Comparison of non-catalytic and catalytic fast pyrolysis of corncob in a ?uidized bed reactor
Huiyan Zhang a ,Rui Xiao a,*,He Huang b ,Gang Xiao a
a School of Energy and Environment,Southeast University,No.2,Si Pai Lou,Nanjing 210096,PR China b
College of Life Science and Pharmacy,Nanjing University of Technology,Nanjing 210009,PR China
a r t i c l e i n f o Article history:
Received 22April 2008
Received in revised form 8August 2008Accepted 11August 2008
Available online 30September 2008Keywords:Fast pyrolysis Biomass Catalyst
Fluidized bed Bio-oil
a b s t r a c t
Fast pyrolysis of corncob with and without catalyst was investigated in a ?uidized bed to determine the effects of pyrolysis parameters (temperature,gas ?ow rate,static bed height and particle size)and a HZSM-5zeolite catalyst on the product yields and the qualities of the liquid products.The result showed that the optimal conditions for liquid yield (56.8%)were a pyrolysis temperature of 550°C,gas ?ow rate of 3.4L/min,static bed height of 10cm and particle size of 1.0–2.0mm.The presence of the catalyst increased the yields of non-condensable gas,water and coke,while decreased the liquid and char yields.The elemental analysis showed that more than 25%decrease in oxygen content of the collected liquid in the second condenser with HZSM-5was observed compared with that without catalyst.The H/C,O/C molar ratios and the higher heating value of the oil fraction in the collected liquid with the catalyst were 1.511,0.149and 34.6MJ/kg,respectively.It was indicated that the collected liquid in the second con-denser had high qualities and might be used as transport oil.
ó2008Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.
1.Introduction
With the continuing concern over global warming due to CO 2emissions,more attentions are turning to renewable https://www.doczj.com/doc/6312922304.html,pared with other carbon-based fossil fuels,biomass is a carbon neutral renewable energy source (Sawayama et al.,1999).Fast pyrolysis has a great potential in converting biomass into en-ergy-dense liquids that can be transported easily.To obtain a rela-tively high bio-oil yield,a medium temperature (450–550°C),high heating rate (103–104K/s),short vapor residence time (<2s),and fast condensation of vapors are required (Zhang et al.,2007).Many types of reactors such as ?uidized beds (Predel and Kaminsky,1998;Kang et al.,2006;Asadullah et al.,2008),transported and cir-culating ?uidized beds (Boukis et al.,2007a,b ),spouted beds (Xiao et al.,2006,2007;Atutxa et al.,2005),ablative and vacuum pyrol-ysers (Lédé,2003;Garcìa-Pérez et al.,2007)were applied in the fast pyrolysis process.
Fluidized bed as a well-developed technology,which can pro-vide a heating rate of more than 103K/s,is an attractive reactor for biomass fast pyrolysis (Dai et al.,2001).Many experiments have been conducted to study the effects of pyrolysis parameters on the product yields in ?uidized bed reactors (Yanik et al.,2007;Asadullah et al.,2008).These studies showed that different
types of biomass have their own optimal operating conditions for a relatively high bio-oil yield.
Although fast pyrolysis can produce considerable bio-oils,yield up to 75%was reported (Onay and Ko?kar,2006),their direct appli-cations as fuels are limited by the problems of high oxygen con-tent,high viscosity,corrosion and their thermal instability.Therefore,bio-oils must be upgraded before they can be used in gasoline or diesel engines.One of the most effective methods to improve the qualities of bio-oils is to reduce oxygen content in the presence of a catalyst (Nilsen et al.,2007).
Adam et al.(2006)studied the effects of Al-MCM-41type cata-lysts on the biomass derived fast pyrolysis vapors in a ?xed bed.They found that the presences of Al-MCM-41type catalysts in-creased the yields of phenols,hydrocarbons and PAH fractions,while decreased the yields of carbonyls and acids.Williams and Nugranad (2000)have compared the product yields from the pyro-lysis and catalytic pyrolysis of rice husks with ZSM-5catalyst in a ?xed bed.They found that the in?uence of the catalyst was to con-vert the oxygen in the pyrolysis oil to largely H 2O at the lower cat-alyst temperatures and to largely CO and CO 2at the higher catalyst temperatures,and the catalytic oils were markedly increased in single ring and PAH compared with non-catalytic biomass pyroly-sis oils.Adjaye and Bakhshi (1995a,b)studied the upgrading of a fast pyrolysis bio-oil with different catalysts in a ?xed bed mi-cro-reactor.They concluded that acidic zeolite catalysts,especially HZSM-5,were more effective in converting the bio-oil to hydrocar-bons than the less acidic silica–alumina and non-acidic silicalite.
0960-8524/$-see front matter ó2008Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2008.08.031
*Corresponding author.Tel.:+862583794744803;fax:+862583795508.E-mail address:ruixiao@https://www.doczj.com/doc/6312922304.html, (R.Xiao).Bioresource Technology 100(2009)
1428–1434
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Bioresource Technology
jo ur na l h o me pa ge :w w w.e ls ev ie r.c o m/lo c a t e/bi or t e c
h
In this work,a novel process of in situ catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass in a?uidized bed reactor was proposed.This proposed system is a2-in-1process,which integrates fast pyrolysis bio-oil production with catalytic bio-oil upgrading using a catalyst into one chamber.This proposed process is a promising alternative be-cause of its much encouraging economics by the elimination of the costly condensation/re-evaporation processes required for bio-oil upgrading processing.Furthermore,compared to the chemical upgrading process of bio-oil called hydrodeoxygenation,there are no needs of H2and high pressure,no need of complicated equip-ments and no reactor plugging in the proposed process and all of these advantages reduce the costs to a great extent.The experi-ments of fast pyrolysis of corncob with and without catalyst were carried out in the reactor.Firstly,the effects of operating parame-ters(temperature,gas?ow rate,static bed height and particle size) were investigated in the absence of catalyst to determine the opti-mal conditions for liquid yield.Under the optimal conditions,the experiment with HZSM-5catalyst was performed to study the in?uence of this catalyst on collected liquid composition.
2.Experimental
2.1.Materials
2.1.1.Biomass
Corncob used in this study was collected from the city of Linyi in Shandong Province,PR China.Prior to all experiments,the corn-cob was grounded in a high-speed rotary cutting mill,and sieved to in the range of0.5–1.0,1.0–2.0,2.0–3.0and3.0–4.0mm in particle sizes.Then the particles were dried at80°C until constant weight. The elemental composition of the corncob(air-dry basis)was 39.76wt.%carbon,5.15wt.%hydrogen,0.30wt.%nitrogen,and 43.68wt.%oxygen(by difference).Its lower heating value was 16.19MJ/kg.The proximate analysis of the corncob(air-dry basis) was8.64wt.%moisture,71.80wt.%volatile,17.15wt.%?xed car-bon and2.41wt.%ash.
2.1.2.Catalyst
The catalyst used in this work was HZSM-5zeolite synthesized in the Catalyst Plant of Nankai University with a silicon-to-alumi-num ratio Si/Al=24.The zeolite was sieved to the particle size of 0.2–0.3mm,dried at120°C for2h to remove moisture and kept in a desiccator for the experiments.The physical properties of the HZSM-5zeolite catalyst,as determined using an ASAP2000surface analyzer,were as follows:surface area,332.49m2/g;total pore volume,0.22cm3/g;micropore volume,0.095cm3/g;average pore width,2.62mm;and average pore diameter,4.89nm.
2.2.Experimental set-up
A schematic diagram of the pyrolysis system used in this study is shown in Fig.1.This set-up mainly consisted of gas pre-heater, the?uidized bed reactor,condensers,?lters,accumulative?owme-ter and gas-collecting bag.The inside diameter and height of the ?uidized bed reactor were30mm and400mm,respectively.A porous plate and two pieces of wire netting(200-mesh size)at the bottom of the reactor were used to support bed materials and provide uniform distribution of the?uidizing gas.The reactor used quartz sand with particle size of0.2–0.3mm or its mixture with catalyst as bed materials and pure nitrogen(99.999%)as?u-idizing gas.The?ow rate of N2was controlled by a rotameter and the volume of product gas was measured by an accumulative?ow-meter.Before entering the reactor,the N2was heated to about 400°C by a pre-heater.A cylindrical furnace was used to supply the heat needed in the pyrolysis reactions.The connecting pipe be-tween reactor and condensers was maintained to around400°C to prevent tar condensation by a strip heater.A ceramic?lter was in-stalled after the reactor to remove?ne particles.Following the ceramic?lter,the product vapors were introduced to three con-densers.These condensers were operated at different temperatures to get different liquid products.The liquid products collected by the?rst,second and third condensers were heavy oil fraction,light oil fraction and aqueous-phase fraction,respectively.A cotton?lter and silica gel?lter were used to ensure all the condensable vapors were captured.The non-condensable gas was collected by a bag for analysis.
2.3.Procedure and products collection
The initial series of experiments were conducted to determine pyrolysis parameters on product yields with quartz sand as bed materials.The temperatures of400,500,550,600and700°C and the static bed heights of5,10,15and20cm were investigated in the experiments.Four different N2?ow rates namely,1.2,2.3,3.4 and4.5L/min(0°C,1atm),which represented about2.3–8.7times the minimum?uidization?ow rate at550°C,and particle sizes of 0.5–1.0,1.0–2.0,2.0–3.0,3.0–4.0mm were tested.
At the beginning of each test,the bed materials were placed in the reactor and6g corncob was placed in the feed hopper
purged
Fig.1.Schematic diagram of the?uidized bed system for fast pyrolysis of biomass.1.Nitrogen;2.Rotameter;3.Gas pre-heater;4,9.Temperature controller;5.K type thermocouple;6.Electrical furnace;7.Fluidized bed reactor;8.Feed hopper;10.Ceramic?lter;11,12,13.The1st,2nd,3rd condenser;14.Cotton wool?lter;15.Silica gel ?lter;16.Accumulative?owmeter;17.Gas-collecting bag.
H.Zhang et al./Bioresource Technology100(2009)1428–14341429
with N2to guarantee inert atmosphere during the experiment.The furnace started to heat the reactor.After the desired temperature in the reactor was reached,the feedstock was fed to the bed in one shot.Liquid products were collected by three condensers and non-condensable gas was collected using a gas-collecting bag.The experiment was carried out approximately10min to ensure com-plete pyrolysis of corncob.After the experiment,the furnace was turned off and the N2was still maintained until the reactor reaching room temperature to avoid the oxidation of char.The char was sep-arated from bed materials and weighted.The condensers were cleaned using ethanol and the washings were heated at60°C for ethanol evaporation.The total liquid products included the collect-ing liquids by the three condensers,weight increases of cotton wool ?lter and silica gel?lter,and the weight of the washings evapora-tion residues.The bed materials was dried at120°C until constant weight,and then combusted with air in a muf?e furnace at600°C for2h.The coke output was determined by the weight loss of bed materials before and after the combustion.The gas output was calculated by the total collected gas volume measured by the accumulative?owmeter and the components and their percentages determined by GC analysis.The product yields were calculated from the weight of products divided by feedstock weight(air-dry basis).The procedure of catalytic pyrolysis experiment was similar to non-catalytic experiment except using the mixture of catalyst and quartz sand as the bed materials.
Each experiment was repeated three times under the same con-
ditions,and the mass balance in all the experiments was in the range of93–98%.
2.4.Products analysis
The non-condensable gas composition was detected using a GC 9890A(Shanghai Linghua Co.Ltd.,PR China).The gas mainly con-tained CO,CO2,CH4,H2,C2H4,C2H6,C3H6and C3H8.CO,CO2,CH4 and H2were analysed under the following conditions:carrier gas,high purity argon(99.999%);carrier gas?ow rate,46ml/ min;injection volume,30ml;column temperature,55°C;TCD detector,60°C;bridge current,60mA.C2H4,C2H6,C3H6and C3H8 were:carrier gas,high purity nitrogen(99.999%);carrier gas?ow rate,40ml/min;column temperature,65°C;FID detector,200°C; combustion hydrogen?ow rate,38ml/min;combustion air?ow rate,380ml/min.The water contents of the collected liquids were determined using a method of Karl Fischer Titration.A Vario EL III (Elementar Company,Germany)instrument was used to deter-mine the elemental composition of the collected liquids.
GC/MS analysis of liquid yield was performed using a CP-3800 GC/Saturn2200MS(VARIAN).High purity helium was used as car-ried gas at constant?ow rate of1.0ml/min.The GC separation was carried out on a fused silica capillary column named VF-5ms (30m?0.25mm?0.25l m).A split of the carrier gas(1:10)was used.The temperature of the GC/MS injector was held at260°C. The injection volume was2l L.The GC oven temperature was pro-grammed from50°C to130°C at5°C/min and then to260°C at 10°C/min.It was applied with an isotherm period of0.2min at 50°C,of2min at130°C and of5min at260°C.Typical operating conditions were ionization energy70eV,and scan per second over range electron(m/z)=40–600amu.
3.Result and discussion
3.1.Experiments without catalyst
Table1lists the effects of operating parameters on the liquid, char and non-condensable gas yields.The effect of pyrolysis tem-perature on product yields was investigated at a gas?ow rate of 3.4L/min,static bed height of10cm and particle size of1–2mm. It can be concluded that as the temperature increasing,the char yield signi?cantly decreased from34.2%at400°C to20.3%at 700°C.The decrease of the char yield with increasing temperature could be due either to greater primary decomposition of corncob (especially lignin)or to secondary decomposition of the char resi-due at higher temperatures.The liquid yield?rst increased from 48.3%at400°C to a maximum of56.8%at550°C,and then de-creased to54.2%at700°C.The gas yield continuously increased from12.1%to21.3%as the temperature increased from400°C to 700°C.Similar results have been obtained by other researchers (Yanik et al.,2007;Asadullah et al.,2008;S?ens?z et al.,2006). The decrease of char increased the volatile matters,which were converted into liquid and gas products.However,as the tempera-ture further increased,the secondary cracking of vapors domi-nated,which resulted in a decrease of liquid yield and an increase of gas yield(Pütün et al.,1999).
The sweeping gas removed the pyrolysis vapors from high tem-perature pyrolysis environment and decreased the secondary reac-tions such as thermal cracking,repolymerization and recondensation to obtain relatively high liquid yield(Onay et al., 2001;Tsai et al.,2007).As can be seen in Table1,the liquid yield increased from52.3%to56.8%as the gas?ow rate increased from 1.2to3.4L/min.There was no obvious in?uence on the yield of pyrolysis products at the nitrogen?ow rates higher than3.4L/ min.The char and gas yield decreased by only2%and3%with the increase of the?uidized gas?ow rate from1.2to4.5L/min.The similar results have been reported elsewhere(Uzun et al.,2006).
As shown in Table1,with the increase of static bed height from 5to20cm,the liquid yield?rst increased and then decreased, while the char and gas yields showed an opposite trend,all the product yields have their extreme points at10cm static bed height.The maximum liquid yield of56.8%was obtained at 10cm static bed height.The pyrolysis reactions mainly occur in dense bed.Lower static bed height means fewer contacts between corncob and bed materials and this led to lower heating rate of feedstock in the dense bed.Therefore,the liquid yield decreased and the char and gas yields increased.On the other hand,higher static bed heights resulted in a longer residence time of vapors in the dense bed and more secondary cracking reactions.It also led Table1
The effects of operating parameters on the liquid,char and non-condensable gas yields
Parameters Liquid yield
(wt.%)
Char yield
(wt.%)
Non-condensable gas yield
(wt.%)
Temperature(°C)
40048.334.212.1
50054.427.013.4
55056.823.214.0
60056.322.015.6
70054.220.221.3
Gas?ow rate(L/min)
1.25
2.324.416.9
2.355.72
3.21
4.9
3.456.823.21
4.0
4.556.822.613.8
Static bed height(cm)
553.326.616.7
1056.823.214.0
1555.723.615.1
2052.525.617.3
Particle size(mm)
0.5 1 2 3 1430H.Zhang et al./Bioresource Technology100(2009)1428–1434 to a decrease of the liquid yield and increase of the char and gas yields. In order to investigate the effect of particle size on product yields,the experiments were conducted at four different particle sizes in the range of0.5–1.0,1.0–2.0,2.0–3.0and3.0–4.0mm at a pyrolysis temperature of550°C,gas?ow rate of3.4L/min and static bed height of10cm.As shown in Table1,with the increase of particle size from0.5–1.0mm to1.0–2.0mm,its in?uence on li-quid yield was negligible.This can be attributed to the reason that the particle size is suf?ciently small and it can be heated uniformly, as reported in earlier study(Onay et al.,2001).As the particle size increased from1.0–2.0mm to3.0–4.0mm,the liquid yield de-creased from57.1%to52.7%.The hot char is known to be catalyt-ically active(Bridgwater et al.,1999),if the particle size is larger, the vapors coming from a particle interior have to pass through a thicker char layer,and this process may cause more severe second-ary cracking of vapors.Moreover,a larger particle size leads to a slower heating rate in particle interior and longer residence time in low temperature phase.These two reasons resulted in the de-crease of liquid yield in the experiments with larger particle size feedstock.Therefore,the particle size of feedstock for pyrolysis should be less than2.0mm in a?uidized bed to obtain a relatively high liquid yield. From the above investigations,the optimal conditions for corn-cob pyrolysis in the?uidized bed reactor were:a pyrolysis temper-ature of550°C,?uidized gas?ow rate of3.4L/min,static bed height of10cm and particle size of1.0–2.0mm. https://www.doczj.com/doc/6312922304.html,parison of non-catalytic and catalytic fast pyrolysis experiments 3.2.1.Product yield Under the optimal conditions,the catalytic fast pyrolysis exper-iment with a HZSM-5zeolite catalyst(biomass to HZSM-5mass ra-tio=1:5)was carried out to study the effect of the catalyst on product yields and the qualities of liquid products.About30g of HZSM-5was used in the catalytic experiment.Fig.2shows the product yields of the non-catalytic and catalytic fast pyrolysis experiments.The oil fraction and water yields in the?gure were calculated by the weights of collected liquids and their water con-tents.As illustrated in Fig.2,there was a remarkable reduction in oil fraction yield from33.9%without catalyst to13.7%with HZSM-5.The gas and water yields increased from14%and22.9%to26%and25.6%,respectively.As for the coke yield,it went through a signi?cant increase from2%in the absence of the cata-lyst to8.4%with HZSM-5.The similar tendency was found by Wil-liams and Horne(1994,1995),who pyrolyzed biomass in the form of wood in a?uidized bed and upgraded vapors with catalysts in a ?xed bed downstream.The char yield decreased from23.2%to 20.1%in the presence of catalyst. The yields of gas components,calculated from the weights of gas components divided by feedstock weight,with and without catalyst are presented in Fig.3.As can be seen from the?gure, the main gas composition was CO and CO2.In the presence of the catalyst,the yield of CO increased from4.3%to10.4%and CO2increased from8.6%to11.5%.Their total mass percentages in the product gas were91.8%and83.9%in the non-catalytic and catalytic experiments,respectively.The other product gases were CH4,C2H4,C2H6,C3H6,C3H8,and H2.Alkanes and alkenes were the main hydrocarbon gases in the experiment with HZSM-5.Shar-ma and Bakhshi(1991)obtained the similar results when up-graded wood derived bio-oil of?ine over HZSM-5. A possible catalytic reaction route was proposed combining with the composition of the oil fraction(see Table2)and shown in Fig.4.It can be seen from Fig.4that biomass catalytic fast pyrolysis was separated into two processes,primary pyrolysis of biomass and catalytic cracking of organic vapors.In the primary pyrolysis process,biomass produced gas,water,primary organic vapors and char via thermal pyrolysis(step1).In this process, Table2 Composition of the oil fraction(wt.%of oil fraction) Compositions Collected liquid without catalyst Collected liquid with HZSM-5 Acids 3.720.22 Esters 2.24na a Aldehydes8.56 3.05 Alcohols 4.14 1.13 Ketones16.86 4.29 Aliphatic hydrocarbons 0.21na a Aromatic hydrocarbons 7.6274.22 Phenols38.617.56 b Unidenti?ed18.049.53 a Not available. b Determined by difference. H.Zhang et al./Bioresource Technology100(2009)1428–14341431 temperature was the most important parameter in?uencing the product yields distribution.After the primary organic vapors re-leased,the vapors(mainly heavy oil fraction)were adsorbed by the active surface of the catalyst,and then cracked to light vapors (step2).The light vapors then underwent series reactions such as deoxygenation,cracking to form H2O,CO2,CO,alkanes,alkenes and aromatic hydrocarbons(step4).These reactions would result in a decrease of oil vapors and increases of gas and water yields. During the catalytic reactions,some of those primary organic va-pors polymerized directly to form tar and subsequently coke(step 3).The coke would deposit on the catalyst surface,which would lead to the deactivation of the catalyst.On the other hand,a part of the aromatic hydrocarbons might also undergo polymerization (step5)to form coke(Adjaye and Bakhshi,1995b).The two coke formation reactions(steps3and5)greatly increased the coke yield.As for the decrease of char yield with catalyst,it can be attributed to further pyrolysis of char precursors with the catalyst. The main aim of the use of catalyst is to remove the oxygen con-tent in the bio-oil to obtain hydrocarbon products.Three main reaction routes for removing oxygen from the vapors are via water, CO and CO2formation.It is preferable for the oxygen to be elimi-nated as CO or CO2,rather than H2O to obtain a suitable H/C ratio in upgraded bio-oil(Williams and Horne,1995).In this work,the H/C ratio in the collected liquid from the second condenser is close to diesel(see Table3).The catalytic pyrolysis temperature used in present work was550°C,this temperature favored the conversa-tion to CO and CO2according to the literature(Williams and Nugranad,2000).3.2.2.The distribution of liquid products in the liquid collecting units In this work,three condensers were operated at different tem-peratures to collect heavy oil fraction,light oil fraction and aque-ous-phase fraction,respectively.A cotton?lter and silica gel?lter were used to ensure all the condensable vapors were captured, and their collecting substances were considered as oil fraction and water,respectively.The distribution of liquid products(in terms of the total mass of liquid products)in collecting units of the non-catalytic and catalytic fast pyrolysis is displayed in Fig.5. From the?gure,it can be seen that the application of the multi-stage condensation achieved a good separation of the oil fraction and water in the liquid products.The colors of the collected liquids in the?rst,second and third condenser were black,dark brown and light brown.The water content of the liquids collected by the?rst, second and third condensers were5.4%,11.4%and58.7%in the non-catalytic fast pyrolysis experiment,and2.4%,12.3%,83.4%in the catalytic fast pyrolysis experiment correspondingly. As shown in Fig.5,the total amount of liquid collected by the ?rst condenser decreased from25.5%in the absence of catalyst to2.8%with HZSM-5.The result indicated that the use of HZSM-5brought an almost complete cracking of heavy oil fraction.As for the second condenser,it can be seen that most of oil fraction produced in the catalytic experiment(accounting for7.70%in terms of the mass of the feedstock)was collected by this con-denser.The maximum liquid collecting percentages of33.6%and 42.0%were obtained in the third condenser in the non-catalytic and catalytic fast pyrolysis experiments,respectively.However, the collected liquids had little value because of their large water contents. 1432H.Zhang et al./Bioresource Technology100(2009)1428–1434 3.2.3.The qualities of collected liquid in the second condenser The most valuable oil(light oil)was in the second condenser and the liquids in the?rst and third condensers had little value be-cause of large amount of tar or water content inside.Table2lists the compositions of oil fraction collected by the second condenser in non-catalytic and catalytic experiments.It can be seen that the oil fraction contained acids,esters,aldehydes,alcohols,ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons,phenols and aromatic hydrocarbons.Oxy-genated compounds such as aldehydes,ketones and phenols were the main composition in non-catalytic experiment.The use of HZSM-5led to a remarkable increase of aromatic hydrocarbons in oil fraction and the decrease of all other types of compounds. Table3shows the properties of the collected liquid in the sec-ond condenser.As shown in Table3,more than25%decrease in oxygen content of collected liquid with HZSM-5compared with that without catalyst.The decrease of oxygen content in oil con-tributed to a remarkable increase in higher heating value(HHV) from18.8MJ/kg without catalyst to34.6MJ/kg with https://www.doczj.com/doc/6312922304.html,-pared to the upgrading oil using hydro-treatment technology re-ported by Zhang et al.(2005),the oxygen content of the collected liquid in this study is higher,while the H/C molar ratio is higher than that of in the literature.The H/C and O/C molar ratios and HHV of the collected liquid with catalyst were close to that of die-sel and heavy fuel oil.These results indicated that the collected li-quid in the second condenser had high qualities and might be used as transport oil.4.Conclusion Fast pyrolysis of corncob with and without catalyst was con-ducted in a?uidized bed to determine the effects of pyrolysis parameters and a HZSM-5zeolite catalyst on the pyrolysis product yields and the qualities of liquid products. The liquid yield?rst increased and then decreased with the in-crease of temperature from400°C to700°C.As for the effect of sta-tic bed height,both the lower and higher static bed heights resulted in a decrease of liquid yield and increase of the char and non-con-densable gas yields.The particle size of feedstock for pyrolysis should be less than2.0mm in a?uidized bed to obtain a relatively high liquid yield.The optimal conditions for liquid yield(56.8%) were a pyrolysis temperature of550°C,gas?ow rate of3.4L/min, static bed height of10cm and particle size of1.0–2.0mm. The use of HZSM-5zeolite catalyst caused a marked decrease of heavy oil fraction,an increase of the water,coke and non-condens-able gas yields.The conversation of oxygen in heavy oil vapors was mainly to CO,CO2and H2O.The application of the multi-stage con-densation realized a good separation of the oil fraction and water in the liquid products,and most of oil fraction produced in the cat-alytic experiment was light oil fraction and collected by the second condenser.The GC/MS analysis of the collected liquid in the second condenser showed that the use of HZSM-5led to a remarkable in-crease of aromatic hydrocarbons in oil fraction and the decrease of all other types of compounds.The elemental analysis showed that the decrease in oxygen content of collected liquid with HZSM-5 was above25%compared with that without catalyst.The H/C,O/ C molar ratios and HHV of the oil fraction in the collected liquid with the catalyst were1.511,0.149and34.6MJ/kg,close to that of diesel and heavy fuel oil.The collected liquid in the second con-denser had high qualities that might be used as transport oil. Acknowledgement The authors are grateful for the?nancial support of the National Hi-tech Research and Development Program of China(863)(No. 2006AA020101). References Adam,J.,Antonakou,E.,Lappas,A.,St?cker,M.,Nilsen,M.H.,Bouzga,A.,Hustad,J.E.,?ye,G.,2006.In situ catalytic upgrading of biomass derived fast pyrolysis vapours in a?xed bed reactor using mesoporous materials.Micropor.Mesopor. Mater.96,93–101. Adjaye,J.D.,Bakhshi,N.N.,1995a.Production of hydrocarbons by catalytic upgrading of a fast pyrolysis bio-oil.Part I:Conversion over various catalysts. Fuel Process.Technol.45,161–183. Table3 The properties of collected liquids,diesel and heavy fuel oil(dry basis,wt.%) Properties Collected liquid without catalyst Collected liquid with HZSM-5 Diesel(Yusuf, 1995) Heavy fuel oil(Czernik and Bridgwater,2004) Upgrading bio-oil by hydro-treatment (Zhang et al.,2005) C51.9474.1086.588587.7 H 6.969.3313.29118.9 O40.2814.690.0113 N0.82 1.8865ppm0.30.4 H/C molar ratio 1.609 1.511 1.842 1.553 1.218 O/C molar ratio 0.5820.14900.0090.026 Empirical formula CH1.609O0.582N0.014CH1.511O0.149N0.022CH1.842CH1.553O0.009N0.003CH1.218O0.026N0.004 HHV(MJ/kg)18.834.645.54041.4 PH 2.8 5.2nd a nd nd Speci?c gravity 1.180.95nd0.940.93 Char content0.30.2nd1nd a Not determined. H.Zhang et al./Bioresource Technology100(2009)1428–14341433 Adjaye,J.D.,Bakhshi,N.N.,1995b.Production of hydrocarbons by catalytic upgrading of a fast pyrolysis bio-oil.Part II:Comparative catalyst performance and reaction pathways.Fuel Process.Technol.45,185–202. 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Tsai,W.T.,Lee,M.K.,Chang,Y.M.,2007.Fast pyrolysis of rice husk:product yields and compositions.Bioresour.Technol.98,22–28. Uzun,B.B.,Pütün,A.E.,Pütün,E.,2006.Fast pyrolysis of soybean cake:product yields and compositions.Bioresour.Technol.97,569–576. Williams,P.T.,Horne,P.A.,1994.Characterisation of oils from the?uidised bed pyrolysis of biomass with zeolite catalyst upgrading.Biomass Bioenergy7,223–236. Williams,P.T.,Horne,P.A.,1995.Analysis of aromatic hydrocarbons in pyrolytic oil derived from biomass.J.Anal.Appl.Pyrol.31,15–37. Williams,P.T.,Nugranad,N.,https://www.doczj.com/doc/6312922304.html,parison of products from the pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis of rice husks.Energy25,493–513. Xiao,R.,Zhang,M.Y.,Jin,B.S.,Huang,Y.J.,Zhou,H.C.,2006.High-temperature air/ steam-blown gasi?cation of coal in a pressurized spout-?uid bed.Energy Fuels 20,715–720. Xiao,R.,Zhang,M.Y.,Jin,B.S.,Xiong,Y.Q.,Zhou,H.C.,Duan,Y.F.,Zhong,Z.P.,Chen, X.P.,Shen,L.H.,Huang,Y.J.,2007.Air blown partial gasi?cation of coal in a pilot plant pressurized spout-?uid bed reactor.Fuel86,1631–1640. Yanik,J.,Kornmayer,C.,Saglam,M.,Yüksel,M.,2007.Fast pyrolysis of agricultural wastes:characterization of pyrolysis products.Fuel Process.Technol.88,942–947. Yusuf,A.,1995.Beef Tallow as a Biodiesel Fuel.Ph.D.Thesis,p.302. Zhang,Q.,Chang,J.,Wang,T.J.,Xu,Y.,2007.Review of biomass pyrolysis oil properties and upgrading research.Energy Convers.Manage.48,87–92. Zhang,S.P.,Yan,Y.J.,Li,T.C.,Ren,Z.W.,2005.Upgrading of liquid fuel from the pyrolysis of biomass.Bioresour.Technol.96,545–550. 1434H.Zhang et al./Bioresource Technology100(2009)1428–1434 C:\Users\student01>exp ceshi/seentao tablespaces=(system,ceshi) file=d:\ceshi4.d mp C:\Users\student01>exp system/seentao owner=ceshi file=d:\ceshi5.dmp C:\Users\student01>exp ceshi/seentao tablespaces=(system,ceshi) transport_tables pace=y file=d:\ceshi6.dmp Export: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on 星期二8月5 14:33:53 2014 Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. 连接到: Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options EXP-00044: 必须以'SYSDBA' 身份连接, 才能进行时间点恢复或可传输的表空间导入EXP-00000: 导出终止失败 C:\Users\student01>imp ceshi/seentao file=d:\ceshi.dmp fromuser=ceshi C:\Users\student01>imp ceshi/seentao file=d:\ceshi.dmp full=y C:\Users\student01>imp ceshi/seentao file=d:\ceshi00.dmp fromuser=ceshi 数据泵导入导出 C:\Users\student01>sqlplus/nolog SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on 星期二8月5 15:27:06 2014 Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. SQL> conn/as sysdba 连接数据库 已连接。 SQL> select * from dba_directories where directory_name='DATA_PUMP_DIR'; OWNER DIRECTORY_NAME ------------------------------ ------------------------------ DIRECTORY_PATH -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SYS DATA_PUMP_DIR C:\oracle\product\10.2.0\db_1\admin\orcl\dpdump\ SQL> exit 从Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options 断开 C:\Users\student01>expdp ceshi/seentao dumpfile=ceshi.dmp 数据泵导出数据库 C:\Users\student01>md d:\pump C:\Users\student01>sqlplus/nolog SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on 星期二8月5 15:39:07 2014 Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. (一) 1.It’s a hit。 这件事很受人欢迎。 2.Y ou hit the nail on the head。 你真是一言中的。 3.It’s all greak to me。 我全不懂。 4.He’s always on the go。 他永远是前进的。 5.That’s a good gimmick。 那是一个好办法。 6.He is a fast talker。 他老是说得天花乱坠。 7.What’s the gag? 这里面有什么奥妙？8.Drop dead。 走开点。 9.What’s eating you? 你有什么烦恼？ 10.He double-crossed me。他出卖了我。 11.It’s my cup of tea。 这很合我胃口。 12.Oh,my aching back! 啊呀，天啊，真糟！ 13.I’m beat。 我累死了。 14.I’ll back you up all the way。 我完全支持你。 15.It’s a lot of c hicken feed。 这是小意思，不算什么。 16.Cut it out.= Go on. =Knock it off。不要这个样子啦~ 17.Do to hell。 滚蛋！ 18.Stop pulling my leg。 不要开我玩笑了。 19.Don’t jump on me。 不要跟我发火。20.No dice。 不行。 21.He always goofs off。 他总是糊里糊涂。 22.So,you finally broke the ice。你终于打破了僵局。 23.Nuts! 胡说！ 24.He is a nut。 他有点神经病。 25.It’s on the house。 这是免费的。 26.Don’t panic。 不要慌啊！ 27.He is a phoney。 八岁的高斯发现了数学定理 德国著名大科学家高斯(1777～1855)出生在一个贫穷的家庭。高斯在还不会讲话就自己学计算，在三岁时有一天晚上他看着父亲在算工钱时，还纠正父亲计算的错误。 长大后他成为当代最杰出的天文学家、数学家。他在物理的电磁学方面有一些贡献，现在电磁学的一个单位就是用他的名字命名。数学家们则称呼他为“数学王子”。 他八岁时进入乡村小学读书。教数学的老师是一个从城里来的人，觉得在一个穷乡僻壤教几个小猢狲读书，真是大材小用。而他又有些偏见：穷人的孩子天生都是笨蛋，教这些蠢笨的孩子念书不必认真，如果有机会还应该处罚他们，使自己在这枯燥的生活里添一些乐趣。 这一天正是数学教师情绪低落的一天。同学们看到老师那抑郁的脸孔，心里畏缩起来，知道老师又会在今天捉这些学生处罚了。 “你们今天替我算从1加2加3一直到100的和。谁算不出来就罚他不能回家吃午饭。”老师讲了这句话后就一言不发的拿起一本小说坐在椅子上看去了。 教室里的小朋友们拿起石板开始计算：“1加2等于3，3加3等于6，6加4等于10……”一些小朋友加到一个数后就擦掉石板上的结果，再加下去，数越来越大，很不好算。有些孩子的小脸孔涨红了，有些手心、额上渗出了汗来。 还不到半个小时，小高斯拿起了他的石板走上前去。“老师，答案是不是这样？” 老师头也不抬，挥着那肥厚的手，说：“去，回去再算！错了。”他想不可能这么快就会有答案了。 可是高斯却站着不动，把石板伸向老师面前：“老师！我想这个答案是对的。” 数学老师本来想怒吼起来，可是一看石板上整整齐齐写了这样的数：5050，他惊奇起来，因为他自己曾经算过，得到的数也是5050，这个8岁的小鬼怎么这样快就得到了这个数值呢？ 高斯解释他发现的一个方法，这个方法就是古时希腊人和中国人用来计算级数1+2+3+…+n的方法。高斯的发现使老师觉得羞愧，觉得自己以前目空一切和轻视穷人家的孩子的观点是不对的。他以后也认真教起书来，并且还常从城里买些数学书自己进修并借给高斯看。在他的鼓励下，高斯以后便在数学上作了一些重要的研究了。 为了中华民族的富强-------苏步青的故事 苏步青1902年9月出生在浙江省平阳县的一个山村里。虽然家境清贫，可他父母省吃俭用，拼死拼活也要供他上学。他在读初中时，对数学并不感兴趣，觉得数学太简单，一学就懂。可量，后来的一堂数学课影响了他一生的道路。 那是苏步青上初三时，他就读浙江省六十中来了一位刚从东京留学归来的教数学课的杨老师。第一堂课杨老师没有讲数学，而是讲故事。他说：“当今世界，弱肉强食，世界列强依仗船坚炮利，都想蚕食瓜分中国。中华亡国灭种的危险迫在眉睫，振兴科学，发展实业，救亡图存，在此一举。‘天下兴亡，匹夫有责’，在座的每一位同学都有责任。”他旁征博引，讲述了数学在现代科学技术发展中的巨大作用。这堂课的最后一句话是：“为了救亡图存，必须振兴科学。数学是科学的开路先锋，为了发展科学，必须学好数学。”苏步青一生不知听过多少堂课，但这一堂课使他终身难忘。 杨老师的课深深地打动了他，给他的思想注入了新的兴奋剂。读书，不仅为了摆脱个人困境，而是要拯救中国广大的苦难民众；读书，不仅是为了个人找出路，而是为中华民族求新生。当天晚上，苏步青辗转反侧，彻夜难眠。在杨老师的影响下，苏步青的兴趣从文学转向了数学，并从此立下了“读书不忘救国，救国不忘读书”的座右铭。一迷上数学，不管是酷暑隆冬，霜晨雪夜，苏步青只知道读书、思考、解题、演算， 数据库数据导入导出方法 1逻辑导入 备份方法： 在主机服务器的DOS提示符下输入： EXP USERID=ZLHIS/HIS BUFFER=4096 FILE=D:\20040101.dmp LOG=D:\20040101.log OWNER=(ZLHIS) ROWS=Y INDEXES =Y CONSTRAINTS =Y GRANTS=Y DIRECT=N 表示只导出zlhis用户的数据对象 Buffer：该值越大，导出的时间略短。 File：表示导出的dmp的文件路径 Log：表示导出的日志文件路径 其余参数可以通过exp help=y查询。 2逻辑导出 在主机服务器的DOS提示符下输入： IMP USERID=ZLHIS/HIS FROMUSER=(ZLHIS) TOUSER=(ZLHIS) BUFFER=30720 FILE=D:\20040101.dmp LOG=D:\20040101.log ROWS=Y INDEXES=Y CONSTRAINTS =Y GRANTS =Y SHOW=N COMMIT =Y IGNORE=Y 表示只导入zlhis用户的数据对象 Buffer：该值越大，导入的时间略短。 File：表示导入的dmp的文件路径 Log：表示导入的日志文件路径 Ignore：Oracle在恢复数据的过程中，当恢复某个表时，该表已经存在，就要根据ignore 参数的设置来决定如何操作。若ignore=y，Oracle不执行CREATE TABLE语句，直接将数据插入到表中，如果插入的记录违背了约束条件，比如主键约束，则出错的记录不会插入，但合法的记录会添加到表中。若ignore=n，Oracle不执行CREATE TABLE语句， Oracle数据库导入导出命令(备份与恢复) Toad 一个很好的oralce数据库操作与管理工具，使用它可以很方便地导入导出数据表，用户以及整个数据库。今天在这里主要讲一下用命令行来操作oracle数据导入和导出： 备份数据 1、获取帮助： exp help=y 2. 导出一个完整数据库 exp user/pwd@instance file=path full=y 示例：exp system/system@xc file = c:/hehe full =y imp tax/test@tax file=d:/dbbak.dmp full=y 3 、导出一个或一组指定用户所属的全部表、索引和其他对象 exp system/manager file=seapark log=seapark owner=seapark exp system/manager file=seapark log=seapark owner=(seapark,amy,amyc,harold) 示例：exp system/system@xc file=c:/hehe owner=uep 4、导出一个或多个指定表 exp system/manager file=tank log=tank tables=(seapark.tank,amy.artist) 示例：exp system/system@xc file=c:/heh tables=(ueppm.ne_table) 恢复数据 1. 获取帮助 imp help=y 2. 导入一个完整数据库 imp system/manager file=bible_db log=dible_db full=y ignore=y 3. 导入一个或一组指定用户所属的全部表、索引和其他对象 imp system/manager file=seapark log=seapark fromuser=seapark imp system/manager file=seapark log=seapark fromuser=(seapark,amy,amyc,harold) 4. 将一个用户所属的数据导入另一个用户 imp system/manager file=tank log=tank fromuser=seapark touser=seapark_copy imp system/manager file=tank log=tank fromuser=(seapark,amy) touser=(seapark1, amy1) 5. 导入一个表 imp system/manager file=tank log=tank fromuser=seapark TABLES=(a,b) ************************ **************************** 利用Export可将数据从数据库中提取出来，利用Import则可将提取出来的数据送回Oracle 数据库中去。 1. 简单导出数据（Export）和导入数据（Import） Oracle支持三种类型的输出： （1）表方式（T方式），将指定表的数据导出。 （2）用户方式（U方式），将指定用户的所有对象及数据导出。 （3）全库方式（Full方式），将数据库中的所有对象导出。 数据导出（Import）的过程是数据导入（Export）的逆过程，它们的数据流向不同。 常用的一些英语俚语140条 真实生活口语中俚语是很多的，给英语非母语的人再添一个障碍。Niwot会陆续把自己觉得常用的补充进来，贴在安斯本的坛子上。希望大家发现好的也加进来。让我们先凑起一百个并背熟例句，到时候鬼子都会禁不住夸你口语地道！ 1,ace: She is an ace dancer. 就是牛X的意思啊。 2,all-nighter: I felt very tired after an all-nighter. 通宵。 3,beemer: That girl is driving a beemer. BMW, 宝马。气人的是，我们停车场里一辆牛款beemer的主人不是官最大的，当然不是最有学问的，而是一个有钱人的小千金。 4,booze: I'm going to bring a bottle of booze to your party. 酒 5,bummer: 坏事，不好的方面。别人要跟你说开车撞了电线杆子，你就要说Oh, bummer!一表感同身受。 6,chicken: He is really a chicken. 弱人 7,cool: 港片里的“酷”啊，用得实在多。 8,cop:That crazy driver was pulled over by a cop. 警察，可不要当面叫啊，当面叫"ShuShu". 9,couch patato: My roommate is a couch patato. 喜欢长时间坐那看电视的懒蛋。 10,deep pockets: I don't want to buy it, it's for people with deep pockets. 富鬼。 11,flip side: Don't watch the flip side, it's too personal. 另一面，反面 12,foxy: Look at that foxy lady! 性感撩人的 13,nuke: That country is working seriously on nukes. 有趣的数学家故事 蒲丰试验 一天,法国数学家蒲丰请许多朋友到家里,做了一次试验.蒲丰在桌子上铺好一张大白纸,白纸上画满了等距离的平行线,他又拿出很多等长的小针,小针的长度都是平行线的一半.蒲丰说:“请大家把这些小针往这张白纸上随便仍吧！”客人们按他说的做了。 蒲丰的统计结果是：大家共掷2212次，其中小针与纸上平行线相交704次， 2210÷704≈3.142。蒲丰说：“这个数是π的近似值。每次都会得到圆周率的近似值，而且投掷的次数越多，求出的圆周率近似值越精确。”这就是著名的“蒲丰试验”。 数学魔术家 1981年的一个夏日，在印度举行了一场心算比赛。表演者是印度的一位37岁的妇女，她的名字叫沙贡塔娜。当天，她要以惊人的心算能力，与一台先进的电子计算机展开竞赛。工作人员写出一个201位的大数，让求这个数的23次方根。运算结果，沙贡塔娜只用了50秒钟就向观众报出了正确的答案。而计算机为了得出同样的答数，必须输入两万条指令，再进行计算，花费的时间比沙贡塔娜要多得多。 这一奇闻，在国际上引起了轰动，沙贡塔娜被称为“数学魔术家”。 工作到最后一天的华罗庚 华罗庚出生于江苏省，从小喜欢数学，而且非常聪明。1930年，19岁的华罗庚到清华大学读书。华罗庚在清华四年中，在熊庆来教授的指导下，刻苦学习，一连发表了十几篇论文，后来又被派到英国留学，获得博士学位。他对数论有很深的研究，得出了著名的华氏定理。他特别注意理论联系实际，走遍了20多个省、市、自治区，动员群众把优选法用于农业生产。 记者在一次采访时问他：“你最大的愿望是什么？” 他不加思索地回答：“工作到最后一天。”他的确为科学辛劳工作的最后一天，实现了自己的诺言。 21世纪七大数学难题 美国的克雷数学研究所于2000年5月24日在巴黎宣布了众多数学家评选的结果:对七个“千禧年数学难题”的每一个悬赏一百万美元。 “千年大奖问题”公布以来，在世界数学界产生了强烈反响。这些问题都是关于数学基本理论的，但这些问题的解决将对数学理论的发展和应用的深化产生巨大推动。认识和研究“千年大奖问题”已成为世界数学界的热点。不少国家的数学家正在组织联合攻关。可以预期，“千年大奖问题”将会改变新世纪数学发展的历史进程。 Excel到S QL Server数据库的数据导入导出技术研究3 王晓刚 杨春金 (武汉理工大学信息工程学院 武汉 430063) 摘 要 介绍Del phi中,采用新一代数据访问技术dbExp ress和OLE技术来实现Excel数据表到S QL Server数据库的数据导入和导出,及其在高速公路车辆查询系统中的应用。 关键词 dbExp ress S QL server Excel OLE 中图分类号 TP317.3 1 引言 办公自动化信息管理系统的用户常常会遇到需要把由Excel存储的数据资料导入到S QL Server 数据库,同时又要把S QL Server数据库中的数据导出到Excel数据表的问题。不同的编程语言有不同的解决方法。本文介绍应用Del phi编程来实现Excel数据表到S QL Server数据库的数据导入导出技术。 2 基本思路 OLE自动化是W indows应用程序操纵另一个程序的一种机制。被操纵的一方称为自动化服务器,操纵自动化服务器的一方称为自动化控制器。通过引用这些对象实现对自动化服务器的调用,然后通过设置对象的属性和使用对象的方法操纵自动化服务器,实现两者之间的通讯。 Del phi在数据库方面提供的强大又富有弹性的能力给广大编程人员带来了方便。dbExp ress是Del phi下一代的数据访问技术。提供高效率数据访问以及提供跨平台能力的数据访问引擎。dbEx2 p ress包含了7个组件,它们是TS QLConnecti on、TS QLDataSet、TS QLQuery、TS QLSt oredPr oc、TS QLT2 able、TS QLMonit or和TSi m p le DataSet,这些组件的功能就是让应用程序连接后端数据库,访问数据表中的数据,把修改的数据更新回数据库中以及让程序员观察dbExp ress向后端数据库下达命令等。 Del phi完全支持OLE应用程序自动化,提供的Servers栏控件可以很容易开发OLE自动化控制器实现对OLE自动化服务器的调用。在Del phi内部运行OLE自动化程序需要在U ses语句中加入Co2 mobj来开始自动化程序。通过调用Create O le Ob2 ject来检索一个自动化对象,Create O le Object调用大量系统内部的OLE函数,创建一个I dis patch的实例,并从Variant中返回一个Del phi变量类型,可以根据不同的环境提供不同的功能,这里我们使用Variant来引用Excel内部的对象以建立Del phi与Excel之间的连接。并采用dbExp ress建立Del phi 和S QL Server之间的连接,来实现Excel数据表到S QL Server数据库的数据导入和导出。 3 dbExp ress访问S QL Server技术 dbExp ress通过TS QLConnecti on组件同S QL Server数据库进行连接。双击TS QLConnecti on,就会弹出它的组件编辑器,在这个组件编辑器里,我们就可以定义连接数据库的类型,数据库名称,登陆帐号、密码等信息。以下就是我们连接名为DB2 SERVER的数据库服务器的具体情况: D river Name=MSS QL//数据库类型 Host N a me=DBSERVER//数据库服务器 Database=ETEST//数据库名 U ser_Na me=sa//登陆帐号 Pass word=sa//登陆密码 B l obSize=-1 LocaleCode=0000 MSS QL Transls olati on=ReadComm ited OS Authenticati on=False 在连接上数据库以后,dbExp ress提供了两种方法:一是使用TSi m p le DataSet组件;二是使用TS QLDataSet搭配T DataSetPr ovider和TClient D ata2 Set组件来对数据库进行访问。在实现简单数据访 85 计算机与数字工程 第35卷3收到本文时间:2006年6月8日 作者简介:王晓刚,男,硕士研究生,研究方向:网络设计及信息管理。杨春金,男,副教授,研究方向:信号与信息处理。 PL/SQL Developer导入导出数据库方法及说明 2011-07-26 13:05 leeli1987 CSDN博客字号：T| T 本文主要介绍了利用PL/SQL Developer导入或导出数据库的步骤以及导入导出过程中的一些说明，希望能对您有所帮助。 AD：51CTO学院：IT精品课程在线看！ PL/SQL Developer是Oracle数据库中用于导入或导出数据库的主要工具，本文主要介绍了利用PL/SQL Developer导入和导出数据库的过程，并对导入或导出时的一些注意事项进行了说明，接下来我们就一一介绍。 导出步骤： 1 tools ->export user object 选择选项，导出.sql文件。 2 tools ->export tables-> Oracle Export 选择选项导出.dmp文件。 导入步骤： 注：导入之前最好把以前的表删除，当然导入另外数据库除外。 1 tools->import tables->SQL Inserts 导入.sql文件。 2 tools->import talbes->Oracle Import然后再导入dmp文件。 一些说明： Tools->Export User Objects导出的是建表语句（包括存储结构）。 Tools->Export Tables里面包含三种导出方式，三种方式都能导出表结构以及数据，如下： ?Oracle Export ?Sql Insert ?pl/sql developer 第一种是导出为.dmp的文件格式，.dmp文件是二进制的，可以跨平台，还能包含权限，效率也很不错，用得最广。 第二种是导出为.sql文件的，可用文本编辑器查看，通用性比较好，但效率不如第一种，适合小数据量导入导出。尤其注意的是表中不能有大字段（blob,clob,long），如果有， 真实生活口语中俚语是很多的，给英语非母语的人再添一个障碍。Niwot会陆续把自己觉得常用的补充进来，贴在安斯本的坛子上。希望大家发现好的也加进来。让我们先凑起一百个并背熟例句，到时候鬼子都会禁不住夸你口语地道！ 1,ace: She is an ace dancer. 就是牛X的意思啊。 2,all-nighter: I felt very tired after an all-nighter. 通宵。 3,beemer: That girl is driving a beemer. BMW, 宝马。气人的是，我们停车场里一辆牛款beemer的主人不是官最大的，当然不是最有学问的，而是一个有钱人的小千金。 4,booze: I'm going to bring a bottle of booze to your party. 酒 5,bummer: 坏事，不好的方面。别人要跟你说开车撞了电线杆子，你就要说Oh, bummer!一表感同身受。 6,chicken: He is really a chicken. 弱人 7,cool: 港片里的“酷”啊，用得实在多。 8,cop:That crazy driver was pulled over by a cop. 警察，可不要当面叫啊，当面叫"ShuShu". 9,couch patato: My roommate is a couch patato. 喜欢长时间坐那看电视的懒蛋。 10,deep pockets: I don't want to buy it, it's for people with deep pockets. 富鬼。 华罗庚 有一次，他跟邻居家的孩子一起出城去玩，他们走着走着；忽然看见路旁有座荒坟，坟旁有许多石人、石马。这立刻引起了华罗庚的好奇心，他非常想去看个究竟。于是他就对邻居家的孩子说： “那边可能有好玩的，我们过去看看好吗?” 邻居家的孩子回答道：“好吧，但只能呆一会儿，我有点害怕。” 胆大的华罗庚笑着说：“不用怕，世间是没有鬼的。”说完，他首先向荒坟跑去。 两个孩子来到坟前，仔细端详着那些石人、石马，用手摸摸这儿，摸摸那儿，觉得非常有趣。爱动脑筋的华罗庚突然问邻居家的孩子：“这些石人、石马各有多重?” 邻居家的孩子迷惑地望着他说："我怎么能知道呢?你怎么会问出这样的傻问题，难怪人家都叫你‘罗呆子’。” 华罗庚很不甘心地说道：“能否想出一种办法来计算一下呢?” 邻居家的孩子听到这话大笑起来，说道：“等你将来当了数学家再考虑这个问题吧!不过你要是能当上数学家，恐怕就要日出西山了。” 华罗庚不顾邻家孩子的嘲笑，坚定地说：“以后我一定能想出办法来的。” 当然，计算出这些石人、石马的重量，对于后来果真成为数学家的华罗庚来讲，根本不在话下。 金坛县城东青龙山上有座庙，每年都要在那里举行庙会。少年华罗庚是个喜爱凑热闹的人，凡是有热闹的地方都少不了他。有一年华罗庚也同大人们一起赶庙会，一个热闹场面吸引了他，只见一匹高头大马从青龙山向城里走来，马上坐着头插羽毛、身穿花袍的“菩萨”。每到之处，路上的老百姓纳头便拜，非常虔诚。拜后，他们向“菩萨”身前的小罐里投入钱，就可以问神问卦，求医求子了。 华罗庚感到好笑，他自己却不跪不拜“菩萨”。站在旁边的大人见后很生气，训斥道： “孩子，你为什么不拜，这菩萨可灵了。” “菩萨真有那么灵吗?”华罗庚问道。 一个人说道：“那当然，看你小小年纪千万不要冒犯了神灵，否则，你就会倒楣的。” “菩萨真的万能吗?”这个问题在华罗庚心中盘旋着。他不相信一尊泥菩萨真能救苦救难。庙会散了，看热闹的老百姓都回家了。而华罗庚却远远地跟踪着“菩萨”。看到“菩萨”进了青龙山庙里，小华罗庚急忙跑过去，趴在门缝向里面看。只见“菩萨”能动了，他从马上下来，脱去身上的花衣服，又顺手抹去脸上的妆束。门外的华庚惊呆了，原来百姓们顶礼膜拜的“菩萨”竟是一村民装扮的。 华罗庚终于解开了心中的疑团，他将“菩萨”骗人的事告诉了村子里的每个人，人们终于恍然大悟了。从此，人们都对这个孩子刮目相看，再也无人喊他“罗呆子”了。正是华罗庚这种打破砂锅问到底的精神， 陈景润 陈景润一个家喻户晓的数学家，在攻克歌德巴赫猜想方面作出了重大贡献，创立了著名的“陈氏定理”，所以有许多人亲切地称他为“数学王子”。但有谁会想到，他的成就源于一个故事。1937年，勤奋的陈景润考上了福州英华书院，此时正值抗日战争时期，清华大学航空工程系主任留英博士沈元教授回福建奔丧，不想因战事被滞留家乡。几所大学得知消息，都想邀请沈教授前进去讲学，他谢绝了邀请。由于他是英华的校友，为了报达母校，他来到了这所中学为同学们讲授数学课。 一天，沈元老师在数学课上给大家讲了一故事：“200年前有个法国人发现了一个有趣的现 D B数据库导入导出精 编W O R D版 IBM system office room 【A0816H-A0912AAAHH-GX8Q8-GNTHHJ8】 DB2数据导入导出 2012年3月12日 编辑：徐彦 一、环境 操作系统：Redhat Linux AS 5.5 （2.6.18-128.el5PAE #1 SMP i686 i386 GNU/Linux） 数据库版本：DB2 WorkGroup版 V9.7.0 （数据库版本可通过连接数据库来查看，db2 connect to dbname）二、声明 实例用户，默认为db2inst1 Das用户，默认为dasusr1 数据库安装目录（$INSTHOME），默认为/opt/ibm/db2/V9.7 实例安装目录（$HOME），默认为/home/db2inst1/ 实例名：db2inst1 数据库名： 三、导出具体步骤 3.1导出对象结构 建议单独创建一个数据导出目录，利于导出文件整理的清晰。 $ su – db2inst1 # 切换至db2inst1用户 $ cd / 3.2导出数据库数据 （建议在 如何导出 .pst 文件数据 如果仅希望备份某些 Outlook 数据，则可以仅为要保存的数据创建一个新的备份 .pst 文件。此操 作又称为导出 .pst 文件数据。例如，如果仅某些文件夹中存在重要信息，而在多个较大的文件夹中保存着其他不重要的项目，则可能希望使用此部分。可以仅导出重要文件夹或通讯簿而忽略“已发送邮件”之类的文件夹。 按照下面的步骤执行操作，导出特定文件夹： 1. 打开 Outlook。 2. 在“文件”菜单上，单击“导入和导出”。如果该菜单项不可用，则将鼠标指针悬停在 菜单底部的箭头上，然后单击“导入和导出”。 3. 单击“导出到文件”，然后单击“下一步”。 4. 单击“个人文件夹文件(.pst)”，然后单击“下一步”。 5. 单击要将 .pst 文件导出到的文件夹，然后单击“下一步”。 6. 单击“浏览”，然后选择要将新 .pst 文件保存到的位置。 7. 在“文件名”框中，键入要用于新 .pst 文件的名称，然后单击“确定”。 8. 单击“完成”。 注意，文件夹设计属性包括权限、筛选器、说明、表单和视图。如果在 .pst 文件之间导出项目，则不会维护文件夹设计属性。 回到顶端 如何将 .pst 文件数据导入 Outlook 如果初始 .pst 文件损坏或丢失，则可以使用 .pst 文件的备份副本还原 Outlook 数据。在 .pst 文件中保存的所有内容都将返回到 Outlook 中。 按照下面的步骤执行操作，将数据还原或导入到 Outlook 中： 1. 如果希望导入的 .pst 文件存储在可移动设备（如软盘、便携式硬盘驱动器、CD-ROM、 盒式磁带或者任何其他存储媒体）上，则插入或连接该存储设备，然后将 .pst 文件复 制到计算机的硬盘驱动器上。 复制 .pst 文件时，请确保未选择“只读”属性。如果选择此属性，则可能收到以下错 误消息： The specified device, file, or path could not be accessed.It may have been deleted, it may be in use, you may be experiencing network problems, or you may not have sufficient permission to access 如何导入导出MySQL数据库 1. 概述 MySQL数据库的导入，有两种方法： 1) 先导出数据库SQL脚本，再导入； 2) 直接拷贝数据库目录和文件。 在不同操作系统或MySQL版本情况下，直接拷贝文件的方法可能会有不兼容的情况发生。 所以一般推荐用SQL脚本形式导入。下面分别介绍两种方法。 2. 方法一SQL脚本形式 操作步骤如下： 2.1. 导出SQL脚本 在原数据库服务器上，可以用phpMyAdmin工具，或者mysqldump(mysqldump命令位于mysql/bin/目录中)命令行，导出SQL 脚本。 2.1.1 用phpMyAdmin工具 导出选项中，选择导出“结构”和“数据”，不要添加“Drop DATABASE”和“Drop TABLE”选项。 选中“另存为文件”选项，如果数据比较多，可以选中“gzipped”选项。 将导出的SQL文件保存下来。 2.1.2 用mysqldump命令行 命令格式 mysqldump -u用户名-p 数据库名> 数据库名.sql 范例： mysqldump -uroot -p abc > abc.sql （导出数据库abc到abc.sql文件） 提示输入密码时，输入该数据库用户名的密码。 2.2. 创建空的数据库 通过主控界面/控制面板，创建一个数据库。假设数据库名为abc，数据库全权用户为abc_f。 2.3. 将SQL脚本导入执行 同样是两种方法，一种用phpMyAdmin（mysql数据库管理）工具，或者mysql命令行。 2.3.1 用phpMyAdmin工具 从控制面板，选择创建的空数据库，点“管理”，进入管理工具页面。 在"SQL"菜单中，浏览选择刚才导出的SQL文件，点击“执行”以上载并执行。 注意：phpMyAdmin对上载的文件大小有限制，php本身对上载文件大小也有限制，如果原始sql文件 比较大，可以先用gzip对它进行压缩，对于sql文件这样的文本文件，可获得1:5或更高的压缩率。 gzip使用方法： # gzip xxxxx.sql 数据库 系统分别拥有一份独立的Oracle数据库逻辑备份文件（后缀为dmp的操作系统文件），每个子系统的导入数据库结构和基础数据的操作是单独执行的。 第一步，以超级管理用户进入Oracle创建用户和授权 第二步：创建表空间（create tablespace law datafile 'D:/oradate/law.dbf' size 300m autoextend on next 50m;） 第三步： --删除用户(第一次可以不用执行，以后想要重新导入数据库才执行这个语句) drop user law_test cascade; --创建用户和授权 create user law_test identified by law_test default tablespace law; --授权 grant connect,resource,select any dictionary , unlimited tablespace,create any view, create materialized view to law_test; 导入数据库 1、第一步：用Oracle数据库备份恢复命令，导入数据库结构和基础 数据，格式如下： imp ｛数据库用户名｝／｛数据库用户密码｝file=”｛带完整路径的Oracle数据库逻辑备份文件｝” imp law_test/law_test file=d:\db\law_test.dmp full=y 2，第二步，看到的导入的页面 最后的提示说导入成功的提示； 导出数据库 exp ｛数据库用户名｝／｛数据库用户密码｝file=”｛带完整路径的Oracle数据库逻辑备份文件｝” exp law_test/law_test file=”d:\law_test.dmp”; 常用英语俚语小汇总 英语俚语是一种非正式的语言，通常用在非正式的场合，所以在用这些俚语是一定要考虑到所用的场合和对象，不要随意用这些俚语。下面是一些常用的俚语。 a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush 一鸟在手，胜似二鸟在林 a blank slate 干净的黑板（新的一页，新的开始） a bone to pick 可挑剔的骨头（争端，不满） a cat nap 打个盹儿 a ouch potato 躺椅上的马铃薯（懒鬼） a headache 头痛（麻烦事） a knock out 击倒（美得让人倾倒） a load off my mind 心头大石落地 a pain in the neck 脖子疼（苦事） a piece of cake 一块蛋糕（小菜一碟，易事一件） a shot in the dark 盲目射击（瞎猜） a sinking ship 正在下沉的船 a slap in the face 脸上挨了一耳光（公然受辱） a social butterfly 社交蝴蝶（善于交际，会应酬的人） a thorn in someone''s side 腰上的荆棘（芒刺在背） a turn coat 反穿皮袄的人（叛徒） a weight off my shoulders 放下肩头重担 an ace up my sleeve 袖里的王牌 ants in one''s pants 裤裆里有蚂蚁（坐立不安） back in the saddle重上马鞍（重整旗鼓） back on track重上轨道（改过自新） backfire逆火（弄巧成拙，适得其反） ball and chain 铁球铁链，甜蜜的枷（老婆） beat a dead horse 鞭打死马令其奔驰（徒劳） beaten by the ugly stick 被丑杖打过（生得难看） bet your life 把命赌上（绝对错了） better half 我的另一半 big headed 大脑袋（傲慢，自大） bigger fish to fry 有更大的鱼要炸（有更重要的事要办） bite the bullet 咬子弹（强忍痛苦） birds of a feather flock together 羽毛相同的鸟总飞成一群（物以类聚） blow up in you face 在眼前爆炸（事情完全弄砸了） break a let 折断一条腿（表演真实，演出成功） break the ice 破冰（打破僵局） brown nose 讨好，谄媚 bull in a china shop 瓷器店里的蛮牛（笨拙的人，动辄弄坏东 勤奋数学家小故事简短 【篇一：勤奋数学家小故事简短】 高斯念小学的时候,有一次在老师教完加法后,因为老师想要休息,所以便出了一道题目要同学们算算看,题 目是：1+2+3+ .+97+98+99+100 = 老师心里正想,这下子小朋友一定要算到下课了吧!正要借口出去时, 却被高斯叫住了!原来呀,高斯已经算出来了,小朋友你可知道他是如何算的吗?高斯告诉大家他是如何算 出的：把 1加至 100 与 100 加至 1 排成两排相加,也就是说：1+2+3+4+ .+96+97+98+99+100 100+99+98+97+96+ .+4+3+2+1 =101+101+101+ .+101+101+101+101 共有一百个101相加,但算式重 复了两次,所以把10100 除以 2便得到答案等于从此以后高斯小学的学习过程早已经超越了其它的同学, 也因此奠定了他以后的数学基础,更让他成为——数学天才!自己可以浓缩一下 【篇二：勤奋数学家小故事简短】 最佳答案1、数学家的故事——苏步青 苏步青1902年9月出生在浙江省平阳县的一个山村里.虽然家境清贫,可他父母省吃俭用,拼死拼活也要供他上学.他在读初中时,对数学 并不感兴趣,觉得数学太简单,一学就懂.可是,后来的一堂数学课影响 了他一生的道路. 那是苏步青上初三时,他就读浙江省六十中来了一位刚从东京留学归 来的教数学课的杨老师.第一堂课杨老师没有讲数学,而是讲故事.他说：“当今世界,弱肉强食,世界列强依仗船坚炮利,都想蚕食瓜分中国.中华 亡国灭种的危险迫在眉睫,振兴科学,发展实业,救亡图存,在此一举.‘天 下兴亡,匹夫有责’,在座的每一位同学都有责任.”他旁征博引,讲述了数学在现代科学技术发展中的巨大作用.这堂课的最后一句话是：“为了 救亡图存,必须振兴科学.数学是科学的开路先锋,为了发展科学,必须 学好数学.”苏步青一生不知听过多少堂课,但这一堂课使他终身难忘. 杨老师的课深深地打动了他,给他的思想注入了新的兴奋剂.读书,不仅 为了摆脱个人困境,而是要拯救中国广大的苦难民众；读书,不仅是为 了个人找出路,而是为中华民族求新生.当天晚上,苏步青辗转反侧,彻 夜难眠.在杨老师的影响下,苏步青的兴趣从文学转向了数学,并从此立 下了“读书不忘救国,救国不忘读书”的座右铭.一迷上数学,不管是酷暑 隆冬,霜晨雪夜,苏步青只知道读书、思考、解题、演算,4年中演算了 上万道数学习题.现在温州一中（即当时省立十中）还珍藏着苏步青 一本几何练习薄,用毛笔书写,工工整整.中学毕业时,苏步青门门功课 都在90分以上. 17岁时,苏步青赴日留学,并以第一名的成绩考取东京高等工业学校, 在那里他如饥似渴地学习着.为国争光的信念驱使苏步青较早地进入 了数学的研究领域,在完成学业的同时,写了30多篇论文,在微分几何数据导入导出
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