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利用条件概率和Gibbs抽样技术为分布估计算法构造通用概率模型张放;鲁华祥【期刊名称】《控制理论与应用》【年(卷),期】2013(030)003【摘要】A stochastic model based on conditional probability and Gibbs sampling is proposed to cope with the modeling problems occurred in traditional algorithms for distribution estimation, and extends the generality of the algorithm. The algorithm with this model takes promised individuals in the evolution process to form supervised training sets. For each of such sets, we estimate the conditional probability of a component given other components, and execute a Gibbs sampling procedure to generate new candidates for replacing inferior ones. The result of computer experiments shows that the improved algorithm can obtain the global optimum of additively decomposed functions, demonstrating a strong ability in global optimization.%本文针对传统分布估计算法在建立概率模型时面临的各种困难,提出一种基于条件概率和Gibbs抽样的概率模型,能有效改进分布估计算法的通用性.使用该模型的分布估计算法利用进化过程中有前途的优秀个体构造出多个监督学习样本集,并对每个样本集估计出对应分量的条件概率,再使用这一组条件概率进行Gibbs抽样产生新的个体替代种群中的劣等个体.通过仿真实验表明,改进后的算法能够求解出可加性降解函数的全局最优解,表现出较强的全局优化能力.【总页数】9页(P307-315)【作者】张放;鲁华祥【作者单位】中国科学院半导体研究所神经网络实验室,北京100083;中国科学院半导体研究所神经网络实验室,北京100083【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TP181【相关文献】1.一种多目标优化的多概率模型分布估计算法 [J], 钟润添;龚海峰;李斌;庄镇泉2.经验分布函数概率模型的分布估计算法 [J], 张建华;曾建潮3.基于条件概率模型的缺陷定位方法 [J], 舒挺;黄明献;丁佐华;王磊;夏劲松4.柯西分布概率模型的copula分布估计算法 [J], 赵慧;王丽芳;介婧5.基于概率模型的分布估计算法求解欺骗问题 [J], 丁才昌;殷晓东;卢露;余法红因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
Package‘mlsbm’October13,2022Title Efficient Estimation of Bayesian SBMs&MLSBMsVersion0.99.2Description Fit Bayesian stochastic block models(SBMs)and multi-level stochastic block mod-els(MLSBMs)using efficient Gibbs sampling implemented in'Rcpp'.The models assume sym-metric,non-reflexive graphs(no self-loops)with unweighted,binary edges.Data are in-put as a symmetric binary adjacency matrix(SBMs),or list of such matrices(MLSBMs). License GPL(>=2)Encoding UTF-8LazyData trueRoxygenNote7.1.1LinkingTo Rcpp,RcppArmadilloImports RcppDepends R(>=2.10)NeedsCompilation yesAuthor Carter Allen[aut,cre](<https:///0000-0001-6937-7234>),Dongjun Chung[aut]Maintainer Carter Allen<************************>Repository CRANDate/Publication2021-02-0710:50:02UTCR topics documented:AL (2)col_summarize (2)fit_mlsbm (3)fit_sbm (4)mean_CRI (5)mlsbm (5)sample_mlsbm (6)sample_sbm (6)Index812col_summarize AL Simulated3-layer network dataDescriptionA data set containing3layers of undirected,symmetric adjacency matrices simulated from an SBMwith3true clustersUsageALFormatA list of length3col_summarize The col_summarize functionDescriptionFunction to quickly return credible intervalsUsagecol_summarize(MAT,dig=2,level=0.95)ArgumentsMAT A matrixdig Number of digits to round estimates and CrIs tolevel Confidence levelValueA character vector of posterior estimates and intervalsExamplesM<-matrix(rnorm(1000),ncol=4)col_summarize(M)fit_mlsbm3 fit_mlsbm R/Rcpp function forfitting multilevel stochastic block modelDescriptionThis function allows you tofit multilevel stochastic block models.Usagefit_mlsbm(A,K,a0=0.5,b10=0.5,b20=0.5,n_iter=1000,burn=100,verbose=TRUE)ArgumentsA An adjacency list of length L,the number of levels.Each level contains an n x nsymmetric adjacency matrix.K The number of clusters specified a priori.a0Dirichlet prior parameter for cluster sizes for clusters1,...,K.b10Beta distribution prior paramter for community connectivity.b20Beta distribution prior parameter for community connectivity.n_iter The number of total MCMC iterations to run.burn The number of burn-in MCMC iterations to discard.The number of saved iter-ations will be n_iter-burn.verbose Whether to print a progress bar to track MCMC progress.Defaults to true.ValueA list of MCMC samples,including the MAP estimate of cluster indicators(z)Examplesdata(AL)#increase n_iter in practicefit<-fit_mlsbm(AL,3,n_iter=100)4fit_sbm fit_sbm R/Rcpp function forfitting single level stochastic block modelDescriptionThis function allows you tofit single level stochastic block models.Usagefit_sbm(A,K,a0=0.5,b10=0.5,b20=0.5,n_iter=1000,burn=100,verbose=TRUE)ArgumentsA An n x n symmetric adjacency matrix.K The number of clusters specified a priori.a0Dirichlet prior parameter for cluster sizes for clusters1,...,K.b10Beta distribution prior paramter for community connectivity.b20Beta distribution prior parameter for community connectivity.n_iter The number of total MCMC iterations to run.burn The number of burn-in MCMC iterations to discard.The number of saved iter-ations will be n_iter-burn.verbose Whether to print a progress bar to track MCMC progress.Defaults to true.ValueA list of MCMC samples,including the MAP estimate of cluster indicators(z)Examplesdata(AL)fit<-fit_sbm(AL[[1]],3)mean_CRI5 mean_CRI The mean_CRI functionDescriptionSimple function to return the mean(95%CrI)for a vectorUsagemean_CRI(y,dig=2)Argumentsy A numeric vectordig The number of digits to round toValueA string of mean and95%quantile interval rounded to’dig’Examplesmean_CRI(rnorm(1000))mlsbm mypackage:A package forfitting single and multilevel SBMs.DescriptionThis packagefits Bayesian stochastic block models(SBMs)mlsbm functionsThe mlsbm functions...sample_mlsbm R/Rcpp function for sampling from a multilevel stochastic block modelDescriptionThis function allows you to sample a multilevel stochastic block model.Usagesample_mlsbm(z,P,L)Argumentsz An n x1vector of community labels for each nodeP A K x K symmetric matrix of community connectivity probabilitiesL The number of levels to sampleValueA list of adjecency matrices–one for each level of the MLSBMExamplesn=100K=3L=2pi=rep(1/K,K)z=sample(1:K,size=n,replace=TRUE,prob=pi)p_in=0.50p_out=0.05P=matrix(p_out,nrow=K,ncol=K)diag(P)=p_inAL=sample_mlsbm(z,P,L)sample_sbm R/Rcpp function for sampling from a single level stochastic blockmodelDescriptionThis function allows you to sample a single level stochastic block model.Usagesample_sbm(z,P)Argumentsz An n x1vector of community labels for each nodeP A K x K symmetric matrix of community connectivity probabilitiesValueAn adjacency matrixExamplesn=100K=3pi=rep(1/K,K)z=sample(1:K,size=n,replace=TRUE,prob=pi)p_in=0.50p_out=0.05P=matrix(p_out,nrow=K,ncol=K)diag(P)=p_inA=sample_sbm(z,P)Index∗Bayesianfit_mlsbm,3fit_sbm,4∗Crediblecol_summarize,2∗Gibbsfit_mlsbm,3fit_sbm,4∗MCMCmean_CRI,5∗MLSBMfit_mlsbm,3fit_sbm,4∗SBMfit_mlsbm,3fit_sbm,4sample_mlsbm,6sample_sbm,6∗datasetsAL,2∗intervalscol_summarize,2∗networksfit_mlsbm,3fit_sbm,4AL,2col_summarize,2fit_mlsbm,3fit_sbm,4mean_CRI,5mlsbm,5sample_mlsbm,6sample_sbm,68。
高分子物理常见名词Θ溶剂(Θ solvent)：链段-溶剂相互吸引刚好抵消链段间空间排斥的溶剂，形成高分子溶液时观察不到远程作用，该溶剂中的高分子链的行为同无扰链Θ温度(Θ temperature)：溶剂表现出Θ溶剂性质的温度Argon理论(Argon theory)：一种银纹扩展过程的模型，描述了分子链被伸展将聚合物材料空化的过程Avrami方程(Avrami equation)：描述物质结晶转化率与时间关系的方程：Kt-α，α为转化率，K与n称Avrami常数(Avrami constants) =-1n)exp(Bingham流体(Bingham liquid)：此类流体具有一个屈服应力σy，应力低于σy时不产生形变，当应力大于σy时才发生流动，应力高于σy的部分与应变速率呈线性关系Boltzmann叠加原理(Blotzmann superposition principle)：Boltzmann提出的粘弹性原理：认为样品在不同时刻对应力或应变的响应各自独立并可线性叠加Bravais晶格(Bravais lattice)：结构单元在空间的排列方式Burger's模型(Burger's model)：由一个Maxwell模型和一个Kelvin模型串联构成的粘弹性模型Cauchy应变(Cauchy strain)：拉伸引起的相对于样品初始长度的形变分数，又称工程应变Charpy冲击测试(Charpy impact test)：样品以简支梁形式放置的冲击强度测试，测量样品单位截面积的冲击能Considère构图(Considère construction)：以真应力对工程应作图以判定细颈稳定性的方法Eyring模型(Eyring model)：一种描述材料形变过程的分子模型，认为形变是结构单元越过能垒的跳跃式运动Flory-Huggins参数(Flory-Huggins interaction parameter)：描述聚合物链段与溶剂分子间相互作用的参数，常用χ表示，物理意义为一个溶质分子被放入溶剂中作用能变化与动能之比2.11.2Flory构图(Flory construction)：保持固定拉伸比所需的力f对实验温度作图得到，由截距确定内能对拉伸力的贡献，由斜率确定熵对拉伸力的贡献Flory特征比(characteristic ratio)：无扰链均方末端距与自由连接链均方末端距的比值Griffith理论(Griffith theory)：一种描述材料断裂机理的理论，认为断裂是吸收外界能量产生新表面的过程Hencky应变(Hencky strain)：拉伸引起的相对于样品形变分数积分，又称真应变Hermans取向因子(Hermans orientation factor)：描述结构单元取向程度的参数，是结构单元与参考方向夹角余弦均方值的函数Hoffman-Weeks作图法(Hoffman-Weeks plot)：一种确定平衡熔点的方法。
弹性力学专业英语词汇-elasticity弹性力学elasticity弹性理论theory of elasticity均匀应力状态homogeneous state of stress应力不变量stress invariant应变不变量strain invariant应变椭球strain ellipsoid均匀应变状态homogeneous state of strain应变协调方程equation of strain compatibility拉梅常量Lame constants各向同性弹性isotropic elasticity旋转圆盘rotating circular disk楔wedge开尔文问题Kelvin problem布西内斯克问题Boussinesq problem 艾里应力函数Airy stress function克罗索夫■穆斯赫利什维利法Kolosoff-Muskhelishvili method基尔霍夫假设Kirchhoff hypothesis 板Plate矩形板Rectangular plate板Circular plate环板Annular plate波纹板Corrugated plate 加劲板Stiffened plate,reinforced Plate 中厚板Plate of moderate thickness 弯［曲］应力函数Stress fun ctio n of ben di ng 壳Shell 扁壳Shallow shell 旋转壳Revolutionary shell 球壳Spherical shell［圆］柱壳Cylindrical shell 锥壳Coni cal shell 环壳Toroidal shell 封闭壳Closed shell 波纹壳Corrugated shell 扭［转］应力函数Stress function of torsion 翘曲函数Warping function 半逆解法semi-in verse method 瑞利里茨法Rayleigh-Ritz method 松弛法Relaxation method 莱维法Levy method 松弛Relaxation 量纲分析Dimensional analysis自相似［性］self-similarity 影响面In flue nee surface 接触应力Con tact stress 赫兹理论Hertz theory 协调接触Con formi ng con tact 滑动接触Slidi ng con tact 滚动接触Rolli ng con tact 压入Indentation 各向异性弹性An isotropic elasticity 颗粒材料Granular material 散体力学Mechanics of granular media 热弹性Thermoelasticity 超弹性Hyperelasticity 粘弹性Viscoelasticity 对应原理Correspondence principle 褶皱Wrinkle塑性全量理论Total theory of plasticity 滑动Sliding 微滑Microslip粗糙度Roughness 非线性弹性Nonlinear elasticity 大挠度Large deflection突弹跳变snap-through 有限变形Finite deformation 格林应变Green strain 阿尔曼西应变Almansi strain 弹性动力学Dynamic elasticity 运动方程Equation of motion 准静态的Quasi-static 气动弹性Aeroelasticity 水弹性Hydroelasticity 颤振Flutter 弹性波Elastic wave 简单波Simple wave 柱面波Cylindrical wave 水平剪切波Horizontal shear wave 竖直剪切波Vertical shear wave 体波body wave 无旋波Irrotational wave 畸变波Distortion wave 膨胀波Dilatation wave 壬瑞利波Rayleigh wave 等容波Equivoluminal wave 勒夫波Love wave界面波In terfacial wave 边缘效应edge effect 塑性力学Plasticity 可成形性Formability 金属成形Metal forming 耐撞性Crashworth in ess 结构抗撞毁性Structural crashworthi ness 拉拔Drawing破坏机构Collapse mechanism回弹Springback挤压Extrusion冲压Stamping穿透Perforation层裂Spalling塑性理论Theory of plasticity 安定［性］理论Shake-down theory 运动安定定理kinematic shake-down theorem静力安定定理Static shake-dow n theorem 率相关理论rate dependent theorem 载荷因子load factor加载准贝V Loading criterion加载函数Loading function 力口载面Loadingsurface 塑性加载Plastic loading 塑性加载波Plastic loading wave 简单加载Simple loading 比例加载Proportional loading 卸载Unloading 卸载波Unloading wave 冲击载荷Impulsive load 阶跃载荷step load 脉冲载荷pulse load 极限载荷limit load 中性变载nentral loading 拉抻失稳in stability in tension 力口速度波acceleration wave 本构方程constitutive equation 完全解completesolution 名义应力nominal stress 过应力over-stress 真应力true stress 等效应力equivale nt stress 流动应力flow stress应力间断stress disc on ti nuity 应力空间stress space 主应力空间principal stressspace 静水应力状态hydrostatic state ofstress 对数应变logarithmic strain 工程应变engineering strain 等效应变equivale nt strain 应变局部化strain localization 应变率strainrate 应变率敏感性strain rate sen sitivity 应变空间strain space 有限应变finite strain 塑性应变增量plastic strain in creme nt 累积塑性应变accumulated plastic strain 永久变形permanent deformation 内变量internalvariable 应变软化strain-softening理想刚塑性材料rigid-perfectly plastic Material刚塑性材料rigid-plastic material 理想塑性材料perfectl plastic material 材料稳定性stability of material应变偏张量deviatoric tensor of strain 应力偏张量deviatori tensor of stress 应变球张量spherical tensor of strain 应力球张量spherical tensor of stress 路径相关性path-dependency 线性强化linear strain-hardening 应变强化strain-hardening 随动强化kinematic hardening 各向同性强化isotropic harde ning 强化模量strain-hardening modulus 幂强化power hardening 塑性极限弯矩plastic limit bending Mome nt 塑性极限扭矩plastic limit torque 弹塑性弯曲elastic-plastic bending 弹塑性交界面elastic-plastic in terface 弹塑性扭转elastic-plastictorsion 粘塑性Viscoplasticity 非弹性Inelasticity理想弹塑性材料elastic-perfectly plastic Material极限分析limit analysis极限设计limit design 极限面limit surface上限定理upper bound theorem上屈服点upper yield point下限定理lower bound theorem 下屈服点lower yield point 界限定理bound theorem 初始屈服面initial yield surface 后继屈服面subsequent yield surface 屈服面［的］外凸性convexity of yield surface截面形状因子shape factor of cross-secti on沙堆比拟sand heap analogy屈服Yield屈服条件yield condition 屈服准则yieldcriterion 屈服函数yield function 屈服面yield surface 塑性势plastic potential 能量吸收装置energy absorb ing device 能量耗散率energy absorbing device 塑性动力学dynamicplasticity塑性动力屈曲dyn amic plastic buckli ng塑性动力响应dyn amic plastic resp onse 塑性波plastic wave运动容许场kinematically admissible Field 静力容许场statically admissible Field 流动法则flow rule速度间断velocity disc on ti nu ity滑移线slip-lines滑移线场slip-lines field移行塑性铰travelling plastic hinge塑性增量理论in creme ntal theory of Plasticity米泽斯屈服准则Mises yield criterio n 普朗特---------- 罗伊斯关系prandtl- Reussrelati on特雷斯卡屈服准则Tresca yield criteri on 洛德应力参数Lode stress parameter 莱维米泽斯关系Levy-Mises relation亨基应力方程Hencky stress equati on 赫艾一一韦斯特加德应力空间Haigh-Westergaard stress space洛德应变参数Lode strain parameter 德鲁克公设Drucker postulate_____ 盖林格速度方程Geiringer velocity Equati on 结构力学structural mechanics 结构分析structural analysis 结构动力学structuraldynamics 拱Arch三铰拱three-hinged arch 抛物线拱parabolicarch 圆拱circular arch 穹顶Dome 空间结构space structure 空间桁架space truss 雪载［荷］snow load 风载［荷］wind load 土压力earth pressure 地震载荷earthquake loading弹簧支座spring support 支座位移supportdisplacement 支座沉降support settlement 超静定次数degree of in determ inacy 机动分析kinematic analysis结点法method of joints 截面法method of sections 结点力joint forces 共轭位移conjugate displacement 影响线in flue nee line 三弯矩方程three-moment equation 单位虚力unit virtual force 刚度系数stiffness coefficient 柔度系数flexibility coefficient 力矩分配moment distribution 力矩分配法moment distribution method 力矩再分配moment redistribution 分配系数distribution factor 矩阵位移法matri displacement method 单元刚度矩阵eleme nt stiff ness matrix 单元应变矩阵eleme nt strain matrix 总体坐标global coord inates 贝蒂定理Betti theorem高斯---- 若尔当消去法Gauss-Jordan elim in ati on Method屈曲模态buckling mode 复合材料力学mecha nics of composites 复合材料composite material 纤维复合材料fibrouscomposite 单向复合材料uni directio nalcomposite 泡沫复合材料foamed composite颗粒复合材料particulate composite 层板Lam in ate 夹层板sandwich panel 正交层板cross-ply laminate 斜交层板an gle-ply lam inate 层片Ply多胞固体cellular solid膨胀Expansion 压实Debulk 劣化Degradation 脱层Delam in ati on 脱粘Debond 纤维应力fiber stress 层应力plystress 层应变ply strain 层间应力interlaminar stress 比强度specific strength 强度折减系数stre ngth reductio n factor强度应力比strength -stress ratio 横向剪切模量tran sverse shear modulus 横观各向同性tran sverse isotropy 正交各向异Orthotropy 剪滞分析shear lag analysis 短纤维chopped fiber 长纤维continuous fiber 纤维方向fiber directi on 纤维断裂fiber break 纤维拔脱fiber pull-out 纤维增强fiber reinforcement 致密化Densification 最小重量设计optimum weight desig n 网格分析法netting analysis 混合律rule of mixture 失效准贝V failure criterion蔡 --- 吴失效准则Tsai-W u failurecriteri on达格代尔模型Dugdale model 断裂力学fracture mechanics概率断裂力学probabilistic fracture Mecha nics格里菲思理论Griffith theory线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracturemecha ni cs, LEFM弹塑性断裂力学 elastic-plastic fracture mecha-nics, EPFM断裂 Fracture脆性断裂 解理断裂 蠕变断裂 延性断裂 晶间断裂 微裂纹 Microcrack 折裂Kink 椭圆裂纹 elliptical crack 深埋裂纹 embedded crack ［钱］币状裂纹 penny-shape crack预制裂纹 Precrack 短裂纹 short crackbrittle fracturecleavage fracturecreep fractureductile fracturein ter-gra nu lar fracture准解理断裂 quasi-cleavage fracture穿晶断裂 trans-granular fracture 裂纹 裂缝 缺陷 割缝 CrackFlawDefectSlit表面裂纹surface crack裂纹钝化crack blunting裂纹分叉crack branching裂纹闭合crack closure裂纹前缘crack front裂纹嘴crack mouth裂纹张开角crack ope ning an gle,COA 裂纹张开位移crack ope ning displaceme nt, COD 裂纹阻力crack resista nee裂纹面crack surface裂纹尖端crack tip裂尖张角crack tip opening angle, CTOA 裂尖张开位移crack tip opening displaceme nt, CTOD裂尖奇异场crack tip singularity Field 裂纹扩展速率crack growth rate 稳定裂纹扩展stable crack growth 定常裂纹扩展steadycrack growth 亚临界裂纹扩展subcriticalcrack growth裂纹［扩展］减速crack retardation止裂crack arrest止裂韧度arrest toughness 断裂类型fracturemode 滑开型sliding mode 张开型openingmode 撕开型tearing mode 复合型mixedmode 撕裂Tearing 撕裂模量tearingmodulus 断裂准贝V fracture criterion J 积分J-integralJ 阻力曲线J-resistanee curve 断裂韧度fracture toughness 应力强度因子stress inten sity factor HRR 场Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren Field 守恒积分conservationintegral 有效应力张量effective stress ten sor应变能密度strain energy density 能量释放率energy release rate 内聚区cohesive zone 塑性区plastic zone张拉区stretched zone热影响区heat affected zone, HAZ延脆转变温度brittle-ductile tran siti on temperature剪切带shear band剪切唇shear lip无损检测non-destructive inspection双边缺口试件double edge no tched specime n, DEN specimen单边缺口试件sin gle edge no tched specime n, SEN specimen二点弯曲试件three poi nt bending specime n, TPB specime n中心裂纹拉伸试件center cracked tension specime n, CCT specime n中心裂纹板试件center cracked pane specime n, CCP specime n紧凑拉伸试件compact tension specimen, CT specime n大范围屈服large scale yielding 小范围攻屈服small scale yielding 韦布尔分布Weibulldistribution帕里斯公式paris formula 空穴化Cavitation 应力腐蚀stress corrosion 概率风险判定probabilistic risk assessme nt, PRA损伤力学damage mechanics损伤Damage连续介质损伤力学continuum damage mecha nics细观损伤力学microscopic damagemecha nics累积损伤accumulated damage脆性损伤brittle damage延性损伤ductile damage宏观损伤macroscopic damage细观损伤microscopic damage 微观损伤microscopic damage 损伤准贝V damagecriterion 损伤演化方程damage evoluti onequati on 损伤软化damage softening 损伤强化damage strengthening 损伤张量damagetensor损伤阈值damage threshold 损伤变量damage variable 损伤矢量damage vector 损伤区damage zone 疲劳Fatigue 低周疲劳low cycle fatigue 应力疲劳stress fatigue 随机疲劳random fatigue 蠕变疲劳creep fatigue腐蚀疲劳corrosion fatigue 疲劳损伤fatiguedamage 疲劳失效fatigue failure 疲劳断裂fatigue fracture 疲劳裂纹fatigue crack 疲劳寿命fatigue life 疲劳破坏fatigue rupture 疲劳强度fatigue strength 疲劳辉纹fatiguestriations 疲劳阈值fatigue threshold 交变载荷alternating load 交变应力alternatingstress 应力幅值stress amplitude 应变疲劳strain fatigue 应力循环stress cycle 应力比stress ratio 安全寿命safe life 过载效应overloading effect 循环硬化cyclic hardening循环软化cyclic softening 环境效应environmental effect 裂纹片crack gage 裂纹扩展crack growth, crack Propagation 裂纹萌生crack initiation 循环比cycle ratio 实验应力分析experime ntal stress An alysis 工作［应变］片active［strain］ gage 基底材料backing material 应力计stress gage零［点］飘移zero shift, zero drift 应变测量strain measurement 应变计strain gage 应变指示器strain indicator 应变花strain rosette应变灵敏度strain sensitivity机械式应变仪mecha ni cal strain gage 直角应变花rectangular rosette弓丨伸仪Extensometer 应变遥测telemetering of strain 横向灵敏系数transverse gage factor 横向灵敏度transverse sensitivity 焊接式应变计weldable strain gage 平衡电桥balaneedbridge 粘贴式应变计bon ded stra in gage 粘贴箔式应变计bonded foiled gage 粘贴丝式应变计bon ded wire gage 桥路平衡bridge balancing 电容应变计capacitanee strain gage 补偿片compensation technique 补偿技术compensation technique 基准电桥referenee bridge 电阻应变计resista nee strain gage 温度自补偿应变计self-temperature compe nsati ng gage半导体应变计semic on ductor strain Gage 集流器slip ring应变放大镜strain amplifier疲劳寿命计fatigue life gage 电感应变计inductanee [strain] gage 光[测]力学Photomechanics 光弹性Photoelasticity 光塑性Photoplasticity 杨氏条纹Young fringe 双折射效应birefrigent effect 等位移线con tourof equal Displaceme nt 暗条纹dark fringe 条纹倍增fringe multiplication 干涉条纹interferenee fringe 等差线Isochromatic 等倾线Isoclinic 等和线isopachic 应力光学定律stress- optic law 主应力迹线Isostatic 亮条纹light fringe 光程差optical path differenee 热光弹性photo-thermo -elasticity 光弹性贴片法photoelastic coat ing Method 光弹性夹片法photoelastic sandwichMethod动态光弹性dynamic photo-elasticity 空间滤波spatial filtering空间频率spatial frequency起偏镜Polarizer反射式光弹性仪reflection polariscope残余双折射效应residual birefringent Effect应变条纹值strain fringe value应变光学灵敏度stra in-optic sen sitivity 应力冻结效应stress freez ing effect 应力条纹值stress fringe value 应力光图stress-opticpattern暂时双折射效应temporary birefri ngent Effect脉冲全息法pulsed holography透射式光弹性仪tran smissi on polariscope 实时全息干涉法real-time holographic in terferometry网格法grid method全息光弹性法holo-photoelasticity全息图Hologram全息照相Holograph全息干涉法holographic interferometry 全息云纹法holographic moire technique 全息术Holography全场分析法whole-field analysis 散斑干涉法speckle interferometry 散斑Speckle错位散斑干涉法speckle-shearing in terferometry, shearography散斑图Specklegram白光散斑法white-light speckle method 云纹干涉法moire interferometry［叠栅］云纹moire fringe［叠栅］云纹法moire method云纹图moire pattern离面云纹法off-plane moire method参考栅referenee grating 试件栅specimengrating 分析栅analyzer grating 面内云纹法in-plane moire method 脆性涂层法brittle-coating method 条带法strip coating method坐标变换transformation of Coordinates计算结构力学computational structural mecha nics力口权残量法weighted residual method 有限差分法finite differenee method 有限［单］元法finite element method 配点法pointcollocation 里茨法Ritz method广义变分原理generalized variational Prin ciple最小二乘法least square method胡［海昌］一鹫津原理Hu-Washizu prin ciple 赫林格-赖斯纳原理Helli nger-Reiss ner Prin ciple 修正变分原理modified variationalPrin ciple约束变分原理constrained variational Prin ciple混合法mixed method杂交法hybrid method边界解法boundary solution method有限条法finite strip method半解析法semi-analytical method协调元conforming element 非协调元non-conforming element 混合元mixed element 杂交元hybrid element 边界元boundary element 强迫边界条件forced boundary con diti on 自然边界条件n atural boundary con diti on 离散化Discretization 离散系统discrete system 连续问题continuous problem 广义位移generalized displacement 广义载荷generalized load 广义应变generalized strain 广义应力generalized stress 界面变量in terface variable 节点no de, no dal point ［单］元Element 角节点corner node 边节点mid-side node 内节点in ter nal node 无节点变量nodeless variable 杆元bar element桁架杆元truss element 梁元beam element 二维元two-dimensional element 一维元one-dimensional element 三维元three-dimensional element 车由对称元axisymmetric element 板元plate element 壳元shell element 厚板元thick plate element 三角形元triangular element 四边形元quadrilateral element 四面体元tetrahedralelement 曲线元curved element 二次元quadratic element 线性元linear element 三次元cubic element 四次元quartic element 等参［数］元isoparametric element 超参数元super-parametric element 亚参数元sub-parametric element 节点数可变元variable-number-nodeeleme nt拉格朗日元Lagra nge eleme nt 拉格朗日族Lagrange family巧凑边点元serendipity element 巧凑边点族serendipity family 无限元infinite element 单元分析element analysis 单元特性elementcharacteristics 刚度矩阵stiffness matrix 几何矩阵geometric matrix 等效节点力equivalent no dal force 节点位移no dal displaceme nt 节点载荷no dal load 位移矢量displacementvector 载荷矢量load vector 质量矩阵massmatrix 集总质量矩阵lumped mass matrix 相容质量矩阵con siste nt mass matrix 阻尼矩阵damping matrix 壬瑞利阻尼Rayleighdamping刚度矩阵的组集assembly of stiffness Matrices载荷矢量的组集con siste nt mass matrix质量矩阵的组集assembly of mass matrices单元的组集assembly of elements 局部坐标系local coord in ate system 局部坐标localcoordinate 面积坐标area coordinates 体积坐标volume coordinates 曲线坐标curvilinearcoord inates 静凝聚static condensation 合同变换contragradient transformation 形状函数shape function 试探函数trial function 检验函数test function 权函数weight function 样条函数spline function 代用函数substitutefunction 降阶积分reduced integration 零能模式zero-energy mode P 收敛p-c on vergenee H 收敛h-c on verge nee 掺混插值blended interpolation 等参数映射isoparametric mapping双线性插值bilinear interpolation 小块检验patch test非协调模式in compatible mode 节点号node number 单元号element number 带宽band width 带状矩阵banded matrix 变带状矩阵profile matrix 带宽最小化mini mizatio n of band width 波前法frontal method 子空间迭代法subspace iterati on method 行列式搜索法determ inant search method 逐步法step-by-step method 纽马克法Newmark 威尔逊法Wilson 拟牛顿法quasi-Newton method 牛顿-拉弗森法Newton-Raphson method 增量法in creme ntal method 初应变initial strain 初应力initial stress 切线刚度矩阵tangent stiffness matrix 割线刚度矩阵seca nt stiffness matrix 模态叠加法mode superposition method 平衡迭代equilibrium iteration 子结构Substructure子结构法substructure technique 超单元super-element 网格生成mesh generation 结构分析程序structural an alysis program 前处理pre-processing 后处理post-processing 网格细化mesh refinement 应力光顺stress smoothing组合结构composite structure 流体动力学fluid dynamics 连续介质力学mechanics of continuousmedia 介质medium 流体质点fluid particle 无粘性流体non viscous fluid, i nviscid fluid 连续介质假设continuous medium hypothesis 流体运动学fluid kinematics 水静力学hydrostatics液体静力学hydrostatics 支配方程governing equation 伯努利方程Bernoulli equation 伯努利定理Bernonlli theorem 毕奥-萨伐尔定律Biot-Savart law 欧拉方程Euler equation 亥姆霍兹定理Helmholtz theorem 开尔文定理Kelvin theorem 涡片vortex sheet 库塔-茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowski con diti on布拉休斯解Blasius solution 达朗贝尔佯廖d&;am #39;Alembert paradox 雷诺数Reyno Ids n umber 施特鲁哈尔数Strouhal number 随体导数material derivative 不可压缩流体in compre ible fluid 质量守恒co ervation of ma 动量守恒co ervation of momentum 能量守恒co ervation of energy 动量方程momentum equation 能量方程energy equation控制体积control volume 液体静压hydrostatic pre ure 涡量拟能e trophy 压差differential pre ure 流［动］flow 流线stream line 流面stream surface 流管stream tube 迹线path, path line 流场flow field 流态flow regime 流动参量flow parameter 流量flow rate, flow discharge 涡旋vortex 涡量vorticity 涡丝vortex filament 涡线vortex line 涡面vortex surface 涡层vortex layer 涡环vortex ring 涡对vortex pair 涡管vortex tube涡街vortex street卡门涡街Karman vortex street 马蹄涡horseshoe vortex 对流涡胞convective cell 卷筒涡胞roll cell 涡eddy 涡粘性eddy viscosity 环流circulation 环量circulation速度环量velocity circulation 偶极子doublet, dipole 驻点stagnation point 总压［力］total pre ure 总压头total head 静压头static head 总焓total enthalpy 能量输运energy tra ort 速度剖面velocity profile 库埃特流Couette flow 单相流single phase flow 单组份流single-component flow 均匀流uniform flow非均匀流nonuniform flow 二维流two-dime ionalflow 三维流three-dime ional flow 准定常流quasi-steady flow 非定常流u teady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流tra ient flow 周期流periodic flow 振荡流oscillatory flow 分层流stratified flow 无旋流irrotational flow 有旋流rotational flow 车由对称流axisymmetric flow 不可压缩性incompre ibility 不可压缩流［动］incompre ible flow 浮体floating body 定倾中心metacenter 阻力drag, resista nee 减阻drag reduction 表面力surface force 表面张力surface te ion 毛细［管］作用capillarity 来流in com ing flow自由流free stream 自由流线free stream line 夕卜流external flow 进口entrance, inlet 出口exit, outlet 扰动disturbanee, perturbation 分布distribution 传播propagation 色散di ersion 弥散di ersion 附加质量added ma ,a oeiated ma 收缩eontraetion 镜象法image method 无量纲参数dime ionle parameter 几何相似geometric similarity 运动相似kinematic similarity 动力相似［性］dynamic similarity 平面流plane flow 势potential 势流potential flow 速度势velocity potential 复势complex potential复速度complex velocity 流函数stream function 源source 汇sink 速度［水］头velocity head 拐角流corner flow 空泡流cavity flow 超空泡supercavity 超空泡流supercavity flow 空气动力学aerodynamics 低速空气动力学low- eed aerod yn amics 高速空气动力学high- eed aerod yn amics 气动热力学aerothermodynamics 亚声速流［动］su onic flow 跨声速流［动］tra onic flow 超声速流［动］supersonic flow 锥形流coni cal flow 楔流wedge flow 叶栅流cascade flow非平衡流［动］non-equilibrium flow 细长体slender body 细长度slenderne钝头体bluff body 钝体blunt body 翼型airfoil 翼弦chord 薄翼理论thin-airfoil theory 构型configuration 后缘trailing edge 迎角angle of attack 失速stall 脱体激波detached shock wave 波阻wave drag 诱导阻力induced drag 诱导速度induced velocity 临界雷诺数critical Reyno Ids nu mber 前缘涡leading edge vortex 附着涡bound vortex 约束涡confined vortex 气动中心aerodynamic center 气动力aerodynamic force 气动噪声aerodynamic noise 气动加热aerodynamicheating 离解di ociation地面效应ground effect 气体动力学gas dynamics 稀疏波rarefaction wave 热状态方程thermal equation of state 喷管Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流Prandtl-Meyer flow 瑞利流Rayleigh flow 可压缩流［动］compre ible flow 可压缩流体compre ible fluid 绝热流adiabatic flow 非绝热流diabatic flow 未扰动流undisturbed flow 等熵流isentropic flow 匀熵流homoentropic flow 兰金-于戈尼奥条件Ran ki ne-Hugo niot con diti on 状态方程equation of state量热状态方程caloric equati on of state 完全气体perfect gas 拉瓦尔喷管Laval nozzle 马赫角Mach angle 马赫锥Mach cone马赫线Mach line 马赫数Mach number 马赫波Mach wave 当地马赫数local Mach number 冲击波shock wave 激波shock wave正激波normal shock wave 斜激波oblique shock wave 头波bow wave附体激波attached shock wave 激波阵面shock front 激波层shock layer 压缩波compre ion wave 反射reflection 折射refraction 散射scattering 衍射diffraction 绕射diffraction 出口压力exit pre ure 超压［强］over pre ure 反压back pre ure 爆炸explosion爆轰det on ati on 缓燃deflagration 水动力学hydrodynamics 液体动力学hydrodynamics 泰勒不稳定性Taylor i tability 盖斯特纳波Gerstner wave 斯托克斯波Stokes wave 壬瑞利数Rayleigh number 自由面free surface 波速wave eed, wave velocity 波高wave height 波列wave train 波群wave group 波能wave energy 表面波surface wave 表面张力波capillary wave 规则波regular wave 不规则波irregular wave 浅水波shallow water wave 深水波deep water wave 重力波gravity wave 椭圆余弦波enoidal wave 潮波tidal wave 涌波surge wave 破碎波breaking wave 船波ship wave 非线性波nonlinear wave 孤立子soliton 水动［力］噪声hydrodynamic noise 水击water hammer 空化cavitation 空化数cavitation number 空蚀cavitation damage 超空化流supercavitating flow 水翼hydrofoil 水力学hydraulics 洪水波flood wave 涟漪ri le 消能energy di ipation 海洋水动力学marine hydrod ynamics 谢齐公式Chezy formula 欧拉数Euler number 弗劳德数Froude number 水力半径hydraulic radius水力坡度hvdraulic slope 高度水头elevating head 水头损失head lo 水位water level 水跃hydraulic jump 含水层aquifer 排水drain age 排放量discharge 壅水曲线back water curve 压［强水］头pre ure head 过水断面flow cro -section 明槽流open cha el flow 孑L流orifice flow 无压流free surface flow 有压流pre ure flow 缓流subcritical flow 急流supercritical flow 渐变流gradually varied flow 急变流rapidly varied flow 临界流critical flow 异重流de ity current, gravity flow 堰流weir flow掺气流aerated flow含沙流sediment-laden stream 降水曲线dropdown curve 沉积物sediment, deposit 沉［降堆］积sedimentation, deposition 沉降速度settling velocity 流动稳定性flow stability 不稳定性i tability 奥尔-索末菲方程Orr-Sommerfeld equation 涡量方程vorticity equation 泊肃叶流Poiseuille flow 奥辛流Oseen flow 剪切流shear flow 粘性流［动］viscous flow 层流laminar flow分离流separated flow 二次流sec on dary flow 近场流near field flow 远场流far field flow 滞止流stagnation flow 尾流wake ［flow］回流back flow反流reverse flow 射流jet 自由射流free jet 管流pipe flow, tube flow 内流internal flow 拟序结构cohere nt structure 猝发过程bursting proce 表观粘度 a arent viscosity 运动粘性kinematic viscosity 动力粘性dynamic viscosity 泊poise 厘泊centipoise 厘沱centistoke 剪切层shear layer 次层sublayer 流动分离flow separation 层流分离laminar separation 湍流分离turbulent separation 分离点separation point 附着点attachment point 再附reattachment 再层流化relam in arizati on 起动涡starting vortex 驻涡standing vortex 涡旋破碎vortex breakdown 涡旋脱落vortex shedding 压［力］降pre ure drop 压差阻力pre ure drag 压力能pre ure energy 型阻profile drag 滑移速度slip velocity 无滑移条件non-slip condition 壁剪应力skin friction, frictional drag 壁剪切速度friction velocity 磨擦损失friction lo 磨擦因子friction factor耗散di ipation 滞后lag 相似性解similar solution 局域相似local similarity 气体润滑gas lubrication 液体动力润滑hydrod yn amic lubricati on 浆体slurry泰勒数Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程Navier-Stokes equation 牛顿流体Newtonian fluid边界层理论boundary later theory 边界层方程boundary layer equation 边界层boundary layer 附面层boundary layer层流边界层laminar boundary layer 湍流边界层turbulent boundary layer 温度边界层thermal boundary layer 边界层转捩boundary layer tra ition 边界层分离boundary layer separation 边界层厚度boundary layer thickne 位移厚度di lacement thickne 动量厚度momentum thickne 能量厚度energy thickne 焓厚度enthalpy thickne 注入injection 吸出suction 泰勒涡Taylor vortex 速度亏损律velocity defect law 形状因子shape factor 测速法anemometry粘度测定法visco[si] metry 流动显示flow visualization 油烟显示oil smoke visualization 孑L板流量计orifice meter 频率响应frequency re o e 油膜显示oil film visualization 阴影法shadow method 纹影法schlieren method 烟丝法smoke wire method 丝线法tuft method 氢泡法nydrogen bu le method 相似理论similarity theory 相似律similarity law 咅B分相似partial similarity 定理pi theorem, Buck in gham theorem 静[态]校准static calibration 动态校准dynamic calibration 风洞wind tu el 激波管shock tube激波管风洞shock tube wind tu el 水洞water tu el 拖曳水池towing tank旋臂水池rotating arm basin 扩散段diffuser 测压孑L pre ure tap 皮托管pitot tube 普雷斯顿管preston tube 斯坦顿管Stanton tube 文丘里管Venturi tube U 形管U-tube 压强计manometer 微压计microma nometer 多管压强计multiple manometer 静压管static [pre ure]tube 流速计an emometer 风速管Pitot- static tube 激光多普勒测速计laser Do ler an emometer, laser Do ler velocimeter 热线流速计hot-wire an emometer 热膜流速计hot- film an emometer 流量计flow meter 粘度计visco[si] meter 涡量计vorticitymeter 传感器tra ducer, se or压强传感器pre ure tra ducer 热敏电阻thermistor 示踪物tracer 时间线time line 脉线streak line 尺度效应scale effect 壁效应wall effect 堵塞blockage 堵寒效应blockage effect 动态响应dynamic re o e 响应频率re o e frequency 底压base pre ure 菲克定律Fick law 巴塞特力Ba et force 埃克特数Eckert number 格拉斯霍夫数Grashof number 努塞特数Nu elt number 普朗特数prandtl number 雷诺比拟Reyno Ids an alogy 施密特数schmidt number 斯坦顿数Stanton number 对流convection自由对流n atural con vecti on,free con vec-ti on 强迫对流forced convection 热对流heat convection 质量传递ma tra fer 传质系数ma tra fer coefficient 热量传递heat tra fer 传热系数heat tra fer coefficient 对流传热convective heat tra fer 辐射传热radiative heat tra fer 动量交换momentum tra fer 能量传递energy tra fer 传导conduction 热传导conductive heat tra fer 热交换heat exchange 临界热通量critical heat flux 浓度concentration 扩散diffusion 扩散性diffusivity 扩散率diffusivity 扩散速度diffusion velocity 分子扩散molecular diffusion沸腾boiling蒸发evaporation 气化gasification 凝结conde ation 成核nucleation 计算流体力学computational fluid mecha nics多重尺度问题multiple scale problem 伯格斯方程Burgers equation对流扩散方程con vecti on diffusi on equati on KDU 方程KDV equation 修正微分方程modified differe ntial equati on 拉克斯等价定理Lax equivale nee theorem 数值模拟numerical simulation 大涡模拟large eddy simulation 数值粘性numerical viscosity 非线性不稳定性nonlinear i tability 希尔特稳定性分析Hirt stability an alysis 相容条件co istency conditionCFL 条件Courant- Friedrichs- Lewycon diti on ,CFL con diti on 狄里克雷边界条件Dirichlet bou ndarycon diti on熵条件entropy condition远场边界条件far field boundary con diti on 流入边界条件inflow boundary con diti on 无反射边界条件non reflect ing boundary con diti on数值边界条件numerical boundary con diti on流出边界条件outflow boundary con diti on 冯■诺伊曼条件von Neuma condition 近似因子分解法a roximate factorization method人工压缩artificial compre ion人工粘性artificial viscosity边界元法boundary element method 配置方法collocation method 能量法energy method 有限体积法finite volume method 流体网格法fluid in cell method, FLIC method通量校正传输法flux-corrected tra ort method通量矢量分解法flux vector litt ing method 伽辽金法Galerkin method 积分方法integral method标记网格法marker and cell method, MAC method 特征线法method of characteristics 直线法method of lines 矩量法moment method 多重网格法multi- grid method 板块法panel method 质点网格法particle in cell method, PIC method质点法particle method 预估校正法predictor-corrector method 投影法projection method 准谱法eudo- ectral method 随机选取法random choice method 激波捕捉法shock-capturing method 激波拟合法shock-fitting method 谱方法ectral method 稀疏矩阵分解法lit coefficient matrix method不定常法time-dependent method 时间分步法time litting method 变分法variational method 涡方法vortex method 隐格式implicit scheme 显格式explicit scheme交替方向隐格式alter nati ng directi on implicit scheme, ADI scheme反扩散差分格式anti-diffusion differenee scheme紧差分格式compact differenee scheme 守恒差分格式co ervation differenee scheme克兰克-尼科尔森格式Cran k-Nicolson scheme杜福特-弗兰克尔格式Dufort-Fra nkel scheme 指数格式exponential scheme 戈本诺夫格式Godu nov scheme 高分辨率格式high resoluti on scheme 拉克斯-温德罗夫格式Lax-We ndroff scheme 蛙跳格式leap-frog scheme单调差分格式monotone differe nee scheme保单调差分格式monotonicity preserving differe nee scheme穆曼-科尔格式Murman-Cole scheme 半隐格式semi-implicit scheme 斜迎风格式skew-u tream scheme 全变差下降格式total variation decreasing scheme TVD scheme迎风格式u tream scheme , upwind scheme计算区域computational domain物理区域physical domain 影响域domai n of in flue nee 依赖域domain of dependence 区域分解domain decomposition 维数分解dime ion al lit 物理解physical solution 弱解weak solution 黎曼解算子Riema solver 守恒型co ervation form 弱守恒型weak co ervation form 强守恒型strong coervation form 散度型diverge nee form 贴体曲线坐标body- fitted curvilinear coordi-nates［自］适应网格［self-］ adaptive mesh 适应网格生成adaptive grid gen erati on 自动网格生成automatic grid gen erati on 数值网格生成n umerical grid gen erati on 交错网格staggered mesh 网格雷诺数cell Reynolds number 数植扩散numerical diffusion 数值耗散numerical di ipation 数值色散numerical di ersion 数值通量numerical flux 放大因子amplification factor 放大矩阵amplification matrix 阻尼误差damping error 离散涡discrete vortex 熵通量entropy flux 熵函数entropy function 分步法fractional step method 广义连续统力学generalized continuum mecha nics 简单物质simple material 纯力学物质purely mechanical material微分型物质material of differential type 积分型物质material of integral type 混合物组份co tituents of a mixture 非协调理论in compatibility theory 微极理论micropolar theory 决定性原理principle of determinism 等存在原理principle of equipresenee 局部作用原理prin ciple of objectivity 客观性原理。
Phase diagramHello everybody, welcome to my class. Today, we will talk about phase diagram and Gibbs phase rule, as well as how to calculate the corresponding proportion of liquid phase and solid phase.译文：大家好，欢迎来到我的课程。
今天，我们将讨论相图，吉布斯相律，以及如何计算液相和固相的相对含量。
First of all, let’s introduce the definition of phase. Phase is defined as a homogeneous part or aggregation of material. This homogenous part is distinguished from another part due to difference in structure, composition, or both. The different structures form an interface to difference in structure and composition. （这里要注意相的概念，相是指在结构和组成方面与其它部分不同的均匀体。
）译文：我们首先学习相的定义。
相是指在一种材料中，结构、组成，或两者同时不同于其他部分的均匀体或聚集体部分。
不同部分间形成界面，也就是相与相之间的分界面。
Some solid materials have the capability of changing their crystal structure under the varying conditions of pressure and temperature, causing an ability of phase-change.译文：一些固体材料随着压力和温度条件的改变而发生结晶结构变化，具有相变的能力。
