外文文献：
Evaluating Water Conservation Measures For Green Building In
Taiwan
Green Building evaluation is a new system in which water conservation is prioritized as one of its seven categories for saving water resources through building equipment design in Taiwan. This paper introduces the Green Building program and proposes a water conservation index with quantitative methodology and case study. This evaluation index involves standardized scientific quantification and can be used in the pre-design stage to obtain the expected result. The measure of evaluation index is also based on the essential research
in Taiwan and is a practical and applicable approach.
Keywords: Green Building; Evaluation system; Water conservation; Building equipment
1. Introduction
The environment was an issue of deep global concern throughout the latter half of the 20th century. Fresh water shortages and pollution are becoming one of the most critical global problems. Many organizations and conferences concerning water resource policy and issues have reached the consensus that water shortages may cause war in the 21st century[1],if not a better solution .Actually, Taiwan is already experiencing significant discord over water supply. Building new dams is no longer an acceptable solution to the current water shortage problems, because of the consequent environmental problems. Previous studies have concluded
that water savings are necessary not only for water conservation but also for reducing energy consumption [2,3].
Taiwan is located in the Asian monsoon area and has an abundant supply of rainwater. Annual precipitation averages around 2500mm. However, water shortages have recently been a critical problem during the dry season. The crucial, central issue is the uneven distribution of torrential rain, steep hillsides, and short rivers. Furthermore, the heavy demand for domestic water use in municipal areas, and the difficulties in building new reservoirs are also critical factors. Government departments are endeavoring to spread publicly the concept of water-conservation. While industry and commerce have made excellent progress in water
conservation, progress among the public has been extremely slow.
Due to this global trend, the Architecture and Building Research Institute (ABRI), Ministry of Interior in Taiwan, proposed the “Green Building” concept and built the evaluation system. In order to save water resources through building equipment design, this system prioritizes water conservation as one of its seven categories. This paper focuses on the water conservation measures for Green Building in Taiwan and a quantitative procedure for proving water-saving efficiency. The purpose of this work is not only aimed at saving water resources, but also at reducing the environmental
impact on the earth.
2. Water conservation index
The water conservation index is the ratio of the actual quantity of water consumed in a building to the average water-consumption in general. The index is also called, “the water saving rate”. Evaluations of t he water-consumption quantity include the evaluation to the water-saving efficiency within kitchens, bathrooms and all water taps, as well as the recycling of rain and the secondhand intermediate water.
2.1. Goal of using the water conservation index
Although Taiwan has plenty of rain, due to its large population, the average rainfall for distribution to each individual is poor compared to the world average as shown in Fig. 1.Thus, Taiwan is reversely a country short of water. Yet, the recent improvements i n citizens’ standards of living have led to a big increase in the amount of water needed in cities, as shown in Fig. 2, which, accompanied by the difficulty of obtaining new water resources, makes the water shortage problem even worse. Due to the improper water facilities designs in the past, the low water fee, and the usual practical behavior of people when using water, Taiwanese people have tended to use a large quantity of tap water. In 1990,the average water-consumption quantity in Taiwan was 350l per person per day, whereas in Germany it is about 145l per person per day, and in Singapore about 150l per person per day. These statistics reveal the need for Taiwanese people to save water.
The promotion of better-designed facilities which facilitate water-saving will become a
new trend among the public and designers, because of concerns for environmental protection. The water conservation index was also designed to encourage utilization of the rain, recycling of water used in everyday life and use of water-saving equipment to reduce the expenditure of water and thus save water resources.
2.2. Methodology for efficient use of water resources
Some construction considerations and building system designs for effective use of water resources are described below.
2.2.1. Use water-conservation equipment
A research of household tap-water consumption revealed that the proportion of the water used in flushing toilets and in bathing, amounts to approximately 50% of the total household water consumption, as given in Table 1. Many construction designers have tended to use luxurious water facilities in housing, and much water has thus been wasted. The use of water-saving equipment to replace such facilities is certain to save a large amount of water. For example, the amounts of water used in taking a shower and having a bath is quite different.
A single shower uses around 70l of water, whereas a bath uses around 150l. Furthermore, current construction designs for housing in Taiwan tend to put two sets of bathtubs and toilets, and quite a few families have their own massage bathtubs. Such a situation can be improved only by removing the tubs and replacing them with shower nozzles, so that more water can be possibly saved. The commonly used water-saving devices in Taiwan now include new-style water taps, water-saving toilets, two-sectioned water closets, water-saving shower nozzles, and auto-sensor flushing device systems, etc. Water-saving devices can be used not only for housing, but also in other kinds of buildings. Public buildings, in particular, should take the lead in using water-saving devices.
2.2.2. Set up a rain-storage water supply device
The rain-storage water supply device stores rain using natural landforms or man-made devices, and then uses simple water-cleaning procedures to make it available for use in houses. Rain can be used not only as a substitute water supply, but also for re control. Its use also helps to decrease the peak-time water load in cities. The annual average rainfall in Taiwan is about
2500 mm, almost triple better than the global average. However, due to geographic limitations, we could not build enough water storage devices, such as dams, to save all the rain. It is quite a pity that annually about 80% of the rain in Taiwan is wasted and flows directly into the sea, without being saved and stored. The rain-storage water supply system is used with a water-gathering system, water-disposal system, water-storage system and water-supply system. First, the water-gathering system gathers the rain. Then, the water flows to the water-disposal system through pipes, before being sent to the water-storage system. Finally, it is sent to the users’equipment through another set of pipes. Using the drain on the roof of a building, leading to the underground water-storage trough, is considered an effective means of gathering rain. The water, after simple water-disposal processes, can be used for chores such as house cleaning, washing floors, air-conditioning or watering plants.
2.2.
3. Establishing the intermediate water system
Intermediate water is that gathered from the rain in cities, and includes the recycled waste-water which has already been disposed of and can be used repeatedly only within a certain range, but not for drinking or human contact. Flushing the toilet consumes 35% of all water. If everyone were to use intermediate water to flush toilets, much water could be efficiently saved. Large-scale intermediate water system devices are suggested to be built up regularly with in a big area. Each intermediate water system device can gather, dispose and recycle a certain quantity of waste-water from nearby government buildings, schools, residences, hotels, and other buildings. The obtained water can be used for flushing toilets, washing cars, watering plants and cleaning the street, or for garden use and to supplement the water of rivers or lakes. A small-scale intermediate water system gathers waste-water from everyday use, and then, through appropriate water-disposal procedures, improves the water quality to a certain level, so that finally it can be repeatedly used for non-drinking water. There are extensive ways to use the intermediate water. It can be used for sanitary purposes, public fountains, watering devices in gardens and washing streets. In order to recycle highly polluted waste-water, a higher cost is needed for setting up the associated water-disposal devices, which are more expensive and have less economic benefits than the rain-utilization system. Except for the intermediate water-system set within a single building, if we build them within
large-scale communities or major construction development programs, then it is sure to save more water resources efficiently and positively for the whole country as well as improve the environmental situation.
4. Method for assessing the recycling of rain
Systems for recycling rain and intermediate water are not yet economic beneficial, because of the low water fee and the high cost of water-disposal equipment. However, systems for recycling rain are considered more easily adoptable than those for recycling intermediate water. Herein, a method for assessing the recycling of rain is introduced to calculate the ratio (C) of the water-consumption quantity of the recycled rainwater to the total water-consumption.
4.1. Calculation basis of recycling rainwater
The designer of a system for recycling rainwater must first determine the quantity of rainwater and the demand, which will determine the rainwater collection device area and the storage tank volume. Rainwater quantity can actually be determined by a simple equation involving precipitation and collection device area. However, precipitation does not fall evenly spread over all days and locations. In particular, rain is usually concentrated in certain seasons and locations. Consequently, the critical point of the evaluation is to estimate and assess meteorological precipitation. Meteorological records normally include yearly, monthly, daily and hourly precipitation. Yearly and monthly precipitation is suitable for rough estimates and initial assessment. However, such approximation creates problems in determining the area of the rainwater collection device and the volume of the storage tank. Thus, daily precipitation has been most commonly considered. Hourly precipitation could theoretically support a more accurate assessment. However, owing to the increasing number of parameters and calculation data increases, the complexity of the process and the calculation time, result in inefficiencies. Herein, daily precipitation is adopted
in assessing rainwater systems used in buildings [4,7].
4.3. Case study and analysis
Following the above procedure, a primary school building with a rainwater use system is taken as an example for simulation and to verify the assessment results. This building is
located in Taipei city, has a building area of 1260 m and a total floor area of 6960 m ; it is a multi-discipline teaching building. Roofing is estimated to cover 80% of the building area, and the rainwater collection area covers 1008 m .Rainwater is used as intermediate water for the restrooms, and the utilization condition is set at 20 m per day, while
the out flow coefficient (Y) is 0.9. A typical meteorological precipitation in Taipei in 1992 was adopted as a database. The rainwater storage tank was set to an initial condition before the simulation procedure. Herein, four tank volumes were considered in the simulations of rainwater utilization—15, 25, 50, 100 m. The results indicate that increased storage tank volume reduces overflow and increases the utilization of rainwater. Given a 50 m storage tank, the quantity of rainwater collection closely approaches the utilization quantity of rainwater. Consequently, this condition obtains a storage tank with a roughly adequate volume. When the volume of the storage tank is 100 m, the utilization rate is almost 100% and the overflow quantity approaches zero. Despite this result being favorable with respect to utilization, such a tank may occupy much space and negatively impact building planning. Consequently, the design concept must balance all these factors. The building in this case is six floors high, and the roof area is small in comparison to the total floor area. The water consumption of the water closet per year, but the maximum rainwater approaches 7280 m collection is 2136 m per year. Thus, significant replenishment from tap water is required. This result also leads to a conclusion that high-rise buildings use rainwater systems less efficiently than other buildings. Lower buildings (e.g. less than three floors) have highly efficient rainwater utilization and thus little need for replenishment of water from the potable water system.
The efficiency of rainwater storage tanks is assessed from the utilization rate of rainwater and the substitution rate of tap water. Differences in annual precipitation and rainfall distribution yield different results. Figs. 5 and 6 illustrate the results of the mentioned calculation procedure, to analyze differences in rainwater utilization and efficiency assessment. The simulation runs over a period often years, from 1985 to 1994, and includes storage tanks with four different volumes. When the volume of the rainwater tank is 50 m, the utilization rate of rainwater exceeds 80% with about 25% substitution with tap water. Using this approach and the assessment procedure, the volume of rainwater storage and the performance of
rainwater use systems in building design, can be determined.
In the formula of the water conservation index, C is a special weighting for some water recycling equipment that intermediates water or rain, and is calculated as the ratio of the water-consumption quantity of the recycled rainwater to the total water-consumption. Therefore, this assessment procedure can also offer an approximate value of C for the water conservation index.
5. Green building label and policy
“Green Building” is called “Environmental Co-Habitual Architecture” in Japan, “Ecological Building” or “Sustainable Building” in Europe and “Green Building in North Ame rican countries. Many fashionable terms such as “Green consumption”, “Green living”, “Green illumination” have been broadly used. In Taiwan, currently, “Green” has been used as a symbol of environmental protection in the country. The Construction Research Department of the Ministry of the Interior of the Executive Yuan has decided to adopt the term “Green Building” to signify ecological and environmental protection architecture in Taiwan.
5.1. Principles of evaluation
Green Building is a general and systematic method of design to peruse sustainable building. This evaluation system is based on the following principles:
(1) The evaluation index should accurately reflect environmental protection factors such as material, water, land and climate.
(2) The evaluation index should involve standardized scientific quantification.
(3) The evaluation index should not include too many evaluation indexes; some similar quality index should be combined.
(4) The evaluation index should be approachable and consistent with real experience.
(5) The evaluation index should not involve social scientific evaluation.
(6) The evaluation index should be applicable to the sub-tropical climate of Taiwan.
(7) The evaluation index should be applicable to the evaluation of community or congregate
construction.
(8) The evaluation index should be usable in the pre-design stage to yield the expected result.
According to these principles, the seven-index system shown in Table 4 is the current Green Building evaluation system used in Taiwan. The theory evaluates buildings’ impacts on the environment through the interaction of “Earth Resource Input” and “Waste Output”. Practically, the definition of Green Building in Taiwan is “Consume the least earth resource and create the least construction was te”.
Internationally, each country has a different way of evaluating Green Building. This system provides only the basic evaluation on “Low environment impact”. Higher level issues such as biological diversity, health and comfort and community consciousness will not be evaluated. This system only provides a basic, practical and controllable environmental protection tool for inclusion in the government’s urgent construction environment protection policy. The “Green Building” logo is set to award Green Build ing design and encourage the government and private sector to pay attention to Green Building development. Fig. 7 is the logo of Green Building in Taiwan [6,8].
5.2. Water conservation measure
This paper focuses on water conservation index in green building evaluation system. Water conservation is a critical category of this evaluation system, and is considered in relation to saving water resources through building equipment design. This evaluation index contains standardized scientific quantification and can be used in the pre-design stage to obtain the desired result. The evaluation index is also based on research in Taiwan and is practically applicable. Using water-saving equipment is the most effective way of saving water; using two-sectioned water-saving toilets and water-saving showering devices without a bathtub are especially effective. Various other types of water-recycling equipment for reusing intermediate water and rain are also evaluated. In particular, rainwater-use systems in building designs are encouraged. When a candidate for a Green Building project introduces water recycling system or a rainwater use system, the applicant should propose an appropriate calculation report to the relevant committee to verify its water-saving efficiency. This guideline actually appears to be a
reasonable target for performing Green Building policy in Taiwan.
A new building can easily reach the above water conservation index. This evaluation system is designed to encourage people to save more water, even in existing buildings. All this amounts to saying that large-scale government construction projects should take the lead in using such water-saving devices, as an example to society.
6. Conclusion
This paper introduces the Green Building program and proposes a water conservation index with standardized scientific quantification. This evaluation index contains standardized scientific quantification and can be used in the pre-design stage to obtain the expected results. The measure of evaluation index is also based on the essential research on Taiwan and is a practical and applicable approach. The actual water-saving rate (WR) for Green Building projects should be <0.8, and the AR of the water-saving equipment should be higher than 0.8. Thus, qualified Green Building projects should achieve a water saving rate of over 20%. For the sustainable policy, this program is aimed not only at saving water resources, but also at reducing the environmental impact on the earth.
The Green Building Label began to be implemented from 1st September 1999, and over twenty projects have already been awarded the Green Building Label in Taiwan, while the number of applications continues to increase. For a country with limited resources and a high-density population like Taiwan, the Green Building policy is important and represents a positive first step toward reducing environmental impact and promoting sustainable development.
中文译文：
台湾的绿色建筑节约用水评价措施
在台湾绿色建筑评价是一个新的制度，在它的一个7个类别中，通过建筑设备设计节省水资源，使水资源保护置于优先地位。本文介绍了绿色建筑计划，提出了节约用水指标用定量方法和案例研究。这个评价指标涉及到规范的科学量化，可用于预先设计阶段，以取得预期效果。在台湾这项措施的评价指标，也是基于一个现实的和适用的办法的必需研究。
关键词：绿色建筑;评价制度;节约用水;建筑设备
1 、导言
环境问题在整个20世纪的后半段受到了全球深层关注。淡水短缺和污染正成为一个最严重的全球性问题之一。许多组织与会议就有关水资源政策和问题达成了共识：如果没有更好的解决方法，在21世纪水资源短缺可能导致战争[ 1 ] 。其实，台湾已经经历了明显的不和谐的超负荷供水。由于相应的环境问题，建设新的水坝已不再是一个可以接受的解决当前的水资源短缺问题的办法。以前的研究得出结论：节水是必要的，不仅是为了节约用水，而且还为降低能源消耗[ 2,3 ] 。
台湾位于亚洲季风区，可以获得充足的雨水。年降水量平均约为2500毫米。但是，最近一个关键的问题在旱季缺水。关键的、核心的问题是分布不均，暴雨，陡峭的山坡和短的河流。此外，为满足国内城市地区对水的大量利用需求，在用水困难的地区建设新的水库，也是至关重要的因素。
政府部门正全力传播众所周知的概念，节约用水。工业和商业在节约用水方面都取得了良好的进展，而公共场所在节约用水方面的进步却一直非常缓慢。由于全球性趋势，在台湾的建筑与建筑研究所（ABRI）还有财政部内部，提出"绿色建筑"的概念，并建立了评价指标体系。通过建筑设备的设计节省水资源。这个制度把优先节约用水作为它的一个七个类别之一。本文侧重于水资源的保护措施，为绿色建筑在台湾和用定量程序证明节水效率。这项工作的目的是，不仅是为节约水资源，而且还减少了在地球对环境的影响。
2、节约用水指标
节约用水指标应是实际数量的水消耗在建筑物内，一般以平均水耗计。这个指数也被称为"节水率" 。评价的水消费量，包括节水效率的评估，厨房，浴室和所有水龙头，以及回收的雨水和中水。
2.1 、使用节约用水指数的目标
虽然台湾有很多的雨，由于其人口众多，平均雨量为分配给每一个人相比世界平均水平是很少的。如图 1所示。因此，台湾是反而是用水紧缺的国家。然而，最近由于公民的生活水平的提高，导致城市用水需求较大幅度增长。并如图2所示，其中，再加上很难取得新的水资源，使水资源短缺问题更为严重。在过去由于不适当的供水设施的设计，低水费，以及人们在使用水的一般性行为，使台湾人往往使用了大量的自来水。在1990年，平均水的消费量在台湾每人每天是350升，而在德国每人每天约145升，和在新加坡每人每天约150升。这些统计数字显示，需要台湾人民节约用水。
促进设计更好的节水设施，方便节水将成为一个新趋势，其中，市民和设计师，因为关注的环保问题。节约用水指数也旨在鼓励利用雨水，中水在日常生活中使用和使用节水型设备，以减少使用，从而节省水资源。
2.2 、有效利用水资源的方法
一些为有效利用水资源的施工考虑和建设系统设计描述如下面。
2.2.1 、使用节水型设备
研究家庭自来水消费显示，用在冲洗厕所和洗澡的比例大约占家庭总耗水量的50 ％，如所给表 1 。许多建筑设计师往往在房屋使用豪华的供水设施，以及大量的水造成浪费。使用节水型设备来取代这些设施可以节省大量的水。举例来说，用在淋浴间和浴室的水是不同的。一个单一的淋浴头使用70升左右的水，而用浴缸洗澡大约使用150升。此外，当前在台湾房屋的建筑设计往往设计两套浴缸和厕所，不少家庭都有自己的按摩浴缸。要使这种情况得以改善，只有通过淘汰浴缸和更换他们的淋浴喷头，以节约更多的水。现在在台湾普遍使用节水型设备包括新型水龙头，节水型厕所，多次使用水的壁橱，节水型淋浴喷头，自动传感器冲厕装置系统等。这些节水设备不仅用于房屋，而且还可用在其他类型的建筑物。如公共建筑物，特别是要带头使用节水型设备的公共建筑。
2.2.2 、建立一个雨水储存供水设备
雨水储存供水设备储存雨水是利用自然地貌或人为制造的设备，利用简单的水净化程序，就可以供给用户使用。雨水不仅可以用来替代淡水供应，而且可以作为消防用水。它的使用可以减少雨水的高峰期对城市的负荷。在台湾平均每年降雨量是约2500毫米，几乎高于全球平均水平的三倍。然而，由于地域限制，我们无法建立足够的水存储设备，如水坝，以保存所有雨水。很可惜的是，在台湾每年约80 ％的雨水被浪费，没有被保存和储存，直接流入海中。雨水储存供应系统被作为雨水收集系统，水处置系统，蓄水系统和供水系统。首先，它作为雨水收集系统用来收集雨水。然后，水流通过管道流向水处理系统，之前被送到水的存储系统。最后，它通过另外的管道送到用户的设施。在建筑物屋顶上留下的雨水，可以流向地下蓄水槽。这被认为是一种收集雨水的有效手段。雨水经过简单处理，可用于杂务，如内务清洁，清洗地板，安装空调或浇灌植物。
2.2.3 、建立中水系统
中水是从城市收集的雨水，并包括已处理完毕的再造废水，并可以在一定范围内反复使用，但不可饮用或与人接触。冲厕所消耗的中水占所有中水的35 ％。如果每个人使用中水冲洗马桶，大量饮用水可以有效地节约。建议在一个大的区域建立大型中级中水系统设备。每个中水系统的设备可以从附近的政府建筑物，学校，住宅，酒店，和其他建筑物收集，处理和回收一定数量的废水。所得到的水可用于冲洗厕所，清洗车辆，灌溉植物及清洗街道，或为花园使用，并补充河流或湖泊的水。一个小规模的中水系统从日常使用生活污水的收集废水，然后，通过适当的水处理过程，改善水质到一定程度，最后成为可以重复使用的非饮用水。有很多的地方使用中水。它可用于卫生目的，如公共喷泉，花园的灌溉设备和清洗街道。相比雨水利用系统，为了回收高污染废水，成本较高，因为需要设立相关的水处理设备，因而处理费用更加昂贵，并且产生较少的经济效益。除了设置在一定区域的中水系统，如果我们又在这些大型社区或大型建筑工程建立中水系统的发展计划，那就一定能有效地节约更多的水资源，而且积极的为整个国家改善环境作出贡献。
4 、回收雨水的评价方法
因为水费低和水处理设备成本高，回收雨水和中水系统还不能产生很好的经济效益。然而，回收雨水系统比重谁更容易实施。在这里引入一种评估回收雨水的方法回收雨水的消耗占消耗水总量的比值。
4.1 、计算的基础上回收雨水
设计一个循环回收雨水系统，首先要确定雨水的数量和需求，这将决定雨水收集装置区和储罐数量。雨水的数量其实由一个简单的方程式和收集降水装置区域决定。不过，降水不能均匀的分布在所有的日子和地点。特别是，降雨通常是集中在某些季节和地点。因此，临界点评价是估计和评估气象降水。气象纪录通常包括每年，每月，每日和每小时降水。每年及每月的降水只适合粗略的估计和评估。然而，这种近似结果带来的问题是确定该地区的雨水收集装置和大量的储罐。因此，最常见的考虑是每日降水。每小时降水理论上可以支持更准确地评估。然而，由于更多参数和计算数据的增加，使过程复杂和计算时间长，导致效率低下。在这里，每个建筑物的雨水系统是通过每天的降水来估计。[ 4,7 ] 。
4.3、案例研究与分析
以下为上述的指导建筑，一所小学采取雨水利用系统的建设就是采用仿真和验证评估结果的例子。在台北市有一个建筑面积1260平方米和总楼面面积6960平方米的多学科教学楼。大约屋面建筑面积的80 ％作为雨水收集面积约为1008平方米。雨水是用来作为中水用在洗手间，每天利用约为20立方米，其流量系数（ y ）是0.9 。一组典型的气象积累作为一个数据库在台北在1992年获得通过。在使用仿真以前，雨水蓄洪池作为一个初始条件。在这里，四个储水罐被认为模拟雨水的利用-——15 ， 25 ， 50 ， 100立方米。结果表明，增加蓄水池容积，减少流量，可增加雨水利用。一个50立方米的储罐雨水收集量与可利用的雨水量最接近。因此，这一储罐取得足够的容量。当储罐的容量是100立方米时，使用率几乎是100 ％，溢流量几乎为零。尽管这一结果有利于得到利用，但如果容积大可能会占据很大的空间，从而对建设规划产生不利影响。因此，设计的原则是必须平衡所有这些因素。例子中楼房有六层，屋顶面积相比总楼面面积很少。每年壁橱消费的水接近7280立方米，但每年最多收集雨水2136立方米。因此，大量补充自来水是必需的。这一结果也导致一个结论，认为高楼群使用雨水系统的效率比其他建筑物较低。较低的建筑物（如少于3楼）可高效的利用雨水，因此没有必要从饮用水系统补充水。
从雨水和自来水利用率来评价雨水储罐的效率。由于降水量和雨量分布不同因而产生了不同的结果。图5和图6 的结果说明，，雨水利用率和效率是不同的。从1985年到1994年模拟运行这一个时期，储罐包括四个不同的容量。当雨水储罐容量是50立方米
时，雨水的使用率超过80 ％，约25 ％的来自自来水。使用此方法和评估程序，在建筑设计才能确定雨水利用系统中雨水储罐的容积和性能。
在公式的水利用指数， C在循环回收水消费量雨水消费总量比值计算中，一些中水或雨水的回收设备是一个特殊的比重。因此，这个评估程序， C可以作为近似价值水利用指数。
5 、绿色建筑的标志和政策
在日本所谓的“绿色建筑”是“与环境和谐的建筑”，在欧洲成为“生态建筑”或“可持续发展建筑”，而在北美国家称为“绿色建筑”。许多时髦的术语如“绿色消费” ，“绿色生活” ，“绿色照明”已被广泛采用。目前在台湾，“绿色”已被作为环境保护一种象征。建设部行政院已决定采取“绿色建筑” 计划，标志在台湾生态和环境保护好的建筑。
5.1 、评价原则
绿色建筑是一个普遍的和有系统的设计方法的可持续发展建筑。这个评价体系是基于以下原则：
（ 1 ）评价指标应准确反映环保因素，如材料，水，土地和气候。
（ 2 ）评价指标应包括规范的科学的量化评价。
（ 3 ）评价指标不应包括太多的指标，一些类似的质量指标应结合起来。
（ 4 ）评价指标应与实际经验一致并且容易让人理解。
（ 5 ）评价指标不应涉及社会科学的评价。
（ 6 ）评价指标应适用于台湾的热带气候，。
（ 7 ）评价指标应适用于评价社区或聚集的建筑。
（ 8 ）评价指标应在预先设计阶段取得预期的结果。
根据这些原则，表4所示七指标体系是台湾当前绿色建筑评价体系。通过动态的“地球的资源投入”和“废物输出”，从理论上评估建筑物对环境的影响。实际上，在台湾定义绿色建筑是“消耗最少地球资源，并创造最少建筑废料” 。在国际上，每个国家都有不同的方式评价绿色建筑。这个系统提供的基本评价是“低环境影响” 。更高层次的问题，例如生物多样性，卫生和舒适和社会意识将不会进行评估。这个系统提供了
基本的，实用性和可控环境的保护工具，以便政府紧急制定保护施工环境的政策。“绿色建筑”标志设置是为了奖励绿色建筑设计，并鼓励政府和私营部门要注意绿色建筑的发展。图、七是在台湾绿色建筑的标识[ 6,8 ] 。
5.2 、节约用水措施
本文的重点是在绿色建筑评价体系中节约用水指数。节约用水评价制度通过建立设备设计来达到节约水资源的目的。这个评价指标包含了在预先设计阶段进行标准化的科学量化，以取得预想的结果。在研究的基础上进行评价，在台湾几乎是适用的。使用节水型设备是最有效的方法节水;采用两套节水型厕所和没有浴缸的节水型淋浴设备特别有效的。各种其他类型的中水和雨水回收再利用的设备也进行评估。特别是，雨水利用系统在建筑设计中让人感到鼓舞。当作为绿色建设项目的候选工程时，必须介绍循环用水系统或雨水利用系统，申请人应向有关的委员会提出适当的计算报告，以核实其节水效率。这一方针，在台湾实际上似乎是一个为达到绿色建筑目标合理的政策。
一个新的建筑可以轻松地达到上述水利用指数。这个评价体系，旨在鼓励人们以节省更多的水，即使在现有的建筑物中。所有这等于说，政府的大型建设项目作为一个例子要带头在社会使用这种节水型设备。
6 、结论
本文介绍了绿色建筑计划，并提出了节水指数并进行规范化、科学化和量化。这个标准化的科学量化的评价指标可用于预先设计阶段，以取得预期的结果。这项措施的评价指标也是基于台湾现实的和适用的必要研究。绿色建筑实际的节水率（WR）应< 0.8 ，和AR型节水型设备应高于0.8 。因此，合格的绿色建筑项目应实现节水率达20 ％以上。这个可持续的政策计划的主要目标是，不仅在节约水资源，但也减少在地球上对环境的影响。
绿色建筑标签从1999年9月1日开始实施，在台湾超过 20个项目已经获得绿色建筑标签，而申请的数目继续增加。对于一个资源有限的地区和高密度人口的台湾，绿色建筑的政策是很重要的也是积极的第一步，减少了对环境的影响和促进了可持续发展。
中英文对照外文翻译 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Create and comprehensive technology in the structure global design of the building The 21st century will be the era that many kinds of disciplines technology coexists , it will form the enormous motive force of promoting the development of building , the building is more and more important too in global design, the architect must seize the opportunity , give full play to the architect's leading role, preside over every building engineering design well. Building there is the global design concept not new of architectural design,characteristic of it for in an all-round way each element not correlated with building- there aren't external environment condition, building , technical equipment,etc. work in coordination with, and create the premium building with the comprehensive new technology to combine together. The premium building is created, must consider sustainable development , namely future requirement , in other words, how save natural resources as much as possible, how about protect the environment that the mankind depends on for existence, how construct through high-quality between architectural design and building, in order to reduce building equipment use quantity and
forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.
零售企业营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
译文： 零售企业的营销策略 Philip Kotlor 今天的零售商为了招徕和挽留顾客，急欲寻找新的营销策略。过去，他们挽留顾客的方法是销售特别的或独特的花色品种，提供比竞争对手更多更好的服务提供商店信用卡是顾客能赊购商品。可是，现在这一切都已变得面目全非了。现在，诸如卡尔文·克连，依佐和李维等全国性品牌，不仅在大多数百货公司及其专营店可以看到，并且也可以在大型综合商场和折扣商店可以买到。全国性品牌的生产商为全力扩大销售量，它们将贴有品牌的商品到处销售。结果是零售商店的面貌越来越相似。 在服务项目上的分工差异在逐渐缩小。许多百货公司削减了服务项目，而许多折扣商店却增加了服务项目。顾客变成了精明的采购员，对价格更加敏感。他们看不出有什么道理要为相同的品牌付出更多的钱，特别是当服务的差别不大或微不足道时。由于银行信用卡越来越被所有的商家接受，他们觉得不必从每个商店赊购商品。 百货商店面对着日益增加的价格的折扣店和专业商店的竞争，准备东山再起。历史上居于市中心的许多商店在郊区购物中心开设分店，那里有宽敞的停车场，购买者来自人口增长较快并且有较高收入的地区。其他一些则对其商店形式进行改变，有些则试用邮购盒电话订货的方法。超级市场面对的是超级商店的竞争，它们开始扩大店面，经营大量的品种繁多的商品和提高设备等级，超级市场还增加了它们的促销预算，大量转向私人品牌，从而增加盈利。 现在，我们讨论零售商在目标市场、产品品种和采办、服务以及商店气氛、定价、促销和销售地点等方面的营销策略。 一、目标市场 零售商最重要的决策时确定目标市场。当确定目标市场并且勾勒出轮廓时，零售商才能对产品分配、商店装饰、广告词和广告媒体、价格水平等作出一致的决定。如沃尔玛的目标市场相当明确：
外文文献翻译 2.5.1译文：看电影的艺术 1930年代中期，沃尔特·迪斯尼才明确以动画电影娱乐观众的思想，动画片本身才成为放映主角（不再是其他剧情片的搭配）。于1937年下半年首映的动画片《白雪公主与七个小矮人》为动画片树立了极高的标准，至今任然指导着动画艺术家们。1940年，这一年作为迪斯尼制片厂的分水岭，诞生了《木偶奇遇记》和《幻想曲>。这些今天成为经典的作品在接下来的二十年中被追随效仿，产生了一系列广受欢迎的动画娱乐作品。包括《小飞象》，《灰姑娘》，《爱丽丝漫游仙境》，《彼得·潘》，《小姐与流浪儿》，他们的故事通常源自广为人知的文学故事。这些影片最不好的地方在于它们似乎越来越面向小观众。 在1966年第四你去死后，他的制片厂继续制作手绘动画影片，但是创作能量衰减，公司转而专注于著作真人是拍电影。然而1989年，对于我们所有孩子来说，动画《小美人鱼》赋予了迪士尼新的生命活力（就像animation这个词本身的定义一样——使有生命活力），从该片开始，出现了一系列令人惊叹不已的音乐动画片。两年后，《美女与野兽》问世，塔尔在制作过程中利用了计算机作为传统手绘技术的辅助手段，这部影片获得了奥斯卡最佳电影奖提名，它是第一部获此殊荣的动画片。更好的还在后面，就想着两部影片一样，后面紧接着出现的众多优秀作品——包括《狮子王》，《阿拉丁》，《花木兰》——延续了迪士尼的经典传统：大胆醒目的视觉效果、精致的剧本，以及我们在所有伟大的电影中，不管是动画还是其他类型中都能找到的普适性主题和出乎意料之处。迪士尼的新版《幻想曲》，又被称为《幻想曲2000》，把原版中的部分片段与新的创作部分糅合在一起。（而且，按照迪士尼管理层的说法，该片是首部在IMAX巨幕影院首映的剧情长片。） 亨利·塞利克执导了蒂姆·波顿出品的两部影片，即《圣诞惊魂夜》和《飞天巨桃历险记》——前者是一部完全原创的定格动画，影片画面有时渗透着无限的恐惧，后者改编自罗纳德·达尔的畅销儿童书，该影片以真人实景拍摄开始。《飞天巨桃历险记》对暴力画面和重大恐惧（比如说，离弃）的表达和处理毫无掩饰，表达的真实感受对成人来说和对儿童一样生动鲜明，而蒂姆·波顿的影片《僵尸新娘》，仅仅从名字上就已经显示出影片内容和该幽默表达的“成人”特
The future of the tall building and structure of buildings Zoning effects on the density of tall buildings and solar design may raise ethical challenge. A combined project of old and new buildings may bring back human scale to our cities. Owners and conceptual designers will be challenged in the 1980s to produce economically sound, people-oriented buildings. In 1980 the Level House, designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merril1 (SOM) received the 25-year award from the American Institute of Architects “in recogn ition of architectural design of enduring significance”. This award is given once a year for a building between 25and 35 years old .Lewis Mumford described the Lever House as “the first office building in which modern materials, modern construction, modern functions have been combined with a modern plan”. At the time, this daring concept could only be achieved by visionary men like Gordon Bunshaft, the designer , and Charles Luckman , the owner and then-president of Lever Brothers . The project also include d a few “first” : (1) it was the first sealed glass tower ever built ; (2) it was the first office building designed by SOM ;and (3) it was the first office building on Park Avenue to omit retail space on the first floor. Today, after hundreds of look-alike and variations on the grid design, we have reached what may be the epitome of tall building design: the nondescript building. Except for a few recently completed buildings that seem to be people-oriented in their lower floors, most tall buildings seem to be arepletion of the dull, graph-paper-like monoliths in many of our cities. Can this be the end of the design-line for tall buildings? Probably cannot. There are definite signs that are most encouraging. Architects and owners have recently begun to discuss the design problem publicly. Perhaps we are at the threshold of a new era. The 1980s may bring forth some new visionaries like Bunshaft and Luckman. If so, what kinds of restrictions or challenges do they face? Zoning Indications are strong that cities may restrict the density of tall buildings, that is, reduce the number of tall buildings per square mile. In 1980 the term
本科毕业设计（外文翻译） 题目居住区交往空间规划与设计 院（系部）xxx学院 专业名称xx 年级班级xx 学生姓名xx 指导教师xx xx 年xx 月x 日 Planning and Design of Association Space of residential District
Xia dong liang 【Abstract】:The association space refers to the indoor and outdoor space for communication between residents.The article presents an overall discussion of the necessity，hierarchy and functionality of association space,with a wish to create positive and healthy association atmosphere and stimulate good communication among residents so that the residential area can become a homeland full of love and harmony． 【Keyword】:residential area；association space；necessity；hierarchy；Functionality 【Foreword】：As the housing system reform and the rapid development of real estate, urban residential areas large urban settlements have emerged on the layout of residential buildings, public buildings, public green space, life and living facilities such as roads, to provide urban residents live in the community and The establishment, is an integral part of the city. Exchanges between the living room area residents is to communicate and exchange of indoor and outdoor space. At this stage, people's living standards greatly improved the living environment of continuous improvement district. Developers should not only focus on residential construction and the reasonable comfort, paying greater attention to the construction of residential environment. However, the current environment in the construction of residential areas, they are often the natural ecology of greening the environment is much more to consider, and the promotion of exchanges between the residents of the space environment to consider less, environmental construction can not meet the occupants of the psychological characteristics and needs. From the basic physiological needs gradually to meet the psychological and cultural fields of promoting a higher level, the residential area is not only the function of living, but also people's thinking and feelings of the local exchange. Therefore, the strengthening of exchanges between the residential areas of space construction, increase residential neighbourhood affinity, should be developed in the planning and construction of residential areas should also consider the issue. How to conduct exchanges between the residential areas of space planning and design, improve people's quality of life, the author of his own real estate development
顾客满意策略与顾客满意营销 原文来源：《Marketing Customer Satisfaction 》自20世纪八十年代末以来, 顾客满意战略已日益成为各国企业占有更多的顾客份额, 获得竞争优势的整体经营手段。 一、顾客满意策略是现代企业获得顾客“货币选票”的法宝随着时代的变迁, 社会物质财富的极大充裕, 顾客中的主体———消费者的需求也先后跨越了物质缺乏的时代、追求数量的时代、追求品质的时代, 到了20世纪八十年代末进入了情感消费时代。在我国, 随着经济的高速发展,我们也已迅速跨越了物质缺乏时代、追求数量的时代乃至追求品质的时代, 到今天也逐步迈进情感消费时代。在情感消费时代, 各企业的同类产品早已达到同时、同质、同能、同价, 消费者追求的已不再是质量、功能和价格, 而是舒适、便利、安全、安心、速度、跃动、环保、清洁、愉快、有趣等,消费者日益关注的是产品能否为自己的生活带来活力、充实、舒适、美感和精神文化品位, 以及超越消费者期望值的售前、售中、售后服务和咨询。也就是说, 今天人们所追求的是具有“心的满足感和充实感”的商品, 是高附加值的商品和服务,追求价值观和意识多元化、个性化和无形的满足感的时代已经来临。 与消费者价值追求变化相适应的企业间的竞争, 也由产品竞争、价格竞争、技术竞争、广告竞争、品牌竞争发展到现今的形象竞争、信誉竞争、文化竞争和服务竞争, 即顾客满意竞争。这种竞争是企业在广角度、宽领域的时空范围内展开的高层次、体现综合实力的竞争。它包括组织创新力、技术创新力、管理创新力、产业预见力、产品研发力、员工向心力、服务顾客力、顾客亲和力、同行认同力、社会贡献力、公关传播沟通力、企业文化推动力、环境适应力等等。这些综合形象力和如何合成综合持久的竞争力, 这就是CSft略所要解决的问题。CS寸代,企业不再以“自己为中心”,而是以“顾客为中心”；“顾客为尊”、“顾客满意”不再是流于形式的口号, 而是以实实在在的行动为基础的企业经营的一门新哲学。企业不再以质量达标, 自己满意为经营理念, 而是以顾客满意, 赢得顾客高忠诚度为经营理念。企业经营策略的焦点不再以争取或保持市场占有率为主, 而是以争取顾客满意为经营理念。因此, 营销策略的重心不再放在竞争对手身上而是放在顾客身上, 放在顾客现实的、潜在的需求上。当企业提供的产品和服务达到了顾客事先的期望值, 顾客就基本满意；如果远远超越顾客的期望值, 且远远高于其他同行, 顾客才真正满意；如果企业能不断地或长久地令顾客满意, 顾客就会忠诚。忠诚的顾客不仅会经常性地重复购买, 还会购买企业其它相关的产品或服务；忠诚的顾客不仅会积极向别人推荐他所买的产品, 而且对企业竞争者的促销活动具有免疫能力一个不满意的顾客会将不满意告诉16-20个人, 而每一个被告知者会再传播给12-15个人。这样, 一个不满意者会影响到二、三百人。在互联网普及的今天, 其影响则更大。据美国汽车业的调查, 一个满意者会引发8笔潜在的生意, 其中至少有一笔会成交。而另一项调查表明, 企业每增加5%的忠诚顾客, 利润就会增长25%-95%。一个企业的80%的利润来自20%的忠诚顾客；而获取一个新顾客的成本是维持一个老顾客成本的6倍。所以,美国著名学者唐?佩 珀斯指出: 决定一个企业成功与否的关键不是市场份额, 而是在于顾客份额。 于是, 企业纷纷通过广泛细致的市场调研、与消费者直接接触、顾客信息反馈等方式来了解顾客在各方面的现实需求和潜在需求。依靠对企业满意忠诚的销售、服务人员, 定期、定量地对顾客满意度进行综合测定, 以便准确地把握企业经营中与“顾客满意” 目标的差距及其重点领域, 从而进一步改善企业的经营活动。依靠高亲和力的企业文化、高效率的人文管理和全员共同努力, 不断地向顾客提供高附加值的产品, 高水准的亲情般的服
动画设计专业论文参考文献 在日常学习和工作中，许多人都有过写论文的经历，对论文都不陌生吧，论文是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。还是对论文一筹莫展吗？下面是小编精心整理的动画设计专业论文参考文献，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。 [1]王兆.目标导向设计中人物角色的应用与研究[D].东华大学.2011 [2]陈龙，徐人平，王浩军.基于Freeform系统的玩偶设计开发.北京市经济管理干部学院学报，2006. [3]大而不强创新不足中国网游或死在同质化和抄袭之手. [4]肖冬.移动互联网引爆未来[J].理财.2014,01:46-48 [5]中国互联网络发展状况统计报告.2010 [6]李洪海，石爽，李霞.交互界面设计[M].北京：化学工业出版社.2011 [7]浅析移动应用软件现状.中国电子商务研究中心. [8]张宏江.移动设备的发展将成根本趋势[J].新领军.2012:24 [9]艾瑞咨询.2014移动互联网用户行为研究报告[R].2014,5 [10]阳俊.游戏界面的人性化设计研究[D].重庆大学.2008 [11]陈启安.软件人机界面设计[M].北京：高等教育出版社.2008 [12]2013年中国手机游戏发展现状及未来展望分析. [13]艾瑞咨询.2014Q1中国移动购物市场交易规模达1350.9亿元 [14]李念.基于游戏机制的互联网产品交互设计研究[D].华东理工大 学.2012 [15]吕锦扬.移动互联网环境下的终端与应用发展[N].广东通信技 术.2013(12) [16]许懋琦，于晓燕.从设计学角度分析手机游戏成功因素[J].设 计.2014,04（200）：135-136 [17]郭伏,郝哲哲,许娜,屈庆星,丁一.基于情感体验的应用软件可用性评估方法研究[J].工业工程与管理.2013 (4) : 152-164
专业资料 学院： 专业：土木工程 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Structural Systems to resist (用外文写) Lateral loads 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 抗侧向荷载的结构体系 常用的结构体系 若已测出荷载量达数千万磅重，那么在高层建筑设计中就没有多少可以进行极其复杂的构思余地了。确实，较好的高层建筑普遍具有构思简单、表现明晰的特点。 这并不是说没有进行宏观构思的余地。实际上，正是因为有了这种宏观的构思，新奇的高层建筑体系才得以发展，可能更重要的是：几年以前才出现的一些新概念在今天的技术中已经变得平常了。 如果忽略一些与建筑材料密切相关的概念不谈，高层建筑里最为常用的结构体系便可分为如下几类： 1.抗弯矩框架。 2.支撑框架，包括偏心支撑框架。 3.剪力墙，包括钢板剪力墙。 4.筒中框架。 5.筒中筒结构。 6.核心交互结构。 7. 框格体系或束筒体系。 特别是由于最近趋向于更复杂的建筑形式，同时也需要增加刚度以抵抗几力和地震力，大多数高层建筑都具有由框架、支撑构架、剪力墙和相关体系相结合而构成的体系。而且，就较高的建筑物而言，大多数都是由交互式构件组成三维陈列。 将这些构件结合起来的方法正是高层建筑设计方法的本质。其结合方式需要在考虑环境、功能和费用后再发展，以便提供促使建筑发展达到新高度的有效结构。这并
不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反，有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了，然而，如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导，那么，得以发展的就只能是好的结构，并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何，要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计，两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论，但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低，中高度的建筑中常用的体系，它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系，或者和其他体系结合起来使用，以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑，可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系，这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS，STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地，由于柱梁节点固有柔性，并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点，所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然，在设计的后期阶段，实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强，在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色，它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑，并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。
毕业设计英文资料翻译 Tran slati on ofthe En glish Docume nts for Graduati on Desig n 课题名称_____________________________________ 院< 系）_____________________________________ 专业 _____________________________________ 姓名 _____________________________________ 学号 _____________________________________ 起讫日期 _____________________________________ 指导教师 _____________________________________ 2018 年2月25日 原文: Abstract：Gree n buildi ng refers to do its best to maximize con servati on of resources (en ergy, land, water, and wood> , protecti ng the environment and reduce polluti on in its life cycle. Provide people with healthy, appropriate and efficient use of space, and nature in harmony symbiosis buildings. Idescribed more details of green building design ' notion, green building ' design, as well as the sig ni fica nee of the con
《文献检索》课程教学设计 目录 绪论：文献（信息）检索的意义及基础 (2) 项目一科技文献检索方法和图书馆的科学利用 (8) 项目二常见化学化工科技论文的写作 (11) 项目三美国化学文摘的使用 (14) 项目四专利文献的查询 (17) 项目五标准文献的查询 (20) 项目六计算机信息检索的应用 (23) 项目七信息检索策略综合应用训练 (26)
徐州工业职业技术学院教学设计（讲稿）
教学内容与设计 绪论：文献（信息）检索的意义及基础 自我介绍 提问一：你会检索吗？ 如果会，那么会用检索以下毕业专题的相关资料吗？ ?杜仲叶中绿原酸的提取分离 ?有机废水处理工艺设计 ?蚕丝蛋白制备工艺研究 ?铁矿石含铁量测定方法新工艺 ?基因工程干扰素生产工艺研究 提问的目的：突出检索技术直接是为毕业专题服务，这是一门技术。提问二：信息检索课是什么？ 学生如是说： 文献检索课程是井底之蛙的升降机，是雄鹰的翅膀，是横跨天堑的桥梁。 针对某一课题，通过电子检索查阅有关资料，才知道知识的浩瀚，才知道世界的宽广，才知道“山外青山，楼外楼”。 它是我在大学期间所学的最重要，最有用的课程之一，有了它，我们将会受益终生。教会我们一种方法，一种主动 了解外界，提高自己，放眼世界的方法。 检索不仅是我们学习的制胜法宝，更是一条贯穿我们生活的红线。正因为有了这门课的学习，现在大脑的检索意识 就比较强烈，越搜越快！前几天，问同学借自行车，他告 诉我车子大致地点，是永久牌，有车栏，略有一点蓝。到 了现场，脑海中一下就有了先找有栏的，再找蓝颜色的， 最后确定是不是永久的，很快就找到了。 我爱检索，就像爱自己的生命一样。 最后我想说，我们是幸运的！我们学到了一门真正有用的课，它对我的影响和帮助将是伴随我一身的。 提问三：借鉴与创新的关系？ 科学研究是“站在前人肩膀上”的事业，而创新又是科学研究的灵魂，即要求“前无古人”。 时间分配 2min 引导学生回答 8min 10min 通过往届学生对信息检索课的评价能够激起学生学习这门课的兴趣，也可以突出这门课对个人的作用。 10min 通过提问让学生
文献出处: Dalman, M. Deniz, and Junhong Min. "Marketing Strategy for Unusual Brand Differentiation: Trivial Attribute Effect." International Journal of Marketing Studies 6.5 (2014): 63-72. 原文 Marketing Strategy for Unusual Brand Differentiation: Trivial Attribute Effect Dalman, M. Deniz & Junhong Min Abstract This research investigates that brand differentiation creating superior values can be achieved not only by adding meaningful attributes but also meaningless attributes, which is called "trivial attribute effect." Two studies provided empirical evidences as following; first, trivial attribute effect creates a strong brand differentiation even after subjects realize that trivial attribute has no value. Second, trivial attribute effect is more pronounced in hedonic service category compared to the utilitarian category. Last, the amount of willingness to pay is higher when trivial attribute is presented and evaluated in joint evaluation mode than separate evaluation mode. Finally, we conclude with discussion and provide suggestions for further research. Keywords: brand differentiation, evaluation mode, service industry, trivial attribute Introduction Problem Definition Perhaps the most important factor for new product success is to create the meaningful brand differentiation that provides customers with superior values beyond what the competitors can offer in the same industry (Porter, 1985). Not surprisingly, more than 50 percent of annual sales in consumer product industries including automobiles, biotechnology, computer software, and pharmaceuticals are attributed to such meaningful brand differentiation by including new or noble attributes (Schilling &Hill, 1998). However, the brand differentiation that increases consumer preference is not only by introducing meaningful attributes but also meaningless attributes. For
Construction of rock or soil in the construction. It is a modern city of high-speed product development, the city will again ease the contradictions of the role to improve the living environment, but also opened up new human life. Rational development and utilization of human natural and artificial excavation of the underground space, not only help to ease the development of modern urban contradictions, to improve the living environment, but also to open up a new human life. Because of the large-scale development of underground construction, underground architecture is taking shape, its research includes the history of development of underground construction and development of underground space development and utilization of underground space in urban planning, various types of underground construction planning and design, as well as underground construction and related environmental, physiological, psychological and technical issues. Underground construction has a good protective performance, better thermal stability and confined, as well as an integrated economic, social and environmental benefits. Underground construction in a certain thickness of rock or soil, you can avoid or reduce nuclear weapons, conventional weapons, chemical and biological weapons of destruction, while at the same time more effectively to resist earthquakes, hurricanes and other natural disasters. Underground construction in and around the confined environment of relatively stable existence of the temperature field, temperature, or for creating ultra-clean manufacturing environment and at low temperatures or under high-temperature storage of materials, pollution prevention, especially for energy conservation as well. In the city planned the construction of underground construction, urban land use for savings, lower building density, to improve urban transportation, the