南京财经大学
2010年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试（初试）试卷
考试科目：817英语翻译与写作
适用专业：英语语言文学
考试时间：2010年1月10日下午2：00-5：00
注意事项：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试卷或草稿纸上无效。
一、What kind of translation skills are used in the following italicized sentences?（共5题，每
题4分，共计20分）
1.There was no haste or restlessness in his manner but a poised friendliness.
他从容不迫，和蔼可亲。
2.All of his purchases of recent years had to be liquidated at a great sacrifice both to his health and his pocketbook.
近年来所购买的全部东西都不得不用来清偿债务。这对他的健康和经济都是个很大的损失。
3.The lifetime dream of every mature artist in the United States was a Lathrop Prize.
在美国，每个有成就的艺术家一生的梦想，便是得一次拉索普奖金。
4.She wondered at the magnitude of ①this life and at the inportance of ③knowing much in order ②to do anything in it ②at all.
她对①这种生活景象的伟大很是吃惊，也想到在这样的地方②做事，必需③有丰富的知识。
5.She was concentrating herself too thoroughly——what she did really required less mental and physical strain.
她的注意力集中得过分了——她做这工作，精神上肉体上都用不着那样紧张。
二、Answer the following question.(You may use both English and Chinese) （共1题，每题
20分，共计20分）
Giving examples to illustrate the three functions of repetition .
三、Translate the following from Chinese into English and vice versa. （共10题，每题1分，
共计10分）
1、《庄周故里辩》
2、《魂断蓝桥》
3、《苦海余生》
4、养心殿
5、莫愁湖
6、Pour water off a steep roof
7、He who keeps company with the wolf will learn to howl.
8、No respecter of persons
9、The tailor makes the man
10、Handle with care
四、Translate the following Chinese passage into English.（共1题，每题25分，共计25分）
此乾隆乙未七月十六日也。是年冬，值其堂姊出阁，余又随母往。芸与余同齿而长余十月，自幼姊弟相呼，故仍呼之曰淑姊。时但见满室鲜衣，芸独通体素淡，仅新其鞋而已。见其绣制精巧，询为己作，始知其慧心不仅笔墨也。其形削肩长项，瘦不露骨，眉弯目秀，顾盼神飞，唯两齿微露，似非佳相。一种缠绵之态；令人之意也消……
是夜送亲城外，返已漏三下，腹饥索饵，婢妪以枣脯进，余嫌其甜。芸暗牵余袖，随至其室，见藏有暖粥并小菜焉。余欣然举箸，忽闻芸堂兄玉蘅呼曰：“淑妹速来!”芸急闭门曰：“已疲乏，将卧矣”玉蘅挤身而入，见余将吃粥，乃笑睨芸曰：“顷我索粥，汝曰‘尽矣’，乃藏此专待汝婿耶”芸大窘避去，上下哗笑之。余亦负气，挈老仆先归。
五、Translate the following English passage into Chinese.（共1题，每题25分，共计25分）
A Legal characteristic is the coordination of a number of near-synonyms, such as …altered, modified or transformed?, and of singular and plural forms of the same noun, such as …the Trustees or Trustee?. There are long sentences and intricate systems of cross-reference. The prefixing and suffixing of prepositions is a common feature of legal English, and words like aforesaid, hereby, hereof, hereunder and hereinafter are freely used. The use of such words is necessary if precision is to be achieved. The fondness of legal draftsmen for these words makes them unsuitable for use in other contexts, because the use of legal-sounding language to a correspondent who is expecting an informal letter suggests that we don?t trust him. It is usually an easy matter to replace legal terminology by more colloquial language; thereof becomes of it, therein becomes in it, and some of the longer words can be omitted altogether.
六、Writing. （共1题，每题30分，共计30分）
Suppose you are writing an essay of about 400 words on this topic: The Value of Englsih Speaking Contest.You should argue from the following three aspects: history; city and culture
(30 points)
a) Write the introductory paragraph of this essay. This paragraph should contain a thesis statement and should not be too long.
b) Write down the topic sentences for the three body paragraphs.
c) Write out the entire paragraph that presents you most important argument. The paragraph should have a topic sentence and should have supporting evidence. It should not be
too long. (Note the entire essay is only about 400 words.)
(Warning: you will not get any score if you write out the entire essay.)
七．Read the following passage. Write a shortened form of a piece of writing of about 80 words.
（共1题，每题20分，共计20分）
The Cost of Survival
In the go-go years of the late 1990s, no economic theorist looked better than Joseph Schumpeter, the Austrian champion of capitalism who died in 1950. His distinction? A theory he called “creative destruction.”The idea was straight-forward: in with the new, out with the old. Companies had life cycles, just as people do. They were born, they grew up. And when a better competitor came along, they died due to capital starvation. It was the way things were, and the way they should be. The markets had no sentiment. Capitalism was relentless, unforgiving.
In their book “Creative Destruction” (367 pages. Doubleday. $27.50), Richard N. Foster and Sarah Kaplan of the consulting firm McKinsey & Co. apply Schumpeter?s logic in the context of a technology-driven economy. They want their corporate readers to understand the implications of one basic idea: there is an inescapable conflict between the internal needs of a corporation and the total indifference capital markets have for those needs. Managers care desperately about the survival of their companies. Investors don?t give a hoot. This was always true, the authors say, but until recently nobody really noticed because of the relatively languid pace of economic change. No more. In the 1920s, when the first Standard & Poor?s index was compiled, a listed company had a life expectancy of more than 65 years. In 1998 the annual turnover rate of was nearly 10 percent, implying a corporate lifetime of only 10 years.
How does anyone manage in this environment? Foster and Kaplan argue that companies today must embrace “discontinuity,”the idea that everything they have always done is now irrelevant. Consider Intel:? by its top executives?own accounts, the company had to kill its ground-breaking memory-chip business once it became clear that Japanese companies could deliver essentially the same product at a lower price. Intel then moved into the much more lucrative microprocessor business. It was an obvious decision, but one that was hard to make. Memory chips were Intel?s core competence. They w ere at the heart of the company?s self-image. The transition was wrenching, said Intel chief Andrew Grove. But as a result, the company survived and prospered.
From now forgotten automobile companies like Studebaker to early technology leaders like Wang, the corporate landscape is littered with the bones of companies that couldn?t adapt to change. At bottom, say Foster and Kaplan, “corporations are m anaged for survival.” They presume continuity in the business environment. They fail to introduce new products for fear of cannibalizing current product lines. They turn down acquisition opportunities to keep from diluting earnings. They prize rational decision making and internal control systems. They resist contrary information, and often punish managers who voice it. And all the while, capital
markets are dedicated to finding and funding new competitors. Incumbents ignore this fact to their peril: if the y don?t cannibalize their product lines, someone else will do it for them. Even the greatest of brand names are not immune. As the authors ask rhetorically, would IBM even exist today had it stuck to its core bu siness in mainframe computers? “Unless the corporation can learn to overcome the natural bias for denial,” they write, “it will, in the long term, fail, or at best underperform.”
The successful company, Foster and Kaplan conclude, is one that manages for discontinuity. It presumes change. It is comfortable with fluid and even vague decision making. It has relatively flat hierarchies. In short, it adopts the fearlessness of capital markets themselves. And it doesn't have to be a start-up, or even a young company. Typical success stories include Coming, which shifted its business from glass to optical fiber just in time to capture a growing market, and General Electric, which dumped one fifth of its asset base in the first four years of Jack Welch's tenure as CEO.
Not long ago, it was fashionable to liken business to warfare. Executives were reading Sun-tm, Machiavelli and Clausewitz for guidance on how to overcome the competition. But business differs from war in one vital respect. In war the advantage lies with the defense. In the New Economy, as Foster and Kaplan make clear, it belongs to the attacker.
1．Whatever the explanation, the idea of a work-life balance is a staple of European discourse, studied in think tanks, mulled over by policymakers. In the US, the term, when it’s used at all, is said with the sort of sneer reserved for those who eat quiche. But it might still catch on. When Bill Keller was named executive editor of the New York Times last week, he encouraged the staff to do “a little more savoring” of life, spending time with their families or viewing art. 不管如何解释，工作与生活的平衡总是欧洲人的主要谈资，同时也是智囊团和政策制定者研究和考虑的主题。在美国，人们使用这个说法时总是带着几分针对那些吃蛋奶火腿馅饼的悠闲人士才会表现出来的冷嘲热讽的态度。但是，它可能还是会流行起来的。时任《纽约时报》执行主编的比尔?凯勒曾鼓励员工们要给生活增加一些色彩，多陪陪家人或去欣赏艺术。 2．P. L. Travers, the author of the Mary Poppins books, put it best when she wrote, “You do not chop off a section of your imaginative substance and make a book specifically for children, for— if you are honest—you have, in fact, no idea where childhood ends and maturity begins. It is all endless and all one.” There is plenty for children and adults to enjoy in Rowling’s books, starting with their language. Her prose may be unadorned, but her way with naming people and things reveals a quirky and original talent. 《欢乐满人间》的作者帕梅拉·林登·特拉弗斯概括得精辟之极。她写到，“你不能把你想象的东西砍掉一部分然后写成一本专给孩子看的书，坦白地说，因为事实上你根本无从知道童年究竟是什么时候结束的而成人期又是什么时候开始的。它们互相连接、浑然一体。”在罗琳的书中，从语言开始，就有足够多的让大人和孩子都喜欢的东西。也许她的文风朴实，但是她给人和物命名的方式显示了独特的原创才能。 3．Zhejiang cuisine is light and exquisite, and is typical of food from along the lower Yangtze River. One famous dish is West Lake Vinegar Fish, which looks pretty and has the delicate refreshing flavors of nature. Many Chinese restaurants in China, as well as other parts of the world, serve this dish, but often the flavor is less authentic compared to that found in Hangzhou, capital of Zhejiang Province, which has unique access to the fish and water of West Lake. 4．Yoga achieves its best results when it is practiced as a daily discipline, and yoga can be a life-long exercise routine, offering deeper and more challenging positions as a practitioner becomes more adept. The basic positions can increase a person’s stren gth, flexibility and sense of well-being almost immediately, but it can take years to perfect and deepen them, which is an appealing and stimulating aspect of yoga for many. 每天练习瑜伽会达到最好的效果，随着动作越来越熟练，你就可以加大强度和难度这样瑜伽就能成为你相伴终生的日常锻炼方式了。练习基础的瑜伽动作即可收到增强力量，改善柔韧性并使人感到舒适的效果，但要想达到完美和高深的境界还是需要日积月累的练习，这也是瑜伽吸引人的地方之一。 5．What attracts individuals to each other in the first place? Many people believe that “there’s one person out there that one is meant for” and that destiny will bring them together. Such beliefs are roman tic but unrealistic. Empirical studies show that cultural norms and values, not fate, bring people together. We will never meet millions of potential lovers because they are “filtered out” by formal or informal rules on partner eligibility due to factors such as age, race, distance, social class, religion, sexual orientation, health, or physical appearance. 一开始让人相互吸引的是什么？许多人相信“世上有一个人是你为之而生的”，而且命运会将你俩带到一起。这样的想法很浪漫却不现实。实证研究发现，是文化标准和价值观而非命运，将人们连系在一起。我们错过了成千上万的可能的爱人，因为他们早就被正式的或非正式的挑选理想爱人的准则筛选出局，这些准则包括年龄、种族、地域、社会阶层、宗教、性倾向、健康状况或外表。 6．Much research shows that the quality of care infants receive affects how they later get along with friends, how well they do in school, how they react to new and possibly stressful situations, and how they form and maintain loving relationships as adults. It is for these reasons that people’s early intimate relationships within
英语翻译与写作 短语 努力学习：work hard=toil and moil 改变：change=vary=wax and wane=fluctuate back and forth 土豪：a man with telephone-number-sized bank account 让某人回忆起某事：remind sb of sth=jog ones memory of/on 竭尽所能：try ones best=do ones level best=spare no effort to do=exert all ones strength to do=manage to do=endeavor to do=bend/lean/fall over backwards to do=work like a trojan 优缺点:merit/demerit=inferiority/superiority=advantage/disadvantage 超出某人的…:beyond ones comprehension/imagination/scope/level 然而：however=by contrast=conversely=otherwise=nevertheless 不向某人屈服：bend ones knees to 受影响：be affected by=be influenced by=be susceptible to 不可避免的：inevitable=unavoidable=inexorable 不容质疑的：undoubteably=unquestionable
写作和翻译：实质就是汉译英：汉译英的障碍就是语法和词汇——语法：语序+嵌套 形式最重要！！！高级词汇+复杂局势+过渡衔接 字数：120~180 核心语法定语从句： A is …, which can … 身份/属性；成就和功能。 爱心：Love is a kind of emotional strength, which can support us no matter how dark the world around us becomes and how hard the way ahead will be. 替换词：friendship; knowledge; family; diligence; insisting; determination; optimism; harmony 替换词：合作精神；勤奋；友谊；家庭；坚持；决心；乐观；和谐——the greatest humanistic spirit …是我们时代的主题（the theme of our era） 流行与时尚fashionable 网络：Internet is a kind of great invention in the 20th century, which can make the peoplefar away from each other in distance closer than ever before. 空调：Air-conditioner is a kind of invention in the 20th century, which can make the temperature comfortable. 总结：主题词发出两个动作：性质+能力 看到图怎么办？ 非限定性定语从句——正如这幅第一眼看上去诙谐可笑但第二眼看上去发人深省的图画生动地描述，给我印象最为深刻的显著特征是…… As is vividly depicted in the picture which seems to be humorous and ridiculous but thought-provoking on the second thoughts, the most striking feature that impresses me profoundly is thatSpring, one of the realest men throughout the history of mankind all around the whole world that I have ever seen in my entire life, who is thebest that there ever was and the best that there ever will be, is a good teacher that is momentous and fundamental to anyone who want to win the future what the light is vital and significant to the people who desire to break through the dark，and that can support us to realize our vision and achieve our goals no matter how dark the world around us becomes and how hard the way ahead will be, because without him, we could have done nothing, including dream, success, hope and future. 预测一AHarmoniousDormitoryLife
英语写作能力指标体系与培养策略研究 黄河科技大学李亚峰 摘要：写作时以语言为媒介交流信息的一种重要形式。本文主要分析了英语写作能力指标体系和学做中出现的普遍问题，以及写作能力策略培养的药酒。旨在充分调动学生的积极性，从而提高学生的英语写作水平。 关键词：英语写作，能力指标体系，普遍问题，策略研究 英语写作能力指标体系与培养策略研究 一．引言 写作教学是大学英语教学的重要组成部分。为了引导课堂教学对写作能力的重视，1996年以后大学英语四六级考试规定了作文的最低分，另外，我国加入WTO后，社会经济发展迫切需要具备良好外语交际能力的人才，写作能力进一步受到广泛重视，但我国大学英语写作教学实施了十几年，收效仍然不大。从1997年6月实行作文最低分制（6分），计算大学英语考试成绩以来，全国高校参考学生的作文平均分一直徘徊在6.5分左右，大学生的英语写作能力一直停滞不前。如何合理建立英语写作能力指标体系，及培养学生的写作能力一直是教师们探讨和研究的话题。本文旨在：依据最新的写作能力指标体系，发现问题的提出，并提出有效的写作培养策略，从而真正的提高学生的英语写作能力》 二．英语写作能力指标体系的概述 根据教育部高教司出台的《大学英语教程教学要求（试行）》，对大学英语教学目的 了更高的要求，具体描述如下： 大学英语的教学目标是培养学生英语综合应用能力，特别是听说能力，使他们在今后工作和社会交往中能用英语有效地进行口头和书面的信息交流，同时增强其自主学习能力，提高综合文化素养，以适应我国经济发展和国际交流的需要。 《课程要求》将大学英语教学要求分为三个层次：一般要求，较高要求和更高要求。 这三个层次的教学要求对写作能力的分项描述如下: (1)一般要求（书面表带能力书面目标带）。能用常见的应用文体完成一般的写作任 务，能描述个人经历，事件，观感情感等，能就一般性话题或提纲在半小时内 写出120词的短文，内容基本完整，用此恰当，语篇连贯。能在一般或应用写 作中使用恰当的写作技能。 (2)较高要求（书面表达能力）。能日常应用文，能写自己专业论文的英语摘要，能 借助参考资料写出与专业相关，结构基本清晰，内容较为丰富的报告，能描写 各种图表，能救一定的话题在半小时内写出160词的短文，内容完整，条例清 晰，文理通顺。 (3)更高要求（书面表达能力）。能就一般性主体比较自如地表达个人观点，做到文 章结构清晰，内容丰富，逻辑性强。能用英语撰写所学专业的技术报告，论文。 能在半小时内写出200词的说明文或议论文，内容完整，文理通顺，思想表达 清楚。 基于大学英语写作的新要求，目前的作文写作评分标准一般采用满分15分，能力指标分五等： —14：切题。表达清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。 —11分：切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。 —8分：基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中一些事严重错误。 —5分：基本切题。表达思想不够清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。 —2分：条理不清。思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错
大学英语四六级翻译常用词汇汇总1. 中国经济发展 总需求aggregate demand 总供给aggregate supply 企业文化corporate/entrepreneurial culture 企业形象corporate image (Cl); enterprise image 跨国公司cross-national corporation 创业精神enterprising spirit; pioneering spirit 外资企业foreign-funded enterprise 猎头公司head-hunter 假日经济holiday economy 人力资本human capital 航空和航天工业aerospace industry 飞机制造工业aircraft industry 电子工业electronic industry 汽车制造工业car industry 娱乐业entertainment industry 信息产业information industry 知识密集型产业knowledge-intensive industry 国有大中型企业large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises 轻工业light industry 博彩业lottery industry 制造业manufacturing industry 垄断行业monopoly industries 市场多元化market diversification 市场经济market economy 市场监管market supervision 购买力purchasing power 熊市bear market 牛市bull market 城镇化urbanization 房地产real estate 首付down-payment 业主home owner 个人购房贷款individual housing loan 经济全球化economic globalization 经济特区special economic zones (SEZ) 经济增长economic growth 泡沫经济bubble economy 关税tariff 纳税人tax payer 宏观经济macro economy
南京航空航天大学 2016年硕士研究生招生考试初试试题 A卷 科目代码:842 满分:150 分 科目名称:翻译与写作（英语） 注意: ①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！ Part One: Translate the following into Chinese ( 60 points) （1） The quantum hypothesis explained the observed rate of emission of radiation from hot bodies very well, but its implications for determinism were not realized until 1926, when another German scientist, Werner Heisenberg, formulated his famous uncertainty principle. In order to predict the future position and velocity of a particle, one has to be able to measure its present position and velocity accurately. The obvious way to do this is to shine light on the particle. Some of the waves of light will be scattered by the particle and this will indicate its position. However, one will not be able to determine the position of the particle more accurately than the distance between the wave crests of light, so one needs to use light of a short wavelength in order to measure the position of the particle precisely. Now, by Planck’s quantum hypothesis, one cannot use an arbitrarily small amount of light; one has to use at least one quantum. This quantum will disturb the particle and change its velocity in a way that cannot be predicted. Moreover, the more accurately one measures the position, the shorter the wavelength of the light that one needs and hence the higher the energy of a single quantum. So the velocity of the particle will be disturbed by a larger amount. In other words, the more accurately you try to measure the position of the particle, the less accurately you can measure its speed, and vice versa. （2） The beauty of our country is hard to define as it is easy to enjoy. Remembering other and large countries we see at once that one of its charms is that it is immensely varied within a small compass. We have here no vast mountain ranges, no illimitable plains. But we have superb variety. A great deal of everything is packed into little space. I suspect that we are always faintly conscious of the fact that this is a smallish island, with the sea always round corner. We know that everything has to be neatly packed into a small place. Nature, we feel, has carefully adjusted things——mountains, plains, rivers, lakes——to the scale of the island itself. A mountain 12,000 feet high would be a horrible monster here, as wrong as a plain 400 miles long, a river as broad as the Mississippi. Though the geographical features of this island are comparatively small, and there is astonishing variety almost everywhere, that does not mean that our mountains are not mountains, our plains not plains. （3） About dusk the snow will stop, and by full dark a high, white moon will come sailing in like a galleon, and an icy, diamond powdering of stars will follow. In the blue-and-silver night there are no blurred edges. This is the time of clarity, of cutting beauty. Out in the night there will be no sound except of branches clicking together and a vast, far skein of wind flung down from the sky. I know if I sit here long enough by the window, I will see the red conflagration of dawn, and in the new day there will be the wonderful gifts that only brilliant winter day after a storm brings: the shattering scarlet of redbirds at the back-yard feeder. It will be a day to sweep the path to the bird feeders and put out seed and withered apples like old ladies’ cheeks for the impatient animals.
四六级写作、翻译必背句型 学习步骤和方法：一看二译三比四背 （一）理解并重点掌握其中的常用表达（划线部分） （二）做汉译英练习，即在不看英文的前提下把中文翻译成英语； （三）将自己的译句与原句对照； （四）默写并口头背诵英语原句 特别提醒： 最好要制订进度计划，即具体每天理解和背诵多少个新句，复习多少个旧句。 1. According to a recent survey, each year four million people die from diseases linked to smoking. 依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。 2. The latest surveys show that quite a lot of students have unpleasant associations with homework. 最近的调查显示相当多的学生对家庭作业没什么好感。 3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet. 没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。 4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation. 人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。 5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation. 越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。 6. When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifelong course. 说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终身的过程。 7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a person's physical fitness. 许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。 8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and great efforts should be made to protect local environment from the harmful effects of international tourism. 应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境不受国际旅游业的不利影响。 9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrant workers will exert positive effects on construction of city. However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrant workers have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution. 越来越多的专家相信民工对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，像犯罪和卖淫。 10. Many citizens complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time (in) waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers. 许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。 11. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it. 无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。 12. An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement. 一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。 13. A proper part-time job does not occupy students' too much time. In fact, it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间，事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。 14. Any government, which is blind to this point, may pay a heavy price.
山东省农业管理干部学院学报 ２００５年 第２１卷 第６期 ?１７５? 谈如何培养学生英语翻译和应用写作能力 毕 玉 娟 （山东省农业管理干部学院外语系，山东 济南 ２５０１００） 摘要：随着我国改革开放的发展，对外经济、文化、科技交流越来越频繁，英语起着越来越重要的桥梁作用。当前，我们国家需要大批的英语交际人才。因此，对高等院校从事英语教学工作的教师来说，如何通过自己的教与学生的学，为国家输送一批合格的人才，就成了一项重要而又艰巨的任务。关键词：英语；翻译；写作能力；培养 中图分类号：Ｇ６４２．４ 文献标识码：Ａ 文章编号：１００８－７５４０（２００５）０６－０１７５－０２如何培养高等院校学生的英语翻译和应用写作能力，是 高等院校英语教学中面临的重要问题，本人就这两方面的问题谈谈自己的看法。 一、翻译方面 （一）让学生掌握基本的翻译方法和技巧 有些学生英语基础一般，翻译能力相对较差。他们对一些常见的基本汉译英的方法和技巧所知不多，虽然以前也学过一些有关词语的汉英对比，做过一些汉英互译的练习，但大都比较简单，因此，在学习期间，让学生掌握一些汉译英最基本的方法和技巧十分必要。当然，翻译方法和技巧很多，我认为首先应该让学生掌握以下几种： １、 选词用字。由于构词时联想不同，表达方式不同，英汉两种语言表达同一种思想时常常用不同的词。因而在翻译时，必须在理解原意的基础上，考虑表达这个意思时译语用什么词最恰当。选词用字是否恰当是翻译中一个最基本而又十分重要的问题。如：Ｉｔ’ｓ ａ ｃｒｉｍｅ ｙｏｕ ｄｉｄｎ抰ｆｉｎｉｓｈ ｓｃｈｏｏｌ．句中的ｃｒｉｍｅ不是指“罪行”，而是指“使人感到遗憾的事”。 ２、词序调整。一个句子里词和分句的顺序，英汉两种语言也不尽相同。如表示时间和地点，汉语常常是先大后小，而英语则是先小后大。翻译时，应根据译语的表达方式作一些必要的调整。 ３、省略与增词。翻译时，对原文内容不应该作任何删节或增补。但由于两种语言表达方式不 同，把原文信息译成译文信息时，常常需要删去或增添一些词。这样做并不损害原意，反而可以使译文更为通顺，意思更为清楚。这种省略和增添不仅是许可的，而且常常被看作是一种翻译技巧。汉语没有冠词、代词、连词，介词用得也比英语少，上述词类汉译时往往可以省略不译，省略后意思并不含混，反而更为简练明白。如：Ｙｏｕ ｃａｎｎｏｔ ｂｕｉｌｄ ａ ｓｈｉｐ ，ａ ｂｒｉｄｇｅ ｏｒ ａ ｈｏｕｓｅ ｉｆ ｙｏｕ ｄｏｎ抰 ｋｎｏｗ ｔｏｍａｋｅ ａ ｄｅｓｉｇｎ ｏｒ ｈｏｗ ｔｏ ｒｅａｄ ｉｔ．不会制图或者不懂图纸就不可能造船、架桥或盖房子。译文中省略了代词ｙｏｕ和ｉｔ，冠词ａ，连接词ｉｆ和副词ｈｏｗ。 英语中没有量词、助词，汉译英时，要根据上下文的需要增加量词和助词。汉语名词无复数形式，动词无时态变化。翻译时如有必要应增添表复数和表时态的词。英语中用一些不及物动词，意义就很完整，而这些词在汉语中为他动词。因而翻译时，必须增加宾语，否则意义就不完整。如：Ｉ ｃｏｕｌｄ ｋｎｉｔ ｗｈｅｎ Ｉ ｗａｓ ｓｅｖｅｎ．我七岁时就会织毛衣。英语ｋｎｉｔ为不及物动词，可以单独使用，汉语“织”为他动词，使用时后面应该有宾语，故译为“织毛衣”。 ４、重复。英语为了避免重复，常常用一个动词接几个宾语或表语；或用了一个动词，后面相同的动词可以省略；或大量使用代词以避免重复。汉语则不怕重复，遇到上述情况汉译时，可以采取重复某词的方法。如：Ｐｒａｃｔｉｃａｌｌｙ ｅｖｅｒｙ ｒｉｖｅｒ ｈａｓ ａｎ ｕｐｐｅｒ ，ａ ｍｉｄｄｌｅ ａｎｄ ａｌｏｗｅｒ ｐａｒｔ．事实上每条河都有上游和下游。 ５、 反译法和分译法。由于汉英两种语言表达习惯不同，而且均可以从正面或反面表达同一种概念，翻译时，如果用正面表达有困难，欠通顺，则不妨用反面表达或将反面改为正面表达。这样译文会比较通顺而原意并无出入。 另外，英语中长句较多，而汉语句子一般较短。因此，为了符合汉语习惯，还可以将英语句子拆开来译，成为短句。 总之，不管采取何种方法，使用何种技巧，必须让学生明白：翻译时应遵循一条原则，那就是：必须符合原意。如果译文与原文相悖，译得再通顺，文字再漂亮，也只能算是失败。 （二）让学生掌握各种文体特别是科技文体、文学作 作者简介：毕玉娟（１９６４－），女，山东省农业管理干部学院外语系副教授。
2017年12月英语四六级翻译真题 英语四级翻译真题：泰山 泰山位于山东省西部。海拔1500余米，方圆约400平方公里。泰山不仅雄伟壮观，而且是一座历史文化名山，过去3000多年一直是人们前往朝拜的地方。据记载，共有72位帝王曾来此游览。许多作家到泰山获取灵感，写诗作文，艺术家也来此绘画。山上因此留下了许许多多的文物古迹。泰山如今已成为中国一处主要的旅游景点。 英语四级翻译真题：华山 华山位于华阴市，距西安120公里。华山是秦岭的一部分。秦岭不仅分割陕南与陕北，也分隔华南与华北。与从前人们常去朝拜的泰山不同。华山过去很少有人光临。因为上山的道路极其危险。然而，希望长寿的人却经常上山，因为山上生长着许多药草，特别是一些稀有的药草。自上世纪90年代安装缆车以来，参观人数大大增加。 英语四级翻译真题：黄山 黄山位于安徽省南部。它风景独特，尤以其日出和云海著称。要欣赏大山的宏伟壮丽，通常得向上看。但要欣赏黄山美景，就得向下看。黄山的湿润气候有利于茶树生长，是中国主要产茶地之一。这里还有许多温泉，其泉水有助于防治皮肤病。黄山是中国主要旅游目的地之一，也是摄影和传统国画最受欢迎的主题。 英语六级翻译真题：青海湖 青海湖位于海拔3205米、青海省省会西宁以西约100公里处。是中国最大的咸水湖，面积4317平方公里，最深处25.5米，有23条河注入湖中，其中大部分是季节性的。百分之八十的湖水源于五条主要河流。青海湖位于跨越亚洲的几条候鸟迁徙路线的交叉处。许多鸟类把青海湖作为迁徙过程中的暂息地，湖的西侧是著名的“鸟岛”，吸引着来自世界各地的观鸟者。每年夏天，游客们也来这里观看国际自行车比赛。 英语六级翻译真题：洞庭湖 洞庭湖位于湖南省东北部，面积很大，但湖水很浅。洞庭湖是长江的蓄洪池，湖的大小很大程度上取决于季节变化，湖北和湖南两省因其与湖的相对位置而得名，湖北意为“湖的北边”，而湖南则为“湖的南边”。洞庭湖作为龙舟赛的发源地，在中国文化中享有盛名。据说龙舟赛始于洞庭湖东岸。为的是搜寻楚国爱国诗人屈原的遗体。龙舟赛与洞庭湖及周边的美景，每年都吸引着成千上万来自全国和世界各地的游客。 英语六级翻译真题：太湖 太湖是中国东部的一个淡水湖，占地面积2250平方公里，是中国第三大淡水湖，仅次于鄱阳和洞庭，太湖约有90个岛屿，大小从几平方米到几平方公里不等。太湖以其独特的“太湖石”而闻名，太湖石常用于装饰中国传统园林。太湖也以高产的捕鱼业而闻名。自上世纪70年代后期以来，捕捞鱼蟹对沿湖的
2012年四川外国语大学811英语翻译与写作考研真题及详解 I.Translate the underlined parts into Chinese.(50Points) I have a mind to fill the rest of this paper with an accident that happened just under my eyes,and has made a great impression upon me.I have just passed part of this summer at an old romantic seat of my Lord Harcourt’s,which he has lent me.It overlooks a common field,where,under the shadow of a haycock,sat two lovers,as constant as ever were found in romance,beneath a spreading beech.The name of the one(let it sound as it will)was John Hewett;of the other,Sarah Drew. John was a well-set man about five-and-twenty;Sarah a brown woman of eighteen. John had for several months borne the labor of the day in the same field with Sarah; when she milked,it was his morning and evening charge to bring the cows to her pail.Their love was the talk,but not the scandal of the neighborhood;for all they aimed at was the blameless possession of each other in marriage.It was but this very morning that he obtained her parents’consent,and it was but till the next week that they were to wait to be happy. Perhaps this very day,in the intervals of their work,they were talking of their wedding clothes;and John was now matching several kinds of poppies and field flowers to her complexion,to make her a present of knots for the day.While they were thus employed(it was on the last day of July,)a terrible storm of thunder and lightning arose,that drove the laborers to what shelter the trees or hedges afforded. Sarah,frightened and out of breath,sunk on a haycock,and John(who never