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分词的功能和独立主格结构

分词的功能和独立主格结构
分词的功能和独立主格结构

现在分词和过去分词的意义区别

现在分词和过去分词的时态和语态

分词的功能

现在分词和过去分词的比较

独立主格结构

独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上分词或讽刺短语构成的一种独立结构,用于修饰整个句子,而不是一个词或词组。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系,独立主格结构的位置相当灵活,可置于主句前、主句末或主句中,常有逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是,独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。

独立主格结构的特点

*(1)当独立主格结构中的being done表示“正在被做”时,being 不可省略。如:

Supper being prepared,she fell asleep。她准备晚饭时睡着了。(2)当独立主格结构的逻辑主语是it,there时,being常不省略。如:

It being fine,we can enjoy ourselves.

There being no time left, we had to speed up.

剩下的时间不多了,我们只好加快了速度。

非谓语动词独立主格结构

其他形式的独立主格结构

现在分词作状语详解

教学目标:讲解现在分词作状语及区分不定式、现在分词作状语的异同 重点难点: 1.现在分词和不定式作状语时,其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。 2.分词作状语时,要看它同句子主语之间的关系,以确定是现在分词还是过去分词。 3.注意非谓语动词与句子谓语动词的时间关系,以确定分词的时态形式 4、弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系,以确定非谓语动词的语态形式. 5. 连词+分词形式(分词作状语的省略问题) 6.不定式作结果状语和现在分词作结果状语的区别。 7. 现在分词的独立主格结构和评价性状语 Step 1 lead in 朗读下面一首唐诗,找出其中的现在分词形式 Thinking in the Silent Night 静夜思 Before my bed there is bright moonlight 床前明月光 So that it seems that frost on the ground. 疑是地上霜 Lifting my head, I watch the bright moonlight. 举头望明月 Lowering my head, I dream tha t I’m home. 低头思故乡 Step2 现在分词作状语的意义 动词的现在分词作状语,修饰动词,相当于状语从句,在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况及独立成分等,作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首;作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。 一. -ing分词短语作时间状语,代替一个时间状语从句(引导词有when ,while ) 温馨提示: 1.现在分词所表示的动作与主句的动作一般是同时发生,有时可由连词when, while引出。 2.现在分词所表示的动作一发生,主句的动作就立即发生时。如: When she saw those pictures,she remembered her childhood. =Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些画,她想起了自己的童年。 As soon as he heard the good news, he jumped with joy. =(0n)Hearing the good news, he jumped with joy. 他一听到这个好消息,就高兴地跳起来。 二.-ing分词短语作原因状语,相当于一个原因状语从句。(引导词有because ,as ,since) 如:As he was ill, he didn't go to school yesterday =Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday. 由于生病,他昨天没有上学。 三.-ing分词也可作条件状语和让步状语,相当于一个条件状语从句。(引导词有if,unless,once) If you work hard, you will succeed. =Working hard, you will succeed. 如果你勤奋一点,你就会成功。 If you turn to the left, you will find the path leading to the school.

动词过去分词及独立主格结构的用法

动词过去分词及独立主格结构的用法 一、过去分词的定义及其基本形式 1.过去分词是动词的另一种非限定形式,过去分词具有动词、形容词和副词的特性,可以带宾语或受状语修饰。过去分词和宾语或状语一起构成过去分词短语。如: (1)spoken English 英语口语(过去分词具有形容词的特性,作定语) (2)Given more time, we could do it much better. =If we were given more time, we could do it much better. 多给点时间,我们会做得更好些。 (过去分词具有动词的特性,有自己的宾语more time,构成分词短语;过去分词短语在句中作状语,具有副词的特性。) 2.过去分词的基本形式 (1)规则动词的过去分词由动词+ed构成 (2)不规则动词的过去分词须逐个记忆。 (3)不规则动词的过去分词表示完成,如: fallen leaves =leaves which have fallen落叶 (4)及物动词的过去分词表示被动或完成,如: the machines used in the workshop =the machines which are used in the workshop 车间用的机器(及物动词的过去分词表示被动) I heard the door opened. =I heard the door has been opened. 我听见门被打开了。(及物动词的过去分词表示被动和完成) 二、过去分词的句法功能 过去分词是一种非谓语动词,在句中不能单独做谓语。但它具有形容词和副词的特性,故在句中可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。

分词短语作状语的时态和语态

分词短语作状语的时态和语态 1. 分词的时态及其判断 * 过去分词没有时态形式的变化,因此been done 和had done 任何时候都不会出现。 * 现在分词有两种时态形式: 一般形式:doing 完成形式:having done * 判断分词用什么形式主要是要与句子中的主要动词行为发生时间进行对比,如果同时或相继发生,用一般式;如果分词的行为的发生时间早于主要动词的发生时间,则用完成式。例如:--Working there, we learned a lot from them. (劳动的同时学到了许多) --Looking out of the window, I saw groups of children play games. (先望出去,接着就看到,视线没有断开) -- Having finished his work, he went to help his classmates.(完成工作在前,帮助他人在后,中间有停顿) -- Not having done it right, I tried again. (没做好在前,明显停顿后再次尝试) * 伴随状语是与主要动词的行为同时发生的动作,如果有前有后就不成其为伴随,所引不能用完成形式having done 表示,否则就是逻辑错误。 2. 分词的语态及其判断

* 过去分词本身就表示被动 * 现在分词的被动语态同样有两种形式 一般式:being done 完成式:having been done * 主动与被动的判断主要是要找到分词的逻辑主语,一般说来,用作状语的分词,其逻辑主语就是句子的主语,它们之间有两种关系:逻辑主语是分词行为的支配者,即主谓关系——用现在分词主动形式表示; 逻辑主语是分词的行为对象,即动宾关系——用过去分词或现在分词的被动形式,分别表示: 过去分词——与主要动词先后发生,如: -- Inspired him, we decided to work harder. (被鼓励接下来决定更加努力) 现在分词一般式——与主要动词同时发生,如: -- Being surrounded, the enemy was forced to surrender.(被包围的同时被迫投降) 现在分词完成式——先于主要动词的动作,如: -- Having been asked to stay, I couldn't very well leave. (先被要求留下,(考虑后)觉得不好离开。 * 独立主格结构:

分词独立主格结构

分词独立主格结构 一、分词独立主格结构的概念及基本构成形式 1.分词独立主格结构概念:由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的一种独立结构,2.分词独立主格结构功能:用于修饰整个句子,而不是一个词或词组,相当于副词的功能。, 3.分词独立主格结构的构成:名词或代词+分词或分词短语构 分词或分词短语构的逻辑主语是之前的名词或代词,这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系, 4.分词独立主格结构位置:相当灵活,可置于主句前、主句末或主句中,常由逗号将其与主句分开,常考的位置是主句前。 需特别注意的是,独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 例如: 1)Night enshrouding the earth,nobodycould make out what the dark mass was from a distance.(黑夜笼罩大地,谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。)2)He lay at full length upon his stomach,his headresting upon his left forearm.(他的脊背朝天,四肢伸展,头枕着左臂,直挺挺地趴伏着。) 3)The coward was backing,his facebeing deathly pale,toward another room. (那个胆小鬼向另一个房间退去,脸色煞白。)5.独立主格结构可以和状语从句或两个简单句来代替。例如,上述例句可变为: 1)Becausenight enshrouded the earth,nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.(原因状语从句) 2)He lay at full length upon his stomach.His headrested upon his left

现在分词短语作伴随状语

其实分词做伴随状语就是分词做方式状语的一种,伴随是一种方式。大多情况下其实方式状语从句都等于伴随状语从句。只有在just) as…so…结构中位于句首,这时as从句带有比喻的含义,意思是"正如…","就像",多用于正式文体 分词短语作伴随状语 伴随状语的特点是:它所表达的动作或状态是伴随着句子谓语动词的动作而发生或存在的 1)现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。 现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。 1)现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,它们之间的关系是主动关系。 )过去分词作状语时,过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间的关系是被动关系。 比如 The teacher came in the classroom with handing a book in his hand. with handing就是个例子 过去分词,现在分词都可以做伴随状语,即在某件事情发生的时候相伴发生的事情这个句子老师进入了教室,他是拿着本书进入教室的,在他进入教室的时候他的手中有一本书(相伴)知道意思了吧。 做题的时候要注意区分什么时候使用过去分词和什么时候使用现在分词做伴随状语。一般的无非又几种情况: 1,过去分词表示一种完成了的或者是被动意义的动作 分词作状语(关键找逻辑主语) a)放在句首的分词往往看作时间状语1以及原因状语2 1. Looking (when I looked) at the picture, I couldn't help missing my middle school days. 2.Seriously injured, Allen was rushed to the hospital. =As he was seriously injured, Allen was rushed to the hospital. b)放在句中或句末常常看作为伴随状态(并列句) The girl was left alone in the room,weeping(crying )bitterly. (但注意特殊:Generally/frankly speaking... / taken as a whole(总的来讲)不考虑逻辑主语,看作为独立成分)

分词作状语用法

分词作状语用法是所有分词用法中最重要的,也是最难掌握的。 分词在句中作状语时,其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语。 一、现在分词作状语 一、现在分词作状语,表主动、进行,相当于一个状语从句,根据需要可以使用被动式或完成式。 Studying at the hometown, I enjoyed the happiest time during my life. Being ill, she can't go to work today. The children ran out of the room, laughing and jumping. 1. He sent me an e-mail, ________ to get further information. A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope 2. Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage ________ the girl and took her away, ________ into the woods. A. seizing; disappeared B. seized; disappeared C. seizing; disappearing D. seized; disappearing 二、现在分词的时态语态 1. 现在分词的一般式由“动词+ing”构成,其被动式为“being+动词过去分词”。 例如:The students standing there are from Class Three. The English novel being translated by the editor now will be completed in October. 2. 现在分词的完成式由“having +动词过去分词”构成,其被动式为“having +been+动词过去分词”。 例如:Having finished all the work, they had a good rest. Having been given the right answer, the teacher asked me to sit down. Given more time, we will finish the work in time. 3. 现在分词的否定式为“not +动词-ing”,被动式的否定式为“not+being+动词过去分词”,其完成式的否定式为“not + having +动词过去分词”。 例如:Not knowing what to do, he sat there crying. Not being noticed by the public, the young writer felt a little pity. 1. _______ from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes. A. Suffered B. Suffering C. Having suffered D. Being suffered 2. Finding her car stolen, _______. A. a policeman was asked to help B. the area was searched thoroughly C. it was looked for everywhere D. she hurried to a policeman for help 二、过去分词作状语 过去分词只有一种形式,即done,表被动。 The mother came in, followed by her son. When heated,water will be turned into steam. Deeply moved by the film, we all cried. Born into a poor family, he had no more than two years of schooling. 1._____ from the top of the TV tower, and we can get a beautiful sight of most of the city. A. To see B. Seen C. Seeing D. See 2. _____ in 1613, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United Stated. A. being founded B. Founded C. It was founded D. Founding 三、过去分词与V-ing作状语的区别

垂悬分词和独立主格结构

垂悬分词和独立主格结构 I.一般来讲,分词或分词短语在句子中充当状语时,其逻辑主语与句子主语一致 如Opening the drawer he took out a revolver.(其中opening的逻辑主语是句子主语he) II.当分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,则应将分词的逻辑主语补出来 如George yawning,the conversation dropped.这种分词结构被称作独立主格结构(独立主格结构(Absolute Structure)是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构的位置相当灵活,可置于主句前、主句末或主句中,常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是,独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词) §独立主格结构基本构成形式 【名词(代词)+现在分词(过去分词;形容词;副词;不定式;名词;介词短语)】,在句中一般作状语,表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等,还可以作定语 1. 名词(代词)+现在分词 There being no bus, we had to walk home.(原因) 由于没有公共汽车,我们只好走回家。 2.名词(代词)+过去分词 The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved. (原因) 由于工人们的生活条件大大提高,他们工作得更起劲了。 He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.(伴随状况) 他上课专心听讲,眼睛紧盯着黑板。 3.名词(代词)+不定式 在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系,动词不定式则用主动的形式;如果是动宾关系,则用被动形式。 The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book. 我们四人同意分工干,每人翻译全书的四分之一。 Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 种上许多的树、花和草后,我们新建的学校看上去将更美。 4.名词(代词)+形容词 The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse. 特洛伊人睡着了,于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。 Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。 5.名词(代词)+副词 The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room. 散会了,校长很快就离开了会议室。 The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了。 6.名词(代词)+名词 His first shot failure,he fired again. 他第一枪没击中,又打了一枪。 Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 两百人死于事故,其中有许多儿童。

分词作状语用法

分词作状语用法就是所有分词用法中最重要的,也就是最难掌握的。 分词在句中作状语时,其逻辑主语必须就是句子的主语。 一、现在分词作状语 一、现在分词作状语,表主动、进行,相当于一个状语从句,根据需要可以使用被动式或完成式。Studying at the hometown, I enjoyed the happiest time during my life、 Being ill, she can't go to work today、 The children ran out of the room, laughing and jumping、 1、He sent me an e-mail, ________ to get further information、 A、hoped B、hoping C、to hope D、hope 2、Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage ________ the girl and took her away, ________ into the woods、 A、seizing; disappeared B、seized; disappeared C、seizing; disappearing D、seized; disappearing 二、现在分词的时态语态 1、现在分词的一般式由“动词+ing”构成,其被动式为“being+动词过去分词”。 例如:The students standing there are from Class Three、 The English novel being translated by the editor now will be completed in October、 2、现在分词的完成式由“having +动词过去分词”构成,其被动式为“having +been+动词过去分词”。 例如:Having finished all the work, they had a good rest、 Having been given the right answer, the teacher asked me to sit down、 Given more time, we will finish the work in time、 3、现在分词的否定式为“not +动词-ing”,被动式的否定式为“not+being+动词过去分词”,其完成式的否定式为“not + having +动词过去分词”。 例如:Not knowing what to do, he sat there crying、 Not being noticed by the public, the young writer felt a little pity、 1、_______ from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes、 A、Suffered B、Suffering C、Having suffered D、Being suffered 2、Finding her car stolen, _______、 A、a policeman was asked to help B、the area was searched thoroughly C、it was looked for everywhere D、she hurried to a policeman for help 二、过去分词作状语 过去分词只有一种形式,即done,表被动。 The mother came in, followed by her son、 When heated,water will be turned into steam、 Deeply moved by the film, we all cried、 Born into a poor family, he had no more than two years of schooling、 1._____ from the top of the TV tower, and we can get a beautiful sight of most of the city、 A、To see B、Seen C、Seeing D、See 2、_____ in 1613, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United Stated、 A、being founded B、Founded C、It was founded D、Founding 三、过去分词与V-ing作状语的区别 1、分词在句中作状语时,其逻辑主语必须就是句子的主语。

分词作状语--独立主格

分词作状语: 分词和分词短语作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式和伴随情况。在表示时间、原因、条件、让步和方式时,通常可转换为相应的状语从句,表示方式和伴随情况时,可以转换为一个并列的谓语成分。 例如:Seeing the teacher entering the room,the students stood up.(=When the students saw the teacher entering the room,they stood up.) Heated,ice will be changed into water.(=When it is heated...) Being excited, I couldn’t go to sleep.(=As I was excited,I couldn’t go to sleep.) I stood there, listening to the broadcast.(=I stood there and listened to the broadcast.) The children went away laughing.(=The children went away.They laughed as they went.) Knowing all this,they made me pay for the damage.(=Although they know all this... (3)分词作状语与主语的关系。 A. 现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,它们之间的关系是主动关系。 例如:He went out shutting the door behind him. Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. B. 过去分词作状语时,过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间的关系是被动关系。 例如:Given more attention,the trees could have grown better. F aced with difficulties,we must try to overcome them. (4)分词作状语时前面可用连词。 when,while,once,if,unless,though等引导的状语从句,若其主语与主句主语相同时,可保留该副词连接词,其余部分则化简为分词短语。 例如:When (being) free,I’ll fetch you. While walking along the street early in the morning,he saw her. If falling ill,I’ll see my doctor.如果生病我会去看医生。 Once completed,this power station supplies the nearby towns and villages with electricity. Even though given every opportunity,they would not try. Though knowing the truth,he remained silent. Unless (being) rich,I am not going abroad. (5)分词作状语时,要特别注意其逻辑主语须和谓语动词的主语一致,否则分词必须有自己的主语。这种带主语的分词结构称作分词的独立结构,或独立主格。 例如:The rain having stopped,the soldiers continued their match. The boys returned,their face covered with sweat. 〈注〉有时也可用“with(或without)+名词(或代词宾格)+分词”的结构,表示伴随情况。 例如:He fell asleep with the lamp burning.

(完整word版)分词作状语练习题解析

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