Unit3
The new frontier of biomedicine
It was just over years ago that presidents and Nobel laureates
were on stage to welcome the most momentous event in mod ern biology. Thanks to a huge international effort, the 3.1 billion l
etters of the human genome had been sequenced well ahead of sc hedule. “T he most wondrous map ever produced by human kind, ”was how president Bill Climton described it. With that event so clos e, it might seem surprising to hear that an even bigger revolution i n biology is now poised做好准备 to mop up做好完成 the advance s made by genomics and move on to something bigger still. But 2 003 looks set to be the year in which the science of proteomics, id entifying proteins and understanding what proteins do inside cel ls starts taking over the frontiers of biomedicine from the study o f genes.
There is a simple reason for this progression. Genes are just t
he instructions for making proteins. As everyone now knows, gene tic material or DNA is a very long string of instructions written i n a chemical code. The instructions are broken up into sections, c alled genes. The string of letters in each gene translates into a stri ng of amino acids that make up a protein. It is the proteins that d o the work inside all the cells of the body, like creating energy fro m sugars, communicating with other cells, holding the cell toget her and much else besides.
Nearly all drugs acts on proteins, not genes, so understanding
proteins is the key to really effective new medicines. Similarly the first signs of ill health appear in changes to the body’s protein com plement, making them the most sensitive diagnostic indicators. For biomedicine, moving on to understanding genes. Why? There are far more proteins than genes and because after a protein has crea ted it can be modified in many ways. There might be only 35,000 human genes, but there are probably over a million proteins. They each have separate function and are active at varying times accor ding what the cell is going. Different cell types have quite different proteins. A liver cell has a different job from a blood cell and prot eins to match. And proteins mostly work by interacting with other proteins, adding massively to the complexity of the system.
Here is a simple analogy对比. A list of all the human genes is really just equivalent to a list of all the people who live in a small t own, an electoral roll for 35,000 people. We will know the names o f everyone who lives there, but we will not know what they do, ho
w they interact, how the town is run, or how their economy functio ns. And we will not know who the crooks坏人 are in town, the equ ivalent of the malfunctioning proteins that need to be dealt with to stop disease. That is why biomedical science need to move on to understanding the whole complex, dynamic interacting world prote ins. Why expect big progress to begin in 2003? The answer is tech nology. Not one single breakthrough but a raft of advances are ma faster and more accurate. The new method are smarter and the d ata they produce more accessible. This is crucial because once you know what some proteins do, you can guess that other similar on es do a related task and therefore find their exact function faster.
Perhaps the most exciting advances come from the possibilitie s offered by chips which carry a microarray of special molecules th at bind to specific proteins. Each chip can simultaneously detect th e activity of tiny levels of many different proteins, making it possibl e to begin monitoring the activity of systems of interacting protein s. But older techniques are being automated so they work faster a nd more accurately.
Take gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, the standard ways of identifying proteins. A mixture of proteins can be sorted b y placing them on a sheet of polyacrylarnide gel and applying an el ectric charges, some will move faster than others and the mixture will separate out. Once separated they can be cut into fragments by enzymes, and fed into a mass spectrogragh machine that shoot s them through a vacuum and measures how fast they go. That de pends on how heavy the fragments are, which in turn reflects whic h amino acids they are made of. All the steps, from separating the proteins to finally computing what each is made of can now be per formed rapidly by robot handlers linked to computer databases.
Another sign that the science of proteomics is on the march c omes from the growing number of worldwide collaboration s. sever al are being put together by the human proteomics Organisation(H UPO), the equivalent of the old human genome Organisa tion. It’s fi rst global gathering was held in Versailles at the end of 2002 with
over a thousand scientists present. HUPO is creating common stan
dards for projects so that scientists can work together on a large s cale. Among them is a liver proteome project, with Asian nations in
cluding China likely to take a lead, in part because of the prevalenc e of hepatitis-related liver disease there. And there is a blood plas ma proteome project in the works which the president of HUGO, A
describes as “providing the basis for the ultimate diagnostic tool.” Blood circulates everyw here and a complete list of all the proteins in the plasma will give c lus to the health of organs throughout the body.
2003 will be just the beginning of proteomics’s take-off. One d ay we will have a complete map of what the million proteins in our bodies do. But as the plasma priteome project shows, there will b e a pay-off even at the stage of cataloguing proteins. And if the un expected technological leaps made in the fiercely competitive race for the human genome are anything to go by根据，，作出判断, t hey will arrive faster than we might think.
Electoral roll选民名册
Feed into连续不断的放入
Go by 根据，，，作出判断
Mop up做好
Pay-off收益
Set to do sth很可能做某事
Take-off成功
Unit Two Optimism and Positive Thinking Enhance Your Language Awareness Words in Action ■ Working with Words and Expressions 1. In the box below are some of the words you have learned in this unit. Complete the following sentences with them. Change the form where necessary. ■ Answers: positive startled perspective harden shape address crises curse incredible 10) conversely 11) issue 12) response 13) prior 14) rare 15) accomplish 2. In the box below are some of the expressions you have learned in this unit. Do you understand their meanings? Do you know how to use them in the proper context? Now check for yourself by doing the blank-filling exercise. Change the form where necessary. ■ Answers: get the hang of have lived through makes a difference have no idea concerned with slipped over ran into in reverse mull over ■ I ncreasing Your Word Power 1. D ecide whether “do ”, “make ”or “take ”is needed to complete each of the following sentences. Change the verb form where necessary. ■ A nswers: does make take do make Take done taken making ))))))))) ))))))))) ))))))))) 10) took
1.她似乎与新同学相处得不好 She doesn’t seem to get along with her new classmates. 2.我与玛丽失去联系多年 I’d been out of touch with Mary for year, but I managed to reach her by phone yesterday. 3.那老兵喜欢对每一位来访者炫耀他的勋章 The veteran enjoys showing off his medals to everyone who visits him. 4. 她丈夫似乎非常反对他出国 He husband seems very much opposed to her going abroad. 5. 因为托马斯不安心工作他父母很担忧 As Thomas couldn’t settle down in his job, his parents were very worried. 6. 我口袋里总装着各种各样的小东西 I always have all kinds of bits and pieces in my pockets. 7. 她母亲通过一些私人关系是他进入商界 Her mother pulled a few strings to get her into the business circle. 8. 我希望这些菜合你们的口味 I hope the food is to your liking. 9.那些男孩太吵我把他们骂了一顿 __I told the boys off for making so much noise. 1. 他决定立即着手这项复杂的工程 He resolved to work on the complicated project immediately. 2. 他们看见对面的老人被对面驶来的汽车撞倒 They saw an old man knocked over by a car coming from the opposite direction. 3. 他在黑暗中摇摇晃晃搜索着电灯开关 He walked unsteadily / stumbled along in the dark, groping for the light-switch. 4. 病了三个月后她几乎站不稳了 After three month’s illness, he found it difficult to rise to his feet again. 5. 由于人手不足无法按期完成任务 Owing to the staff shortage, the task could not be fulfilled on schedule. 6. 在经济萧条期公司遭遇财政困难 During the period of depression, the company was running into financial difficulties. 7. 那盲女上了公车乘客们给他让出了地方 When the blind girl got on the crowded bus, the passengers made room for her. 8.他终于抓住了悬崖的岩石止住了下滑 __He at last managed to hold on to the rock on the cliff and stopped himself from 1. 母亲立刻派汤姆去叫医生 Mother immediately sent Tom for the doctor. 2. 由于糖用完了他没做成蛋糕 She failed to bake the cake as she had run out of sugar. 3. 我知道您现在忙极了 I know how desperately busy you are now. 4. 汤姆说错了话惹得全班同学哄堂大笑
Unit 1 1. 听到他屡遭失败的消息，我感到很难过。（distress） It distressed me a great deal to hear the news that he had suffered repeated failures. 2. 他虽然失去了老板的欢心，但仍然装出了一副高兴的样子。（assume） He assumed an air of cheerfulness even though he lost favor with his boss. 3. 格列佛经历了冒险奇遇，见到了各色奇异的人物。（assortment） Gulliver met with extraordinary adventures and witnessed an assortment of strange people. 4. 如果你再犯同样的错误，他会很生你气的。（furious） He will be furious with you if you repeat the same mistake. 5. 我们都被他坦率的观点、幽默的语言和亲切的态度所深深吸引。（draw） We were all greatly drawn by his frank views, humorous words and genial manner. 6. 等到欢呼的掌声平息下来，那位诺贝尔奖获得者开始演讲。（die down） The Nobel Prize winner began his speech after cheers and applause died down. 7. 他天生有一种特别的洞察力和预见力，因此，他很少随大流。（run with the crowd） He is gifted with a special sort of insight and foresight, so he rarely runs with the crowd. 8. 我发现现实毕竟是非常严酷的，一个人难以完全按照自己的理想去生活。（live up to） I feel realities are after all very harsh, so one can hardly live up entirely to his ideals. Unit 2 1. 我的顶头上司是典型的工作狂，一年365天每天工作10小时以上。（workaholic） My direct superior is a typical workaholic, for he works for over ten hours each day all the year round. 2. 校长十分注重课外活动，他认为课外活动有助于培养学生对于外部世界的浓厚兴趣。（extracurricular） The principal attaches much importance to extracurricular activities and he believes that they will help to cultivate students’ tremendous interest in the external world.
新世纪研究生综合英 语u n i t8
Unit8 Power to the people Almost a century has gone by since humans began exploiting a compelling new way to power the global economy. The switch to fossil fuels prompted促使 an explosion innovation either side of the 1900s.including creations such as the internal combustion engine. Such technologies have since provided the means to drive our thirsty, energy-intensive modern societies. Today we stand at a similar turning point. Solar power, wind turbines and other sources of clean power--- the preserve of visionaries 有预见的人and enthusiasts little more than a decade ago--- are now poised on the brink of the mainstream, helped in no small part by the environmental deficiencies of fossil fuels. The need to create clean energy has become a pressing concern for policy makers and big business--- not to mention the consumer. Such thinking is fuelled by the growing realization that all along nature has provided ready-made means to power modern civilizations, namely through the elements. Crucial advances in new technology have these inexhaustible sources cheaper to use with, for example, the cost of solar energy plunging by up to 98 percent over the past 20 years. In theory, these renewable energy resources are incongruous large. The sun alone provides the means to deliver 7,000times our own energy consumption; blanking just 2.6 percent of the Sahara desert with solar cells could supply our entire needs. Yet for all this impressive potential, renewable energy currently produces just two percent of our total energy output. However, as the computer industry discovered in the 1980s, rapid growth can swiftly transform a minority sector into a giant capable of dominating our lives. Already companies across the globe are scrambling征服争夺 to become the next Intel or Microsoft of the new energy revolution. Our homes, cities, and workplaces--- our lives--- may be reshaped in ways we can only begin to guess at the solar cell, the wind farm and the electric car enter larger sectors of the marketplace. Blazing a trail The sun’s capability to power the planet is phenomenal杰出的. Already a billion-pound business, projections indicate an annual growth rate for the next decade of 14 percent. But the price of solar technology has always been its biggest sticking point, and the cost of solar cells will need to fall by up to 50 percent in order to fully competitive with coal-fired electricity.
The Answers to Unit 1 Enhance Your Language Awareness (I) Working with Words and Expressions 2. (1) obtain (2) confident (3) communicate (4) advantage (5) relevant (6) helpful (7) extreme (8) enjoyable (9) means (10) process (11) particularly (12) characters (13) astonished (14) apparently 3. (1) fond of (2) is...related to (3) according to (4) To a certain degree (5) vice versa (6) no doubt (7) rid... of (8) cleared up (9) or else (10) at all costs (11) sure enough (12) let alone (13) similar to (14) It's no use (15) in my opinion (16) was worth (II) Increasing Your Word Power 1. (1) c (2) d (3) b (4) b (5) b (6) d 2. (1) highly/very (2) quite/very (3) quite/very/increasingly (4) quite/simply/very 3. Adverbs Adjectives efficiently efficient particularly particular fluently fluent quickly quick cheaply cheap continually continual probably probable adventurously adventurous finally final steadily steady slowly slow solemnly solemn really real apparently apparent tentatively tentative exactly exact 4. No Mistake especial→ especially necessarily → necessary frequent → frequently No Mistake easily → easy No Mistake individually → individual much → many high → highly apparently → apparent remarkably → remarkable probable → probably No Mistake (III) Grammar Task 1: (1) would/should (2) should/would (3) might (4) would (5) must (6) can't (7) should would (8) must Task 2: (1) We passed the afternoon very pleasantly, roller-skating in the sun and talking about our childhood under a tree. / The afternoon passed very pleasantly, while we roller-skated in the sun and talked about our childhood under a tree. (2) On entering the lecture hall, I was surprised at the size of the crowd. / When I entered the lecture hall, I was surprised at the size of the crowd. (3) When I was only a small boy, my father took me to Beijing and we had a lot of fun together. (4) To write well, a person must read good books. (IV) Cloze
U1: 1. 他对这次面试中可能提到的问题做好了准备。（confront） He has well prepared answers to the questions that he might confront with in the interview. 2. 他悲惨的遭遇深深打动了我们，使我们几乎哭出声（touch） His sad story touched us so deeply that we nearly cry. 3. 他们俩手挽着手沿着河边散步，有说有笑。（hand in hand） They walked hand in hand along the river, chatting and laughing. 4. 听到这令人激动的消息之后，他眼睛里涌出欢乐的泪水。（well up） Tears of joy welt up in his eyes after hearing this exciting news. 5. 上海人容易听懂苏州话，因为上海话和苏州话有许多共同之处。（in common） The people of SH can understand Suzhou hua easily as they have many things in common. 6. 亨利和妻子正在考虑能不能在3年内买一幢新房子。（look into） Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house. 7. 女儿再三请求到国外去深造，他最终让步了。（give in to） He finally gave in to his daughter repeated request studying abroad. 8. 我们在动身去度假之前把所有的贵重物品都锁好了。（lock away） We have locked all the expensive things away before leaving for the holiday. 9. 虽然咱们分手了，但我希望咱们依然是好朋友，像以前一样互相关心，互相帮助。（part）Although we have parted from each other, I hope we will remain good friends to care and help each other just like we did in the past. 10. 在紧急关头，军长召集全体军官开会，制定新的克敌战略战术。（summon） At that critical moment, the army leader summoned all the officers to work out strategies and tactics to fight with enemies. U3： 1.对不起，我迟到了，我刚才在开会脱不开身。（get away） Sorry, I’m late; I was at a meeting and could not get away. 2. 在音乐会上，歌手唱完每一首美妙动听的歌曲时，观众便高声喝彩表示赞赏。（appreciation）At the concert whenever a singer finished singing a beautiful song, the audiences would burst into loud cheers to show their appreciation. 3. 她是个穿着时髦的人，对饮食很少讲究。（stylish） As a stylish dresser, she always wears stylish clothes, but she seldom cares about what she eats and drinks. 4. 护士告诉我医生奇迹般地治好了你的心脏病。（do wonders for）The nurse told me that the doctor had done wonders for your heart disease. 5. 主席颁奖时赞美获奖者为人类做出了巨大贡献。（compliment） When awarding the prize, the chairman complimented the winner on the great contribution to mankind. 6. 这个问题许多年来使专家们迷惑不解。（bother） These problems have bothered the experts many years. 7. 警察到达后，示威的人群逐渐散开了。（melt away） The crowd of demonstrators melted away when the police arrived.
Unit 1 1. permanent 2. had assembled 3. discharging 4. meekly 5. apprentice 6. partiality 7. obscure 8.exalted 9.intruding 10. cordially11. ambition 12. gallantly 1. transient 2. faded out 3. blew up 4. ruthless 5. trivial 6. in a twinkling 7. under way 8. tranquil 9. gorgeous 10. for the time being11. conspicuous 12. exalted 1. His dream of becoming a football star faded out as time went by. 2. A Boeing 747 aircraft didn't gain enough height to clear the mountain. In a twinkling, it crashed into the mountain and blew up. No one survived the accident. 3.Students have easy access to the resources in the library, so they are supposed to make the best of it. 4. Titanic, the most luxurious ship in the world at that time, hit an iceberg when she was under way to the US. Consequently, the ship sank into the Atlantic Ocean and thousands of people died in this shipwreck. 5. Every summer, all the tourists pour into this famous beach. They lie packed like sardines on the beach to enjoy the sunbathing. 6. They have been to St. Louis once and have a vague general knowledge of its wonders, but the day of their glory is over now. They lapse into a humble silence and learn to disappear when the ruthless engineer approaches. A l. A 2. B 3. C 4.A 5. B 6.C 7. C 8. C B l.B 2.D 3. C 4.C 5. A 6. A 7. B 8. B Unit 2 i1. advocated 2. extravagant 3. vulnerable4. guru 5. potential 6. dispel 7. shunned 8. acclaimed 9. enthusiasts 10. stave off 11. attendant 12. ventured ii.1. eradicated 2. enthralled 3. obsolete 4. disproved 5. foster 6. ludicrous 7. apparent 8. avert 9. displaced https://www.doczj.com/doc/6b16750713.html,patriots 11.endeavors 12. hailed IV. Translation 1. Some cyber gurus claim that the Internet will prevent wars, reduce pollution, and combat various forms of inequality. 2. Although the Internet undeniably fosters communications, it will not put an end to war, since wars are by no means caused simply by the failure of different peoples to understand each other adequately. 3.The Internet can help reduce energy consumption and pollution only if doing things online genuinely displaces real-world activities 4.The poor are not shunning the Internet because they cannot afford it. The problem is that they lack the skills to exploit it effectively. Therefore, it makes more sense to aim for universal literacy than universal Internet access. 5.Thanks to the Internet, income inequality between people doing similar jobs in different countries has been reduced. However, the inequality between information workers in poor countries and their poorest compatriots has been increased. 6.If human nature remains stubbornly unchanged, despite the claims of the techno-prophets, humanity cannot simply invent away its failings. Reading:cdabca Unit 4 i 1.Physical 2.accumulation 3.diversity 4.precipitated 5.muscular 6.pathological 7.symptomatic 8.vigorous 9.psychologically10.Anxiety11.restored 12.refreshed ii1.manifestations 2.resume 3.precipitate 4.consequence 5.diverse 6.a skimpy 7.taxing 8.prolong 9.overlooked 10.vigor 11.enhanced 12.relapse 1. I find that walking along the quiet lake in the evening can provide refreshment from a day’s sedentary job. 2. Exercising and relaxing yourself is often prescribed as an effective cure for fatigue. 3. The less active you are, the faster this aging process accelerates, and the more vulnerable you become to physical and psychological problems. 4. Even if you keep up dieting, you cannot reduce to the point where you achieve the kind of body-shaping you want. 5. People thought he had happy late years during which time he did little but sleep and ate, yet he was often tired and depressed. 6. In the past when hay was baled by hand and laundry scrubbed on a washboard, people seldom complained of tiredness. However, people feel dragged out and complain a lot in the modern time of labor-saving devices and convenient transportation. Unit 5 i1.uniform2.distinguish/recognize3.ascertained 4.recognized 5.unique 6.outlet 7.tactile 8.rigid 9.secure 10.acquisition 11.fruitful 12.foundation ii1.determined 2.cumulative 3.innate 4.warped 5.train 6.underlie 7.zest 8.imposed 9.precept 10.a marked 11.forbidding 12. consistency Supplementary Readings A 1.A 2. B 3.D 4.B 5.C B 1.B 2. C 3. D 4.A 5.D 6.B 7.C 8.B 9.B 10.A 1.It is generally accepted that the upbringing of the child within the home is closely related to the education of the child in school. 2.Jennifer is the chief of personnel for the New York Herald Tribune, where she is also responsible for special editorial work in the field of public relations. 3.It was two years ago that Jeff met Rose at his sister’s birthday party. They have been communicating with each other by e-mail since then; the more Jeff knows Rose, the more he likes her. 4.This new measure is effective not only in providing job opportunities for the laid-off workers, but in limiting price increases. 5.Similarly/Likewise, they insufficiently treated the political and economic background of the conspiracy. 6.Tremendous capital input has met the needs of rapid economic growth on the one hand and has caused the inflation on the other. Unit 6 i.1. as a matter of fact 2. are plagued 3.versus4. have been reflecting on 5. positive 6. is implementing 7. will enroll 8. has been enriched 9. aspiration 10. academic 11. well-informed12. commitment to ii. 1. relevance to 2. voiced 3. plague 4. enhance 5. reflected 6. otherwise 7. aspirations 8. rated 9. strenthened 10.has been declining Key to Supplementary Readings A 1.D 2.D 3.C 4. B 5.D 6.B 7.A 8.D B 1.F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.F 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.T 1.Passing the English examination should enhance your chances of getting the post. 2.The discovery of gold in the valleys will enrich the poor mountain area. 3.Only when the police confronted her with evidence did she admit that she had stolen the money. 4.The meeting will afford you an opportunity of hearing good public speakers. 5.An official statement laid to rest the remaining fears about possible redundancies in the industry. 6.Mary’s pretty bright. As a matter of fact, her teacher told me that she’s certain to get a university place this year. Unit 7 i1.downsized 2.dynamic 3.yield 4.hadguaranteed 5.inflict 6.budget 7.priority 8.accelerating 9.shirk10.vitally 11.jaopardize 12.criteria ii 1.aggregate 2.excessive 3.scrutiny 4.reap 5.opined 6.casualties 7.inception 8.prosperity 9.paradox10.tangible 11.life expectancy 12.vistas Key to Supplementary Reading A 1. B 2.D 3. C 4.A 5. D 6.B B 1.F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T 6.T 1.Black people in the area complained to the government that they had been subjected to repeated racial attacks from the local police officers. 2.The government officials are inclined to apply the science
Unit1 Working with words and expressions 1. 2. cloze Translation
Answers to Unit 2 Book 4 Unit Two Man and Technology Words in Action Working with Words and Expressions 1. 1) monitor 2) phenomenon 3) isolation 4) gradual 5) opponent 6) advent 7) genetic 8) consciously 9) extreme 10) nasty 11) boom 12) formal 13) soar 14) survey 15) Similarly 16) modify 17) rough 2. 1) at the same time 2) are stuck with 3) for certain 4) make no difference 5) on average 6) when it comes to 7) depends on 8) built into 9) come to mind 10) at work Increasing Your Word Power 1. Adjectives Nouns Adjectives
Nouns 1) technological technology 6) luxurious luxury 2) eternal eternity 7) leisurely leisure 3) miraculous miracle 8) subjective subject 4) relevant relevance 9) prosperous prosperity 5) analytical Analysis 10) innovative innovation 2. 2) multi-faith 3) multiform 4) multifunction 5) multi-ethnic 6) multilateral 7) multi-lingual 8) multimedia 9) multimillionaire 10) multinational 1) a multi-faith society 2) a multi-lingual secretary 3) a multimillionaire 4) a multinational motor-manufacturing corporation 5) a multifunction video camera