外文文献

如何查找外文文献
查找外文文献是学术研究的重要环节之一，以下将介绍如何进行外文文献检索和查找的方法。

一、了解文献检索工具
1. 学术引擎：如Google学术、PubMed、Microsoft Academic等。

这些引擎提供了全球范围内的学术出版物，包括期刊文章、学位论文、会议论文等。

2. 文献数据库：如Web of Science、Scopus、IEEE Xplore、ScienceDirect等。

这些数据库提供了大量的学术出版物，并且可以进行更加精确和专业的文献检索。

3.图书馆索引和目录：如大学图书馆的在线目录、OPAC等。

图书馆的资源丰富，通常也有电子文献资源，可以通过图书馆网站进行检索。

二、选择合适的检索词和检索策略
1.检索词的选择：根据研究主题，选择合适的关键词进行检索。

关键词应与所研究的领域相关，可以包括专业术语、主题词、人名、地名等。

2.组合使用检索词：不同的检索词可以组合使用，使用布尔运算符（如AND、OR、NOT）构建逻辑关系，缩小或扩大检索范围，以获得更加精确的检索结果。

三、进行文献检索和筛选
1.首先选择一个合适的文献数据库或引擎，输入相关的检索词。

3.阅读和筛选文献全文，如果文献符合研究需求，可以进一步收集相
关的引用文献。

1.引文索引：在已经找到的高质量文献中，查找其中引用的其他文献。

通过查阅引文索引，可以找到相关的后续研究或者经典文献。

五、利用文献管理工具。

广东工业大学华立学院本科毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文及原文系部城建学部专业土木工程年级 2011级班级名称 11土木工程9班学号 23031109000学生姓名刘林指导教师卢集富2015 年5 月目录一、项目成本管理与控制 0二、Project Budget Monitor and Control (1)三、施工阶段承包商在控制施工成本方面所扮演的作用 (2)四、The Contractor’s Role in Building Cost Reduction After Design (4)一、外文文献译文（1）项目成本管理与控制随着市场竞争的激烈性越来越大,在每一个项目中，进行成本控制越发重要。

本文论述了在施工阶段,项目经理如何成功地控制项目预算成本。

本文讨论了很多方法。

它表明，要取得成功，项目经理必须关注这些成功的方法.1。

简介调查显示,大多数项目会碰到超出预算的问……功控制预算成本.2.项目控制和监测的概念和目的Erel and Raz (2000）指出项目控制周期包括测量成……原因以及决定纠偏措施并采取行动。

监控的目的就是纠偏措施的。

.。

标范围内。

3.建立一个有效的控制体系为了实现预算成本的目标，项目管理者需要建立一……被监测和控制是非常有帮助的。

项目成功与良好的沟通密。

决（ Diallo and Thuillier， 2005）.4.成本费用的检测和控制4.1对检测的优先顺序进行排序在施工阶段，很多施工活动是基于原来的计……用完了。

第四,项目管理者应该检测高风险活动，高风险活动最有。

..重要（Cotterell and Hughes, 1995)。

4.2成本控制的方法一个项目的主要费用包括员工成本、材料成本以及工期延误的成本。

为了控制这些成本费用，项目管理者首先应该建立一个成本控制系统：a)为财务数据的管理和分析工作落实责任人员b)确保按照项目的结构来合理分配所有的……它的变化-—在成本控制线上准确地记录所有恰..。

百度文库- 让每个人平等地提升自我！外文参考文献及翻译稿的要求及格式一、外文参考文献的要求1、外文原稿应与本研究项目接近或相关联；2、外文原稿可选择相关文章或节选章节，正文字数不少于1500字。

3、格式：外文文献左上角标注“外文参考资料”字样，小四宋体。

1.5倍行距。

标题：三号，Times New Roman字体加粗，居中，行距1.5倍。

段前段后空一行。

作者（居中）及正文：小四号，Times New Roman字体，首行空2字符。

4、A4纸统一打印。

二、中文翻译稿1、中文翻译稿要与外文文献匹配，翻译要正确；2、中文翻译稿另起一页；3、格式：左上角标“中文译文”，小四宋体。

标题：宋体三号加粗居中，行距1.5倍。

段前、段后空一行。

作者（居中）及正文：小四号宋体，数字等Times New Roman字体，1.5倍行距，首行空2字符。

正文字数1500左右。

4、A4纸统一打印。

格式范例如后所示。

百度文库 - 让每个人平等地提升自我！外文参考文献Implementation of internal controls of small andmedium-sized pow erStephen Ryan The enterprise internal control carries out the strength to refer to the enterprise internal control system execution ability and dynamics, it is the one whole set behavior and the technical system, is unique competitive advantage which the enterprise has; Is a series of …………………………标题：三号，Times New Roman字体加粗，居中，行距1.5倍。

外文文献研究方法
外文文献研究方法主要包括以下几种：
1. 文献回顾：这是外文文献研究的基础，主要是通过查阅大量的文献资料，了解相关领域的研究现状、研究问题、研究方法和研究成果等，为进一步的研究提供参考和依据。

2. 内容分析法：通过对文献内容进行系统分析和比较，探究文献中主题、观点、理论框架等方面的异同点，从而得出一定的结论。

3. 引文分析法：通过分析文献中的引文，了解文献之间的内在联系和知识结构，从而判断研究领域的发展趋势和研究动态。

4. 历史研究法：通过对相关历史资料的研究和分析，了解研究领域的背景和发展历程，从而更好地理解当前研究现状和未来发展方向。

5. 案例分析法：通过对具体案例的研究和分析，探究案例中存在的问题、解决方案和经验教训等，从而得出一般性的结论或提出相应的建议。

6. 问卷调查法：通过发放问卷的方式，了解相关人群对外文文献的认知程度、使用情况、评价和建议等方面的信息，从而为进一步的研究提供数据支持。

7. 比较分析法：通过对不同文献或同一文献的不同方面进行比较和分析，探究它们之间的异同点和优劣之处，从而更好地理解研究领域的特点和发展趋势。

以上是外文文献研究方法的主要内容，不同的研究方法各有优劣，应根据具体的研究需求和实际情况选择合适的方法。

[1]G. Einsele a, SK. Chough b, T. Shiki，1996. Depositional events and their records-an introduction[J].Sedimentary Geology, 104：l-9.[2]Kauffman E.G.,Elder W.P. and Sageman B.B..High-resolution correlation: a new tool in chronostratigraphy. In: Einsele et al. (Editor), Cycle and Events in Stratigraphy. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1991,798-819.[3]Bruce C. Heezen, D.B. Ericson, Maurice Ewing.Further evidence for a turbidity current following the 1929 Grand banks earthquake[J].Deep Sea Search.1954,1(4):193-202.[4]Cita and Lucchi.Marine Geology[J].Seismicity and sedimentation.1984, 55(1-2):VII–X.[5]Frank R Ettensohn,Carlton E Brett. Stratigraphic evidence from the Appalachian Basin for continuation of the Taconian orogeny into Early Silurian time[J]. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth.2002,27(1): 279-288.[6]Fabrizio Storti, Paola Vannucchi.Preface[J].Sedimentary Geology.2007,196(1-4):1-3.[7]R. Bernhart Owen;Robin W. Renaut and Michael G. te Miocene lacustrine sedimentation in the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece[J].Journal of Paleolimnology.2011,46(1):151-166.[8]DengWeidong, YangBaoguo, WuXiaogen. 1997. Studies of storm deposits in China:a review. Continental Shelf Research, 17(13): 1645-1658.[9]H.N. Bhattacharya, Biplab Bhattacharya, Indranil Chakraborty, Abhijit Chakraborty.Sole marks in storm event beds in the Permo-Carboniferous Talchir Formation, Raniganj Basin, India[J].Sedimentary Geology.2004, 166(3-4):209–222. [10]Shu Degan , Conway Morris S , Zhang Xingliang .A Pikaialike chordate from the Lower Cambrian of China[J]. Nature.1996a,384 : 156 -157.[10]Shu Degan, Conway Morris S, Zhang Xingliang, et al.. A pipiscid-like fossil from the Lower Cambrian of South China[J]. Nature, 1999a,400: 746 -749.[11]Becker L, Poreda R J, Hunt A G, et al . . Impact event at the Permian-Triassicboundary: Evidence from extraterrestrial noble gases in fullerenes[J]. Science, 2001, 291 (5508): 1530-1533.[12]Bambach R K. . Phanerozoic biodiversity mass extinctions[J]. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci..2006, 34: 127-155.[13]Alvarez L W, Alvarez W, Asaro F, et al.. Extraterrestrial Cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction[J]. Science.1980,208: 1095-1108.[14]Wolfgang Stinnesbeck, Gerta Keller, Peter Schulte, Doris Stüben, Zsolt Berner, Utz Kramar, JoséGuadalupe Lopez-Oliva.The Cretaceous–Tertiary (K/T) boundary transition at Coxquihui, state of Veracruz, Mexico: evidence for an early Danian impact event?[J]Journal of South American Earth Sciences .2002,15 (5) :497–509. [15]S. J. Nichols and S. G. Hagemann[16]P. Farrimond, G. Eglinton, S.C. Brassell, H.C. Jenkyns.The Toarcian black shale event in northern Italy[J].Organic Geochemistry.1988,13(4-6):823-832.[17]Röhl, Hans-Joachim;Schmid-Röhl, Annette;Oschmann, Wolfgang;Frimmel, Andreas.Erratum to “The Posidonia Shale (Lower Toarcian) of SW-Germany: an oxygen-depleted ecosystem controlled by sea level and palaeoclimate”[J].Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology.2001,169(3-4):271.[18]Anthony S. Cohen;Angela L. Coe and David B. Kemp.The Late Palaeocene–Early Eocene and Toarcian (Early Jurassic) carbon isotope excursions: a comparison of their time scales, associated environmental changes, causes and consequences[J].Journal of the Geological Society.2007,164(6):1093-1108.[19]Bryony A. Caswell;Angela L. Coe;Anthony S. Cohen.New range data for marine invertebrate species across the early Toarcian (Early Jurassic) mass extinction[J].Journal of the Geological Society.2009,166(5):859-872.[20]Mattioli[21]Suan[22]Hoffman P F, Li Zhengxiang. A palaeogeographic context for Neoproterozoic glaciation[J]. Palaeogeogrpahy.2009,277: 158-172.[23Ramzi Gharsalli, Taher Zouaghi, Mohamed Soussi, Riadh Chebbi, Sami Khomsi, Mourad Bédir.Seismic sequence stratigraphy of Miocene deposits related to eustatic,tectonic and climatic events, Cap Bon Peninsula, northeastern Tunisia[J].Comptes Rendus Geoscience.2013,345(9-10):401-417.[24]Yuzhu Zhang;Chun Chang Huang;Jiangli Pang;Xiaochun Zha;Yali Zhou;Xiaqing Wang.Holocene palaeoflood events recorded by slackwater deposits along the middle Beiluohe River valley, middle Yellow River basin, China[J].Boreas.2015,44(1):127-138.[25]Keim[26]Hornung[27]David Z. Piper.Rare earth elements in the sedimentary cycle: A summary[J].Chemical Geology.1974,14(4):285-304.[28]Mclennan S M. 1989. Rare earth elements in sedimentary rocks: influence of provenance and sedimentary processes. In: Lipin B R, Mckay G R, eds. Geochemistry and mineralogy of rare earth elements. Reviews in Mineralogy, 21: 169-200.[29]Mclennan S M, Hemming S, McDanial D K, et al.. Geochemical approaches to sedimentation, provenance, and tectonics[J]. Geological Society of American Special Paper.1993,284: 21-40.[30]Bhatia M R..Plate tectonics and geochemical composition of sandstones[J].Journal of Geology, 1991,91:611-629.。

Foreign material：Chemical Industry1.Origins of the Chemical IndustryAlthough the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin’s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939).Since 1940 the chemical industry has grown at a remarkable rate, although this has slowed significantly in recent years. The lion’s share of this growth has been in the organic chemicals sector due to the development and growth of the petrochemicals area since 1950s. The explosives growth in petrochemicals in the 1960s and 1970s was largely due to the enormous increase in demand for synthetic polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, polyesters and epoxy resins.The chemical industry today is a very diverse sector of manufacturing industry, within which it plays a central role. It makes thousands of different chemicals whichthe general public only usually encounter as end or consumer products. These products are purchased because they have the required properties which make them suitable for some particular application, e.g. a non-stick coating for pans or a weedkiller. Thus chemicals are ultimately sold for the effects that they produce.2. Definition of the Chemical IndustryAt the turn of the century there would have been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufactured and these were clearly chemicals, e.g., alkali, sulphuric acid. At present, however, many intermediates to products produced, from raw materials like crude oil through (in some cases) many intermediates to products which may be used directly as consumer goods, or readily converted into them. The difficulty cones in deciding at which point in this sequence the particular operation ceases to be part of the chemical industry’s sphere of activities. To consider a specific example to illustrate this dilemma, emulsion paints may contain poly (vinyl chloride) / poly (vinyl acetate). Clearly, synthesis of vinyl chloride (or acetate) and its polymerization are chemical activities. However, if formulation and mixing of the paint, including the polymer, is carried out by a branch of the multinational chemical company which manufactured the ingredients, is this still part of the chemical industry of does it mow belong in the decorating industry?It is therefore apparent that, because of its diversity of operations and close links in many areas with other industries, there is no simple definition of the chemical industry. Instead each official body which collects and publishes statistics on manufacturing industry will have its definition as to which operations are classified as the chemical industry. It is important to bear this in mind when comparing statistical information which is derived from several sources.3. The Need for Chemical IndustryThe chemical industry is concerned with converting raw materials, such as crude oil, firstly into chemical intermediates and then into a tremendous variety of other chemicals. These are then used to produce consumer products, which make our livesmore comfortable or, in some cases such as pharmaceutical produces, help to maintain our well-being or even life itself. At each stage of these operations value is added to the produce and provided this added exceeds the raw material plus processing costs then a profit will be made on the operation. It is the aim of chemical industry to achieve this.It may seem strange in textbook this one to pose the question ―do we need a chemical industry?‖ However trying to answer this question will provide(ⅰ) an indication of the range of the chemical industry’s activities, (ⅱ) its influence on our lives in everyday terms, and (ⅲ) how great is society’s need for a chemical industry. Our approach in answering the question will be to consider the industry’s co ntribution to meeting and satisfying our major needs. What are these? Clearly food (and drink) and health are paramount. Other which we shall consider in their turn are clothing and (briefly) shelter, leisure and transport.(1)Food. The chemical industry makes a major contribution to food production in at least three ways. Firstly, by making available large quantities of artificial fertilizers which are used to replace the elements (mainly nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) which are removed as nutrients by the growing crops during modern intensive farming. Secondly, by manufacturing crop protection chemicals, i.e., pesticides, which markedly reduce the proportion of the crops consumed by pests. Thirdly, by producing veterinary products which protect livestock from disease or cure their infections.(2)Health. We are all aware of the major contribution which the pharmaceutical sector of the industry has made to help keep us all healthy, e.g. by curing bacterial infections with antibiotics, and even extending life itself, e.g. ß–blockers to lower blood pressure.(3)Clothing. The improvement in properties of modern synthetic fibers over the traditional clothing materials (e.g. cotton and wool) has been quite remarkable. Thus shirts, dresses and suits made from polyesters like Terylene and polyamides like Nylon are crease-resistant, machine-washable, and drip-dry or non-iron. They are also cheaper than natural materials.Parallel developments in the discovery of modern synthetic dyes and the technology to ―bond‖ th em to the fiber has resulted in a tremendous increase in the variety of colors available to the fashion designer. Indeed they now span almost every color and hue of the visible spectrum. Indeed if a suitable shade is not available, structural modification of an existing dye to achieve this canreadily be carried out, provided there is a satisfactory market for the product.Other major advances in this sphere have been in color-fastness, i.e., resistance to the dye being washed out when the garment is cleaned.(4)Shelter, leisure and transport. In terms of shelter the contribution of modern synthetic polymers has been substantial. Plastics are tending to replace traditional building materials like wood because they are lighter, maintenance-free (i.e. they are resistant to weathering and do not need painting). Other polymers, e.g. urea-formaldehyde and polyurethanes, are important insulating materials f or reducing heat losses and hence reducing energy usage.Plastics and polymers have made a considerable impact on leisure activities with applications ranging from all-weather artificial surfaces for athletic tracks, football pitches and tennis courts to nylon strings for racquets and items like golf balls and footballs made entirely from synthetic materials.Like wise the chemical industry’s contribution to transport over the years has led to major improvements. Thus development of improved additives like anti-oxidants and viscosity index improves for engine oil has enabled routine servicing intervals to increase from 3000 to 6000 to 12000 miles. Research and development work has also resulted in improved lubricating oils and greases, and better brake fluids. Yet again the contribution of polymers and plastics has been very striking with the proportion of the total automobile derived from these materials—dashboard, steering wheel, seat padding and covering etc.—now exceeding 40%.So it is quite apparent even from a brief look at the chemical industry’s contribution to meeting our major needs that life in the world would be very different without the products of the industry. Indeed the level of a country’s development may be judged by the production level and sophistication of its chemical industry4. Research and Development (R&D) in Chemical IndustriesOne of the main reasons for the rapid growth of the chemical industry in the developed world has been its great commitment to, and investment in research and development (R&D). A typical figure is 5% of sales income, with this figure being almost doubled for the most research intensive sector, pharmaceuticals. It is important to emphasize that we are quoting percentages here not of profits but of sales income, i.e. the total money received, which has to pay for raw materials, overheads, staff salaries, etc. as well. In the past this tremendous investment has paid off well, leading to many useful and valuable products being introduced to the market. Examplesinclude synthetic polymers like nylons and polyesters, and drugs and pesticides. Although the number of new products introduced to the market has declined significantly in recent years, and in times of recession the research department is usually one of the first to suffer cutbacks, the commitment to R&D remains at a very high level.The chemical industry is a very high technology industry which takes full advantage of the latest advances in electronics and engineering. Computers are very widely used for all sorts of applications, from automatic control of chemical plants, to molecular modeling of structures of new compounds, to the control of analytical instruments in the laboratory.Individual manufacturing plants have capacities ranging from just a few tones per year in the fine chemicals area to the real giants in the fertilizer and petrochemical sectors which range up to 500,000 tonnes. The latter requires enormous capital investment, since a single plant of this size can now cost $520 million! This, coupled with the widespread use of automatic control equipment, helps to explain why the chemical industry is capital-rather than labor-intensive.The major chemical companies are truly multinational and operate their sales and marketing activities in most of the countries of the world, and they also have manufacturing units in a number of countries. This international outlook for operations, or globalization, is a growing trend within the chemical industry, with companies expanding their activities either by erecting manufacturing units in other countries or by taking over companies which are already operating there.。

文献查找：根据自己课题到知网或类似的数据库网站查找，有相关英文文章可以进行下载之后翻译。

如果不能下载，网站的中英文摘要一般都可以看到，根据英文关键词到谷歌搜索里面搜相关的英文文章。

要求的翻译原文不一定是专业的科技文章，只要内容相关，难度跟篇幅合适都可以拿来用。

如果想翻译专业的英文文献，可以通过谷歌的学术搜索网站/schhp?hl=zh-CN，给出的链接比较多，多数是链接到数据库上，没有账号不能下载，但是有些时候搜索出来的条目会有PDF链接，直接点击就能下载下来。

还可以通过维基百科查找相关词条的英文解释，/wiki/Main_Page，但无论英文还是中文都要符合模板中的格式要求，如果英文原文不能编辑，可以不作处理。

英译中：翻译一段检查一段，中文语言一定要通顺，不要有漏译。

不知道的单词一定要查，不要猜。

另一个是，同一个单词在文章里多次出现，每次翻译的时候都要用同样的单词翻译，不能原文同一个单词，在译文里出现的时候是不同的单词。

格式和原文要完全一样，原文有表格，就在译文里也画表格，原文是图片，译文也是图片，原文图片里文字的位置和译文图片里文字的位置要一致。

还有，整个文章统一字体。

查词顺序：先查英语国语字典或者用GOOGLE英文网页，理解英文单词的意思，然后用翻译软件英译中翻译，用翻译软件翻译出来的中文单词，用百度查中文单词的意思，如果查到的中文单词的意思和英语国语字典或者用GOOGLE英文网页的英文单词的解释是一致，翻译软件翻译的是正确的，如果不一致，翻译软件翻译的是错的！翻译工具：1) 在线词典有道词典：/爱词霸：/responsibly/用爱词霸的词典选项。

注：以上两个在线词典的准确率相对较高，可用于查词组译法，灵格斯字典，360上下载，到软件管家里找就可以，这里技术类名词多一些。

爱词霸英中互译翻译软件：/尽量不使用GOOGLE翻译软件。

可参考：GOOGLE翻译软件: /#ja|zh-CN|%0D%0A GOOGLE翻译软件总有翻译错的时候，所以，用GOOGLE翻译软件要注意！牛津字典，或者英语国语词典，灵格斯字典下载一个，自己下载一个吧！注意！！必须有英语国语词典，网上的！。

外文文献的引用格式一、APA格式1. 文献列表作者姓，名字首字母.（出版年份）. 文献. 期刊名称，卷号（期号），页码范围。

例如：Smith, J. (2020). The impact of climate change on biodiversity. Journal of Environmental Science, 35(2), 123145.2. 引用在中引用文献时，需要在相应内容后加上作者姓氏和出版年份，用括号括起来。

例如：According to Smith (2020), climate change has asignificant impact on biodiversity.二、MLA格式1. 文献列表作者姓，名字首字母. “文献.” 期刊名称，卷号（期号），页码范围，出版年份。

例如：Smith, J. “The impact of climate change on biodiversity.” Journal of Environmental Science 35, no. 2 (2020): 123145.2. 引用在中引用文献时，需要在相应内容后加上作者姓氏和页码，用括号括起来。

例如：According to Smith (123), climate change has asignificant impact on biodiversity.三、Chicago格式Chicago格式是美国芝加哥大学推荐的引用格式，广泛应用于历史、艺术、哲学等领域。

Chicago格式有两种引用方式：脚注和尾注。

具体格式如下：1. 脚注/尾注作者姓，名字首字母. 文献. 期刊名称，卷号（期号），页码范围，出版年份.例如：Smith, J. “The impact of climate change on biodiversity.” Journal of Environmental Science 35, no. 2 (2020): 123145.2. 引用在中引用文献时，需要在相应内容后加上脚注或尾注编号，如：1。

英文文献资料外文文献一：Food safety: the shocking truth about the food industrySource: Author: Marion Nestle、Refrigeration technology, pasteurization, pesticides, disease control, these technologies so that safe food into the 20th century, public health's greatest achievements. This book view is that food safety problems also depend on politics. September 2001 events to dispel this view of the doubts about aviation aircraft used by terrorists as a destruction of weapons to civilians and public figures have anthrax spores sent folder of letters, the consequences of these events shows, food, water can easily become a a tool for terrorists, it has also become the federal government for food safety control problem.This chapter will sum up this book referred to in the various food safety problems. Some of them threatened to keep animals healthy, very few will lead to a number of human diseases. Even so, these issues impact on human well-being is deep; large-scale destruction of breeding animals, affecting the livelihood of many people, limiting personal freedom. The 20th century, 90's and early 21st century, an outbreak of mad cow disease and foot and mouth disease Although this is only because of errors caused by the production process, but still brings a lot of destructive. In contrast, bio-terrorism is the deliberate use of biological and chemical substances to achieve their political objectives. For food safety issues,Bio-terrorism extends food safety issues and political outreach; deliberate destruction, excluding any consequences of innocent injury.In this chapter, we will discuss how the rise of bio-terrorism, food safety issues and extend the extension of food safety issues. In the United States, food safety, usually refers to the family food supply reliability. E-mail from the anthrax incident, the food safety issues, also includes safety from biological terrorism. Our discussion will be the beginning of some zoonotic diseases: such as mad cow disease, foot and mouth disease, anthrax. In recent years, these zoonotic diseases harmful to humans is relatively small. Today, for these zoonotic diseases, we are concerned that they may give rise to disease, destruction of food supply system,To become a tool for bio-terrorism aspect. This chapter summarizes the discussion of this book, fromsociety and from a personal point of view what action should be taken to face these issues, as well as food safety issues present and future.The political animal diseasesOne of the consequences of globalization is that of food cross-border long-distance rapid transit, affecting food supply all kinds of disease can easily spread from one country to another country. Animal diseases have a commercial impact, if a country has come to infectious diseases of animals, other countries will refuse to import the kinds of animal meat. The impact of business at the same time there are political consequences.Britain's mad cow disease and foot and mouth disease occurred as a result of beef in the production process caused by mismanagement, compared to the U.S. anthrax letters is a result of vandalism. However, this three kinds of threatening to cause great panic, they are difficult to detect control, can cause severe disease. Moreover, these three kinds of threats against people for the food supply, as well as confidence in the Government.Mad cow is the mid-20th century, 90 of the most popular of a food security crisis, the epidemic is mainly limited to the United Kingdom. With regard to BSE-related issues and our discussion, mainly because of political issues and scientific issues intertwined Among them, public confidence had a great impact. For example, the British Government in the BSE crisis in the practice is also considered to result in distrust of genetically modified food one of the reasons. The beginning of the 20th century, 80 years, no one had heard of the disease, but in 1999, this disease affects at least 175,000 British cattle. The consequences are very serious: 400 million head of livestock were slaughtered, the loss of 70 billion U.S. dollars,Spread to 18 countries worldwide national boycott of British beef. By 2001 only, although "only" 120 people died of the human variant of mad cow disease, it is estimated the death toll will reach 10 million people. Because mad cow disease revealed the modern politics of food safety issues, it is worth detailing.英文文献中文翻译06013618 胡冬敏外文翻译一：作者：玛丽恩·内斯特尔出版时间：2004年11月食品安全：令人震惊的食品行业真相（美）玛丽恩·内斯特尔冷藏技术，巴氏消毒，杀虫剂，疾病控制，这些技术使安全食品成为20世纪公众健康最伟大的成就之一。

外文参考文献的格式篇一：英语论文参考文献格式用Times New Roman。

每一条目顶格, 如某一条目超过一行，从第二行起“悬挂缩进”2字符。

参考文献中所有标点与符号均在英文状态下输入，标点符号后空一格。

参考文献条目排列顺序：英文文献、中文文献、网络文献。

分别按作者姓氏字母顺序排列。

文献前不用序号。

1）英文参考文献（1）专著与编著排列顺序为：作者姓、名、专著名、出版地、出版社、出版年。

例如：Brinkleyork: Knopf, 1993.专著名中如果还包含其他著作或作品名，后者用斜体。

例如：Dunn, Richard J ed. Charlotte Bront?: Jane EyreNew York: Norton, 1971.A．两个至三个作者第一作者的姓在前，名在后，中间用逗号隔开；其余作者名在前，姓在后，中间无逗号；每个作者之间用逗号隔开，最后一个作者的姓名前用“and”，后用句号。

例如：B. 三个以上作者第一作者姓名（姓在前，名在后，中间加逗号）后接“et al.”，其他作者姓名省略。

例如：University of Hawaii Press, 1997.C. 同一作者同一年出版的不同文献，参照下例：Widdowson, Hey G1998a.Widdowson, Hey G. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1998b.（2）论文集参照下例：Thompson, Pett. “Modal Verbs in Academic Writing”. In Ben Kettlemann & York: Rodopi, 2019: 305-323.（3）百科全书等参考文献参照下例：Fagan, Jeffrey. “Gangs and Drugs”. ork: Macmillan, 2019.（4）学术期刊论文参照下例：Murphy, Karen. “Meaningful Connections: Using Technology in PrimaryClassrooms”.（5）网络文献参照下例：----“Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About URL”..2）中文参考文献（1）专著参照下例：皮亚杰．结构主义[M] ．北京：商务印书馆，1984．（2）期刊文章参照下例：杨忠，张韶杰．认知语音学中的类典型论[J] ．外语教学与研究，1999，(2)：1-3．（3）学位论文参照下例：梁佳．大学英语四、六级测试试题现状的理论分析与问题研究[D] ．湖南大学，2019．（4）论文集参照下例：许小纯．含义和话语结构[A]．李红儒．外国语言与文学研究[C] ．哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社，1999：5-7．（5）附录篇二：中英文参考文献格式中文参考文献格式参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识：M——专著，C——论文集，N——报纸文章，J——期刊文章，D——学位论文，R——报告，S——标准，P——专利；对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。