职称英语完形填空文章译文

职称英语教材-卫生类15篇完形填空及参考译文（红色为书中选项答案）1 Better Control of TB Seen If a Faster Cure Is FoundThe World Health Organization1 estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis . Most times, the infection remains inactive. But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB, usually in their lungs. Two million people die of of it. The disease has increased with the spread of AIDS and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis.Current treatments take at least six months. People have to take a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily. But many people stop as soon as they feel better. Doing that can lead to an infection that resists treatment. Public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective. Now a study estimates just how effective it might be. A professor of international health at Harvard University2 led the study. Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients cured. It would also mean fewer infectious patients who can pass on their infection to others.The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan. They tested the model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia. The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases. And it might prevent about twenty-five percent of TB deaths. The model shows that these reductions would take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty. That is, if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve.The World Health Organization reductions the DOTS3 program in nineteen ninety. DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course. Health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to make sure they continue treatment.Earlier this year, an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program. The ten-year plan also aims to finance research into new TB drugs. The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old. The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development4 says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses.2Influenza （新增）Influenza has been with us a long time. According to some Greek writers on medical history, the outbreak of 412 B.C. was of influenza. The same has been suggested of the sickness that swept through the Greek army attacking Syracuse in 395 B.C. Flu is a disease that moves most quickly among people living in crowded conditions, hence, it is likely to attack armies.During the nineteenth century there were five widespread outbreaks of influenza. The last ofthe five happened in 1889 and marked the beginning of the story of influenza in our time. Like the recent outbreak, it started in Asia.For more than forty years before that outbreak, influenza had steadily decreased and was believed to be dying out. A new group of outbreaks was introduced by the great outbreak of 1889-1890 and for the next quarter of a century flu remained a constant threat.In April 918 flu broke among American troops stationed in France. It quickly spread through all the armies but caused relatively few deaths. Four months later, however, a second outbreak started which proved to be a killer. It killed not only the old and already sick but also healthy young adults. It went through every country in the world, only a few distant islands in the South Atlantic and the Pacific remaining untouched. It brought the life of whole countries stopping, food supplies stopped and work loss was very great. Before the great outbreak ended, it had killed at least 15 million people. Thereafter there have been several great outbreaks throughout the world. It is thus clear that influenza is a terrible infection that we have to pay more attention to.3 One Good Reason to Let Smallpox LiveIt’s now a fair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus. The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980, when smallpox was eradicated in the wild, by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs that are supposed to have it—one in the US and one in Russia. If smallpox had truly gone from the planet, what point was there in keeping these reserves?in reality, of course, it was naive to imagine that everyone would let go of such a potential weapon. Undoubtedly several nations still have a few much vials. And the last “official” stocks of lice virus bred mistrust of the US and Russia, for no obvious gain.Now American researchers have found an animal model of the human disease, opening the way for tests on new treatments and vaccines. So one again there’s a good reason to keep the virus —just in case t he disease puts in a reappearance.How do we_deal with the mistrust of the US and Russia? Simple Keep the virus under international auspices in a well-guarded UN laboratory that’s open to all countries. The US will object, of course, just as it rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything. But it doesn’t mean the idea is wrong. If the virus is useful, then let’s make it the servant of all humanity—not just a part of it.4 Diet, Alcohol Linked to Nearly One Third of CancersDiet is second only to tobacco as a leading cause of cancer and, along with alcohol, is responsible for nearly one third of cases of the disease in developed countries, a leading researcher said on Tuesday.Dr. Tim Key, of the University of Oxford, told a cancer conference that scientists are still discovering how certain foods contribute to cancer,but they know that diet, alcohol and obesity . play a major role.“Five percent of cancers could be avoided if nobody was obese,” he said.While tobacco is blinked to about 30 percent of cancer cases, diet is involved in an estimated 25 percent and alcohol in about six percent.Obesity raises the risk of breast, womb, bowel and kidney cancer, while alcohol is known to cause cancers of the mouth, throat and liver, Its dangerous impact is increased when combined with smoking.Key told the meeting of the charity Cancer Research UK that other elements of diet linked to cancer are still unknown but scientists are hoping that the EPIC study, which is comparing the diets of 500,000 people in 10 countries and their risk of cancer, will provide some answers.Early results of the study have revealed that Norway, Sweden and Denmark have the lowest consumption of fruit and vegetables among European countries while Italy and Spain have the highest. Eating at least five portions of fruit and vegetables a day is recommended to reduce the risk of cancer.Key, principal scientist on the EPIC study, said it is looking at dietary links to some of the most common cancers including colorectal, breast and prostate.5 Men Too May Suffer from Domestic ViolenceNearly three in 10 men have experienced violence at the hands of an intimate partner during their lifetimes, according to one of the few studies to look at domestic violence and health among men."Many men actually do experience domestic violence, although we don't hear about it often," Dr. Robert J. Reid of the University of Washington in Seattle, one of the study's authors, told Reuters Health. "They often don't tell __ and__ we don't ask. We want to get the message out to men who do experience domestic violence that they are not alone and there are resources available to them "The researchers asked study participants about physical abuse and non-physical abuse , such as threats that made them fear for their safety, controlling behavior (for example, being told who they could associate with and where they could go), and constant name-calling.Among men 18 to 54 years old, 14.2 percent said they had experienced intimate partner __violence in the past five years, while 6. 1 percent reported domestic violence in the previous year.Rates were lower for men 55 and older ,with 5.3 percent reporting violence in the past five years and 2.4 percent having experienced it in the past 12 months.Overall, 30.5 percent of men younger than 55 and 26.5 percent of older men said they had been victims of domestic violence at some point in their lives. About half of the violence the men experienced was physical.However, the physical violence men reported wasn't as harsh as that suffered by women in a previous study; 20 percent to 40 percent of the men rated it as severe, compared to 61 percent of womenMen who reported experiencing domestic violence had more emotional and mental health problems than those who had not, especially older men, the researchers found.*6 Once-daily Pill Could Simplify HIV TreatmentBristol-Myers Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences have combined many HIV drugs into a single pill Sometimes the best medicine is more than one kind of medicine. Malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS,2 for example, are all treated with combinations of drugs. But that can mean a lot of pills to take. It would be simpler if drug companies combined all the medicines into a single pill, taken just once a day.Now, two companies say they have done that for people just starting treatment for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. The companies are Bristol-Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences. They have developed a single pill that combines three drugs currently on the market.3 Bristol-Myers Squibb sells one of them under the name of Sustiva.4 Gilead combined the others, Emtriva and Viread, into a single pill in two thousand four.Combining drugs involves more than technical issues. It also involves issues of competition if the drugs are made by different companies. The new once-daily pill is the result of what is described as the first joint venture agreement of its kind in the treatment of HIV In January the New England Journal of Medicine5published a study of the new pill. Researchers compared its effectiveness to6that of the widely used combination of Sustiva and Combivir. Combivir contains two drugs, AZT7 and 3TC.8 The researchers say that after one year of treatment, the new pill suppressed HIV levels in more patients and with fewer side effects.9 Gilead paid for the study. Professor Joel Gallant at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland, led the research. He is a paid adviser to Gilead and Bristol-Meyers Squibb as well as the maker of Combivir, GlaxoSmithKline.Glaxo Smith Kline reacted to the findings by saying that a single study is of limited value. It says the effectiveness of Combivir has been shown in each of more than fifty studies.The price of the new once-daily pill has not been announced. But Gilead and Bristol-Myers Squibb say they will provide it at reduced cost to developing countries. They plan in the next few months to ask the United States Food and Drug Administration10 to approve the new pill.There are limits to who could take it because of the different drugs it contains. For example, pregnant women are told not to take Sustiva because of the risk of birth disorders.11 Experts say more than forty million people around the world are living with HIV*7 Exercise （新增）Whether or not exercise adds to the length of life, it is common experience that a certain amount of regular exercise improves the health and contributes a feeling of well-being. Furthermore, exerise which involves play and recreation, and relieves nervous tension and mental fatigue in so doing, is not only pleasant but beneficial.How much and what kind of exercise one should take merits careful consideration.The growing child and the normal young man and young woman thrill with the exhilaration of strenuous sports. They fatigue to the point of exhaustion but recover promptly with a period of rest. But not so with those _of middle age and beyond. For them moderation is of vital importance. Just how much exercise a person of a given age can safely take is question hard _to answer. Individual variability is too great to permit of generalization. A game of tennis may be perfectly safe for one person of forty but folly for another. The sage limit for exercise depends on the condition of the heart, the condition of the muscles, the type of exercise, and the regularity with which it is taken. Two general suggestions, however, will serve as sound advice for anyone. The first is that the condition of the heart and general health should be determined periodically by careful, thorough physical examinations. The other is that exercise should be kept below the point of physical exhaustion.What type of exercise one should choose _depens upon one’s physical condition. Young people can safely enjoy vigorous competitive sports, but most older persons do better to limit themselves to less strenuous activities. Walking, swimming, skating are among the sports that one can enjoy and safely participate in throughout life. Regularity is important if one is to get the most enjoyment and benefit out of exercise.历年职称英语精华资料下载汇总(2011版教材+真题+课件)历年职称英语考试真题试卷及答案解析word下载汇总（2002年-2011年）2011年职称英语综合、理工、卫生类大纲及教材教辅电子版下载*8 Food Safety and Foodborne Illness （新增）Food safety is an increasingly important public health issue. Governments all over world are intensifying their efforts to improve food safety. These efforts are in response to _an increasing number of food safety problems and rising consumer concerns.Foodborne illnesses are defined as diseases, usually either infectious or toxic in nature, caused by agents that enter the body through the ingestion of food. Every person is at risk of foodborne illness.Foodborne diseases are a widespread and growing public health problem, both in developed and developing countries. The global incidence of foodborne disease is difficult to estimate, but it has been reported that in 2005_ alone 8 million people died from diarrhoeal diseases. A great proportion of these cases can be attributed to contamination of food and drinking water. Additionally, diarrhoea is a major cause of malnutrition in infants and young children.Industrialized countries, the percentage of the population suffering from foodborne diseases each year has been reported to be 10 up to 30%. In the United States of America (USA), for example, around 76 million cases of foodborne diseases, resulting in 325,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths, are estimated to occur each year.While less well documented, developing countries bear the brunt of the problem due to the presence of a wide range of foodborne diseases, including those caused by parasites. The high prevalence of diarrhoeal diseases in many developing countries suggests major underlying food safety problems.In parternership with other stakeholders, WHO is developing policies that will further promote the safety of food. These policies cover the entire food chain from production to consumption and will make use of different types of expertise.*9 Many Women Who Beat Cancer Don't Change HabitsMany women who battle breast cancer will tell you it's a life-changing experience. However, a new study shows that for many women, the changes aren't always positive or permanent.Beth Snoke has watched her mother and both grandmothers battle and survive breast cancerSo when she was diagnosed, there was no doubt in her mind what she had to do."I do exactly what the doctors say as far as the medicine that I'm on, as far as the vitamins, the diet, and the fitness. And I can't stress enough how important that is," says Beth Snoke. But a surprising new study shows that no every woman who beats breast cancer is getting that message. In fact, nearly 40% bf them say even after surviving breast cancer, they haven't made significant changes in the way they eat or how much they exercise."Not all survivors are taking advantage of this teachable moment and making positive health changes in their life," says Electra Paskett, PhD, at Ohio State University's Comprehensive Cancer Center. Paskett says diet and exercise have been proven to not only help women feel better during and after treatment, they may also play a role in preventing some cancers from coming back. Despite growing evidence, some women just aren't listening."Colon cancer survivors who exercise have actually been shown to have improved survival rates. So, yes, it is true that perhaps by making some of these healthy choices we can actually increase their health," says Paskett.As a breast cancer survivor herself , Paskett knows first hand how much difference diet and exercise can make The challenge, she says, is to get more survivors to be more like Beth, during and after treatment.Experts say exercising more and eating a healthier diet can also cut down on stress and help women overcome depression. There are more than 2 million breast cancer survivors living in the U.S. Of those, nearly a million have yet to change their diet or exercise routines.*10 Hospital MistreatmentAccording to a study, most medical interns report experiencing mistreatment, including humiliation by senior doctors, being threatened, or physical abuse in their first year out of medical school.The findings come from analysis of the responses to a 13-page survey mailed in January 1991 to 1, 733 second-year residents. The survey and analysis appear in the April 15th issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association.Overall, out of the 1,277 residents who completed surveys, 1,185 said that they had experienced at least one incident of mistreatment in their intern year. In addition to reporting incidents where they were abused, more than 45% of the residents said they had witnessed at least one incident where other persons had made false medical records. Moreover, nearly three quarters of the residents said they had witnessed mistreatment of patients by other residents, attending physicians, or nurses. Almost 40% said patient mistreatment was a frequent event.More than 10% of the residents said they were not allowed to have enough sleep, and the average number of hours without _ sleep was 37.6. The average on-call hours during a _ typical week was 56.9 hours, but about 25% of the residents said their on-call assignments were more than 80 hours some weeks. Although30% of the residents said they experienced some type ofsexual harassment or discrimination, verbal abuse was the most common problem cited. When abusive incidents were limited to events occurring three or more times, 53% of the respondents reported that they were belittled or humiliated by more senior residents, while just over 21% reported someone taking credit for their work. Being “given tasks for punishment,”“being pushed, kicked or hit,”and having someone “threatening your reputation or career,”were reported as a more frequent occurrence by over 10% of the responding residents.+11 Migrant WorkersIn the past twenty years, there has been an increasing tendency for workers to move from one country to another. While some newly independent countries have understandably restricted most jobs to local people, others have attracted and welcomed migrant workers. This is particularly the case in the Middle East,1where increased oil incomes have enabled many countries to call in outsiders to improve local facilities. Thus the Middle East has attracted oil-workers from the USA and Europe. It has brought in construction workers and technicians from many countries, including South Korea and Japan.In view of the difficult living and working conditions in the Middle East, 2 it is not surprising that the pay is high to attract suitable workers. Many engineers and technicians can earn at least twice as much money in the Middle East as they can in their own country, and this is a major attraction. An allied benefit is the low taxation or complete lack of it. 3This increases the net amount of pay received by visiting workers and is very popular with them.Sometimes a disadvantage has a compensating advantage. For example, the difficult living conditions often lead to increased friendship when workers have to depend on each other for safety and comfort. In a similar way, many migrant workers can save large sums of money partly because of the lack of entertainment facilities. The work is often complex and full of problems but this merely presents greater challenge to engineers who prefer to find solutions to problems rather than do routine work in their home country.One major problem which affects migrant workers in the Middle East is that their jobs are temporary ones. They are nearly always on contract, so it is not easy for them to plan ahead with great confidence. This is to be expected since no country welcomes a large number of foreign workers as permanent residents. In any case, migrant workers accept this disadvantage, along with others, because of the considerable financial benefits which they receive.* 12 Pandemic H1N1 2009 （新增）The most active areas of pandemic influenza transmission currently are in central and eastern Europe. Focal increases in rates during recent weeks were reported in at least two easternEuropean countries. A high intensity of respiratory diseases activity with concurrent circulation of pandemic influenza still exists in parts of southern and eastern Europe, particularly in Greece, Poland, and Ukraine.In Western Europe, influenza transmission remains active and widespread, but overall disease activity has peaked. All influenza viruses in Western Europe were pandemic H1N1 2009, however, very small numbers of seasonal influenza viruses, covering less than 1% of all influenza viruses found, were reported in Russia. In addition, limited available data indicate that active, high intensity transmission is occurring in Northern African countries along the Mediterranean coast.In Central Asia, limited data suggest that influenza virus circulation remains active, but transmission may have recently peaked in some places. In West Asia, Israel, Iran, and Iraq also appear to have passed their peak period of transmission within the past month, though both areas continue to have some active transmission and levels of respiratory disease activity have not yet returned to baseline levels. In East Asia, influenza transmission remains active but appears to be declining overall. Slight increases in ILI were reported in Mongolia after weeks of declining activity following a large peak of activity over one month ago.In North America, influenza transmission remains widespread but has decline quickly in all countries. In the tropical regions of Central and South America and the Caribbean, influenza transmission remains geographically widespread but overall disease activity has been declining or remains unchanged in most parts, except for focal increases in respiratory disease activity in a few countries.*13 Scientists Develop Ways of Detecting Heart AttackGerman researchers have come up with a new generation of defibrillators and early-warning software aimed at offering heart patients greater protection from sudden death from cardiac arrest.In Germany alone around 100,000 people die annually as a result of cardiac arrest and many of these cases are caused by disruption to the heart’s rhythm. Those most at risk are patients who have already suffered a heart attack, and for years the use of defibrillators has proved useful in diagnosing life-threatening disruption to heart rnythms and correcting them automatically by intervening within seconds. These devices take on a range of functions, such as that of pacemaker.Heart specialists at Freiburg’s University Clinic have now achieved a breakthrough with an implanted defibrillator capable of generating a six-channel electrocardiogram (ECG) within thebody. This integrated system allows early diagnosis of acute blood-flow problems and a pending heart attack. It will be implanted in patients for the first time this year. Meanwhile, researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Mathematics in Kaiserslautern have developed new computer software that renders of ECG data more precise.The overwhelming majority of patients at risk will not have an implanted defibrillator and must for this reason undergo regular ECGs. “Many of the current programs only get into account a linear correlation of the data. We are, however, making use in a non-linear process that reveals the chaotic patterns of heart beats as an open and complex system,” Hagen Knaf says, “In this way changes in the heart beats over time can be monitored and individual variations in patients taken into account.” An old study of ECG data, based upon 600 patients who had suffered a subsequent heart attack, enabled the researchers to compare risks and to show that the new software evaluates the data considerably better.*14 HomosexualsMany homosexuals prefer to be called gay or, for women, lesbian. Most of them live quiet lives just like anyone else. Some gay people have always raised children, alone or with partners, and the use of artificial insemination is increasing among lesbians.Gay persons are in every kind of job. Some are very open about their homosexuality, and some are more private. Some view their sexual orientation as a biological given and others as a choice. For those women who see it as a choice, one reason often given is the inequality in most heterosexual relationships.Homosexuality has been common in most cultures throughout history and generally condemned. As a result, homosexual activity became a crime, for which the penalty in early courts was death. Homosexual behavior is still illegal in many countries and U.S. states.Homosexuality later came to be viewed widely as less a sin than a sickness, but now no mental-health profession any longer considers homosexuality an illness. More recent theories to account for homosexuality have included those based on biological and sociological factors. To date, however, there is no conclusive general theory that can explain the cause of homosexuality.Attitudes toward homosexuality began to change in the second half of the 20th century. Gays attribute this, in part, to their own struggle for their rights and pride in their orientation. Some large companies now extend health-care benefits to the life partners of their gay employees. Many cities also have officially appointed lesbian and gay advisory committees. While some attitudes have changed, however, prejudice still exists, and in the late 1980s and early 1990s there were considerable shouts against homosexuals, with attempts to pass laws forbidding the granting of basic civil rights to gays.The AIDS epidemic, which started in the 1980s, has devastated the gay community and brought it together as never before. The organized gay response to the lack of government financial support for fighting AIDS and to the needs of the thousands of AIDS victims, whether they be gays or not,has been a model of community action. AIDS, however, has also provided people with another reason for their prejudice.*15 Is Your Child's Stomach Pain All in His Head?We all know there are times that kids seem to complain of a stomach ache to get out of chores or going to school. Don't be so sure that the pain they feel is all in their minds. We're learning more now about a condition called"functional abdominal pain" that is experienced by millions of kids every day.Like many teenagers, Kyle Brust makes it a point to do his homework as soon as he gets home. Unlike most, Kyle often did his with a terrible stomach ache. In fact, the pain often started while he was at school, but getting help there was getting harder."Some of my teachers wouldn't let me go, because I'd asked so many times before and they thought I was trying to get out of class ," says Kyle.Kyle's mom Marilyn says she couldn't blame the teachers After all, she'd taken him to the doctor several times herself, and even they couldn't find anything wrong"You know, you're running the tests and nothing's coming up. So, is it in his head, is he just an extremely stressful child? It's just frustrating because we're not finding any answers," says Marilyn.It turns out Kyle was suffering from a condition known as functional abdominal pain, that affects as many as one out of every ten kids in this country. Even though the cause of the pain may not be obvious, there are real consequences."It really does hurt, and these kids really do suffer," says Dr. Campo, MD at Nationwide Children's Hospital. To help them, Campo is looking into a new approach. He's conducting clinical trials of an antidepressant that changes the way the body handles a chemical called serotonin. In a preliminary study, Dr. Campo found that in about eight out of ten cases, the drug normally used to treat emotional pain worked to ease the pain in the stomach"We think about it as being important in anxiety and depression and that's all quite tree, but what's really interesting is that 95% of our body's serotonin is in our gut," says Campo.Campo believes these kids have extremely sensitive intestines, and controlling the effects of serotonin may help ease the pain. It seemed to work for Kyle, who is now completely pain free for the first time in years.卫生类完型填空课文译文1.找到速效治疗剂可以更好控制结核病世界卫生组织估计全球有大约三分之一的人感染了导致结核病的病菌。

2019年职称英语(卫生类)完形填空文章及译文3 Scientists Develop Ways of Detecting Heart AttackGerman researchers have ____1____ a new generation of defibrillators and early-warning software aimed at offering heart patients greater protection____2____sudden death from cardiac arrest.In Germany alone around 100,000 people die annually as a result of cardiac arrest and many of these cases ____3____ by disruption to the heart’s rhythm. Those most at risk are patients who have ____4____ suffered a heart attack, and for years the use of defibrillators has proved useful in diagnosing ____5____ disruptions to heart rhythms and correcting them automatically by intervening within seconds. These devices ____6____ a range of functions, such as that of pacemaker.Heart specialists at Freiburg’s University Clinic have now achieved a breakthrough with an implanted defibrillator ____7____ of generating a six-channel electrocardiogram (ECG) within the body. This integrated system allows early diagnosis of ____8____ blood-flow problems and a pending heart attack. It will be implanted in patients for the first time this year. Meanwhile, researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Mathematics in Kaiserslautern have developed new computer software that renders the evaluation of ECG data ____9____The overwhelming ____10____ of patients at risk will not have an implanted defibrillator and must for this reason undergo regular ECGs. Many of the current programs only____11____ into account a linear correlation of the data. We are, however, making use ____12____ a non-linear process that reveals the chaotic patterns of heart beats as an open and complex system2，”Hagen Knaf says, “____13____changes inthe heart beats over time can be monitored and individual variations in patients taken into account3.” An old study of ECG data, based ____14____600 patients who had suffered a subsequent heart attack, enabled the researchers to compare risks and to show ____15____ the new software evaluates the data considerably better.词汇：defibrillator 去纤颤器 pending 迫近的，即将发生的cardiac .心脏的 implant 植入 arrest .停止render 使得 disruption 中断 overwhelming .压倒的pacemaker .起搏器 linear 线(性)的electrocardiogram 心电图 correlation .相互关系 chaotic混乱的注释：1.…and early-warning software aimed at offering heart patients greater protection…：本句中aimed at是过去分词短语，作前面两个名词的定语，原意是“把目标瞄准……”，此处可译为“旨在为心脏病人提供更多保护的早期预报软件”。

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Avalanche and Its SafetyAn avalanche is a sudden and rapid flow of snow, often mixed with air and water, down a mountainside. Avalanches are____1____ the biggest dangers in the mountains for both life and property.All avalanches are caused by an over-burden of material, typically snowpack, that is too massive and unstable for the slope____2____ supports it. Determining the critical load, the amount of over-burden which is____3____ cause an avalanche, ____4____ acomplex task involving the evaluation of a number of factors.Terrain slopes flatter than25degrees or steeper than60degrees typically have a low ____5____ of avalanche. Snow does not____6____ significantly on steep slopes; also, snow does not ____7____ easily on flat slopes. Human-triggered avalanches have the greatest incidence when the snow’s angle of rest1 is____8____ 35 and45 degrees; the critical angle, the angle at which the human incidence of avalanches is greatest, is38degrees. The rule of thumb2 is: A slope that is____9____ enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski has the potential to generate an avalanche, regardless of the angle. Additionally3, avalanche risk increases with ____10____;that is, the more a slope is disturbed by skiers, die more lijkely it is that an avalanche will occur.Due to the complexity of the subject, winter travelling in the backcountry4 is never 100% safe. Good avalanche safety is a continuous____11____,, including route selection and examination of the snowpack, weather____12____ and human factors. Several well-known good habits can also____13____ the risk. If local authorities issue avalanche risk reports, they should be considered and all warnings should be paid ____14____ to. Never follow in the tracks of others without your own evaluations; snow conditions are almost certain to have changed since they were made. Observe the terrain and note obvious avalanche paths where plants are____15____ or damaged. Avoid traveling below others who might trigger an avalanche.词汇：avalanche n.雪崩snowpack n.积雪场terrain n.地形，地势steep adj.险峻的，陆峭的trigger v.引起，激发incidence n.发生(率)ski v.滑雪complexity n.复杂性注释：1.angle of rest：这里指积雪保持静止的角度。

第七篇 The Difference between Man and ComputerWhat makes people different from computer programs? What is the missing element that our theories don't yet (1) ______ for? The answer is simple: People read newspaper stories for a reason: to learn more about (2) ______ they are interested in. Computers, on the other hand, don't. In fact, computers don't (3) ______ have interests; there is nothing in particular that they are trying to find out when they read. If a computer (4) ______ is to be a model of story understanding, it should also read for a "purpose".Of course, people have several goals that do not make (5) ______ to attribute to computers1. One might read a restaurant guide (6) ______ order to satisfy hunger or entertainment goals, or to (7) ______ a good place to go for a business lunch. Computers do not get hungry, and computers do not have business lunches.However, these physiological and social goals give (8) ______ to several intellectual or cognitive goals. A. goal to satisfy hunger gives rise to goals to find (9) ______ about the name of a restaurant which (10) ______ the desired type of food, how expensive the restaurant is, the location of the restaurant, etc. These are goals to (11) ______ information or knowledge, what we are calling(12) ______ goals. These goals can be held by computers too; a computer (13) ______ "want" to find out the location of a restaurant, and read a guide in order to do so (14) ______ the same way as a person might. While such a goal would not (15) ______ out of hunger in the case of the computer2, it might well arise out of the "goal" to learn more about restaurants.练习：1.A) express B) explain C) account D) count2.A) why B) how C) what D) when3.A) once B) even C) ever D) often4.A) program B) instruction C) system D) function5.A) success B) sense C) scene D) point6.A) of B) or C) in D) and7.A) find B) search C) look D) watch8.A) way B) play C) rise D) birth9.A) place B) food C) reference D) information10.A) orders B) sells C) supports D) serves11.A) acquire B) ask C) require D) consult12.A) understanding B) learning C) knowledge D) awareness13.A) could B) might C) should D) would14.A) as B) on C) by D) in15.A) arise B) rise C) consent D) derive答案与题解：1.C 此处考查对固定搭配的掌握情况，只有account能与for搭配，意为“解释”，其他三个选项的词都是及物动词，不与介词搭配。

完形填空第一篇生命与鸟在近17年的时间里，大卫对抗曾担任伦敦自耕农看守，__1__众所周知的游客beefeaters 的塔之一。

大卫，64岁，住在三间卧室的平面右侧的__2__的拜沃德大厦的城楼之一。

“__3__我们的卧室，我们有伦敦塔桥和泰晤士河的壮丽景致，说：”大卫。

伦敦塔是著名__4__乌鸦，大的黑色的鸟在那里住了三个多世纪。

大卫马上就被迷住鸟时，他的乌鸦主__5__后八年前他没有__6__接受它。

“鸟现在成为我的生活和我我总是__7__，我是__8__的传统。

的传说说，如果你想乌鸦离开伦敦塔，英国将下降的敌人，和它是我的工作__9__确保这不会发生这种事！“David_10_about每天四小时照顾的乌鸦。

他已经成长为爱和_11__，他住在他们旁边，是理想的。

“我可以_12__密切关注他们的时候，不只是当我的工作。

”__13__，大卫的妻子莫是不讼诉生活在塔的想法，但她也将是明年退休时，他伤心的离开了。

“当我们看的出来，我们的窗户，我们看到了历史__15__在我们身边，和我们正在并将其存储起来为我们未来的回忆。

第二篇运气不错演员安东尼奥班德拉斯是用来打破的骨头，它似乎总是发生时，他的第一运动。

在影片播放的骨他的中量级拳击手伍迪·哈里森一起。

3，制作的电影“哈里森4抱怨，争取5个非常有说服力的，所以，有一天，他建议，他和班德拉斯应该有一个真正的斗争。

西班牙演员是不是起初的想法，但他却说服他合演把他的手套，爬入拳击擂台。

然而，当他意识到如何认真对待他的8这一切，他开始后悔自己的决定打。

然后在第三轮中，哈里森打班德拉斯9硬盘的脸，他居然打破了他的鼻子。

他的妻子，女演员Melanie格里菲斯，大怒，他一直扮演“傻大男子主义的游戏”。

“她是对的，”班德拉斯承认，“我是傻瓜的风险一样，在中间的电影。

”他是11的时候，在他的家乡马拉加足球比赛中，他摔断了腿。

他总是成为一个足球明星，一个大庭广众面前表演，但医生告诉他，他演奏的天很可能超过。

China to Help Europe Develop GPS RivalChina is to contribute to a new global satellite navigation system being developed by European nations. The Galileo satellite system will ＿＿＿＿＿（1）a more accurate civilian alternative to the Global Positioning System （GPS）, operated by the US military. China will provide 230m Euros in funding and will ＿＿＿＿＿（2） with technical, manufacturing and market development.A new center that will coordinate co-operation will be set ＿＿＿＿＿（3） at Beijing University. China has a substantial satellite launch industry and could potentially help ＿＿＿＿＿（4） the Galileo satellites.The US has claimed that Galileo could interfere with the US with ＿＿＿＿＿（5） to downgrade the GPS service during military conflicts. European officials say this is unfounded （无根据的） and counter that US opposition is caused by the commercial challenge Galileo would present to GPS. Galileo will be ＿＿＿＿＿（6）to within a meter, while the civilian GPS service is accurate to around 10 meters.The Galileo satellite constellation （卫星集群） will consist of 27 operational and three reserve satellites ＿＿＿＿＿（7） the Earth at an altitude of 23,600 kin. The satellites will be strung along three medium-Earth orbits at 56 degrees inclination （倾斜）＿＿＿＿＿（8） the equator （赤道） and will provide global coverage. The system should be ＿＿＿＿＿（9） by 2008 and the entire project is expected to cost around 3.2 billion Euros……The European Commission has said Galileo will ＿＿＿＿＿（10） be used for transportation technology, scientific research, land management and disaster monitoring.Galileo will provide two ＿＿＿＿＿（11）; a standard civilian one and an encrypted （把……编码）, wide-band signal called the Public Regulated Service （PRS）. This second signal is ＿＿＿＿＿（12） to endure localized jamming and will be used by police and military services in Europe.The first Galileo satellite is ＿＿＿＿＿（13） to launch late in 2004. Clocks on board the satellites will be synchronized （同步） through 20 ground sensors （传感器） stations, two command centers and 15 uplink （上传） stations.Receivers on the ground will use time signals from the satellites to precisely calculate their ＿＿＿＿＿（14）. A =search and rescue" function will also let distress signals be ＿＿＿＿＿（15） through the constellation of satellites.1 A set B represent C offer D indicate2 A cooperate B install C prevent D protect3 A off B with C in D up4 A broadcast B launch C put D use5 A ability B service C system D channel6 A open B likely C different D precise7 A getting B considering C orbiting D improving8 A to B in C along D beside9 A operational B complex C advanced D cheap10 A correctly B ironically C strangely D primarily11 A channels B signals C directions D functions12 A brought B taken C designed D protected13 A told B scheduled C considered D allowed14 A quality B colour C weight D location15 A set B responded C transmitted D converted【参考答案】1. C2. A3. D4. B5. A6. D7. C8. A9. A 10. D11. B 12. C 13. B 14. D 15. CSmoking Can Increase Depressive Symptoms in TeensWhile some teenagers may puff on cigarettes to“self-medicate” against the blues, scientists at the University of Toronto and the University of Montreal have found that smoking may actually (1)increase depressive symptoms in some teens.“This observational study is one of the few to examine the perceived (2)emotional benefits of smoking among teens,” says lead researcher Michael Chaiton, a research associate at the Ontario Tobacco Research Unit of the University of Toronto.“(3)Although cigarettes may appear to have self-medicating (4)effects or to improve mood, in the long term we found that teens who started to smoke reported higher depressive symptoms.”As part of the study, some 662 high school teenagers completed up to 20 questionnaires (5)about their use of cigarettes to affect mood. Secondary schools were selected to provide a mix of French and English participants, urban and rural schools,and schools (6)located in high,moderate and low socioeconomic neighbourhoods.Participants were divided into three (7)groups : never smokers;smoker who did not use cigarettes to self-medicate,improve mood or physical (8)state ;smokers who used cigarettes to self-medicate. Depressive symptoms were measured using a scale that asked how often participants felt too tired to do things;had (9)trouble going to sleep or staying (10)awake ; felt unhappy,sad,or depressed;felt hopeless about the future;felt vexed, antsy of tense;and worried too much about things.“Smokers who used cigarettes as mood (11)improvers had higher risks of elevated depressive symptoms than teens who had never smoked,”says co-researcher Jennifer O'Loughlin, a professor at the University of Mntreal Department of Social and Preventive Medicine. “Our study found that teen smokers who reported emotional benefits from smoking are at higher risk of (12)developing depressive symptoms.”The (13)association between depression and smoking exists (14)principally among teens that use cigarettes to feel better. “It,s (15)important to emphasize that depressive symptom scores were higher among teenagers who reported emotional benefits from somking after they began to smoke,”says Dr. Chaiton.1 A examine B increase C decrease D diagnose2 A social B financial C emotional D political3 A Whatever B Although C Whenever D what4 A effects B methods C steps D directions5 A beside B beyond C in D about6 A exposed B expanded C located D detected7 A groups B sets C species D versions8 A world B activity C state D beauty9 A time B courage C energy D trouble10A asleep B awake C still D silent11A reducers B improvers C creators D removers12A changing B identifying C developing D overcoming13A difference B association C cooperation D agreement14A occasionally B scarcely C probably D principally15A illogical B unscientific C meaningless D importantHurricane（飓风）KatrinaA hurricane is a fiercely powerful,rotating（旋转的）form of tropical storm that can be 124 to 1,240 miles in diameter.The term hurricane is derived from Hurican,the name of a native American storm god.Hurricanes are typical of a calm central region of low pressure between 12 to 60 miles in diameter,known as the eye.They occur in tropical regions.Over its lifetime,one of these can release as much energy as 10,000 nuclear bombs.The seed for hurricane formation is a cluster（聚集）of thunderstoms over warm tropical waters.Hurricanes can only form and be fed when the sea-surface temperature exceeds 27℃ and the surrounding atmosphere is calm.These requirements are met between June and November in the northern part of the world.Under these conditions,large quantities of water evaporate（蒸发）and condense （冷凝）into clouds and rain-releasing heat in the process.It is this heat energy,combined with the rotation of the Earth,that drives a hurricane.When the warm column of air from the sea surface first begins to rise,it causes an area of low pressure.This in turn creates wind as air is drawn into the area.This spinning wind drags up more moist air from the sea surface in a process that strengthens the storm.Cold air falls back to the ocean surface through the eye and on the outside of the storm.Initially,when wind speeds reach 23 miles per hour,these mild,wet and grey weather systems are known as depressions,or low air pressure.Hurricane Katrina formed in this way over the south-eastern Bahamas on 23 August 2005.Katrina has had a devastating impact on the Gulf Coast of the US,leaving a disaster zone of 90,000 square miles in its wake（尾迹）-almost the size of the UK.Thousands have been killed or injured and more than half a million people have become homeless in a humanitarian （人道主义的）crisis of a scale not seen in the US since the Great Depression.The cost of the damage may top $100 billion.一个强大的飓风是激烈的，旋转（旋转的）热带风暴，可在124至1,240英里的飓风diameter.The任期从Hurican，一个印第安人风暴god.Hurricanes名称派生形式，是一个典型的平静中心低压12至60英里，直径为eye.They众所周知，发生在热带地区regions.Over其寿命，这些人能尽可能多的能量释放10000枚核弹。

职称英语完形填空文章译文职称英语完形填空文章译文 (1)一、综合完型填空课文译文 (3)1.健康概貌 (3)A health Profile (3)2. 好借好还 (4)Making Yourself a Good Record (5)3. 漂亮极了 (6)Pretty Good (6)4. 我们的客人去哪里了? (7)Where Have All Our Visitors Gone? (8)5.一个国家的平均生活水平 (9)A Country's Standard of Living (9)6.进行中的改革 (11)Reform on the Road (11)7.水 (12)Water (12)8. 爵士乐的早期形式 (13)An Early Form of Jazz Music (13)9.美丽就是一切 (14)Freezing to Death for Beauty (14)10. 理想的丈夫 (15)11.关于网络交友和分手 (16)On the Net Friends Come and Go, Talking of... . (17)12.一场可怕的战役如何帮助改变了欧洲 (18)How a Terrible Battle helped to Change Europe (19)13.种族偏见 (20)Racial Prejudice (20)14.变性手术的准则的起草 (21)Sex change surgery guidelines drafted (22)15.鲸鱼的最大神秘之处 (23)The Greatest Mystery of Whales (23)二、理工完型填空课文译文 (24)1.库克船长弓箭的传说 (24)Captain Cook Arrow Legend (24)2.雪崩和安全问题 (25)Avalanche and Its Safety (26)3.看见红色意味着危险在前方 (27)Seeing red Means Danger Ahead (27)4.动物的“第六感” (28)Animal's "Sixth Sense" (29)5.警报器救盲人 (30)Singing Alarms Could Save the Blind (30)6. 远程制止偷车贼 (31)Car Thieves could Be Stopped Remotely (32)7. 智能汽车 (33)An Intelligent Car (33)8.生物钟 (34)A Biological Clock (35)9.埃及饱受饥饿折磨 (36)Egypt felled by famine (36)10.更少是更多 (37)Less Is More (38)11. 中国帮助欧洲发展全球定位系统的竞争 (39)China to help Europe Develop GPS Rival (39)12.指纹消失事件 (41)The Case of the Disappearing Fingerprints (41)13.手机泄露了你的秘密 (42)Cell Phone Lets Your Secret Out (43)14.鲨鱼有益于地球水系 (44)Sharks Perform a Service for Earth's Waters (44)15. 从空气湿度中获取饮用水 (45)Obtaining Drinking Water from Air Humidity (45)三、卫生类完型填空课文译文 (46)1.找到速效治疗剂可以更好控制结核病 (46)Better Control of TB Seen If a Faster Cure Is Found (47)2.8名纽约学生感染甲型N1 H1流感 (48)8 New York Students Have Swine Flu (48)3.一个让天花存在的好理由 (49)One Good Reason to Let Smallpox Live (50)4.大约三分之一的癌症与饮食和酒精有关 (50)Diet, Alcohol Linked to Nearly One Third of Cancers (51)5.男性也可能是家庭暴力的受害者 (52)Men Too May Suffer from Domestic Violence (52)6.一天服用一次的药丸可以简化HIV病毒治疗 (53)Once-daily Pill Could Simplify HIV Treatment (54)7.护士，我要妈妈! (55)Nurse! I Want My Mummy (55)8.特许学校 (56)Charter Schools (57)9.许多战胜癌症的妇女旧习未改 (58)Many Women Who Beat Cancer Don't Change Habits (59)10.医院的虐待 (60)Hospital Mistreatment (60)11.移民工人 (61)Migrant Workers (61)12.皮肤癌成英国年轻女性患癌第一疾病 (63)Skin Cancer Now Top Cancer among Young Women in UK (63)13.科学家探索发现心脏病的方法 (64)Scientists Develop Ways of Detecting Heart Attack (65)14.同性恋者 (66)Homosexuals (66)15.你的孩子肚疼是他想象出来的吗? (67)Is Your Child's Stomach Pain All in His Head？ (68)一、综合完型填空课文译文1.健康概貌健康概貌是对所有影响健康的因素的一个概述。

第十一篇Migrant WorkersIn the past twenty years, there has been an increasing tendency for workers to move from one country to another. ___1___some newly independent countries have understandably restricted most jobs to local people, others have attracted and welcomed migrant workers. This is particularly the case in the Middle East1, ___2___increased oil incomes have enabled many countries to___3___|outsiders to improve local facilities. ___4___the Middle East has attracted oil-workers from the USA and Europe. It has brought in construction workers and technicians from many countries, ___5___South Korea and Japan.In view of the difficult living and working conditions in the Middle East,2___6___it is not 6 that the pay is high to attract suitable workers. Many engineers and technicians can earn atleast___7___money in the Middle East as they can in their own country, and this is a major attraction. An allied benefit is the low taxation or complete lack of it.3 This increases the net amount of pay received by visiting workers and is very popular with them.Sometimes a disadvantage has a compensating advantage. ___8___the difficult living conditions often lead to increased friendship when workers have to depend on eachother___9___safety and comfort. ___10___, many migrant workers can save large sums of money partly ___11___the lack of entertainment facilities. The work is often complex and full of problems but this merely presents greater challenge engineers who prefer to findsolutions___12___problems rather than do routine work in their home country.One major problem which___13___migrant workers in the Middle East is that their jobs are temporary ones. They are nearly always on contract, so it is not easy for them to plan ahead with great confidence. This is to be expected since no country welcomes a large number of foreign workers as permanent residents.___14___, migrant workers accept this disadvantage, along with others, because of the___15___financial benefits which they receive.词汇：migrant 移民的allied 与此相关的taxation / 税，税款compensate 补偿routine 日常的注释：1.This is particularly the case in the Middle East...：中东地区目的情况尤为如此……2.In view of the difficult living and working conditions in the Middle East...：由于中东地区艰苦的生活和工作条件……in view of 是个短语，表示原因或理由。

职称英语阅读理解译文---卫生类C级1纳米保健技术走向贫困国家纳米技术的应用对象都是分子级和原子级的物质。

如今，长度为一纳米，即十亿分之一米的粒子已被开发出多种用途，如制造美容产品和抗污型服装等。

但其中一个领域科学家认为潜力尤为巨大，那就是医药领域。

在上周于华盛顿Woodrow Wilson国际中心召开的一个项目会议上，科学家们探讨了如何将纳米技术应用于贫困国家人口保健的事宜。

来自多伦多大学的Peter Singer声称一项名为量子点的纳米技术可被应用于疟疾的诊断。

相对于传统的仅用显微镜观察血液样本的方法，此技术要先进得多。

由于贫困国家往往没有条件应用此项新技术，许多健康人被误诊为疟疾患者，而药物的滥用又导致了抗药性的产生。

所谓量子点是指一些被激活后会发光的粒子，如今科学家正在研究为它们编程的方法，以便当靶分子存在的时候就能够通过发光来诊断疾病。

纳米技术的优越性不光体现在疾病的诊断，还包括疾病的治疗。

国立卫生研究所的Piotr Grodzinski与大家共同探讨了如何运用纳米技术来增强药效。

以一些已经使用了纳米技术的抗癌药物为例，他指出，如果药物可以针对癌症病灶而不是整个人体，治疗所需药量就会大大减少，副作用也会降低。

Andrew Maynard是Woodrow Wilson中心新兴的纳米技术工程部骨干科学家，他注意到巴西、印度、中国及南非正在开发可被贫困国家所应用的纳米技术。

与此同时他指出，与较大分子不同，纳米材料的颗粒在人体内和体外环境中的作用可能有所不同，因此纳米技术的应用存在一定风险，若要深入研究这些风险则需要更大的资金投入。

2医学杂志医学杂志是向医生和其他卫生专业人员提供医学信息的出版物。

在过去，这些杂志只有印刷版。

随着电子出版的发展，许多医学杂志现在都有网站了，有些杂志只有网络版。

少数的医学杂志，如《美国医学协会杂志》，被看作是普通医学杂志，因为他们涵盖了医学的许多领域。

大部分医学杂志都是针对特定医疗领域的专业杂志。