2018年12月大学英语四六级
写作11.15现场版讲义
四六级写作预测话题
话题的共同预测：
一. 社会公德
二. 合作共赢（社会，个人）
三. 网络发展和智能设备的使用（科技）
四. 环境
五. 选择（2018考研）
六.文化交流
形式：
1. 提纲作文
2. 图画/图表作文
3. 命题作文
4. 引言作文
5. 应用文（四级）：书信，告示，广告，演讲，导游词，见证书；共性的问题
语言！多样性！
评分实际标准：
1. 书写工整
2. 别出错！！！（动词，基本句式！）
3. 有一定变化
4. 蓝黄相间
5. 有一定的结构衔接
被压分的可能，和随机的评阅。
尽力而为！
调查：
社会道德：
I come across a survey conducted by the Global Times concerning the topic of social morality, revealing that almost all interviewees are of the idea that the awareness about social ethics should be enhanced and promoted, which is a promising start. （背—换）
我看到《环球时报》就社会道德问题所做的一项调查，结果显示，几乎所有受访者都认为社会道德意识应该得到提高和推广，这是一个良好的开端。
黄色：universal (普遍性的) 红色（可替换部分））
蓝色：relevant (相关性的)
环境保护
I come across a survey conducted by the CCTV involving the topic of environmental preservation, showing that almost all interviewees support that the awareness about sustainable way of development should be enhanced and promoted, which is a good start.
文化交流
A survey conducted by China Daily relating to the topic of cultural integration has impressed me lot,showing that almost all interviewees advocate that the awareness about cultural communication should be enhanced and promoted, which is a positive start.
个人品质
The interview conducted by the new media branch of Sina focusing on the topic of cooperation and teamwork will cast the light on our discussion,concluding that more than 85% of high- achievers attributes their success to the spirit of being cooperative,which impresses me a lot.
个人品质
The interview conducted by the new media branch of Sina focusing on the topic of the down-to-earth spirit ,recently, will cast the light on our discussion,concluding that more than 85% of high- achievers attributes their success to the spirit of being down-to-earth,which impresses me a lot.
科技
The interview conducted by the new media branch of Sina focusing on the topic of the overuse of mobile phones, recently, will cast the light on our discussion,concluding that more than 85% of
interviewees are bothered by the overload of information and that most of them are trying to escape from this sorry state, which impresses me a lot.
举例：
个人品质：
The success story of Bill Gates, the founder of Microsoft, has illustrated the importance/significance of being cooperative. It is not hard to imagine that without the teamwork his company cannot weather numerous challenges or survive in this competitive age, let alone generating much social wealth.
微软创始人比尔·盖茨的成功故事，说明了合作的重要性和意义。不难想象，没有团队精神，他的公司就无法应对无数的挑战，也无法在这个竞争的时代生存下来，更不用说创造了大量的社会财富。
社会道德：
Offering seats to the people in the need of the help on the bus, for example, can make the friendly atmosphere and create the amiable environment for everyone, which deserves our praise and encouragement. The observation of social order also demonstrates the indispensable role of social morality in the sound growth of
society.
拼装：
Nowadays，the topic of social morality always captures media’s attention and people’s discussion. Offering seats to the people in the need of the help on the bus, for example, can make the friendly atmosphere and create the amiable environment for everyone, which deserves our praise and encouragement. The observation of social order also demonstrates the indispensable role of social morality in the sound growth of society. I come across a survey conducted by the Global Times concerning the topic of social morality, revealing that almost all interviewees are of the idea that the awareness about social ethics should be enhanced and promoted, which is a promising start.
当前，社会公德问题一直是媒体关注和人们讨论的焦点。比如，在公交车上为需要帮助的人提供座位，可以营造友好的氛围，为每一个人创造一个亲切的环境，这值得我们赞赏和鼓励。对社会秩序的遵守也表明了社会道德在社会健康发展中的不可或缺的作用。我看到《环球时报》就社会道德问题所做的一项调查，结果显示，几乎所有受访者都认为社会道德意识应该得到提高和推广，这是一个良好的开端。
科技话题的举例：
The use of social media and network, for instance, will definitely bring merits and downsides, such as making communication more efficient and lavishing time to check the update of gossip information, which are both obvious and evident.
The paly of online games, for instance, will definitely bring merits and downsides, such as making our routine daily life more colorful and the possible addiction to it for the teenagers , which are both obvious and evident.
The information explosion brought by the Internet technology, for example, has threatened our ordinary life to some extent, due to the hardship of telling the true from the false when facing the bombardment of information.
例如，互联网技术带来的信息爆炸，在一定程度上威胁了我们的日常生活，因为当信息蜂拥而至时，要区分真假是很困难的。
文化话题的举例：
The booming/craze of Chinese learning in many English speaking countries, for example, shows the trend of cultural exchange against
the background of economic globalization.
展望：
With the enhancement of people’s awareness concerning the importance of cultural integration, the possible dangers of cultural isolation or invasion will be guarded against and a better future can be anticipated.
拼装：
Nowadays, the topic of cultural communication is a trending topic not only in the traditional media but in new media as well. The booming/craze of Chinese learning in many English-speaking countries, for example, shows the trend of cultural exchange against the background of economic globalization. Meanwhile, a survey conducted by China Daily relating to the topic of cultural integration has impressed me lot,showing that almost all interviewees advocate that the awareness about cultural communication should be enhanced and promoted, which is a positive start. With the enhancement of people’s awareness concerning the importance of cultural integration, the possible dangers of cultural isolation or invasion will be guarded against and a better future can be
anticipated.
当今，文化传播的话题不仅是传统媒体的热门话题，也是新媒体的热门话题。例如，在许多英语国家，汉语学习的兴起/热潮，显示了经济全球化背景下的文化交流趋势。同时，《中国日报》就文化整合的主题所做的调查也给我留下了深刻的印象，几乎所有的被访者都主张文化沟通的意识应该加强和提升，这是一个积极的开端。随着人们对文化融合重要性的认识的提高，文化孤立或文化入侵的潜在危险将得到防范，并有望有一个更美好的未来。
2018年春季大学英语四六级作文预测 第一部分写作的形式 1.字数 2.段落 3.整洁 第二部分写作的内容 第一节四六级写作核心表达 第一段核心表达： 1.生动地vividly 2.描述describe 3.图画/作者/名言/故事picture 4.显示/表明show,suggest 5.越来越多/越来越 6.关注/忽略pay attention to; 7.重要性importance 8.发人深省的 9.反映reflect 10.字幕,主题subtitle;topic 第二段核心表达： 1.现象 2.解释explain 3.如今nowadays 4.信息技术/高科技/文化information technology 5.导致/影响cause;influence 6.尝试try to do sth. 7.传递send 8.推论infer 9.吸引注意attract attention 10.必要性，至关重要，扮演角色
第三段核心表达： 1.采取措施take measures to(moves--immediate moves) 2.加强意识strengthen the awareness(enhance the consciousness) 3.制定法律/规章make laws and rules(legislation and regulation) 4.采取理性态度take a rational attitude(Take an objective attitude is vitally important.对吗？) 5.解决问题solve the problem（address the issue) 6.强调/重视emphasize(attach importance to/place importance on) 7.个人成长personal growth 8.社会发展social development 9.学业职业academic studies and career development 10.经验视野enrich our experience and broaden our horizon 第二节写作核心句法 1.As,which引导的非限 As is()depicted by the cartoon,a couple is(),()rubbish into the lake,with the()showing the()of environmental consciousness,which is () 2.同位语从句与定语从句 The picture()a phenomenon that pollution is becoming increasingly severe. This picture()a phenomenon that is well-known to us all. 3.虚拟语气 It is high time that we should take moves. It is imperative that we(should)take moves. 4.独立主格结构 Tangible is teaching,talking with her students,(). 随着社会的发展： 随着问题变得严峻： 综上所述： 5.分词与不定式（被动）作后置定语 解释问题的原因： 环境扮演的角色： 要考虑的因素：
英语六级作文预测范文30篇 热点作文1 .. 1)目前社会上有许多人喜欢购买彩票 2)分析产生这种现象的原因 3)提出你的建议 【思路点拨】 本题属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第1点指出一种现象，提纲第2点要求分析产生这种现象的原因，提纲第3点要求“我”针对该现象给出建议，由此可判断本文应为现象解释型作文。 根据所给提纲，本文应包含以下内容：描述当前社会上人们热衷于购买彩票的现象;分析导致人们购买彩票的原因;针对购买彩票提出一至两点“我”的建议。 【参考范文】 Why Do People Like to Buy Lotteries? Nowadays, there exist all kinds of lotteries in our society, such as welfare lottery, sports lottery, computer lottery, and so forth. Anyone, whether men or women, the young or the old, may buy lottery tickets. But why do so many people like buying them? The following reasons can account for the popularity of lotteries. First of all, most people are trying their luck on lottery tickets. They have a long-cherished dream of making big money overnight. In addition, there are some people who want to make donation to public welfare by buying lottery tickets. Besides, some people buy them just for fun.
2018 年 12 月英语六级真题（第 2 套） Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on how to balance job responsibilities and personal interests. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes) Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear two long conversations At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. Questions1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard. 1.A)Stop worrying about him. B)Keep away from the statue. C)Take a picture of him. D)Put on a smile for the photo. 2.A)Gaining great fame on the Internet. B)Publishing a collection of his photos. C)Collecting the best photos in the world. D)Becoming a professional photographer. 3.A)Surfing various websites and collecting photos. B)Editing his pictures and posting them online. C)Following similar accounts to compare notes. D)Studying the pictures in popular social media. 4.A)They are far from satisfactory. B)They are mostly taken by her mom. C)They make an impressive album. D)They record her fond memories. Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard. 5.A)A journal reporting the latest progress in physics. B)An introductory course of modern physics. C)An occasion for physicists to exchange ideas. D)A series of interviews with outstanding physicists. 6.A)The future of the physical world. B)The origin of the universe. C)Sources of radiation. D)Particle theory.
大学英语四六级考试作文资料 1. no invention hasreceived more praise and abuse than internet。 没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。 2. people seem to fail to take into account thefact that education does not end with graduation。 人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。 3. an increasing number of people are beginning torealize that education is not complete with graduation。 越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。 4. when it comes to education, the majority ofpeople believe that education is a lifetime study。 说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。 5. many experts point out that physical exercisecontributes directly to a person's physical fitness。 许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。 6. proper measures must be taken to limit thenumber of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made
大学英语六级写作专项训练及参考范文 Directions: Write a composition entitled Fast Food. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese: 1. 快餐在中国十分流行，它是现代快节奏社会的最佳反映; 2. 快餐受欢迎有两条原因。然而，从营养角度来讲，快餐却差强人意; 3. 对快餐还是以偶尔品尝为宜。 【范文】 Fast Food Fast food is becoming more popular in China, especially among children and teenagers. Today、it’s certainly difficult to think of any other single thing that mirrors the fast pace of modern society as powerfully as fast food. There are several reasons for its popularity. First, it is very convenient and saves a lot of time. The trends of modern society seem to all point to one ultimate goal —saving time, and fast food well serves this purpose. Second, its popularity is also attributed to the clean and comfortable environment of fast food restaurants, the excellent service, and the guaranteed quality of food. However From the nutritional point of view. It usually does not compose a balanced diet and doctors suggest that people, especially children, eat fast food as little as possible. Therefore, fast food is only a good choice when you are in a hurry and turn to it once in a while. (157 words)
2019年12月大学英语六级考试真题（第1套） PartI Writing (30minutes) （请于正式开考后半小时内完成该部分，之后将进行听力考试） Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessay onhappinessbyreferr ingtothesaying“Happinessisnottheabsenceofproblems,buttheabilitytodealwiththem.”Youcanciteexamplestoillustrateyourpointandthen explainhowyoucandevelopyourabil itytodealwithproblemsandbehappy.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200w ords. PartII ListeningComprehension (30minutes) SectionA Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.At theendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththec onversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapau se.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD),anddecidewhichis thebestanswer.Thenmarkthecorrespondingletteron AnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroug hthecentre. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。 1.A)Therockbandneedsmorehoursofpractice. B)Therockbandisgoingtoplayhereforamonth. C)Theirhardworkhasresultedinabigsuccess. D)Heappreciatesthewoman’shelpwiththeband. 2.A)GoonadivingtourinEurope. C)Traveloverseasonhisown. B)Add300dollarstohisbudget. D)JoinapackagetourtoMexico. 3.A)Incasesomeproblemshouldoccur. C)Toavoidmoreworklateron. B)Somethingunexpectedhashappened. D)Tomakebetterpreparations. 4.A)Thewomanaskedforafreepasstotryoutthefacilities. B)Themanisgoingtorenewhismembershipinafitnesscenter. C)Thewomancangivethemanadiscountifhejoinstheclubnow. D)Themancantryoutthefacilitiesbeforehebecomesamember. 5.A)Heisnotafraidofchallenge. B)Heisnotfittostudyscience. C)Heisworriedaboutthetest. D)Heisgoingtodropthephysicscourse 6.A)Payforpartofthepicnicfood. C)BuysomethingspecialforGary. B)InviteGary’sfamilytodinner. D)Takesomefoodtothepicnic. 7.A)Busdrivers’workingconditions. C)Publictransportation. B)Alabordisputeatabuscompany. D)Acorporatetakeover. 8.A)Thebankstatement. C)Thepaymentforanorder. B)Theirsalesoverseas. D)Thecheckjustdeposited. Questions9to11arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard. 9.A)Ahotelreceptionist. C)Ashopassistant. B)Aprivatesecretary. D)Asalesmanager. 10.A)Voice. C)Appearance. B)Intelligence. D)Manners. 11.A)Arrangeonemoreinterview. C)Reportthemattertotheirboss.
大学英语六级作文写作范文 大学英语六级作文写作范1： On Students' Interpersonal Relationship 1.目前许多大学生处理不好人际关系 2.出现这种现象的原因 3.我的看法 参考范文： On Students'Interpersonal Relationship Positive interpersonal relationships are vital for optimal humsit growth and development. However, in recent years, educators have expressed their concern about the ability of interpersonal relationship among students in institutions of higher education. According to a survey conducted by Hebei University, many college-age students regard interpersonal relationship as the biggest headache. Increasing diversity and rapid changes m our society make interacting with others more and more complex and difficult. With 1 united life experiences and social skills, college students face more challenges in dealing with interpersonal relationship. This is especially true for students coming from rural areas. Because of the lack of social skills, they are often rejected by others _ and rejection gives them even fewer chances to leam how to interact with others. In my opinion, now that interpersonal relationship is important to students* devclopmentj colleges should offer courses about comprehensive interpersonal relationships. The course should address the knowledge，skills, attitudes and behaviors involved in participating in positive relationships in the family and with individuals at school, m the conununity and in the workplace. 2：
2018年12月大学英语六级考试真题(第1套) Part ⅣTranslation (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English.You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2. 中国越来越重视公共图书馆，并鼓励人们充分加以利用。新近公布的统计数字表明，中国的公共图书馆数量在逐年增长。许多图书馆通过翻新和扩建，为读者创造了更为安静、舒适的环境。大型公共图书馆不仅提供种类繁多的参考资料，而且定期举办讲座、展览等活动。近年来，也出现了许多数字图书馆，从而节省了存放图书所需的空间。一些图书馆还推出了自动服务秕，使读者借书还书更加方便，进一步满足了读者的需求。 2018年12月大学英语六级考试真题(第2套) Part ⅣTranslation (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English.You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2. 近年来，中国越来越多的博物馆免费向公众开放。博物馆展览次数和参观人数都明显增长。在一些广受欢迎的博物馆门前，排长队已很常见。这些博物馆必须采取措施限制参观人数。如今，展览形式越来越多样。一些大型博物馆利用多媒体和虚拟现实等先进技术，使展览更具吸引力。不少博物馆还举办在线展览，人们可在网上观赏珍稀展品。然而，现场观看展品的体验对大多数参观者还是更具吸引力。 2018年12月大学英语六级考试真题(第3套)
英语六级写作参考范文 与英语四级作文要求相比,除了字数的要求外,在英语六级作文考试,拿到高分的要求更高。不仅要求考生像四级考试一样,做到文章通顺,切题,无错误。还要求考生掌握更多的固定表达方式,以及更多的短语,句式。为提高大家的英语六级写作能力和技巧，下面为大家带来英语六级写作参考范文，欢迎大家学习! 英语六级写作参考范文：礼仪教育 题目要求： How to Enhance Etiquette Education? 1. 礼仪教育很重要 2. 现在许多大学生都不懂礼仪 3. 为加强礼仪教育，家长和学校应该…… 参考范文： How to Enhance Etiquette Education? Etiquette education, which plays an important role in moral education, has caught more and more people’s attention. Because it is an integral part of quality-oriented education and contributes to the construction of a harmonious society. However, due to the lack of etiquette education in schools
and families as well as the bad influence of the social environment, many college students have little knowledge of etiquette, thus it is quite common to see their bad behaviors. For example, they have no respect for their professors and the old, they talk to each other loudly in the library and don’t care about what they should wear in public places. Regarding the seriousness of this phenomenon, I think we should take the following measures to arouse university students’ etiquette awareness. First, parents should set a good example for their children at home. Second, colleges should pay attention to students’ etiquette education and open some courses relating to etiquette, and they ought to try their best to create a good campus environment at the same time. 英语六级写作参考范文：道德教育 题目要求： Conducting Moral Education in Colleges 1. 许多大学开展道德教育 2. 开展道德教育的意义 3. 如何在大学开展道德教育 参考范文：
《六级写作常用句型》六级考试作文布局常用8种句型-开篇 1) Many nations have been faced with the problem of ... 2) Recently the problem has been brought into focus. 3) Recently the phenomenon has become a heated topic. 4) Recently the issue has aroused great concern among ... 5) Nowadays there is a growing concern over ... 6) Never in our history has the idea that ... been so popular. 7) Faced with ..., quite a few people argue that ... 8) According to a recent survey, ... 9) With the rapid development of ..., ...
六级考试作文布局常用8种句型-举例 1) A good case in point is ... 2) As an illustration, we may take ... 3) Such examples might be given easily. 4) ...is often cited as an example. 六级考试作文布局常用8种句型-证明 1) No one can deny the fact that ... 2) The idea is hardly supported by facts. 3) Unfortunately, none of the available data shows ... 4) Recent studies indicate that ... 5) There is sufficient evidence to show that ...
大学英语六级写作经典范文及点评 大学生自我创业已经不是一个新鲜的话题了。那么自我创业有何利，又有何弊呢？看过本文之后你就知道了。或许这对面临毕业的你还是个不小的帮助呢！ Self employment Self employment could bring many advantages. One of the advantages of being self-employed is that the profit the business makes belongs to the owner. If the self-employed person succeeds in business, he has the chance to earn a great deal of money. The profit earned is the reward for the owner’s effort, ability and creativity. Thus, a second advantage is that a person’s intelligence and abilities have a direct effect on the earnings. A third advantage of being self-employed is that a person can control his working hours. While not all self-employed people are completely free, most of them have more control over this area than the salaried people. However, being self-employed is not without problems. First, being one’s own boss places the responsibility directly on that individual shoulders. Everyone has some weaknesses in a certain aspects. These weaknesses will affect how successful a self-employed person is. Second, though the self-employed can earn considerable profits with a successful business, losses can force them out of business and sometimes, place them in debt. A third disadvantage concerns income security. Self-employed people have no guaranteed wage. Their earnings can vary greatly, depending on business conditions. Salaried people, however, can generally count on continued earnings. In addition, salaried people often enjoy fringe benefits that mean greater peace of mind. One of these b enefits may be insurance paid for by the employer that continues the employee’s salary in the event of sickness or accident while many self-employed people do not have such protection①. ［253 words］ 行文点评 文章结构简单明了。第一段阐述了自我创业的3个好处。第二段分析了自我创业所存在的问题。 两段中“first, second, third”的使用，不仅使文章在句式上显得条理分明，更在内容上体现了连贯性。 好文妙译 自我创业
2018年12月六级真题（第三套） Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on how to balance academic study and extracurricular activities. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes) Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard. 1. A) Stop worrying about him. B) Keep away from the statue. C) Take a picture of him. D) Pat on a smile for the photo. 2. A) Gaining great fame on the Internet. B) Publishing a collection of his photos. C) Collecting the best photos in the world. D) Becoming a professional photographer. 3. A) Surfing various websites and collecting photos. B) Editing his pictures and posting them online. C) Following similar accounts to compare notes. D) Studying the pictures in popular social media. 4. A) They are far from satisfactory. B) They are mostly taken by her mom.
●The Internet—A Blessing or Curse？ ●Nowadays college students often use the Internet for study，shopping，entertainment， and many other things. Some people say that the Internet facilitates students’ lives，but others worry that it might affect students’study. In my opinion，the Internet is good for college students when it is used appropriately. ●The Internet is good for college students. First，students can collect many kinds of information via the Internet. (linkage) When students find something interesting in the book，but their teacher cannot give them more details or answer all their questions in class，they can search the Internet after class to find the details or answers by themselves. Second，the Internet keeps students updated with what is happening all over the world. (linkage) Just by browsing the web-page，students can read a lot of news. They can also type on some key words to search and follow any affair on the Internet. They don’t have to search piles of newspapers and thus save much time for study. ●In one word，the Internet facilitates students’lives when it is used reasonably. Now more and more college students are becoming aware of the convenience and the importance of using the Internet. ●Is it wise to buy or borrow books? ●In the past, people used to hold a kind of thought that people would certainly fail to read a book effectively unless it was borrowed. Although a lot of people want to borrow the books they like from their friends or public libraries, I prefer buying a book to borrowing one. ●Buying books has some advantages. Firstly, you needn’t care about the deadline. You are enjoying the book, especially some reference books, because you can certainly keep the book. Whenever you want to read it, you can get it from your bookshelf. Secondly, if you borrow some books from the public libraries and your friends, you aren’t allowed to write on the books. You have to spend a lot of time in copying down the information which you need in your own note book. In addition, if you unfortunately make some mistakes during copying, these mistakes may mislead you. Finally, the public libraries are open to all people, but the books in library are limited. If different readers want to borrow the same book at the same time, some of the readers can’t get the book until other readers return the book to the library. As a result, some of the readers have to spend time in waiting for two or three weeks. ●All in all, in my opinion, nowadays people can easily buy (some) books from book stores. I consider that buying books is much more convenient than borrowing books. ●Will Electronic Dictionaries Kill Printed Dictionaries ●Many people today prefer to use electronic dictionaries rather than printed ones, because electronic dictionaries are much lighter and smaller and easier to be taken everywhere. Some people worry that printed dictionaries may disappear one day. But I believe that electronic dictionaries will not kill printed ones. ●First, printed dictionaries are much cheaper than the electronic ones. Many students, who use dictionaries most often, can hardly afford an expensive electronic dictionary. Therefore, the printed ones are exactly what they need. Second, scholars prefer printed