that 引导的从句是violence 的定语从句；by，unfortunately，parents or other family members 是方式状语；and 后面是一个简单句。
Text 2【全文精译】
（26）事情曾经如此简单。在同一实验室里工作的一组研究者将研究结果呈交给一本期刊，之后期刊编辑从论文上除去作者的名字和所属机构，将它送给同行审阅。根据同行的审阅评语，编辑决定发表该论文或退稿。论文版权属于期刊出版商，而那些想了解研究成果的研究者则必须订阅该期刊。
现在，情况不再是这样了。（28）出版商通过限制人们对政府资助的研究的成果的查看权来获利，科学研究的出资机构对此表示质疑，互联网与这股压力一起使政府资助的人们能够接触到科学研究成果。经济合作与发展组织（OECD）刚刚发表了一份报告，阐述该变化的深远意义。澳大利亚维多利亚大学的John Houghton 和经济合作发展组织的Graham
Vickery 共同撰写了该报告，（27）报告会让那些目前为止获益颇丰的出版商感到心情沉重。但是其意义远远不止于此。它预示了科学事业一直以来的关键因素的一种转变。
知识的价值以及公众投资研究的回归部分依赖于期刊的广泛传播，人们随时可以看到。这是笔大生意。在美国，估计核心科学读物的出版市场价值在70 亿至110 亿美元之间。国际科学技术医疗出版协会指出，全球范围内有超过2 000 家出版商专攻这些领域。他们每年在大约16 000种期刊上发表超过120 万篇论文。
这种情况正在改变。根据OECD 的报告，现在，有差不多75％的学术期刊可以在线查阅。全新的商业模式在逐步显现。该报告的作者主要确认了三种模式。首先是所谓的大生意，即由机构订购期刊，通过签订网址许可协议，为网上期刊的查阅付费。（29）第二种是开放权限出版模式，典型的是让作者（或他的雇主）支付论文出版的费用。最后一种是开放权限档案模式，即背后有诸如大学或国际实验室这样的组织为机构提供知识库存。其他现有的模式是这三种模式的结合，例如延迟权限开放模式，即期刊在允许任何想要阅读一篇论文的人免费阅读之前，在前六个月，只允许订阅者查阅论文。所有这些都会改变同行审阅论文的传统流程，至少在论文出版领域是这样。
【答案精解】
26．【答案】［D］答对率为67%
【解析】段落大意题。本文主要讲的是传统的出版方式和新的出版方式的对比，新的出版方式对传统出版方式的突破。第一段以实验报告的发表为例介绍了传统科学期刊出版方式：实验室把研究者的研究结果递交给刊物，刊物的编辑在隐去作者姓名及相关信息后把论文递交给编审，根据审查结果或出版或拒绝出版此篇论文。版权由杂志社保留，研究者必须订阅杂志才能查找此研究结果的相关文章。第二段则话锋一转，说这种情况已不复存在。由此可知［D］正确，即“刊物出版的传统流程”。［A］“刊物编辑的背景信息”，［B］“实验报告的发表程序”，［C］“作者与出版商的关系”均是以偏概全。
27．【答案】［C］答对率为37%
【解析】细节判断题。文章第二段开头说网络使得获取科学研究的结果成为现实。OECD的报告对其（网络使得获取科学研究的结果成为现实）深远的影响做出阐述：（1）这（“OECD”的报告）使得获利匪浅的出版商大为头疼；（2）更进一步地，它表露了一个变化，即获得科学研究成果的途径。它（获得科学研究成果的途径）到目前为止是科学奋斗的重要的一个部分。值得注意到是OCED的报告本身并没有使得科学研究显著地获利，而是其报告里的关于网络使得获取科学研究的结果成为现实这一事实使得科学研究显著地获利。答案应该选择［C］。
28．【答案】［A］答对率为42%
【解析】事实细节题。由题干的关键词“online publication”可知其与Internet 有关，第二段明确指出“网络出版使得人们容易获得科学结果”，所以［A］正确。文章未谈论研究者的获利问题，只提到scientific publishing market 是一个big business，故排除［B］；［C］“科学知识本身无比重要的作用”非本文讨论的范围；［D］项文章并未提及，较易排除。
29．【答案】［A］答对率为55%
【解析】事实细节题。根据题干中的关键词“the open access publishing model”可以定位于最后一段的“there is open access publishing，…asking the author to pay for the paper to be published”，［A］项是该句的同义转述，为正确答案。
30．【答案】［B］答对率为57%
【解析】主旨大意题。本文主要说明了一种新型出版业——网络出版的出现及其对传统出版业的影响。所以选项［B］正确。网络出版对传统出版行业构成威胁，但并不威胁出版本身，［A］断章取义；［C］是表明作者观点的题支，不符合主旨大意题的要求；［D］
仅是文章的部分内容，亦排除。
【词汇注释】
1. straightforward ［streit5fC:wEd］a. 简单的，直截了当的
2. submit ［sEb5mit］v. （to）递交，提交，服从，顺从
3. affiliation ［E7fili5eiFEn］n. 附属,关系,联系
4. restrict ［ris5trikt］vt. (to) 限制，约束
5. endeavor ［in5devE］努力，尽力
6. specialize ［5speFElaiz］v. (to)专攻，通常为
7. subscriber ［sQbs5kraibE］n. 订阅人
8. far reaching a. 意义深远的
9. archive ［`B:kaIv］n. 档案
10. repository ［ri5pCzitEri］n. 知识库
11.hybrid ［5haibrid］n. 杂种，混合物，混血儿
【难句突破】
1．The Internet ——and pressure from funding agencies，who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government funded research by restricting access to it ——is making access to scientific results a reality.
【句子翻译】科学研究的出资机构质问为何出版商通过限制人们对研究成果的查看权而从政府资助的研究项目中获益，互联网的发展与这股压力一起使得人们能够接触到科学研究成果。
【句子主干】The Internet is making access to scientific results a reality
【结构分析】本句为复合句。整个句子的结构是：The Internet 是主语；is making 是谓语；access是宾语；to scientific results 是后置定语修饰access；a reality 宾语补足语。破折号之间的内容是插入语，不影响主句形式。表示插入语用法的词还有：with，together with，along with，as well as，followed by，following with 等等。例如：The teacher，along with the students，goes to see the film.（老师跟学生一起去看电影。）在原插入语中，and pressure 是主干，from funding agencies 是介词短语作定语修饰pressure；who 引导的定语从句用来修饰agencies，在定语从句中又含有一个由why引导的宾语从句。
2．Other models exist that are hybrids of these three，such as delayed open access，where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months，before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.
【句子翻译】还有一些模式是这三种模式的结合，例如延迟权限开放模式，即在前六个月只允许订阅者查阅论文，然后才允许任何想要阅读论文的人免费阅读。
【句子主干】Other models exist
【结构分析】本句为复合句。整个句子的结构是：Other models 是主语；exist 是谓语；that 引导的从句作定语修饰Other models。such as 引出其同位语，对Other models 进行举例说明，其中where 引导非限制性定语从句修饰delayed open access；介词before 所在短语中的who 引导定语从句修饰不定代词everyone。
Text 3【全文精译】
在20 世纪60 年代早期，Wilt Chamberlain 是美国NBA 球员中个子超过7 英尺的仅有的三个球员之一。但是，如果他上个赛季参赛了的话，他就会是42 人中的一个了。（31）这些年来，那些从事主要职业运动的运动员的身高发生了巨大变化，经理们十分愿意调整队服以适应不断增多的越来越大、越来越高的身躯。
体育界的这一趋势可能掩盖了一个不为人知的现实：美国人已经普遍不再长高了。尽管
与140年前相比，现在典型的身高增长了2 英寸，但现在的人，特别是那些出生于在美国生活了几代的家庭里的人，他们的身高显然在20 世纪60 年代早期就达到了极限。他们可能不会变得更高了。Wright 州立大学的人类学家William Cameron Chumlea 说，“在目前的基因和环境水平下，普通人的身高已经到了极限”。而NBA 球员的情况是，他们身高的增加是由于全球各地招募球员这一越来越普遍的做法。
（32）人超过20 岁之后，很少会继续长高。长高需要卡路里和营养素——特别是蛋白质——来滋养不断扩张的组织。在20 世纪初期，营养不良及儿童期感染阻碍了增高。但是随着饮食和健康状况提高，儿童及青少年普遍每20 年会增长约1．5 英寸，这就是被称之为身高增长长期趋势的模型。但是疾病控制预防中心指出，男性5′9″，女性5′4″的平均身高自20 世纪60 年代以来就没有实质性的改变。
从遗传方面来看，避免过高是有好处的。出生时，体形巨大的婴儿更难通过产道。（33）而且，尽管人类已经直立行走了几百万年，但我们的脚和后背还在不断地挣扎以保持双脚着地的姿态，还不能很轻松地承受巨大肢体带来的持续的重压。西北大学的人类学家William Leonard 指出，“个体机体中的遗传结构会造成一些实质性的限制”。
遗传的极限可以突破，但是不要期待这种情况很快发生。位于马塞诸塞州Natick 部队研究中心的资深人类学家Claire C Gordon确信，90％雇员的工作服和工作台尺寸无需改变就能适合新增人员。她说，与那些篮球队服不同的是，一段时间以来，军队制服的长度没有变化。Gordon 说，（34）如果你需要预测不远的将来人类的高度去设计器具的话，基本上“你可以相当自信地采用现在的数据”。
【答案精解】
31．【答案】［A］答对率为77%
【解析】事实细节题。由题干中的关键词“Wilt Chamberlain”，定位在第一段。该段通过将Wilt Chamberlain 的身高和20世纪60年代以及上个赛季的NBA 球员的身高进行对比，说明NBA 球员的身高在增长。所以［A］正确。从文章的中心来看，［B］［C］［D］三项很容易排除。
32．【答案】［C］答对率为34%
【解析】推理判断题。文章第三段主要说明身高的增长有赖于大量的热量和营养物质，尤其是蛋白质。从该段中的“but as diet and health improved，children and adolescents have increased in height by…”，可以看出生活水平对于身体成长所起的重要作用，［C］项的“living standard”与原文中“as diet and health improved”同义，故为答案。另外，［A］［B］［D］三项文中都未提及。
33．【答案】［B］答对率为69%
【解析】观点态度题。［A］答案过于绝对，且文中没有提到；［C］是一种最高级形式，文中并没有将美国人的身高与其他国家人的身高做对比，非作者的观点；［D］项断章取义，不符合文章的内容。所以［B］为正确选项。
34．【答案】［D］答对率为67%
【解析】推理判断题。最后一段主要说明基因的最大限度可以改变，但不会很快改变，暗示人的平均身高不会很快改变。而且文章最后一段中的“…90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration.”和“you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident”两句都暗示了［D］项所提到的内容，故正确。［A］与文意相反；［B］属张冠李戴；［C］不符文意。
35．【答案】［C］答对率为36%
【解析】主旨大意题。本题考查对文章主旨的把握，综观全文，总结各段大意（详见文章结构分析）可知，文章主要是说明美国人的身高不会再有所增加这一中心问题，所以只
有选项［C］充分表达了该内容。［A］文章未提及；［B］过于宽泛，文章只是讨论美国人的身高，而非整个人类，故排除；［D］与文意相反。
【词汇注释】
1. dramatically ［drE`mAtIkElI］ad. 引人注目地
2. substantial ［sEb5stAnFEl］a. 实质的,巨大的
3. upright ［5Qp5rait］a. 直立的
4. posture ［5pCstFE］n. 姿势
5. withstand ［wiT5stAnd］v. 经得起
6. impose ［im5pEuz］v. 强加于
7. constraint ［kEn5streint］n. 约束，限制; constrain v. 迫使，强迫
8. maximum ［5mAksimEm］n. 最大值
9. alteration ［7C:ltE5reiFEn］n. 改变，变更; alter v. 改变
10. bipedal ［`baI9pedLl］a. 两足动物的
【难句突破】
1．The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years，and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger，longer frames.
【句子翻译】这些年来，那些从事专业体育运动的运动员的身材发生了巨大变化，俱乐部的经理们十分乐意更换队服以适应不断增多的越来越高大的运动员的需求。
【句子主干】The bodies have changed and managers have been more than willing
【结构分析】本句为并列句。第一个分句的主干是The bodies have changed。分词短语playing major professional sports 作bodies 的后置定语。第二个分句的主干是managers have been more than willing。不定式短语to adjust team uniforms…是目的状语。
2．Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago，today’s people ——especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations ——apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s.
【句子翻译】尽管相比于140 年前，现在美国人的身高明显地增长了2 英寸，但现在的人，特别是那些在美国生活了几代的家庭里出生的人，他们的身高显然在20 世纪60 年代早期达到了极限。
【句子主干】today s people reached their limit
【结构分析】本句为复合句。整个句子的结构是：Though 引导让步状语从句；过去分词短语born to families…是those 的后置定语；who have lived in the U.S. for many generations 是families 的定语从句。
3．But as diet and health improved，children and adolescents have，on average，increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years，a pattern known as the secular trend in height.
【句子翻译】但是随着饮食和健康状况的提高，儿童及青少年身高平均每20 年增高1．5 英寸，这就是被称之为“身高增长长期趋势”的模式。
【句子主干】children and adolescents have increased in height
【结构分析】本句为复合句。整个句子的结构是：as 引导的是状语从句，表伴随状况；
a pattern known as the secular trend in height 是前面的同位语成分；过去分词短语known，as…是pattern 的后置定语。
4．Moreover，even though humans have been upright for millions of years，our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by
oversize limbs.
【句子翻译】而且；尽管人类已经直立了几百万年，但我们的双脚和后背还在不断地与两足行走的姿势相抗衡难以承受因肢体过长带来的不断的重压。
【句子主干】our feet and back continue to struggle and cannot with stand strain
【结构分析】本句为复合句。整个句子的结构是：even though 引导让步状语从句；struggle with意为“与……抗争”是固定搭配；imposed by oversize limbs 是strain 的后置定语。
Text 4【全文精译】
1784 年，52 岁的George Washington 在成为美国总统前的5 年，牙齿就几乎掉光了。于是他雇了一名牙医，在他的下颚上移植了9 颗牙，而这9 颗牙是从他的奴隶的嘴里拔出来的。
（36）与多数人记得的历史课本上的砍樱桃树的华盛顿的形象相比，这个形象相差太远了。但是最近，许多历史学家都开始关注奴隶制在建国那代人的生活中的作用。他们这样做部分是由于1998 年发现的DNA 证据的驱动，这一证据基本上证实了Thomas Jefferson 和他的奴隶Sally Hemings 至少生了一个孩子。仅仅在过去的30 多年间，学者们就已经从上至下地审视了历史。（37）几位历史学家的著作揭示了美国早期领袖们在道德方面的妥协，以及美国建国初期的脆弱本质。更有意义的是，他们辩称，许多国父知道奴隶制是错误的，但是多数人却没做什么来反对它。
历史学家说，这些创始人们主要是受制于当时的文化。（38）尽管华盛顿和杰弗逊私底下表示过对奴隶制的厌恶，但他们也知道它是他们帮助创建的这个国家的政治和经济基础的一部分。
一方面，南部无法放弃奴隶。《不完美的上帝：乔治·华盛顿，他的奴隶及美国的建立》一书的作者Wiencek 说，拥有奴隶就像是“拥有一个大的银行账户”。如果没有“特别条款”的保护，其中包括一个为了议会代表的席位，将一名奴隶视为3／5 个人的条款，南部各州就不会签署《美国宪法》。
（39）政治家们的政治生活依赖奴隶制。3／5 代表权的规定让选举团中支持杰弗逊的南部各州的人数增多，使得杰弗逊在1800 年的总统选举中以微弱优势胜出。杰弗逊当权期间，曾通过1803 年购买路易斯安那州进一步拓展了奴隶制的存在范围；新土地被分成13 个州，包括3 个实行奴隶制的州。
虽然Hemings 本人及其他近150 名奴隶没有得到自由，杰弗逊还是给了她的孩子自由。（40）华盛顿在看到革命战争中黑人士兵的英勇表现后，开始相信人人生而平等，他不顾亲属的强烈反对，按照自己的意愿，让他的奴隶得到了自由。而仅仅在十年前，这一行为在弗吉尼亚还必须要得到立法机关批准才行。
【答案精解】
36．【答案】［C］答对率为18%
【解析】推理判断题。题干问“文章提及华盛顿补牙这事是为了？”显然从华盛顿补牙这件事上我们可以知道：（1）华盛顿不为人所知的一些方面；（2）美国建国之初，人们对待奴隶的残暴态度。但是这些都不是文章提及华盛顿补牙这件事情的动机，文章提及此事是为了引出文章的主题“奴隶制度在美国开国元勋生活中所扮演的角色”。文章第二段第二句“最近，许多历史学家开始专注于研究奴隶制度在美国开国元勋生活中所扮演的角色”才是本题的切入点。
37．【答案】［B］答对率为42%
【解析】推理判断题。推理题其实就是四个判断题，只要将四个选项根据原文逐一判断即可。［A］“历史研究中广泛使用了DNA 技术”题意过宽，我们很难判断是否“widely
2008年考研英语二（MBA联考）真题试卷及答案Section I V ocabulary Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) 1. Oil is an important ______material which can be processed into many different products, including plastics. A raw B bleak C flexible D fertile 2. The high living standards of the US cause its present population to ____ 25 percent of the world’s oil. A assume B consume C resume D presume 3. You shouldn’t be so ___ ---I didn’t mean anything bad in what I said. A sentimental B sensible C sensitive D sophisticated 4. Picasso was an artist who fundamentally changed the ___ of art for later generations. A. philosophy B concept C viewpoint D theme 5. Member states had the option to ____ from this agreement with one year’s notice. A deny B object C suspect D withdraw 6. The two countries achieved some progress in the sphere of trade relations, traditionally a source of ____ irritation. A mutual B optional C neutral D parallel 7. Williams had not been there during the ___ moments when the kidnapping had taken place. A superior B rigorous C vital D unique 8. Travel around Japan today, and one sees foreign residents a wide ____ of jobs. A range B field C scale D area 9. Modern manufacturing has ___ a global river of materials into a stunning array of new products. A translated B transformed C transferred D transported 10. Lightning has been the second largest storm killer in the US over the past 40 years and is ____ only by flood. A exceeded B excelled C excluded D extended 11. V oices were ____as the argument between the two motorists became more bad-tempered. A.swollen B. increased C. developed D. raised 12. Some sufferers will quickly be restored to prefect health, ___others will take a longer time.
名师解析2008年考研英语阅读理解真题 点评2008考研阅读理解 上海新东方学校乐柯健 年年岁岁题相似，岁岁年年题不同，这句话诠释了今考研阅读的特点，总体基本保持稳定，接下来笔者就Part A 部分中的文章，题型和解题方法作一个大致分析。 1) 文章难度基本保持稳定 首先考研阅读理解Part A的四篇文章难度依然呈现递增式的现象。前两篇比较简单，后两篇相对较难。这一趋势已经维持了十几年，也就告诉我们09年的考生在考场上的时间分配上可以依循”15，15，20，20”原则--即前两篇每篇15分钟，后两篇每篇20分钟。其次文章在选材上依然以社会科学为主，热点事件为主，如第二篇讲话讲述的一种新型出版方式--网络出版。另外笔者发现因为本世纪以来涉及网络相关的话题的文章很多，如01年第二篇网络可以解决信息分化的问题、03年的第一篇网络间谍、04年的第一篇网络找工作，所以考生应重点关注该领域的热门事件。再次从文章结构上来看，和历年也几乎一样。如第三篇文章讲述的是身高问题，作者就用了”由点到面”这一常见的写作
手法。而这种写作手法从本世纪来几乎年年都考，如01年第五篇讲述简单化生活的文章、03年第一篇讲述网络间谍的文章、04年第三篇讲述美国经济减速的文章、05年第二篇讲述全球变暖的文章、06年Part B讲述赌博的文章、07年第一篇成功并非取决于天才。最后由于我们所考的文章绝大部分选自西方的报刊杂志，而新闻记者惯用”引用”的方法。因此我们的文中会出现大量的专家学者的观点，这就要去考生一定要读懂每个人的各自观点，这也经常是考点所在。如今年第一篇文章的第二题”Dr. Yehudn’s research suggests that women”就是该类型的题目。 2) 题型仍以细节事实题和推理判断题为主 在2005年之前，推理判断在每年的考试中出现3-4题，自2005年开始考研的阅读理解中大量增加了推理和判断题，05年考了8道，06年考了7题，07年考了7题。这一现象持续至今。以今年的考题为例，推理判断依然是考试重点，一共考察了8题(21，27，30，32，33，34，37，39)。考研中另外一个重要的题型是细节事实题，因为考研的特点就是考察精读，，因此细节事实题历年都占据7-8题。今年也不例外，一共考察了7题(22，23，28，29，36，38，40)。从以上分析我们得知，09年的考生应该特别关注这两种题型。 3) 解题方法和历年相似
2008 Text 1 在现代生活中女性就算是在某些领域可以追赶上男性，但至少在一个方面是领先的，尽管是她们不太想要的。纽约的退伍军管理医院精神科首席医生Yehuda博士说道，和男性相比，女性面对压力时，更容易受到影响，导致抑郁和紧张。 对于动物和人类的研究都显示出性激素会在某种程度去影响面对压力的反应，导致在同样的条件下，女性产生更多的致病化学物质。在几项研究中，当受到压力的雌鼠的卵巢（雌性的生殖器官）被拿掉后，它们的化学反应变得和那些雄性的一样了。 对于女性来说，除了产生更多的导致压力的化学物质外，她们产生压力的“机会”也更多。“并不是女性要处理的事情太少，而是她们有更多的事情要处理。”Yehuda博士说道。“她们对于压力的承受能力有时候甚至比男性的还大”，她观察到，“她们只是需要处理的事情太多，看起来会更容易精疲力尽。” Yehuda博士注意到了另一个男女之间的不同点。“我认为，女性通常要做的事是慢性的，重复的。而男人去战场，承受的是格斗的压力。男性面临的更多的是随意的身体上的暴力。女性面对的人与人之间的暴力是在家庭环境中的。不幸的是，她们与父母还有其他的家庭成员之间不是能够一次性解决的问题。这种长期的关系的磨合是更有破坏性的。 Adeline Alvarez 18岁结婚并生了个儿子，但她决定完成大学学业。“我尽了很大的努力拿到大学学位，因为我在实际生活中有很多的挫折，而这就是我的逃避，去学校，争取上游，做到更好。”不久后，她离了婚变成一个单亲母亲。“除了照顾一个十几岁的孩子，还要工作，付房租，养车，还债是最难的事情了。我的生活就是不停的支付自己的账单。” 不是每个人经历着和Alvarez describes一样的长期的压力，但是大多数女性都在处理着太多的责任，很少得到喘息，从而感到了压力。Alvarez的经历证明了当压力威胁你的健康和正常生理功能之前解压是非常重要的。 2008 Text 2 原本一切都很简单。一组研究员在实验室里共同完成一个试验，把结果提交给某刊物，刊物的编辑把作者姓名及相关信息隐去，把报告交给这些研究者的同行去审阅。根据评论意见，编辑将决定是否发表。因此，版权留在刊物出版社手上，辛苦探求知识的研究者反倒要花钱订阅刊物。 现在不再是这样了。提供资金的机构施加压力，质疑为什么商业刊物可以通过限制刊载的手段从政府投资的研究项目中牟利，互联网使得阅读科研结果成为现实。经济合作及发展组织近日发布一项调查，描述了这一现象所造成的深远影响。澳大利亚维多利亚大学的John Houghton和经合组织的Graham Vickery联合完成这一报告，内容使目前为止收入丰厚的出版商们感到汗颜。但是这项报告的意义远远不止于此，它标志着科学尝试的一项关键性因素即将发生改变。 在某种程度上来说，知识的价值和公共投资能否取得较高回报，取决于是否能够得到广泛的流通、人们是否能够比较容易地获取这些研究成果。这是一项很大的产业。在美国，核心科研出版市场产值每年在70亿美元到110亿美元左右。国际科学、技术和医学出版社集团宣称全世界专业出版本类期刊的出版商有2000多家。他们每年在16000种刊物上发表120万篇以上文章。 这个数字现在有所变化。根据OECD报告，目前有75%的专业期刊在互联网上有在线阅读。全新的商务模式正在形成，报告作者总结出其中三种。第一种是所谓的大订单模式，即机构团体订阅者通过签订网站协议付钱购买阅读一批刊物文章题目的权限。第二种为开放
2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points) The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name.But Gregory Cochran is大1家to say it anyway.He is that大2家bird, a scientist who works independently大3家any institution.He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not大4家thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections,which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested. 大5家he,however,might tremble at the大6家of what he is about to do.Together with another two scientists,he is publishing a paper which not only大7家that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others,but explains the process that has brought this about.The group in大8家are a particular people originated from central Europe.The process is natural selection. This group generally do well in IQ test,大9家12-15points above the大10家value of100,and have contributed大11家to the intellectual and cultural life of the West,as the大12家of their elites,including several world-renowned scientists,大13家.They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases,such as breast cancer.These facts,大14家,have previously been thought unrelated.The former has been大15家to social effects, such as a strong tradition of大16家education.The latter was seen
2000-2008年考研英语一试卷及答案2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section I Use of English Directions: The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested. 5 he, however, might tremble at the 6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only 7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in 8 are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection. This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their
2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested. 5 he, however, might tremble at the 6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only 7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in 8are a particularpeople originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection. This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, 13 . They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 , have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been 15 to social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 education. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately 18 . His argument is that the unusual history of these people has19 them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 state of affairs. 1.[A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased 2.[A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare 3.[A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against 4.[A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] lately 5.[A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence 6.[A] thought [B] sight [C] cost [D] risk 7.[A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects 8.[A] progress [B] fact [C] need [D] question 9.[A] attaining [B] scoring [C] reaching [D] calculating 10.[A] normal [B] common [C] mean [D] total 11.[A] unconsciously[B] disproportionately[C] indefinitely[D] unaccountably 12.[A] missions [B] fortunes [C] interests [D] careers 13.[A] affirm [B] witness [C] observe [D] approve 14.[A] moreover [B] therefore [C] however [D] meanwhile
2008年考研英语真题及答案
2008年考研英语真题及答案 Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points） The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused Much controversy when it was first suggested. 5 he, however, might tremble at the 6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only 7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in 8 are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection. This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, 13 . They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 , have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been 15 to social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 education. The latter was seen as a （an） 17 of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately 18 . His argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 state of affairs. 1. [A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased 2. [A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare 3. [A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against 4. [A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] lately
2008年考研英语真题详细解析(2) Part B 08 年考试的新题型仍旧是考生熟悉的七选五题型。本文主要内容是告诉读者如何利用好写作中的第一稿(草稿)。 41题 D 空前面出现的内容告诉读者如果写文章时只要作者不再试图避免一些事情第一稿就会跃然纸上，在空后第一句里出现了outline这个词，因此41题中也会出现和outline相关的内容。D选项的内容就中提到用什么方式来写作不重要，重要的是定下一个题目，然后可以通过整理笔记来填充你的outline(提纲)。空前面所提到的坐着写、站着写、躺着写说的正是写作的方式。 42 题 G 选项是在讲draft的问题，所以答案中还会涉及到draft。选项后的句子中提到：一些写作中的错误可以等到修改的时候才去处理。选项的最后提到不要尝试在第一次的时候写出完全没有任何错误的文稿，因此G选项符合这个逻辑。 43 题 A 在选项后面出现了that way 所以上文中会说到具体的哪种方式，只有A选项提到了具体的方式，因此符合题意。 44. 题 C 选项后面提到了these printouts，空前面提到:"在修改过程中，看打印出来的材料比看电脑屏幕容易。"因此44题选项中也会有和打印出来的材料相关的内容。C选项中很明显地有copy 还有 printer对应下文中所提及的打印出来的材料。 45. 题 E 前文提到Sammy这个人，这是一个线索词，选项中E 和F中都包含这个词，但是此段的主题句提到，在写作中要删去与主题不相关的素材，E选项中instead of adding that paragraph，也就意味着删去了这段。和主题句对应。 而F选项只是在说最后一段的具体内容，和本段的主题句不相关，故不符合题意。 Part C
Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1 While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. "Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men," according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York's Veteran's Administration Hospital. Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males. Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased "opportunities" for stress. "It's not necessarily that women don't cope as well. It's just that they have so much more to cope with," says Dr. Yehuda. "Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men's," she observes, "it's just that they're dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner." Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. "I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating." Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. "I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better." Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. "It's the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck." Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez's experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function. 21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs? [A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress. [B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.
2008年考研英语（一）试题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested. 5 he, however, might tremble at the 6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only 7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in 8 are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection. This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists,13 hey also suffer more often than most people from a number
2008年考研英语真题详细解析(1) 2008年硕士研究生考试英语真题详解 完型填空 1、答案：B 解析：本题测试语义逻辑衔接。 " selected" 意为 "挑选"; "prepared"意为 "准备"； "obliged"意为"迫使，责成"；"pleased"意为"高兴地，满足地"，前一句"人们不敢说"，本句中由"but "一词可推出意思与上句相反，即"Cochran 准备说"，所以选B. 2、答案：D 解析：本题测试词义辨析。"unique"意为"的，独特的"；"particular"意为"特殊的，独特的"；"special"意为"特别的，特殊的"；"rare"意为"稀罕的，珍贵的"，rare bird 意为"稀有的人"，空格相关意思是"只有Cochra准备说"，而且 "rare bird" 是固定搭配,所以选D 3、答案：A 解析：本题测试介词的语意搭配, independently of 意为"不依赖于，独立"，所以选A 4、答案：C 解析：本题测试词义辨析。由"actually"推出本句是对现在和以前对疾病看法的对比，所以选C 5、答案：C 解析：本题测试副词的用法及语段的连贯性。Even 做程度副词，表示递进关系，意为"即使他自己也...".所以选C 6、答案：A 解析：本题测试词义搭配。空格相关意思是"一想到他即将要做的，即使他自己也...." "At thought of "意为"一看到..."； at sight of意为年"一看见"；at cost of 意为"以...的代价"；at risk of意为"冒着....的危险"，所以选A 7、答案：B 解析：本题测试动词辨析。advice意为 "建议"； suggest意为"建议，提出'"；
2008年考研英语真题答案详解之翻译题 Part C 46. He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. 本句的考查点是that引导的宾语从句，主干是he believes that….that从句的结构是this very difficulty may have the….advantage of forcing…, and thus enabling…。 Of后面forcing和enabling组成的并列结构做advantage的同位语。 参考译文：达尔文认为正是因为这个困难，促使他对每一个句子进行长时间和针对性的思考，同时也使得他在观察和推理中发现错误。这也就使他具有了别人所不具备的优势。 47. He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. 本句考查点是宾语从句，非限制性定语从句。主干是He asserted that…。宾语从句 的结构是his power to… was…。其中不定式to引导的部分follow …of thought做power 的定语；for which reason所引导的非限制性定语从句中又包含一个that引导的表语从句。 参考译文：达尔文同时声称，对于冗长而且纯抽象的思想，自己的理解能力并不强。因为这个原因，他相信自己在数学方面根本不会成功。 48. On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. 本句考查点是同位语从句，让步状语从句。主干是he did not accept… the charge made by… that…。其中as well founded作为一个插入成分，对charge进行修饰。made引导 的过去分词短语作定语修饰charge。That引导的从句是charge的同位语，包括一个while 引导的让步状语从句。 参考译文：另一方面，虽然有些批评他的人一致认为他善于观察，但不具备推理能力， 但是他不同意这种说法。 49. He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.” 本句考查点是宾语从句，定语从句。主干是he adds …that… 其中宾语从句的结构是he was su perior to …in…, and in…。which引导的是things的定语从句。