2009届高三英语语法复习教案之分词（带07-08年高考真题）
【基本概念】
1.对英语动词的基本认识
英语中动词的语法作用同汉语区别很大。动词除了在句子中充当谓语之外，还常以非谓语的形式充当其他的句子成分。按照动词是否充当谓语，我们可以把动词分为谓语动词和非谓语动词两类。每一类动词所包含的主要语法知识如下。
时态（按高考要求共九个时态）
谓语动词语态（主动语态和被动语态）
语气（陈述语气和虚拟语气）
主谓一致
动词
动词不定式
非谓语动词分词（现在分词和过去分词）
动名词
非谓语动词是指不充当谓语而做其他句子成分的动词，凡是用作非谓语的动词在形式上都要有所变化，以区别于谓语动词。
2.分词的语法作用
分词分现在分词和过去分词两类，具有形容词和副词的语法功能，在句子中可以充当表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。
例1：
The news that the Chinese team won the gold medal was very encouraging.
(P.51, Senior Book 2B)
句中的现在分词encouraging充当句子的表语。
例2：
The people performing all play different instrument. (P.49, Senior Book2B)
Polluted rivers and lakes have also been a cause of death. (P.52, Senior Book2A)
现在分词performing作后置定语，修饰the people; 过去分词polluted作定语修饰rivers and lakes。
例3：
So he left France, preferring to give up the fortune that would one day come to him, and went to live in English. (P.57, Senior Book2B)
现在分词短语preferring to give up the fortune that would one day come to him 作状语，表示he left France and went to live in England 的原因。
Well known for his expert advice, he was able to help a great number of people with their personal affairs. (P.14 Senior Book2B)
过去分词短语well known for his expert advice 也充当状语，表示原因。
分词短语充当状语时，其作用相当于一个状语从句，因此都可以用状语从句替代。Well known for his expert advice = Because he was known for his expert advice,显然，按照修辞的标准衡量，分词短语较状语从句更为精练。
例4：
They broke into the uncle’s bedroom and found the man lying on the floor, dead.
(P.16, Senior Book2B)
I can see it fastened to a nail next to the hole in the wall, but it is not fastened to that wire. (P.16 Senior Book2B)
The gate must be kept shut so that the animals do not escape. (P.53,Senior Book2A)
以上三句划线的部分都是宾语补足语,其中第三句的shut在主动语态中是过去分词做宾补,改为被动语态后,主动语态的宾语gate变为被动语态的主语,因此语法上称之为―主补‖。宾语补足语是汉语所没有的句子成分，然而却类似于汉语中的兼语。在英语中，宾语同宾语补足语之间具有逻辑上的主谓或主表关系，这是理解宾语补足语时必须搞清的最基本的概念。第一句中的man是宾语，和宾语补足语lying on the floor之间具有逻辑上的主谓关系，man发出lying on the floor 的动作。第二句中it 是宾语，同宾语补足语fastened to a nail next to the hole in the wall具有逻辑上的被动的主谓关系。
【关键知识】
学习分词的知识只要抓住现在分词同过去分词的区别这一关键环节，其他问题便可迎刃而解。区别现在分词和过去分词的方法主要有两点：
2.掌握主谓关系用现在分词，动宾关系用过去分词的基本原则。
①分词做定语时，看分词同它所修饰的名词或代词的关系。分词所修饰的名词或代词同分
为主谓关系时，用现在分词；分词所修饰的名词或代词同分词为动宾关系时，用过去分词。
There are lots of good English language programmes broadcast on TV or the radio in China. (P.46, Senior Book1A)
过去分词短语broadcast on TV or the radio in China 作定语修饰programmes, broadcast 同它所修饰的名词programmes 具有动宾关系，即broadcast programmes on TV or the radio…，因此必须用过去分词。
Two days later I received a letter offering me the job. (P.34-35, Senior Book2B)
现在分词短语offering me the job是名词letter的定语，offering同它所修饰的名词letter 具有逻辑上的主谓关系，如果将现在分词短语转换成定语从句，这种―主谓关系‖则更为明确：Two days later I received a letter which offered me the job。
②分词做宾语补足语时，看分词同宾语补足语的关系。主谓关系用现在分词；动宾关系用过去分词。
You often see musicians performing in the streets. (P.54, Senior Book2B)
宾语musicians和宾语补足语performing 具有逻辑上的主谓关系，musicians发出perform 的动作，宾语补足语必须用现在分词。
Although we may not realize it, when we talk with others we make ourselves understood not just by words. (P.14, Senior Book2A)
作宾语补足语的过去分词understood同宾语ourselves 为动宾关系，即understand ourselves，此处的意思是―使我们自己被别人所理解‖。
③分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语同句子的主语一致。据此，辨别现在分词和过去分词的区别要看分词同句子主语的逻辑关系，主谓关系用现在分词；动宾关系用过去分词。
In Arab countries, you eat using the fingers of your right hand; the left hand is not used at all. (P.14, Senior Book2A)
现在分词短语using the fingers of your right hand 作方式状语修饰谓语动词eat。之所以用现在分词，是因为using 同句子的主语you 有逻辑上的主谓关系。换言之，句子的主语you 既发出谓语动作eat，又发出非谓语动词using 所表示的动作。
Dr. Watson and I will spend the night locked in your room. ( P.15 Senior Book2B)
过去分词短语locked in your room充当spend the night的方式状语。lock 同句子的主语Dr. Watson and I的逻辑关系为动宾关系——―lock Dr. Watson and I in your room‖。
分词作状语时同句子主语之间的逻辑关系较难理解，再看以下例句，注意分词短语同句子主语之间的逻辑关系。
The poor of the cities and the peasants in the country, having lived such a hard life for so long, took up their guns and knives and began to kill the rich nobles. (P.58, Senior Book2B) Considering that Charles would be sentenced to death, he went to a chemist’s shop and bought some special medicine. (P. 58 , Senior Book2B)
Given advice by the famous detective, the young lady was no longer afraid. (P.17, Senior Book2B)
The lady returned home, followed by Mr. Holmes and Dr. Watson. (P.17, Senior Book2B)
3.分词作表语时，区别现在分词和过去分词的两种方法。
①分词作表语时，现在分词表示主语的特征；过去分词表示主语所处的状态。
The temperature is –15°C. It is freezing outside. ( P.51, Senior Book2B)
现在分词freezing作表语，表示主语―天气‖的特征。
Children are afraid of the stone figures in the temple which look so frightening. ( P.51, Senior Book2B )
which代表先行词the stone figures 的含义，在定语从句中作主语。frightening是系动词look的表语，表示主语the stone figures的形象特征。
One quarter of the shores of the Mediterranean are polluted. (P.52, Senior Book2A )
过去分词polluted作表语，表示地中海沿岸的四分之一受污染的状况。
②surprise, excite, interest, frighten, worry, please, 等动词具有共同的特点，他们的意思都是―使……（人）…怎么样‖。这类动词充当表语时区别现在分词或过去分词的方法比较简单：如果主语是表示―人‖的词语，表语用过去分词；主语是表示―事‖或―物‖的词语，表语用现在分词。
We were getting very worried. (P.61, Senior Book2A )
―The lion! It must be the lion from the zoo!‖ Mrs. Cousins was frightened. (P.69, Senior Book2A)
以上两句的主语分别是―we‖和―Mrs. Cousins‖，表语用过去分词worried 和frightened。
The news that the Chinese team won the gold medal was very encouraging. (P.51, Senior Book2B)
主语是表示―事物‖的词语the news，表语用现在分词encouraging。
【相关知识及其运用】
在语言实践中，我们还会遇到许多关于分词使用的具体疑难问题。以下选用高考试题或各地模拟试题为例，集中讨论一些常见的语言现象。
1.现在分词被动式同过去分词的区别
现在分词同过去分词的基本区别可见下表。
时间概念语态概念
现在分词
进行或与谓语动作
同时
主动概念
过去
分词
完成被动概念
但现在分词被动式being done也表示被动，在语态概念上与过去分词相同，因此区别就只在于时间概念了。
Most of the people ______ to the party were famous scientists. (1987年高考试题)
A. invited
B. to invited
C. being invited
D. inviting
试题分析：试题意图是考察分词作定语的知识，句子主语的汉语意思为―受到邀请出席晚会的大多数人‖。选项A、C均表示被动，区别在于invited表示―已经受到邀请出席晚会‖；being invited表示―正在受到邀请出席晚会‖。句子是一般过去时，因此答案为A。
2.分词作定语同不定式作定语的区别
不定式作定语在时间概念上表示―将要‖，这是他们之间最根本的区别。
The first textbooks ______ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. ( 1994年高考试题)
A. having written
B. to be written
C. being written
D. written
试题分析：选项A为现在分词完成式，同其所修饰的主语textbooks具有逻辑上的动宾
关系，没有被动形式，不可能考虑；选项B为不定式的被动式，在时间概念上表示将来，与句子的时态不符，必须排除；选项C为现在分词被动式，在时间概念上表示―进行―，不能满足试题要求；选项D written既表示被动又表示完成，切合试题要求，是正确答案。
3.介词with后的宾语补足语
介词with具有一般介词都不具备的语法功能，with后面可以带―宾语+宾语补足语‖的结构。
In parts of Asia you must not sit with your feet pointing at another person. (P.14, Senior Book2A)
介词后的宾语补足语同动词后的宾语补足语没有区别，在试题中只要善于识别便不难理解，
The murderer was brought in, with his hands ______ behind his back. (1991年高考试题)
A. being tied
B. having tied
C. to be tied
D. tied
答案为D。
下面一道试题具有一定难度。
With his son ______, the old man felt unhappy. (北京西城区试题一)
A. to disappoint
B. to be disappointed
C. disappointing
D. being disappointed
试题分析：宾语补足语如果选用被动式，意思为―他的儿子自己感到失望‖；如果选择现在分词，意思为―他的儿子令别人感到失望‖。正确答案为C。
4.分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题
分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须同句子的主语一致；如果不一致，需在分词前加一个逻辑主语，分词和它的逻辑主语合称独立主格结构。关于分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题，在试题中可以看到各种不同的命题技巧。
The key______，she went through her handbag carefully.（2000年长沙模拟试题）
A. hadn’t been found
B. having not been found
C. not h aving been found
D. wasn’t found
试题分析：选项A、D均为谓语形式，选择其中的任何一项前半部分便成为一个分句，与后面的分句必须使用连词。以表示前后分句的逻辑关系，因此全部排除。选项B是现在分词的完成被动式，凡非谓语动词的否定形式，not必须加在最前面，因此也应排除。not
having been found同其逻辑主语the key构成独立主格结构，作原因状语。本试题中句子的主语she不能充当分词的逻辑主语。
______ you should have no trouble with the difficult work. (北京崇文区统一练习一)
A. Knowing this
B. If you are knowing this
C. From knowing this
D. If you have knowing this
试题分析：分词作状语时一般都可以转换为状语从句。本试题的选项B、D作为条件状语从句，时态不正确，应该排除。选项A 的knowing this 的逻辑主语同句子的主语一致，符合要求，为正确答案。
Written in a hurry, ______ . How can it be satisfactory? (2001年广州市综合测试一)
A.they found many mistakes in the report
B.Sam made lots of mistakes in the report
C.There are plenty of mistakes in the report
D.The report is full of mistakes
试题分析：这时一道非常典型的试题。四个选项均为完整的句子，初看起来似乎不容易领悟试题的意图。其实，本题的意图仍然是考察分词作状语的知识。抓住试题意图就容易产生正确的思路——哪个句子的主语能够同过去分词written的逻辑主语一致。沿着这个思路向前走，不难想到the report was written in a hurry, 试题的答案不言自明。
5.现在分词作宾语补足语时同不定式作宾语补足语的区别
动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe等可以用不带to 的不定式作宾语补足语，也可以用现在分词作宾语补足语，但意思有区别。不定式作宾语补足语表示动作的全过程已经完成；现在分词作宾语补足语表示动作在谓语动作发生的瞬间正在进行。
The missing boys were last seen ______ near the river. (1994年高考试题)
A. playing
B. to be playing
C. play
D. to play
试题分析：本试题意在考查分词作宾语补足语的知识，试题使用被动语态使我们不容易意识到试题的意图。―这些丢失的孩子们最后被看到的瞬间正在河边玩‖，句子的意思决定了只能选择playing作宾语补足语。如果选择play，则表示动作业已完成，与试题的意思不符。
非谓语动词（二）——动名词
【基本概念】
1.现行高中教材中将动名词和现在分词统称为-ing形式。这样处理英语传统语法项目的初衷是简化语法术语、淡化语法概念，让学生更多地通过语感掌握其用法。然而，在教学实践中却遇到了另外一些不好解决的问题。其一，取消了―现在分词‖的概念之后，增加了―现在分词和过去分词的区别‖这一关键知识的教学难度：其二，混淆动名词和现在分词的概念使得属于动名词范围的一些细节问题的教学不容易开展，如动名词做宾语的问题、分词和动名词的逻辑主语问题等。
现在分词和动名词都可以做定语和表语，概念却有所不同。遇到这些问题完全可以采取淡化或者回避的办法，就如同我们很少强调形容词做定语、表语同名词做定语、表语的区别一样。学生能够领悟其中的区别更好，不能理解也无关紧要。
2.动名词在书写形式上同现在分词相同，但语法概念和语法功能各异。动名词具有名词的语法作用，在句子中主要充当主语和宾语。
例1：动名词做主语
Using body language in a correct way will help communicate with people and make the stay in a foreign country easy and comfortable. (P.16, Senior Book2A)
Checking information is very important. (P.20, Senior Book2A)
Doing this can save a lot of time and money. (P.20, Senior Book2A)
Learning new words and useful expressions is very important for me. (P.22, Senior Book2A) 例2：动名词做宾语
After a short while he started directing films himself. (P.26, Senior Book2A)
Disney stopped drawing and watched the mouse. (P.2, Senior Book2A)
例3：动名词做介词的宾语
Scores of people went there in the first few days after its opening. (P.3, Senior Book 1B ) after在句中为介词，动名词opening 做介词的宾语，形容词性物主代词its是动名词的逻辑主语。
The money spent on educating a black child was just one fourth of that spent on each white child. (P.38, Senior Book2)
I was pleased that the manager had decided not to be angry with me for having been so rude. (P.35, Senior Book2B)
having been 是动名词being的完成式，做介词for 的宾语。
【关键知识】
动名词一章的关键知识是动名词做宾语同不定式做宾语的区别。这种区别根据―约定俗成‖的原则成为语法规则，因此没有过多的道理可讲。牢牢记住这些规则，在语言实践中能够熟练地运用，便是最好的学习方法。
1.下列动词只能用动名词做宾语，不能用不定式：suggest, finish, enjoy, practise, miss, avoid, require, delay, excuse, pardon, consider, deny, escape, can’t help, risk 等。
Besides, I enjoy learning about new things from politics to sports and music. (P.22, Senior Book2A)
Then for a period of several weeks we practise doing the play. (P.25, Senior Book2A)
2.一些动词后用动名词做宾语和用不定式做宾语意思不同。
①remember, forget, regret后用动名词做宾语表示已经发生过了的动作；用不定式做宾语表示将要发生或尚未发生的动作。
remember to do 表示记住要去做某事；remember doing表示记得曾经做过某事。regret doing表示后悔做了某事；regret to say (tell)表示遗憾地说（告诉）。
---- The light in the office is still on.
---- Oh, I forgot ______. (1991年全国高考试题)
A. turning it off
B. turn it off
C. to turn it off
D. having turned it off
答案为C。句子的意思是―我刚才忘记了关灯‖，―关灯‖的动作没有发生。
---- You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
---- Well, now I regret ______ that. （1995年全国高考试题）
A. to do
B. to be doing
C. to have done
D. having done
答案为D。having done是动名词doing的完成式，表示该动作先于谓语动作，句子的意思是―后悔在会议上提出反对意见‖。
②try to do 表示―设法做‖（克服困难、障碍努力做）；try doing表示―试着做‖（对结果没有把握，尝试去做，看看是否可以）。
The little time we have together we try ______ wisely. (上海市1995年高考试题)
A. spending it
B. to spend it
C. to spend
D. spending that
the little time we have together是spend的宾语，前置以示强调。正确的答案为C。
③like (love) to do 表示具体的一次性动作；like (love) doing表示倾向性的动作。
Little Tom should love ______ to the theatre this evening. （1992年全国高考试题）
A. to be taken
B. to take
C. being taken
D. taken
答案为A。时间状语暗示了应该考虑―一次性动作‖。本试题中little Tom和谓语动词take(带领)为动宾关系，必须注意被动概念的使用。
④动词need的用法同动名词做宾语有密切的关系。
a)当主语是表示―人‖的词语时，need 的宾语用动词不定式的一般式，这时不定式同句子的主语也是主谓关系。
Right now you need to stay still until help comes. ( P.43, Senior Book2B)
但是，也有少数句子need的宾语同句子的主语构成动宾关系，这时need的宾语可以用动名词或不定式的被动式：
The patient will need looking after.
b)当主语是表示―事‖或―物‖的词语时，主语同need往往为动宾关系。这时，用need to be done或need doing 均可，但要注意need doing 是用动名词的主动式表示被动的概念。
These shoes need repairing.
These shoes need to be repaired.
You have come just in time to help us.‖
―Fine. What needs ______?‖ (1985年广东高考试题)
A. I do
B. done
C. to be done
D. to do
答案为C。what是句子的主语，表示事物。
⑤stop to do 和stop doing 的语法结构不同，因此意思也就不同。stop doing中的doing 是动名词做宾语，表示stop动作的对象，意思为―停止做某事‖。Stop to do 中的不定式to do 是目的状语，表示―停止正在做的事的目的是要做某事‖。
"Let's have a break."
"Not now. I don't want to stop ______ yet." （1985年广东高考试题）
A. study
B. to study
C. for studying
D. studying
答案为D。
⑥mean doing 的意思是―意谓着‖、―就是‖。
I meant to tell you yesterday, but you were not in the office.(P.13, Senior Book2B)
Missing the train means waiting for an hour.
mean to do 的意思是―意欲做……‖或―打算做……‖。
What do you mean to do?
【相关知识及其运用】
1.动名词的逻辑主语
动名词的逻辑主语表示动名词所代表的动作是谁做的。动名词逻辑主语规范的表达形式是：①无生命的内容用名词的一般形式。②有生命的内容如果是名词，用该名词的所有格；如果是代词，则用形容词性物主代词。
He has always insisted on his being called Dr. Turner instead of Mr. Turner.
译文：他总是坚持让别人称呼他特纳博士而不是特纳先生。
his 是动名词being called的逻辑主语，但同call 构成被动关系。如果是主动关系应为call him Dr. Turner。
再看下列两道试题：
They insisted on ______ a thorough rest before going back to work.
A. him to take
B. he took
C. his taking
D. his taken
答案为C。
______ made her mother very angry.
A. Helen’s married Jack
B. Helen has married Jack
C. Helen marrying Jack
D. Helen’s marrying Jack
答案为D。
2.动名词的完成式
所有非谓语动词的完成式都表示非谓语动作先于谓语动作，动名词的完成式也不例外。
Tony was very unhappy for ______ to the party. （2000年上海市高考试题）
A. having not been invited
B. not having invited
C. having not invited
D. not having been invited
答案为D。having been invited是动名词的完成被动式，表示否定的not必须放在动名词结构的最前面。
3.动名词的被动式
动名词的被动式同现在分词的被动式相同----being done。动名词被动式的使用主要看动名词和句子主语的逻辑关系：主谓关系用主动式，动宾关系用被动式。
W hile shopping, people sometimes can’t help ______ into buying something they don’t really need. （1996年上海市高考试题）
A. to persuade
B. persuading
C. being persuaded
D. be persuaded
can’t help 后必须用动名词做宾语，persuade 同句子主语people具有逻辑上的动宾关系，因此答案C正确。
He dare not go home for fear of ______ .
A. punishing
B. punished
C. being punished
D. to be punished
正确答案为C。
4.动名词做介词宾语时应注意的问题
动名词做介词的宾语一般情况同做动词的宾语没有区别。应注意的是，下列短语中的to 不是动词不定式的符号，而是介词，因此如果需要使用动词的非谓语形式，必须使用动名词。
look forward to 盼望、预期be (get) used to 习惯于
object to 反对devote…to 献身于、专心于
get down to 认真着手进行、认真处理
They have just come here to get down to repairing the road.
We are looking forward to hearing from you.
Do you object to my closing the window?
非谓语动词（三）——不定式
【基本概念】
不定式是动词的非谓语形式之一，具有名词、形容词、副词的性质，在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。
使用不定式时，大多数情况下要带有不定式的符号―to‖，少数情况不用―to‖。
1.不定式做主语。
不定式做主语时，通常使用形式主语。而将做主语的不定式放在句子的后面。
I think it would be a good idea to have comments from secretaries and typists who are already using it. (P.25, Senior Book3)
How long will it take you to complete the trip? (P.9, Senior Book2B)
2.不定式做宾语。
I have decided to take a lot of cabbage in vinegar. (P.7, Senior Book3)
Agriculture first started about 10,000years ago, when people began to grow crops in the river valleys of the Nile in Egypt, in the Middle East and in India. （P.20, Senior Book3）
不定式做宾语时也有使用形式宾语的问题，但必须同时具备两个条件：①有宾语补足语。
②宾语是动词不定式短语或宾语从句。
The dusty air makes it difficult to get a clear picture of space. (P.10, Senior Book2B)
以上句子中，it为形式宾语；difficult为宾语补足语；不定式短语to get a clear picture of space是真宾语。
3.不定式做表语
It has been proved that the way to produce the most food is to let farmers grow crops either to feed their family or to sell. (P. 22, Senior Book3)
A better method is to take waste far out to sea in ships where the wind and waves break it down. (P.32. Senior Book3)
4.不定式做定语
…but it is thought that 500 million people in the world do not have enough to eat, which is about one in ten. (P.20, Senior Book3)
Farmers have the right to sell their crops to the EU. (P.22, Senior Book3)
5.不定式做状语
Third, a lot of irrigated land has become too salty to grow plants. (P. 20, Senior Book3)
本句中的to grow plants是has become too salty的结果状语。
Various things can be done to increase the food supply in the world. )P.20, Senior Boo9k3)
to increase the food supply in the world是目的状语。
不定式表示目的极为常见。有时为了强调目的,可以用in order to或so as to ；有时将不定式短语置于句首也是表示目的常见用法。
Cook went up and down the river in order to chart all the dangerous rock. (P.8, Senior Book3)
The lion looked at her as she swung the pork in her hand so as to attract the lion’s attention. (P.69, Senior Book2A)
To become a top gymnast, it is important to start when very young. (P.50, Senior Book3)
To do that, it must find a place where it can keep fairly warm; and it must be a place where its enemy cannot find it. (P.68, Senior Book3)
only to do 是不定式做结果状语的典型用法，这种“结果”往往是预想不到的。
Yesterday I went to see him only to find he had been away on business.
He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.
6.不定式做宾语补足语
不定式做宾语补足语时有两种情况：绝大多数做宾语补足语的不定式用带to的动词不定式；动词see, hear, watch, feel, notice, observe, have, make, let后做宾语补足语的不定式主动语态时必须用不带to的不定式；改为被动语态又必须用to 。
What stores do you want me to order? (P.7, Senior Book3)
But Cook ordered the crews to throw over the side of the ship guns, iron balls, pots and chains and even stores to raise the boat in the water. (P.10, Senior Book3) And I advise you not to eat fruit that isn’t ripe in future. (P.1, Senior Book1B)
I read about you in the newspaper and decided to come and hear you play. (P.68, Senior Book2B)
下面的例子是1991年的高考试题，试题的意图便是考查不带to的不定式变为被动语态时的用法。
John was made ______ the truck for a week as a punishment.
A. to wash
B. washing
C. wash
D. to be washing
答案为A。
【相关知识及其运用】
1.不定式的进行式
当谓语所表示的动作或状态发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在进行，这时要用不定式的进行式。
They are said to be building another bridge across the Changjiang River.
He pretended to be doing his homework carefully when his mother came in.
2.不定式的完成式
同其他非谓语形式一样，不定式的完成式表示不定式的动作先于谓语动作。
I’m sorry to have done that, I didn’t mean to be so rude. (P.43, Senior Book3)
Between 1850and 1910 the bison population is thought to have fallen from 60 million to just
a few hundred. (P.75, Senior Book3)
3.不定式的被动式
当不定式的逻辑主语同不定式具有逻辑动宾关系时，不定式要用被动式。
But some people don’t want good farmland to be built on. (P.25, Senior Book2B)
good farmland是句子的宾语，to be built on是宾语补足语，宾语和宾语补足语之间总是具有逻辑上的主谓或主表关系。因此，good farmland是不定式to be built on 的逻辑主语，同时它们又具有逻辑动宾关系，不定式必须同被动式。
He has asked to be introduced to the pianist. (P.68, Senior Book2B)
不定式短语to be introduced to the pianist的逻辑主语是句子的主语he，同时he同introduce又有逻辑上的动宾关系，因此用被动式。
不定式的被动式是个比较复杂的问题。尤其是当不定式同形容词配合使用时很容易造成理解上的困难。下列句子中的不定式通常不用被动式。
①The question is difficult to answer.
②The shirt is too small to wear.
③I find English easy to learn .
①、②两句中的不定式短语都可以加入逻辑主语，如for me一类，③句中不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。
4.不定式与疑问词连用
不定式与疑问词连用，其作用相当于一个名词性从句，可充当句子的主语、宾语和表语。
I’m not sure whether to go to the one about accidents. (P.1, Senior Book3)
How to get rid of waste is a great problem for the world today. (P.32, Senior Book3)
The problem is how to feed a growing world population of over 6 billion. (P.20, Senior Book3)
As soon as the reporters know what to write about, they get down to work. (P.20, Senior Book2A)
5.不定式做定语时的有关问题
不定式做定语时可以分为两类：
①不定式所修饰的名词是不定式的逻辑主语。
China is the first countries in the world to study the science of farming. (P.38, Senior Book 1B)
不定式短语修饰the first countries，同时the first countries又是to study the sciences of farming的逻辑主语。
②不定式同他所修饰的名词具有逻辑动宾关系，如果不能确立动宾关系或不定式为不及物动词，必须使用介词。
Years of hard work, very little food, only a small room to live in and never a moment’s rest. (P.13, Senior Book1B)
She had little money to live on. (P.3, Senior Book3)
I really don’t know what topic to write about. (to write about what topic)
Would you please give me a pen to write with? (to write with a pen)
不定式做定语时，被动的概念应给予格外重视。通常的情况是不定式动作的执行者就在句子中。以上述三个句子为例，to live on的执行者是she；to write about 的执行者是I；to write with的执行者则是me。因此，以上三句中的不定式都用主动式。
在句子中没有不定式动作执行者的情况下，不定式所修饰的名词即为不定式的逻辑主语。如果不定式同它的逻辑主语为动宾关系，则用不定式的被动式。
The action to be taken is correct.
下列试题的意图便是考查这个问题。
--Have you got anything ______ there?
--No, I will go there myself. Thank you just the same.
A. to be taken
B. been taken
C. taken
D. to take
句子的主语you不是take 的逻辑主语。根据句子的意思，take的逻辑主语应该是说话者自己，因此必须用被动式的被动式。答案为A。
在there be句型中，不定式做定语极为常见，但使用不定式的一般式和被动式意义不同。不定式的一般式表示―会有人去做……‖，通常可根据上下文在不定式前加一个逻辑主语。
There are plenty of interesting places（for you）to visit. (P.33, Senior Book1B)
There was nowhere (for anybody) to hide. (P.58, Senior Book3)
Here is a game to play. (P.33, Senior Book3)
如果使用不定式的被动式，则表示说话人着重强调不定式所修饰的名词，不考虑不定式所代表的动作由谁做，且整个句子往往含有情态意义。
There is nothing to be gained by pretending.
= Nothing can be gained by pretending.
There is a lot of work to be done.
= A lot of work has to be done.
6.不定式的逻辑主语问题
不定式的逻辑主语表示不定式动作的执行者，通常由介词for加名词、名词性词组或宾格代词构成，置于不定式符号to之前。
Lincoln said that it was not right for the South to break away from the Union. (P.50, Senior Book1A)
It was easy for them to carry a guitar on their travel. (P.42, Senior Book1A)
在―It is +形容词‖结构的句子中，不定式的逻辑主语可能用介词for ,也可能用介词of。当这个形容词同不定式的逻辑主语构成逻辑上的主表关系时，介词用of，否则就用for。
①Is is very kind of you to give me so much help.
= You are very kind to give me so much help.（不定式的逻辑主语you可以同形容词kind 构成逻辑上的主表关系，介词用of）
②It is important for us to learn English well.
不定式的逻辑主语us不能同important构成逻辑上的主表关系，因此用for。
非谓语动词解题思路
非谓语动词是高中语法的重点，也是难点，学生常常对此感到头疼。其实只要理解并掌握非谓语动词各种形式的特点，做起题来会很轻松。我们先来看看非谓语动词的各种变化形式。熟悉知道了非谓语动词形式后，做题时可分四步分析。
一、分析句子结构
1. ________many times , but he still couldn't understand it .
2. ________many times, he still couldn't understand it.
A. Having been told
B. Told
C. He was told
D. Though he had been told
3. ________to the left, you'll find the post office.
4. If you ________to the left, you'll find the post office.
5. ________to the left , and you'll find the post office .
A. Turning
B. To turn
C. Turn
D. Turned
分析：句1. 用连词but 引导并列句子，因此，前面也是个独立句子成分，故选C。
句2. 句中用逗号隔开，且无连词引导，因此，前面不是句子结构，只是句子的一个成分，故选A，用非谓语动词作状语。
句3. 同句2，选A 。
句4. 前面用if 引导从句，故选C ，构成从句谓语。
句5. 同句1，选C。
二、分析逻辑主语
确定要选非谓语动词之后，第二步要分析其逻辑主语。非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致。若不一致，则须加上自己的逻辑主语。
1. ________no buses, we have to walk home.
A. There being
B. It were
C. There were
D. It being
2. ______Sunday I shall have a quiet day at home .
分析：句1. 表示―没有公共汽车‖，应用―there be‖结构，即逻辑主语是―there‖，故选A 。
句2. 同理选D。
三、分析语态
分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后，分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系。
1. ______from space , the earth looks blue .
2.______from space , we can see the earth is blue .
A. Seen
B. Seeing
C. To see
D. See
这两个题选项中的非谓语动词都没有加自己的逻辑主语, 因此其逻辑主语就是句子的主语。
分析：句1. ―地球‖被―看起来‖，表被动，故选A，用过去分词表被动。
句2. 我们―主动看……‖即表主动，故选B。
3. The dirty clothes ______ , the girl hung them up outside .
4. ______ the dirty clothes, the girl hung them up outside.
A. was washed
B. washed
C. were washed
D. having washed
分析：句3. 前面应用非谓语动词作句子的状语，逻辑主语是―the dirty clothes‖，和动词搭配表示―衣服被洗‖，故选B。
句4. 逻辑主语为句子的主语―the girl‖，表示―女孩洗衣服‖，为主动关系，故选D。
四、分析时态，在选定了主动或被动后，还要考虑动作发生的时间问题，即时态。
1. The building ______now will be a restaurant .
2. The building ______next year will be a restaurant .
3. The building ______last year is a restaurant.
A. having been built
B. to be built
C. being built
D. built
句1中now 说明大楼正在被修，故用进行式，选C。
句2中next year 说明大楼将在明年被修，故用表将来的不定式，选B。
句3中last year 说明大楼已被修，但不能选，因为现在分词的完成式不能作定语，故用过去分词，选D。
又如：
1. He stood there ______for his mother .
2. ______for two hours , he went away .
A. waiting
B. to wait
C. waited
D. Having waited
句1表示―站在那等‖，两个动词同时发生，故选A作伴随状语。
句2表示已经等了两个小时，发生在谓语动词―went away ‖之前，故用完成式，选D 。
需要注意的是，非谓语动词的否定也是常考的项目，要认清否定形式，非谓语动词的否定都应将not 放在前面。
如：
What is the reason for ______there?
A. not your going
B. not your go
C. your not going
D. you not to go
巩固练习:
1. ______won't be of much help. (A)
A .Tom's going B. Tom going C. Tom to go D. Tom goes
2. They managed _____the meeting room before the guests arrived. (C)
A. finishing to clean
B. finishing cleaning
C. to finish cleaning
D. to finish to clean
3. We must find a room big enough _____. (B)
A. for all of us to live
B. for all of us to live in
C. to live in all of us
D. of all of us to live
4. _____a teacher , I should set a good example to students . (A)
A. Being
B. Having been
C. To be
D. As I being
5. _____a teacher, one must first be their pupil. (C)
A. Being
B. Having been
C. To be
D. To have been
6. It was stupid _____ your advice. (C)
A. for me not to take
B. for me not taking
C. of me not to take
D. of me not taking
7. The teacher told him to speak louder _____by, everybody. (A)
A. so as to be heard
B. so as to hear
C. in order that heard
D. in order to hear
8. They suggested _____ the sports meet till next Tuesday. (B)
A. us to put off
B. our putting off
C. us of putting off
D. our put off
9. The doctor gave me some medicine, _____ three times a day before meals. (C)
A. to take
B. to be taking
C. to be taken
D. I took it
高考英语动词的过去式和过去分词不规则 变化表
动词的过去式和过去分词不规则变化表1.AAA式： hurt[h:t] hurt[h:t] hurt[h:t] t] t] put[p put[p read[ri:d] read[red] read[red] 2.AAB式： 3.ABA式： 4.ABB式： （1）在动词原形后加一个辅音字母d,t或ed构成过去式或过去分词。 :n] burnt[b:nt]/burned[b:nd burnt[b:nt]/burned[b:nd] :d] :d] :n] :nt] :nt]
n]/shined n]/shined smell[smel] smelled/smelt[smelt] （2）把动词原形的最后一个辅音字母“d”改为“t”构成过去式或过去分词。 （3）原形→ought→ought (4)原形→aught→aught （5）变其中一个元音字母 found[fa found[fa t] got/gotten['tn] ?held[held] lead[li:d]
t] t] spit/spat[sp?t] spit/spat[sp?t] （6）原形→lt/pt/ft (7)其他 stood[st understood[,'st understood[,'st st,l lost[l st,l had[h?d,h had[h?d,h ? ?ld] ld] 5.ABC式：（1）原形→过去式→原形+(e)n ? drive[dra I v] I vn] drew[dru:] ?'ɡ?'ɡ
mistaken[m 'st threw[θru:] d] dn] :] I t] （2）原形→过去式→过去式+(e)n z] ??zn] t] got/gotten['ɡtn] hid[h I d] dn] t] tn] l] l? (3)变单词在重读音节中的元音字母“i”分别为“a”（过去式）和“u”（过去分词）。 （4）其他
高中英语语法之动词过去分词 简介 规则动词的过去分词一般是由动词加ed构成(具体规则见后)，不规则动词的过去分词见不规则动词表。过去分词则属于类动词 1. 及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是被动关系,表示主语的状态,不但表示被动,还表示已完成了.The cup is broken. 茶杯破了. 2. 不及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是主动关系,表示主语的状态,只表示动作的完成. He is retired. 他已退休. 3. 有些过去分词作表语时,构成的谓语很接近被动结构. 过去分词构成规则 1 、规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则： (1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited (2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。live---lived---lived , (3)、以“辅音字母+ y ”结尾的动词，将"y" 变为"i" ，再加“ ed ”。 study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried , (4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。 stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped 2 、不规则动词，见不规则表 一、当过去分词作为表语 The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城市三面环山. 【注意】过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别:过去分词作表语,主要是表示主语的状态,而被动语态则表示动作. (1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被动语态,表示动作) (2) The library is now closed. 图书馆关门了.(过去分词作表语) 【注意】过去分词表示被动或完成, -ing 形式表示主动或进行.有些动词如interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人,用-ing 形式来修饰物. (3) The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. 这本书很有趣,我对它很感兴趣. 二、当过去分词作为定语 作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词,其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词.及物动词的过去分词作定语,既表被动又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语,只表完成. 1. 过去分词用作定语,如果是单个的,常置于其所修饰的名词之前. We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况. 2. 过去分词短语用作定语时,一般置于其所修饰的名词之后,其意义相当于一个定语从句,但较从句简洁,多用于书面语中. The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功. 3.过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号. The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会,到会的有五千多人. 4. 用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物,这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人,但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关.
高三英语专题复习教案 ------读写任务话题作文 设计者：李映珠 【教学目标】学生进一步熟悉读写任务指定话题写作特点和要求，掌握常用的写作模式和句型。消除对写作的恐惧心理，培养写作兴趣。 【教学重点】怎样写好指定话题写作 【教学难点】如何利用句型结构组织语言 【教学方法】讲练结合，精讲多练，引导学生体会与模仿。 【教学步骤】 Step 1 Discussion (what to write). What aspects will we mention when talking about environmental protection? global warming, littering, water pollution, air pollution, CO2, sea level to rise, human activities, suggestions, environmental friendly, etc. Step 2 Classification. Help the students classify the aspects mentioned above about environmental protection: a problem/ phenomenon, reasons/ effects or measures. Step 3 Organizing the information into sentences for each classification (how to write). 1．Discussion: how to put forward a problem/ phenomenon 2．Summary: (句子模板) ◆Recently, _________________________ has always aroused the greatest concern. ◆In recent days, we have to face the problem that __________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 3．Practice: (仿写) 1)全球变暖。 Recently, global warming has always aroused the greatest concern. 2)作弊问题越来越严重。 In recent days, we have to face the problem that cheating is more and more serious. 4．Discussion: how to analyze the reasons/ effects 5．Summary: (句子模板) ◆The ____________ for / of ___________can be listed as follows. On one hand, ________________.On the other hand, __________________.
高中英语语法“虚拟语气”的教学设计 一、教材分析： 本课是结合外研社版高中英语教材选修6中有关虚拟语气的语法内容，进行高三虚拟语气的复习，教学中将语法知识的传授和语言基本技能的学习结合到一起，注重复习语法与语言的运用。采用任务型教学法和小组合作探究学习法，从而扩大课堂的语言输入量及学生的语言输出量。 二、学情分析： 在高一和高二英语学习基础上，高三学生已经掌握基本的语言结构和一定程度的听说读写能力。在高三语法复习的过程中，结合学生原有的知识掌握水平，巩固基础强化正确使用语法知识，提高学生运用语言的深度和难度.但大部分学生的基础知识仍然较为薄弱，运用英语进行交际活动的能力较差，主动学习的动力不够，然而他们学习比较认真，渴求知欲旺盛，思维比较活跃。部分学生的基础较好，能主动配合老师。只有设置使他们感兴趣的活动，因材施教，才能让他们投入到课堂活动中来。 三、教学重点: 1.复习的重点---语法虚拟语气的句型结构. 2.语法虚拟语气的运用 四、教学难点: 1.结合复习的语法知识，以课堂教学为依托，全面训练学生的听、说、读、写能力，加强和提高运用英语的综合能力。 2.虚拟语气在真实的生活语境中的使用。 五、教学目标: 1.知识目标: 引导学生掌握情态动词在虚拟语气之中的使用。培养学生通读，分析，理解，综合的能力，教会学生体察语境，结合上下文，附和逻辑推理和合理的想象，结合语法和题干中的语境解决高考题。在运用语言过程中培养学生的观察力、分析力、想象力和自学能力，提高思维能力和运用英语的综合能力。 2.能力目标： 利用多媒体手段营造积极和谐教学氛围，使学生进入情景之中，充分调动学生的思维活动和情感体验，规范学生运用英语知识准确表达的能力，同时，发展学生综合语言运用的能力，分析问题和解决问题的能力，培养学生自主学习。 3.德育目标： 用情态动词和虚拟语气的句子结构表达思想感情和正确的世界观、人生观。 六、教学策略:
高考英语过去分词典型试题 1. Many students have got _______ of the same food in the dinning hall. They say they need a change. A. tired B. tiring C. to tire D. tires 2. The results of the experiment were so ______ that both the teacher and the students were ______. A. surprised; surprising B. surprised; surprised C. surprising; surprised D. surprising; surprising 3. Her child is always smartly_____ because she likes to _______her child smartly. A. dress; dressing B. dressed; dressed C. dressed; dress D. dressing; dress 4. After the storm there were quite a few ______ trees on the ground. Many people saw them ______ down when the storm came up. A. fallen; fall B. fallen; fallen C. fallen; to fall D. falling; fall 5. Teachers _____ in this school are mostly from famous universities all over the country. They teach well. Thanks to their good work, the students ____ in this school are mostly doing well. A. taught; taught B. to teach; to teach C. teach; being taught D. teaching; being taught 6. The child's exam result was _____ .The _______ parents shouted angrily at the child as soon as they saw the school report. A. disappointing; disappointed B. disappointed; disappointing C. disappointed; disappointed D. disappointing; disappointing 7 The ________ story of the hero _______ everyone to tears.
高三英语专项复习教案 m5测试卷 英语知识运用（共两节，满分45分） 第一节：语法和词汇知识（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）从a、b、c和d四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 1. —excuse me, i want to buy a magazine, but i can’t find a bookstall.—i know ______ nearby. come on, i’ll show you. a. one b. it c. some d. that 2. when i got back home, i saw a message pinned to the door ______ “sorry to miss you. i will call later.” a. read b. reads c. to read d. reading 3. his mother wanted to discourage him ______ this ordinary-looking girl. a. to marry b. marry c. from marrying d. married 4. he felt guilty about losing, and bad about ______ football as you are. a. being as gifted at b. being so gifted for c. not being as gifted at d. not being so gifted for 5. i had a hard time ______ him to join us.
名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词，专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类： 1）个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。 2）集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。 3）物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。 4）抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词，物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词。归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示： 名词专有名词不可数名词 普通名词物质名词 抽象名词 集体名词 可数名词
情况构成方法读音例词 一般情况加 -s 清辅音后读/s/ map-maps 浊辅音和元音后读 /z/ bag-bags /car-cars 以s, sh, ch, x等结尾加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses/ watch-watches 以ce, se, ze,等结尾加-s 读/iz/ license-licenses 以辅音字母+y结尾变y 为i再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies 1）以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数。 如：two Marys the Henrys monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays 2）以o 结尾的名词，变复数时： a. 加s，如：photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos； b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes
动词 1. A---A---A型（原形、过去式和过去分词同形）bet-----bet-----bet 打赌 broadcast-----broadcast-----broadcast 广播burst-----burst-----burst 爆发 cost----- cost----- cost 花费 cut----- cut----- cut 割，切 hit----- hit--- hit 打 hurt-----hurt-----hurt 伤 let----- let----- let 让 put----- put----- put 放下 read----- read----- read 读 shut----shut----shut 关上，停业 set----set----set 点燃，凝固 spread-----spread-----spread 传播 upset----upset-----upset 心烦，扰乱 2.A---A---B型（现在式和过去式同形）
beat----- beat----- beaten 打 3.A---B---A型（现在式和过去分词同形） come----- came----- come 来 become----- became----- become 变 run----- ran----- run 跑 4. A---B---B型 （1）在动词原形后加一个辅音字母d或t或直接加-ed构成过去式或过去分词。 burn----- burnt----- burnt 燃烧 deal-----dealt-----dealt 处理 dream-----dreamed-----dreamed 梦想 hang-----hanged-----hanged 悬挂 hear-----heard-----heard 听见 learn----- learned/learnt----- learned/learnt 学习 light-----lighted-----lighted 照亮 mean----- meant----- meant 意思 shine-----shined-----shined 擦亮，照耀 smell-----smelled-----smelled 嗅，闻
第7章动词的过去分词形式 动词的-ed形式也是非谓语动词的一种，它具有动词的一些特点，同时也具有形容词、副词的句法功能，在句中可用作表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语等。 一、动词的-ed形式的特征 A．动词的-ed形式是由动词的过去分词构成 动词的-ed形式只有一种形式，即传统语法中的过去分词。绝大部分的动词的-ed形式由动词原形加-ed构成，也有一些动词的-ed形式是不规则的。 1．规则动词的-ed形式 limit→limited（限制） pretend→pretended（假装） escape→escaped（逃脱） provide→provided（提供） refer→referred（提交） drag→dragged（拖） pray→prayed（祈祷） supply→supplied（供应） 2．不规则动词的-ed形式 cast→cast（投掷） spread→spread（传播） bite→bitten（咬） forgive→forgiven（原谅） spit→spat（吐） wear→worn（穿） fight→fought（搏斗） lose→lost（丢失） 3．少数动词的-ed形式作定语时，读音与一般过去分词不同 learned a learned professor 一位知识渊博的教授 aged an aged man 老人 beloved his beloved computer 他心爱的计算机 B．动词的-ed形式的否定形式 动词的-ed形式的否定形式是由not或never加动词的-ed形式构成。 Not allowed to go in, he had to wait outside. 不允许他进去，他只好在外面等着。 Never invited to his party, she got angry with him. 从未被邀请过去他的聚会，她很生气。 C．动词的-ed形式的特征 动词的-ed形式有被动的意思，有时也可表示完成的动作。 1．动词的-ed形式表示已完成的动作。 除了作形容词用的-ed形式外，动词的-ed形式可带有完成的意义，有的同时也带有被动的意义。
分词既有动词的特征，由有形容词和副词的特征。分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词有一般式和完成式，过去分词没有这种区别。及物动词的现在分词还有主动形式和被动形式的区别。分词常用的形式如表所示（以及物动词do 和不及物动词go为例）： do go 主动被动 现在分词doing being done going 过去分词/ done gone 完成式having done having been done / 不及物动词的现在分词作定语表达强调动作正在进行，过去分词强调完成；及物动词的现在分词作定语强调主动，过去分词强调被动。分词的完成式一般不作定语。分词作其他成分时，也是如此。分词作定语，单个的分词作定语一般前置；分词词组，个别分词如given, left等，修饰不定代词等的分词，作定语需后置。例如： We can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日 He is a retired worker.他是位退休的工人 There was a girl sitting there.有个女孩坐在那里 This is the question given.这是所给的问题 There is nothing interesting.没有有趣的东西 分词作定语相当于定语从句，如Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. = Most of the people who wereinvited to the party were famous scientists. 典型例题 1）The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written 答案 D. 书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词做定语表被动，相当于定语从句which was written 2）What\'s the language ____ in Germany? A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak 答案 B. 主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。spoken，在句中作定语，修饰主语language, spoken 与language有被动关系。该句可以理解为：What\'s the language （which is） 分词作状语，可以表示时间，原因，理由，条件，让步，连续等，相当于一个状语从句。例如： Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call. 由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了个电话。 As I didn\'t receive any letter from him, I gave him a call. Given more attention，the trees could have grown better. 多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好。 If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better. 典型例题 1）_____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army. A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. Having been followed 答案B. Napoleon 与follow 之间有被动的含义。being followed除表达被动之外，还有动作正在进行之意。followed by（被…跟随）。本题可改为：
状语从句 一．状语从句的定义：在复合句中由从句表示的状语称作状语从句，它可以用来修饰谓语（包括非谓语动词）、定语或状语，或是整个句子。状语从句通常由一个连词引起，也可以由一个起连词作用的词组引起，有时甚至不需要连词直接和主句连接起来。 状语从句一般分为九大类 时间状语从句地点状语从句原因状语从句目的状语从句结果状语从句 条件状语从句方式状语从句比较状语从句让步状语从句 二．状语从句的分类： 在时间状语从句中，要注意时态一致，一般情况下主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。可以引导时间状语从句的连词很多，根据意义和主从句之间的时间关系，又可分类如下：（1）表示同时性，即主从句的谓语动作同时发生或几乎同时发生。 其连词有：when （当……的时候）, while（当……的时候）, as（当……的时候）, once（一旦……）as soon as（一……就……）, the time（当……的时刻）, the moment（当……的时刻）, by the time（到……时候为止）, next time(下次), the first time(第一次……的时候), the last time(上次……的时候)，immediately（一……就……）, instantly（一……就……）,directly （一……就……）以下关联词引起的句子中，前面常用过去完成时，后面用一般过去时hardly /scarcely…when…（刚……就……）, no sooner…than…（刚……就……） Strike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁。 While I am washing the floor, you can be cleaning the windows.（while含有对比的意思） 我洗地板的时候，你可以擦窗户。 As / When I came home, I met an old schoolmate of mine.我回家的时候遇到了我的一位老同学。 I’ll rin g you up as soon as I get an answer from him.我一有他的答复就给你打电话。 Once you see him, you will never forget him. 你一旦见过他，就不会忘了他的。 Hardly had we got into the country when it began to rain. 我们一到乡下就开始下雨了。 = We had hardly got into the country when it began to rain. No sooner had he come home than she started complaining. 他一到家她就开始抱怨。
高中英语过去分词用法 练习题及答案 IMB standardization office【IMB 5AB- IMBK 08- IMB 2C】
习题精选---分词用法: boy went to the ball,＿like a pretty girl. A. dressing B. wearing C. wore D. dressed 2.＿in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor. A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed 3. The film was made＿ on a true old story. A. base B. to be based C. based D. basing 4. When＿ ,the museum will be open to the public next year. A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed 5.＿ to his research, he almost forgot everything. A. Devoting B. Devoted C. To devote D. Devote 6. ＿his attention on his novel, he didn’t notice the teacher coming. A. Fixed B. Fixing C. Fix D. To fix 7.＿ on his novel, he didn’t notice the teacher coming. A. Fixed B. Fixing C. Fix D. To fix old engineer talked of the difficulty they ＿ the tower. A. built B. had building C. had built D. build 9. ＿such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered 10.＿ the past, our life is becoming much better. A. Comparing with B. Be compared with C. To compare with D. Compared with 11. The boy was last seen ＿near the East Lake. A. playing B. play C. played D. to play was very unhappy for ＿to the party. A. having not been invited B. not having invited C. having not invited D. not having been invited I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door ＿“Sorry to miss you; will call later.” A. read B. reads C. reading D. to read
Ⅷ-ing Participle Unit 1 Exercise 1: Multiple Choice 1. She stood by the window, _______. A. thinking B. think C. thought D. thinks 2. _______ to meet anybody, he went in from the back door. A. Not wishing B. Wishing C. Not wished D. No wishing 3. It _______ now pretty late, we took our things and retired to our room A. is B. being C. turned D. got 4. The old man came upstairs with great strength, his right hand _______ a stick for support. A. held B. holding C. being holding D. was holding 5. _______ three times in a row, the boxer decides to give up fighting. A. having defeated B. To have defeated C. having been defeated D. To have been defeated 6. _______ on a clear day, far from the city crowds, the mountains give him a sense of infinite peace. A. If walking B. While walking C. Walking D. When one is walking 7. I understood you were third-year students _______ in English. A. who major B. who major is C. have majored D. majoring 8. Their room was on the third floor, its window_______ the sports ground. A. overlooks B. overlooking C. overlooked D. to overlook 9. A new technique ______ out, the yield increases by 20%. A. having working B. having been worked C. has worked D. had been worked 10. _______, there was nothing for it but to swim across. A. The bridge having been destroyed B. The bride was destroyed C. The bridge to be destroyed D. The bridge had been destroyed 11. _______ the entrance exam, he was offered an opportunity to study international finance and economics at this university. A. Having passed B. Passed C. Passing D. Being passing 12. _______ another generation from that of their parents, young people have different tastes, ideas and beliefs. A. Belonging to B. Belonged to C. They belong to D. They belonging to 13. He went hunting with specially trained dogs, followed by men and women _______ horses. A. riding B. ridden C. rode D. to ride 14. I remember that you're the man ______ the world news on television. A. reporting B. having reported C. reported D. to report 15. _____ the temperature falling so rapidly, we couldn’t go on with the experiment. A. Since B. For C. As D. With 16. Her husband having died, she has to take on such heavy _____ housework as carrying water. A. time-consumed B. timely-consumed C. time-consuming D. timely-consuming 17. The final results _____ yesterday, the public felt very angry. A. reveal B. have revealed C. be revealed D. having been revealed 18. There seemed little hope that the explorer, _____ in the tropical forest, would find his way through it. A. to be deserted B. having deserted C. to have been deserted D. having been deserted 19. Power stations employ _________ water to produce electricity.
2019年高考英语知识点单元总复习教案XX届高考英语一轮单元总复习讲义精品荟萃外研版必修五module 2知识详解1.offer v．(主动)提出(愿意做某事)，提议，给予，提供 n．出价，建议(回归课本p)this person has offered to do a job—and may not be paid for doing it.此人主动去做一份工作——而且可能不要报酬。【归纳总结】【例句探源】①(朗文p1355)they offered him a very good job but he turned it down.他们给他提供了一份很好的工作，但他拒绝了。 ②the teacher offered a computer to his daughter as a present for her wedding.这位老师给他的女儿一台电脑当做结婚礼物。③the student offered to give me a hand when i was looking for my key everywhere.当我四处寻找我的钥匙时，那位学生主动提出要帮我的忙。④the businessman offered $2,000 for my vase.那个商人出价2,000美元买我的花瓶。⑤thank you for your offer of help.感谢你提供帮助。【易混辨析】offer，provide，supply(1)offer“提供”，侧重主动给予，多指具体的事物。多用于：offer sb.sth.或offer sth. to sb.(2)provide“供应，供给”，表示为应付某种需要而提供某物，所提供的东西一般是具体的事物，也可以是帮助、经验、机会、答案、例子等抽象的东西。一般用于：provide sth.for sb.与provide sb. with sth.(3)supply“补给，供给，提供”，只用于具体事物，侧重补充所需要的东西，有时可以与provide互换。经常用于：supply sth.to sb.或supply sb.with sth.。①the factory supplied a uniform to each of
高中英语语法专题复习教案大全(15个教案) 语法复习专题一——名词 一、考点聚焦 1.可数名词单、复数变化形式 （1）规则变化。 ①单数名词词尾直接加-s。如：boy —boys, pen —pens。 ②以s、x 、ch 、sh结尾的单词一般加-es。如：glass —glasses,box—boxes, watch —watches, brush —brushes。 特例：stomach —stomachs。 ③以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的变“y”为“i”再加“-es”。如： baby —babies, lady —ladies, fly —flies。 ④以“o”结尾的多数加-es。如：tomato —tomatoes, potato —potatoes, hero —heroes。但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中以o结尾的词只加-s。如：radio —radios, zoo —zoos, photo —photos, piano —pianos, kilo —kilos, tobacco —tobaccos。 ⑤以“f”或“fe”结尾的名词复数形式变“f”或“fe”为“v”，之后再加-es。如：wife —wives, life —lives, knife —knives, wolf—wolves, self —selves, leaf —leaves等。特例：handkerchief—handkerchiefs, roof —roofs, chief —chiefs, gulf —gulfs, belief —beliefs, cliff —cliffs。 ⑥改变元音字母的。如：man —men, mouse —mice, foot —feet, woman —women, tooth —teeth, goose —geese, ox —oxen。特例：child —children。 ⑦复合名词的复数形式。（A）在复合词中最后名词尾加-s。如：armchair —armchairs, bookcase —bookcases, bookstore —bookstores。（B）man和woman作定语修饰另一个名词时，前后两个名词都要变成复数。如：man doctor —men doctors, woman driver —women drivers。（C）与介词或副词一起构成的复合名词应在主体名词部分加-s。如：brother-in-law —brothers-in-law, passer-by —passers-by。 ⑧有的名词有两种复数形式。如：zero —zeros 、zeroes, deer — deers 、deer。penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同。如：pence（便士的钱数），pennies(便