工程编号：__________________
Project No.:
合同编号：__________________
Contract No.:
建设工程施工合同
Construction Contract for Construction Projects
（GF-2013-0201）
工程名称：
Name of project:
工程地点：
Location of project:
发包人：
Client:
承包人：
Contractor:
住房和城乡建设部
制定
国家工商行政管理总局
Made by
Ministry of Housing Urban-Rural Development
State Administration for Industry&Commerce of the P.R.C
目录
Table of Contents
第一部分合同协议书……………………………………………………......................…...错误！未定义书签。
Part I Contract Agreement………………………………………......................…...错误！未定义书签。
一、工程概况 (17)
I.Project Overview (17)
二、合同工期 (18)
II.Project Duration under Contract (18)
三、质量标准 (18)
III.Quality Standard (18)
四、签约合同价与合同价格形式 (18)
IV.Contract Price and Form of Contract Price (18)
五、项目经理..........…..........…..........…..........…..........…..........…..........…..........…错误！未定义书签。
V.Project Manager (19)
六、合同文件构成 (19)
https://www.doczj.com/doc/688193142.html,position of Contract Prices (19)
七、承诺 (20)
VII.Undertakings (20)
八、词语含义 (20)
VIII.Meanings of Terms (20)
九、签订时间..........…..........…..........…...............................................2错误！未定义书签。
IX.Time of Signing (21)
十、签订地点 (21)
X.Place of Signing (21)
十一、补充协议 (21)
XI.Supplementary Agreement (21)
十二、合同生效 (21)
XII.Effectiveness of Contract (21)
十三、合同份数 (21)
XIII.Counterparts of Agreement (21)
第二部分通用合同条款 (23)
Part Two General Conditions of Contract (23)
1.一般约定 (23)
1.General Stipulations (23)
1.1词语定义与解释 (23)
1.1Definitions and Interpretations (23)
1.2语言文字 (29)
1.2Language (29)
1.3法律 (30)
1.3Applicable Laws (30)
1.4标准和规范 (30)
1.4Standards and Specifications (30)
1.5合同文件的优先顺序 (31)
1.5Order of Priorities of Contract Documents (31)
1.6图纸和承包人文件 (32)
1.6Drawings and Contractor’s Documents (32)
1.7联络 (33)
1.7Contacts (33)
1.8严禁贿赂 (34)
1.8Bribery Strictly Forbidden (34)
1.9化石、文物 (34)
1.9Fossils,Cultural Relics (34)
1.10交通运输 (35)
1.10Traffic and Transportation (35)
1.11知识产权 (37)
1.11Intellectual Property Rights (37)
1.12保密 (38)
1.12Confidentiality (38)
1.13工程量清单错误的修正 (39)
1.13Correction of the Errors in the Bill of Quantities (39)
2.发包人 (39)
2.The Client (39)
2.1许可或批准 (39)
2.1License or Approval (39)
2.2发包人代表 (40)
2.2Representative of the Client (40)
2.3发包人人员 (40)
2.3Personnel of the Client (40)
2.4施工现场、施工条件和基础资料的提供 (41)
2.4Supply of Construction site,Construction Conditions and Basic Information.41
2.5资金来源证明及支付担保 (42)
2.5Certificate of Source of Funds and Payment Guarantee (42)
2.6支付合同价款 (42)
2.6Payment for Contract Price (42)
2.7组织竣工验收 (43)
2.7Acceptance of the Project Completion (43)
2.8现场统一管理协议 (43)
2.8Overall Administration&Management Agreement of Worksite (43)
3.承包人 (43)
3.The Contractor (43)
3.1承包人的一般义务 (43)
3.1General Obligations of the Contractor (43)
3.2项目经理 (45)
3.2Project Manager (45)
3.3承包人人员 (47)
3.3Personnel of the Contractor (47)
3.4承包人现场查勘 (48)
3.4Field Survey by the Contractor (48)
3.5分包 (49)
3.5Sub-contracting (49)
3.6工程照管与成品、半成品保护....................................................错误！未定义书签。
3.6Care of Project;Protection of Finished/Semi-finished Products (50)
3.7履约担保 (51)
3.7Performance Guarantee (51)
3.8联合体 (52)
3.8Integrated Complex (52)
4.监理人 (52)
4.The Supervisor (52)
4.1监理人的一般规定 (52)
4.1General Provisions on the Supervisor (52)
4.2监理人员 (53)
4.2Supervisory Personnel (53)
4.3监理人的指示 (53)
4.3Instructions from the Supervisor (53)
4.4商定或确定 (54)
4.4Consensus or Decision (54)
5.工程质量 (55)
5.Quality of Project (55)
5.1质量要求 (55)
5.1Quality Requirement (55)
5.2质量保证措施 (55)
5.2Quality Assurance Measures (55)
5.3隐蔽工程检查 (57)
5.3Inspections of Concealed Works (57)
5.4不合格工程的处理 (59)
5.4Handling of the Unqualified Works (59)
5.5质量争议检测................................................................................错误！未定义书签。
5.5Quality Disputes Detection (59)
6.安全文明施工与环境保护 (60)
6.Safe and Civilized Construction and Environmental Protection (60)
6.1安全文明施工 (60)
6.1Safe and Civilized Construction (60)
6.2职业健康 (65)
6.2Occupational Health (65)
6.3环境保护 (66)
6.3Environment Protection (66)
7.工期和进度 (67)
7.Project Duration and Progress (67)
7.1施工组织设计 (67)
7.1Construction Organization Design (67)
7.2施工进度计划 (68)
7.2Construction Progress Schedule (68)
7.3开工 (69)
7.3Commencement of Construction (69)
7.4测量放线 (70)
7.4Measurement and Setting-Out (70)
7.5工期延误 (71)
7.5Delay in Project Duration (71)
7.6不利物质条件 (72)
7.6Adverse Physical Conditions (72)
7.7异常恶劣的气候条件 (73)
7.7Extraordinarily Vicious Weather Conditions (73)
7.8暂停施工 (73)
7.8Suspension of Construction (73)
7.9提前竣工 (76)
7.9Earlier Completion (76)
8.材料与设备 (77)
8.Materials and Equipment (77)
8.1发包人供应材料与工程设备 (77)
8.1The Materials and Engineering Equipment Supplied by the Client (77)
8.2承包人采购材料与工程设备 (77)
8.2The Materials and Engineering Equipment to be Purchased by the Contractor (77)
8.3材料与工程设备的接收与拒收 (78)
8.3Acceptance and Rejection of Materials and Engineering Equipment (78)
8.4材料与工程设备的保管与使用 (79)
8.4Custody and Use of Materials and Engineering Equipmentnt (79)
8.5禁止使用不合格的材料和工程设备 (80)
8.5Use of Unqualified Materials and Engineering Equipment Not Allowed (80)
8.6样品 (81)
8.6Samples (81)
8.7材料与工程设备的替代 (82)
8.7Substitution of the Materials and Engineering Equipment (82)
8.8施工设备和临时设施 (83)
8.8Construction Equipment and Temporary Facilities (83)
8.9材料与设备专用要求 (84)
8.9Exclusive Usages of the Materials and Equipment (84)
9.试验与检验 (85)
9.Tests and Inspections (85)
9.1试验设备与试验人员 (85)
9.1Test Equipment and Personnel (85)
9.2取样 (85)
9.2Sampling (85)
9.3材料、工程设备和工程的试验和检验 (86)
9.3T esting and Inspection of the Materials,Engineering Equipment and Project (86)
9.4现场工艺试验 (87)
9.4Onsite Process Test (87)
10.变更 (87)
10.Change (87)
10.1变更的范围 (87)
10.2变更权 (88)
10.2Rights of Change (88)
10.3变更程序 (88)
10.3Procedures for Change (88)
10.4变更估价 (89)
10.4Change of Estimates Price (89)
10.5承包人的合理化建议 (90)
10.5Rationalization Proposals of the Contractor (90)
10.6变更引起的工期调整 (91)
10.6Adjustments of Project Duration Caused by the Change (91)
10.7暂估价 (91)
10.7provisional Estimates Price (91)
10.8暂列金额 (94)
10.8Provisional Amount (94)
10.9计日工 (94)
10.9Daywork (94)
11.价格调整 (95)
11.Price Adjustments (95)
11.1市场价格波动引起的调整 (95)
11.1Adjustment Caused by Fluctuation of Market Prices (95)
11.2法律变化引起的调整 (100)
11.2Adjustments Cause by Changes in Laws (100)
12.合同价格、计量与支付 (101)
12.Contract Prices,Measurements and Payments (101)
12.1合同价格形式 (101)
12.1Forms of Contract Prices (101)
12.2预付款 (102)
12.2Advance Payments (102)
12.3计量 (103)
12.4工程进度款支付 (105)
12.4Progress Payment of Project (105)
12.5支付账户 (110)
12.5Accounts of Payments (110)
13.验收和工程试车 (110)
13.Acceptance and Trial run of Project (110)
13.1分部分项工程验收......................................................................错误！未定义书签。
13.1Acceptance of the Sub-project (110)
13.2竣工验收 (111)
13.2Final Acceptance (111)
13.3工程试车 (114)
13.3Trial Run of Project (114)
13.4提前交付单位工程的验收 (116)
13.4Acceptance of the Units of Project Handed over in Advance (116)
13.5施工期运行 (117)
13.5Operational during the Constructional Period (117)
13.6竣工退场 (118)
13.6Withdrawal after Completion (118)
14.竣工结算 (119)
14.Final Account on Completion (119)
14.1竣工结算申请 (119)
14.1Application for Final Account on Completion (119)
14.2竣工结算审核 (119)
14.2Examination on Final Account on Completion (119)
14.3甩项竣工协议 (121)
14.3Agreement on Part of the Works to be Completed after the Completion Date (121)
14.4最终结清 (121)
14.4The Final Settlement (121)
15.缺陷责任与保修 (122)
15.Defect Liabilities and Warranty (122)
15.1工程保修的原则 (122)
15.1Guidelines for the Warranty of the Project (122)
15.2缺陷责任期 (123)
15.2Defect Liability Period (123)
15.3质量保证金 (124)
15.3Quality Bond (124)
15.4保修 (125)
15.4Warranty (125)
16.违约 (127)
16.Breach of Contract (127)
16.1发包人违约 (127)
16.1Breach by the Client (127)
16.2承包人违约 (130)
16.2Breach by the Contractor (130)
16.3第三人造成的违约 (133)
16.3Breach Caused by the Third Party (133)
17.不可抗力 (134)
17.Forces Majeure (134)
17.1不可抗力的确认 (134)
17.1Confirmation of Forces Majeure (134)
17.2不可抗力的通知 (134)
17.2Notification of Forces Majeure (134)
17.3不可抗力后果的承担 (135)
17.3Responsibilities for Consequences of Forces Majeure (135)
17.4因不可抗力解除合同 (136)
17.4Dissolution of the Contract due to Forces Majeure (136)
18.保险 (137)
18.Insurance (137)
18.1工程保险 (137)
18.1Insurance on Project (137)
18.2工伤保险 (138)
18.2Employment Injury Insurance (138)
18.3其他保险 (138)
18.3Other Insurance (138)
18.4持续保险......................................................................................错误！未定义书签。
18.4Sustained Insurances (138)
18.5保险凭证 (139)
18.5Insurance Vouchers (139)
18.6未按约定投保的补救 (139)
18.6Remedies for Failure to make the Insurance Contract (139)
18.7通知义务 (139)
18.7Obligations of Notification (139)
19.索赔 (140)
19.Claims (140)
19.1承包人的索赔 (140)
19.1Contractor’s Claims (140)
19.2对承包人索赔的处理 (141)
19.2Handling of the Contractor’s Claims (141)
19.3发包人的索赔 (142)
19.3Client’s Claims (142)
19.4对发包人索赔的处理 (142)
19.4Handling of Client’s Claims (142)
19.5提出索赔的期限 (143)
19.5Time Limits for Claims (143)
20.争议解决 (143)
20.Resolution of Dispute (143)
20.1和解 (143)
20.1Conciliation (143)
20.2调解 (143)
20.2Mediation (143)
20.3争议评审 (144)
20.3Review of Dispute (144)
20.4仲裁或诉讼 (145)
20.4Arbitration or Lawsuit (145)
20.5争议解决条款效力 (145)
20.5Effectiveness of the Clauses for Resolution of Dispute (145)
第三部分专用合同条款 (146)
Part III Special Conditions of Contract (146)
1.一般约定 (146)
1.General Stipulations (146)
2.发包人 (151)
2.The Client (151)
3.承包人 (152)
3.The Contractor (152)
4.监理人 (156)
4.The Supervisor (156)
5.工程质量 (157)
5.Quality of Project (157)
6.安全文明施工与环境保护 (157)
6.Safe and Civilized Construction and Environmental Protection (157)
7.工期和进度 (158)
7.Project Duration and Progress (158)
8.材料与设备 (160)
8.Materials and Equipment (160)
9.试验与检验 (161)
9.Test and Inspection (161)
10.变更 (161)
10.Change (161)
11.价格调整 (164)
11.Price Adjustment (164)
12.合同价格、计量与支付 (165)
12.Contract Price,Measurement and Paymen (165)
13.验收和工程试车 (168)
13.Acceptance and Trial Run of Project (168)
14.竣工结算 (170)
14.Final Account on Completion (170)
15.缺陷责任期与保修 (171)
15.Defect&Liability Period and Warranty (171)
16.违约 (172)
16.Breach of Contract (172)
17.不可抗力 (174)
17.Force Majeure (174)
18.保险 (174)
18.Insurance (174)
20.争议解决 (175)
20.Resolution of Dispute (175)
附件 (176)
Appendix
说明
Explanations
为了指导建设工程施工合同当事人的签约行为，维护合同当事人的合法权益，依据《中华人民共和国合同法》、《中华人民共和国建筑法》、《中华人民共和国招标投标法》以及相关法律法规，住房城乡建设部、国家工商行政管理总局对《建设工程施工合同（示范文本）》（GF-1999-0201）进行了修订，制定了《建设工程施工合同（示范文本）》（GF-2013-0201）（以下简称《示范文本》）。为了便于合同当事人使用《示范文本》，现就有关问题说明如下：
To guide the signing act of the parties to a contract in execution of construction projects and safeguard their legitimate rights and interests,the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and the State Administration for Industry and Commerce have amended the“Construction Contract for Construction Projects(Sample Text)”(GF-1999-0201)and reenacted it as the“Construction Contract for Construction Projects (Sample Text)”(GF-2013-0201)(“Sample Text”)in accordance with the Contract Law of the People’s Republic of China,the Construction Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Bidding Law of the People’s Republic of China and other relevant laws and regulations.To facilitate the use of the Sample Text by the contracting parties,the relevant issues are hereby explained as follows:
一、《示范文本》的组成
https://www.doczj.com/doc/688193142.html,position of Sample Text
《示范文本》由合同协议书、通用合同条款和专用合同条款三部分组成。
The Sample Text is composed of three parts:contract agreement,general conditions of contract and special conditions of contract.
（一）合同协议书
(I)Contract Agreement
《示范文本》合同协议书共计13条，主要包括：工程概况、合同工期、质量标准、签约合同价和合同价格形式、项目经理、合同文件构成、承诺以及合同生效条件等重要内容，集中约定了合同当事人基本的合同权利义务。
The Contract Agreement of the Sample Text includes13clauses that cover such important content as project overview,project duration under contract,quality standard, contract price and form of contract price,project manager,composition of contract documents,undertakings and conditions under which the contract becomes effective, stipulating the basic contractual rights and obligations of the contracting parties in a centralized manner.
（二）通用合同条款
(II)General Conditions of Contract
通用合同条款是合同当事人根据《中华人民共和国建筑法》、《中华人民共和国合同
法》等法律法规的规定，就工程建设的实施及相关事项，对合同当事人的权利义务作出的原则性约定。
The general conditions of contract are the fundamental stipulations set forth by the contracting parties with respect to their rights and obligations for purpose of project construction and the matters related thereto in accordance with the Construction Law of the People’s Republic of China,the Contract Law of the People’s Republic of China and other relevant laws and regulations.
通用合同条款共计20条，具体条款分别为：一般约定、发包人、承包人、监理人、工程质量、安全文明施工与环境保护、工期和进度、材料与设备、试验与检验、变更、价格调整、合同价格、计量与支付、验收和工程试车、竣工结算、缺陷责任与保修、违约、不可抗力、保险、索赔和争议解决。前述条款安排既考虑了现行法律法规对工程建设的有关要求，也考虑了建设工程施工管理的特殊需要。
There are a total of20general conditions of contract,which are specifically:general stipulations,client,contractor,supervisor,project quality,safe and civilized construction and environmental protection,project duration and progress,materials and equipment, test and inspection,changes,price adjustment,contract price,measurement and payment,acceptance and trial run,final account for completed project,defect liability and warranty,breach of contract,force majeure,insurance,resolution of claim and dispute. The above conditions have given consideration to both the requirements of existing laws and regulations for project construction and the special needs for managing the execution of construction projects.
（三）专用合同条款
(III)Special Conditions of Contract
专用合同条款是对通用合同条款原则性约定的细化、完善、补充、修改或另行约定的条款。合同当事人可以根据不同建设工程的特点及具体情况，通过双方的谈判、协商对相应的专用合同条款进行修改补充。在使用专用合同条款时，应注意以下事项：The special conditions of contract are clauses designed to refine,improve, supplement,revise or otherwise stipulate the fundamental stipulations of the general conditions of contract.Contracting parties may revise and supplement the relevant special conditions of contract through the negotiations and consultations between them according to the characteristics and specific circumstances of different construction projects.In the use of special conditions of contract,attention should be paid to the following:
1、专用合同条款的编号应与相应的通用合同条款的编号一致；
1.The numbers of the special conditions of contract should be consistent with those of the corresponding general conditions of contract;
2、合同当事人可以通过对专用合同条款的修改，满足具体建设工程的特殊要求，避免直接修改通用合同条款；
2.The contracting parties may meet the special requirements of specific construction projects through the revision of the special conditions of contract to avoid direct revision of the general conditions of contract;
3、在专用合同条款中有横道线的地方，合同当事人可针对相应的通用合同条款进行细化、完善、补充、修改或另行约定；如无细化、完善、补充、修改或另行约定，则填写“无”
或划“/”。
3.Where the special conditions of contract have horizontal lines,the contracting parties may refine,improve,supplement,revise or otherwise stipulate the corresponding general conditions of contract or,failing which,enter“Nil”or“/”.
二、《示范文本》的性质和适用范围
II.Nature and Application Scope of the Sample Text
《示范文本》为非强制性使用文本。《示范文本》适用于房屋建筑工程、土木工程、线路管道和设备安装工程、装修工程等建设工程的施工承发包活动,合同当事人可结合建设工程具体情况，根据《示范文本》订立合同，并按照法律法规规定和合同约定承担相应的法律责任及合同权利义务。
The Sample Text is intended for non-mandatory use and applicable to the bidding activities for construction projects,e.g.housing construction project,civil works,pipeline and equipment installation project,decoration works.The contracting parties may enter into a contract on the basis of the Sample Text in light of the specific circumstances of a construction to agree on the legal liability and contract rights and obligations they are supposed to bear under laws,regulations and the contract.
第一部分合同协议书
Part I Contract Agreement
发包人（全称）：
Client(full name):
承包人（全称）：
Contractor(full name):
根据《中华人民共和国合同法》、《中华人民共和国建筑法》及有关法律规定，遵循平等、自愿、公平和诚实信用的原则，双方就工程施工及有关事项协商一致，共同达成如下协议：
In accordance with the Contract Law of the People’s Republic of China,the Construction Law of the People’s Republic of China and the other relevant laws and regulations of China,the parties hereto have entered into this agreement with regard to the construction of the project for under the principle of equality,voluntariness,fairness and good faith as incarnated by the terms and conditions set out below:
一、工程概况
I.Project Overview
1.工程名称：
https://www.doczj.com/doc/688193142.html, of project:
2.工程地点：
2.Location of project:
3.工程立项批准文号：
3.Number of approval document for establishment of project:
4.资金来源：企业自筹。
4.Source of funds:Raised by the enterprise itself
5.工程内容：桩基础工程。
5.Content of project:Pile foundation work
群体工程应附《承包人承揽工程项目一览表》（附件1）。
For a group project,a schedule of the construction projects undertaken by the contractor(Appendix1)should be enclosed herewith.
6.工程承包范围：
6.Scope of contracting for the project:
桩基础工程、基坑支护、主体结构土建、主体钢结构工程、工艺钢结构、屋面墙面工程、给排水、采暖通风、照明电、附属房屋及室外工程等（详工程量清单）Pile foundation works,foundation pit support,civil work of main structure,main steel structure works,process steel structure,roof and wall cladding works,water supply and drainage,heating and ventilation,lighting power,outbuildings and external works(as detailed in the bill of quantities)
二、合同工期
II.Project Duration under Contract
计划开工日期：年月日。
Planned start date:
计划竣工日期：年月日。
Planned completion date:
工期总日历天数：天。工期总日历天数与根据前述计划开竣工日期计算的工期天数不一致的，以工期总日历天数为准。
Total number of calendar days of project duration:days.In case of any inconsistency between the total number of calendar days of project duration and the number of days calculated on the basis of the above planned start/completion date,the former shall prevail.
三、质量标准
III.Quality Standard
工程质量符合合格标准。
The quality of the project shall meet the Pass standard.
四、签约合同价与合同价格形式
IV.Contract Price and Form of Contract Price
1.签约合同价为：
1.The contract price is:
人民币（大写）整(￥元)；
RMB(in words):(￥Yuan)
其中：
Including:
(1)安全文明施工费：
(1)Costs of safe and civilized construction:
人民币（大写）(￥元)；
RMB(in words)(￥yuan);
(2)材料和工程设备暂估价金额：
第二部分通用合同条款
Part Two General Conditions of Contract
1.一般约定
1.General Stipulations
1.1词语定义与解释
1.1Definitions and Interpretations
合同协议书、通用合同条款、专用合同条款中的下列词语具有本款所赋予的含义：The following words and terms used in the Contract Agreement,the General Conditions of Contract and the Specific Conditions of Contract shall have the meanings as defined in this clause:
1.1.1合同
1.1.1Contract
1.1.1.1合同：是指根据法律规定和合同当事人约定具有约束力的文件，构成合同的文件包括合同协议书、中标通知书（如果有）、投标函及其附录（如果有）、专用合同条款及其附件、通用合同条款、技术标准和要求、图纸、已标价工程量清单或预算书以及其他合同文件。
1.1.1.1The Contract means the document that is concluded in accordance with the laws and regulations as well as upon the mutual agreement of the contract signers,and shall have binding forces on the contracting parties.The composition of the entire contract document shall include the Contract Agreement,Bid-winning Notice(if any),Bid Letter and Appendix(if any),the Special Conditions of Contract and Appendixes,the General Conditions of Contract,the Technical Standards and Specifications,the Drawings,the List of priced quantities of project or budget statement,and other related other contract documents.
1.1.1.2合同协议书：是指构成合同的由发包人和承包人共同签署的称为“合同协议书”的书面文件。
1.1.1.2The Contract Agreement means the formal written documentary paper with the title of“Contract Agreement”which fully covers the contracted contents and is jointly signed by the Client and the Contractor.
1.1.1.3中标通知书：是指构成合同的由发包人通知承包人中标的书面文件。
1.1.1.3The Bid-winning Notice means the written documentary paper which is issued by the Client to notify the Contractor of his bid-winning.
1.1.1.4投标函：是指构成合同的由承包人填写并签署的用于投标的称为“投标函”的文件。
1.1.1.4The Bid Letter means the documentary paper constituting part of the
Contract,which is completed and signed by the Contractor for the purpose of tendering and with the title of“Bid Letter”.
1.1.1.5投标函附录：是指构成合同的附在投标函后的称为“投标函附录”的文件。
1.1.1.5The Appendixes to Bid Letter means the documentary paper constituting part of the Contract and appended to The Bid Letter with the title of“Appendixes to Bid Letter”.
1.1.1.6技术标准和要求：是指构成合同的施工应当遵守的或指导施工的国家、行业或地方的技术标准和要求，以及合同约定的技术标准和要求。
1.1.1.6The Technical Standards and Specifications refer to those technical Standards and Specifications which have to be strictly followed or observed during the constructional process of the contracted project,or those national,professional or local technical Standards and Specifications which provide guidelines to the constructional process,as well as those technical Standards and Specifications which are specified in the Contract.
1.1.1.7图纸：是指构成合同的图纸，包括由发包人按照合同约定提供或经发包人批准的设计文件、施工图、鸟瞰图及模型等，以及在合同履行过程中形成的图纸文件。图纸应当按照法律规定审查合格。
1.1.1.7The Drawings means those engineering drawings which constitute part of the Contract.They shall include the designing papers,constructional drawings, birds-eye-view drawings and models as supplied or approved by the Client,as well as those drawings papers produced and formed during the process of contract implementation.The drawings are obliged to pass the examinations and verifications for qualification in accordance with the laws and regulations.
1.1.1.8已标价工程量清单：是指构成合同的由承包人按照规定的格式和要求填写并标明价格的工程量清单，包括说明和表格。
1.1.1.8The List of priced quantities of project means the list of workloads which constitutes part of the Contract and is completed by the Contractor in compliance with the specified forms and requirements to identify the detailed prices for the quantities of project,including the associated illustrations and table.
1.1.1.9预算书：是指构成合同的由承包人按照发包人规定的格式和要求编制的工程预算文件。
1.1.1.9The Budget Statement means the project budget document which constitutes part of the Contract and is compilation by the Contractor in accordance with the forms and requirements as specified by the Client.
1.1.1.10其他合同文件：是指经合同当事人约定的与工程施工有关的具有合同约束力的文件或书面协议。合同当事人可以在专用合同条款中进行约定。
1.1.1.10The Other contract documents refer to those documents with binding forces or some other written agreements jointly signed by the contracting parties and related with the undertaking of the constructional project.The contracting parties may specify these documents in the Special conditions of contract.
1.1.2合同当事人及其他相关方
1.1.2Contracting parties and other related parties
Lesson 1 力学的基本概念 1、词汇： statics [st?tiks] 静力学；dynamics动力学；constraint约束；magnetic [m?ɡ＇netik]有磁性的；external [eks＇t?:nl] 外面的, 外部的；meshing啮合；follower从动件；magnitude [＇m?ɡnitju:d] 大小；intensity强度，应力；non-coincident [k?u＇insid?nt]不重合；parallel [＇p?r?lel]平行；intuitive 直观的；substance物质；proportional [pr?＇p?:??n?l]比例的；resist抵抗，对抗；celestial [si＇lestj?l]天空的；product乘积；particle质点；elastic [i＇l?stik]弹性；deformed变形的；strain拉力；uniform全都相同的；velocity[vi＇l?siti]速度；scalar[＇skeil?]标量；vector[＇vekt?]矢量；displacement代替；momentum [m?u＇ment?m]动量； 2、词组 make up of由……组成；if not要不，不然；even through即使，纵然； Lesson 2 力和力的作用效果 1、词汇： machine 机器；mechanism机构；movable活动的；given 规定的，给定的，已知的；perform执行；application 施用；produce引起，导致；stress压力；applied施加的；individual单独的；muscular [＇m?skjul?]]力臂；gravity[ɡr?vti]重力；stretch伸展，拉紧，延伸；tensile[tensail]拉力；tension张力，拉力；squeeze挤；compressive 有压力的，压缩的；torsional扭转的；torque转矩；twist扭，转动；molecule [m likju:l]分子的；slide滑动; 滑行；slip滑，溜；one another 互相；shear剪切；independently独立地，自立地；beam梁；compress压；revolve (使)旋转；exert [iɡ＇z?:t]用力，尽力，运用，发挥，施加；principle原则, 原理，准则，规范；spin使…旋转；screw螺丝钉；thread螺纹； 2、词组 a number of 许多；deal with 涉及，处理；result from由什么引起；prevent from阻止，防止；tends to 朝某个方向；in combination结合；fly apart飞散； 3、译文： 任何机器或机构的研究表明每一种机构都是由许多可动的零件组成。这些零件从规定的运动转变到期望的运动。另一方面，这些机器完成工作。当由施力引起的运动时，机器就开始工作了。所以，力和机器的研究涉及在一个物体上的力和力的作用效果。 力是推力或者拉力。力的作用效果要么是改变物体的形状或者运动，要么阻止其他的力发生改变。每一种
陶瓷 ceramics 合成纤维 synthetic fibre 电化学腐蚀 electrochemical corrosion 车架 automotive chassis 悬架 suspension 转向器 redirector 变速器 speed changer 板料冲压 sheet metal parts 孔加工 spot facing machining 车间 workshop 工程技术人员 engineer 气动夹紧 pneuma lock 数学模型 mathematical model 画法几何 descriptive geometry 机械制图 Mechanical drawing 投影 projection 视图 view 剖视图 profile chart 标准件 standard component 零件图 part drawing 装配图 assembly drawing 尺寸标注 size marking
技术要求 technical requirements 刚度 rigidity 内力 internal force 位移 displacement 截面 section 疲劳极限 fatigue limit 断裂 fracture 塑性变形 plastic distortion 脆性材料 brittleness material 刚度准则 rigidity criterion 垫圈 washer 垫片 spacer 直齿圆柱齿轮 straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮 helical-spur gear 直齿锥齿轮 straight bevel gear 运动简图 kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条 pinion and rack 蜗杆蜗轮 worm and worm gear 虚约束 passive constraint 曲柄 crank 摇杆 racker 凸轮 cams
建设工程施工合同协议二 发包人(全称)：__________________ 承包人(全称)：__________________ 根据《民法典》、《中华人民共和国建筑法》及有关法律规定，遵循平等、自愿、公平和诚实信用的原则，双方就工程施工及有关事项协商一致，共同达成如下协议： 一、工程概况 1.工程名称：___________________________。 2.工程地点：___________________________。 3.工程立项批准文号：__________________。 4.资金来源：___________________________。 5.工程内容：___________________________。 群体工程应附《承包人承揽工程项目一览表》(附件1)。 6.工程承包范围： _____________________________________________。
二、合同工期 计划开工日期：_________年_________月_________日。 计划竣工日期：_________年_________月_________日。 工期总日历天数：_________天。工期总日历天数与根据前述计划开竣工日期计算的工期天数不一致的，以工期总日历天数为准。 三、质量标准 工程质量符合___________________________标准。 四、签约合同价与合同价格形式 1.签约合同价为： 人民币(大写__________________) (￥_________元); 其中： (1)安全文明施工费： 人民币(大写__________________) (￥_________元); (2)材料和工程设备暂估价金额： 人民币(大写__________________) (￥_________元); (3)专业工程暂估价金额：
外文翻译 英文原文 Belt Conveying Systems Development of driving system Among the methods of material conveying employed，belt conveyors play a very important part in the reliable carrying of material over long distances at competitive cost．Conveyor systems have become larger and more complex and drive systems have also been going through a process of evolution and will continue to do so．Nowadays，bigger belts require more power and have brought the need for larger individual drives as well as multiple drives such as 3 drives of 750 kW for one belt(this is the case for the conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine)．The ability to control drive acceleration torque is critical to belt conveyors’performance．An efficient drive system should be able to provide smooth，soft starts while maintaining belt tensions within the specified safe limits．For load sharing on multiple drives．torque and speed control are also important considerations in the drive system’s design. Due to the advances in conveyor drive control technology，at present many more reliable．Cost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive systems covering a wide range of power are available for customers’ choices[1]. 1 Analysis on conveyor drive technologies 1．1 Direct drives Full-voltage starters．With a full-voltage starter design，the conveyor head shaft is direct-coupled to the motor through the gear drive．Direct full-voltage starters are adequate for relatively low-power, simple-profile conveyors．With direct fu11-voltage starters．no control is provided for various conveyor loads and．depending on the ratio between fu11-and no-1oad power requirements，empty starting times can be three or four times faster than full load．The maintenance-free starting system is simple，low-cost and very reliable．However, they cannot control starting torque and maximum stall torque；therefore．they are
机械专业英语词汇 陶瓷ceramics 合成纤维synthetic fibre 电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion 车架automotive chassis 悬架suspension 转向器redirector 变速器speed changer 板料冲压sheet metal parts 孔加工spot facing machining 车间workshop 工程技术人员engineer 气动夹紧pneuma lock 数学模型mathematical model 画法几何descriptive geometry 机械制图Mechanical drawing 投影projection 视图view 剖视图profile chart 标准件standard component 零件图part drawing 装配图assembly drawing 尺寸标注size marking 技术要求technical requirements 刚度rigidity 内力internal force 位移displacement 截面section 疲劳极限fatigue limit 断裂fracture 塑性变形plastic distortion 脆性材料brittleness material 刚度准则rigidity criterion 垫圈washer 垫片spacer 直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear 直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear 运动简图kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条pinion and rack 蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear 虚约束passive constraint 曲柄crank 摇杆racker 凸轮cams 共轭曲线conjugate curve 范成法generation method 定义域definitional domain 值域range 导数\\微分differential coefficient 求导derivation 定积分definite integral 不定积分indefinite integral 曲率curvature 偏微分partial differential 毛坯rough 游标卡尺slide caliper 千分尺micrometer calipers 攻丝tap 二阶行列式second order determinant 逆矩阵inverse matrix 线性方程组linear equations 概率probability 随机变量random variable 排列组合permutation and combination 气体状态方程equation of state of gas 动能kinetic energy 势能potential energy 机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy 动量momentum 桁架truss 轴线axes 余子式cofactor 逻辑电路logic circuit 触发器flip-flop 脉冲波形pulse shape 数模digital analogy 液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism 机械零件mechanical parts 淬火冷却quench 淬火hardening 回火tempering 调质hardening and tempering 磨粒abrasive grain 结合剂bonding agent 砂轮grinding wheel 后角clearance angle 龙门刨削planing 主轴spindle
英文翻译 机械设计 一台完整机器的设计是一个复杂的过程。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。 Machine Design The complete design of a machine is a complex process. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge. 任何产品在设计时第一步就是选择产品每个部分的构成材料。许多的材料被今天的设计师所使用。对产品的功能，它的外观、材料的成本、制造的成本作出必要的选择是十分重要的。对材料的特性必须事先作出仔细的评估。 One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to today's designers. The function of the product, its appearance, the cost of the material, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection. A careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations. 仔细精确的计算是必要的，以确保设计的有效性。在任何失败的情况下，最好知道在最初设计中有有缺陷的部件。计算（图纸尺寸）检查是非常重要的。一个小数点的位置放错，就可以导致一个本可以完成的项目失败。设计工作的各个方面都应该检查和复查。 Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design. In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. The checking of calculations (and drawing dimensions) is of utmost importance. The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked. 计算机是一种工具，它能够帮助机械设计师减轻繁琐的计算，并对现有数据提供进一步的分析。互动系统基于计算机的能力，已经使计算机辅助设计（CAD）和计算机辅助制造（CAM）成为了可能。心理学家经常谈论如何使人们适应他们所操作的机器。设计人员的基本职责是努力使机器来适应人们。这并不是一项容易的工作，因为实际上并不存在着一个对所有人来说都是最优的操作范围和操作
建设工程施工合同 发包方（以下称甲方）： 承包方（以下称乙方）： 根据《中华人民共和国合同法》和《中华人民共和国建筑法》及其它有关法律、行政法规，为明确双方在施工过程中的权利、义务，经双方协商自愿签订本合同。 第一条工程项目 一、工程名称： 二、工程地点： 三、工程内容： 四、承包形式： 第二条工程期限 一、合同工期总日历天数_______天 开工日期：_____年_____月_____日 竣工日期：_____年_____月_____日 二、如遇下列情况，经甲方现场代表签证后，工期可相应顺延 １、在施工中如因停电、停水８小时以上或连续间歇性停水、停电３天以上（每次连续４小时以上），影响正常施工；停水停电2天以上； 2、因台风暴雨飓风等不可抗力的因素； ３、因人力不可抗拒的其他因素而延误工期。
三、因乙方原因造成施工延迟的，不得请求顺延工期。 第三条工程价款、结算及付款方式（是不是有付预付款或进度款的时候乙方开不了票？） 双方同意按下述第方式支付本合同价款，甲方付款前，乙方应提供正式发票。 第一种方式：本合同实行固定总价，经甲乙双方核定按本工程合同包干价为元人民币（大写：）。任何政策性因素和市场因素均不调整包干价。 1、本合同签订后日内，甲方支付元工程款； 2、工程竣工经甲方验收合格后，甲方支付元工程款； 3、余款元作为质量保证金，待保修期满后十五个工作日内无息支付。 第二种方式：本合同实行按实结算，双方使用晨曦软件，依据最新现行定额计价规范和施工期（或材料定购期）的信息价（信息价不明确的以甲方确认材料价为准）进行计算，计算后的总价下浮%作为本合同的结算价款。 1、甲方于支付元； 2、乙方施工完成并经甲方验收合格后，提交竣工验收报告及工程决算书，经甲方审核确认后，付至结算价款的95%，留5%做质保金，待保修期满后15个工作日内付清。 3、工程量及价格签证，签证单都必须有甲方现场代表签字并加盖公章后方可作为结算依据。
启动轴starting axle 启动齿轮starting gear 启动棘轮starting ratchet wheel 复位弹簧restoring, pull back spring 弹簧座spring seating 摩擦簧friction spring 推力垫圈thrust washer 轴挡圈axle bumper ring 下料filling 切断cut 滚齿机gear-hobbing machine 剪料机material-shearing machine 车床lathe 拉床broaching machine 垂直度verticality, vertical extent 平行度 parallelism同心度 homocentricity 位置度position 拉伤pulling damage 碰伤bumping damage 缺陷deficiency 严重缺陷severe deficiency 摩擦力friction 扭距twist 滑动glide 滚动roll 打滑skid 脱不开can’t seperate 不复位can’t restore 直径diameter M值= 跨棒距test rod span 公法线common normal line 弹性elasticity 频率特性frequency characteristic 误差error 响应response 定位allocation 机床夹具jig 动力学dynamic 运动学kinematic 静力学static 分析力学analyse mechanics 拉伸pulling 压缩hitting 机床machine tool 刀具cutter 摩擦friction 联结link 传动drive/transmission 轴shaft 剪切shear 扭转twist 弯曲应力bending stress 三相交流电three-phase AC 磁路magnetic circles 变压器transformer 异步电动机asynchronous motor 几何形状geometrical 精度precision 正弦形的sinusoid 交流电路AC circuit 机械加工余量machining allowance 变形力deforming force 变形deformation 电路circuit 半导体元件semiconductor element 拉孔broaching 装配assembling 加工machining 液压hydraulic pressure 切线tangent 机电一体化mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration 稳定性stability 介质medium 液压驱动泵fluid clutch 液压泵hydraulic pump 阀门valve 失效invalidation 强度intensity 载荷load 应力stress 安全系数safty factor 可靠性reliability 螺纹thread 螺旋helix 键spline 销pin 滚动轴承rolling bearing 滑动轴承sliding bearing 弹簧spring 制动器arrester brake 十字结联轴节crosshead 联轴器coupling 链chain 皮带strap 精加工finish machining 粗加工rough machining 变速箱体gearbox casing 腐蚀rust 氧化oxidation 磨损wear 耐用度durability 机械制图 Mechanical drawing 投影projection 视图view 剖视图profile chart 标准件standard component 零件图part drawing 装配图assembly drawing 尺寸标注size marking 技术要求 technical requirements 刚度rigidity 内力internal force 位移displacement 截面section 疲劳极限fatigue limit 断裂fracture 塑性变形plastic distortion 脆性材料brittleness material 刚度准则rigidity criterion 垫圈washer 垫片spacer 直齿圆柱齿轮 straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮 helical-spur gear 直齿锥齿轮 straight bevel gear 运动简图kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条pinion and rack 蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear 虚约束passive constraint 曲柄crank 摇杆racker 凸轮cams 反馈feedback 发生器generator 直流电源DC electrical source 门电路gate circuit 外圆磨削external grinding 内圆磨削internal grinding 平面磨削plane grinding 变速箱gearbox 离合器clutch 绞孔fraising 绞刀reamer
建设工程施工合同协议条 款完整版 In the case of disputes between the two parties, the legitimate rights and interests of the partners should be protected. In the process of performing the contract, disputes should be submitted to arbitration. This paper is the main basis for restoring the cooperation scene. 【适用合作签约/约束责任/违约追究/维护权益等场景】 甲方：________________________ 乙方：________________________ 签订时间：________________________ 签订地点：________________________
建设工程施工合同协议条款完整版 下载说明：本协议资料适合用于需解决双方争议的场景下，维护合作方各自的合法权益，并在履行合同的过程中，双方当事人一旦发生争议，将争议提交仲裁或者诉讼，本文书即成为复原合作场景的主要依据。可直接应用日常文档制作，也可以根据实际需要对其进行修改。 建设工程施工合同协议条款 甲方： 乙方： 按照《中华人民共和国经济合同法》和《建筑安装工程承包合同条例》的原则，结合本工程具体情况，双方达成如下协议。 第１条工程概况。 １．１工程名称： 工程地点： 工程内容：
承包范围： １．２开工日期： 竣工日期： 总日历日期： １．３质量等级： １．４合同价款： 第２条合同文件及解释顺序。 第３条合同文件使用的语言文字、标准和适用法律。 ３．１合同语言： ３．２适用法律法规： ３．３适用标准、规范： 第４条图纸。 ４．１图纸提供日期
High-speed milling High-speed machining is an advanced manufacturing technology, different from the traditional processing methods. The spindle speed, cutting feed rate, cutting a small amount of units within the time of removal of material has increased three to six times. With high efficiency, high precision and high quality surface as the basic characteristics of the automobile industry, aerospace, mold manufacturing and instrumentation industry, such as access to a wide range of applications, has made significant economic benefits, is the contemporary importance of advanced manufacturing technology. For a long time, people die on the processing has been using a grinding or milling EDM (EDM) processing, grinding, polishing methods. Although the high hardness of the EDM machine parts, but the lower the productivity of its application is limited. With the development of high-speed processing technology, used to replace high-speed cutting, grinding and polishing process to die processing has become possible. To shorten the processing cycle, processing and reliable quality assurance, lower processing costs. 1 One of the advantages of high-speed machining High-speed machining as a die-efficient manufacturing, high-quality, low power consumption in an advanced manufacturing technology. In conventional machining in a series of problems has plagued by high-speed machining of the application have been resolved. 1.1 Increase productivity High-speed cutting of the spindle speed, feed rate compared withtraditional machining, in the nature of the leap, the metal removal rate increased 30 percent to 40 percent, cutting force reduced by 30 percent, the cutting tool life increased by 70% . Hardened parts can be processed, a fixture in many parts to be completed rough, semi-finishing and fine, and all other processes, the complex can reach parts of the surface quality requirements, thus increasing the processing productivity and competitiveness of products in the market. 1.2 Improve processing accuracy and surface quality High-speed machines generally have high rigidity and precision, and other characteristics, processing, cutting the depth of small, fast and feed, cutting force low, the workpiece to reduce heat distortion, and high precision machining, surface roughness small. Milling will be no high-speed processing and milling marks the surface so that the parts greatly enhance the quality of the surface. Processing Aluminum when up Ra0.40.6um, pieces of steel processing at up to Ra0.2 ~ 0.4um.
机械专业相关词汇中英文翻译大全 单价unit price 工日合计Man-day total/work-day total 人工费cost of labor 材料费materials expenses 机械的mechanical 检查接线connection test 发电机generator 调相机phase regulator 周波cycle 减负荷装置 load-shedding equipment 断路器柜circuit breaker cabinet 单母线single busbar 互感器transformer 每相电流Current by Phase 封闭式插接close type socket joint 发电机控制面板generator control panel 分级卸载sorted unloading 同步控制synchronization control 调速器 speed governor 信号屏signal screen 继电器relay 高压柜high pressure cabinet 油浸电力变压器oil-immersed power transformer 空气断路器air circuit breaker 控制屏control panel 直流馈电屏direct current feed control panel 电容器electric condenser 计量盘metering panel 成套配电箱whole set of distribution box 落地式floor model 控制开关Control switches 铜芯电力电缆Copper core power cable 控制电缆actuating cable 热缩式电力电缆终端头pyrocondensation power cable terminal 钢结构支架配管steel structure bracket tubing 万用槽钢versatile U-steel 电缆托架 cable bracket 钢制托盘式桥架steel Tray-type cable support system waterproof socket 防水插座 防爆插座Explosion-proof socket 接地绞线earthing twisted pair 接地母线 earthing bus
2、应力和应变 在任何工程结构中独立的部件或构件将承受来自于部件的使用状况或工作的外部环境的外力作用。如果组件就处于平衡状态,由此而来的各种外力将会为零,但尽管如此,它们共同作用部件的载荷易于使部件变形同时在材料里面产生相应的内力。 有很多不同负载可以应用于构件的方式。负荷根据相应时间的不同可分为: (a)静态负荷是一种在相对较短的时间内逐步达到平衡的应用载荷。 (b)持续负载是一种在很长一段时间为一个常数的载荷, 例如结构的重量。这种类型的载荷以相同的方式作为一个静态负荷; 然而,对一些材料与温度和压力的条件下,短时间的载荷和长时间的载荷抵抗失效的能力可能是不同的。 (c)冲击载荷是一种快速载荷(一种能量载荷)。振动通常导致一个冲击载荷, 一般平衡是不能建立的直到通过自然的阻尼力的作用使振动停止的时候。 (d)重复载荷是一种被应用和去除千万次的载荷。 (e)疲劳载荷或交变载荷是一种大小和设计随时间不断变化的载荷。 上面已经提到，作用于物体的外力与在材料里面产生的相应内力平衡。因此,如果一个杆受到一个均匀的拉伸和压缩，也就是说, 一个力,均匀分布于一截面,那么产生的内力也均匀分布并且可以说杆是受到一个均匀的正常应力,应力被定义为 应力==负载 P /压力 A, 因此根据载荷的性质应力是可以压缩或拉伸的,并被度量为牛顿每平方米或它的倍数。 如果一个杆受到轴向载荷，即是应力，那么杆的长度会改变。如果杆的初始长度L和改变量△L已知，产生的应力定义如下: 应力==改变长△L /初始长 L 因此应力是一个测量材料变形和无量纲的物理量 ,即它没有单位;它只是两个相同单位的物理量的比值。 一般来说,在实践中,在荷载作用下材料的延伸是非常小的, 测量的应力以*10-6的形式是方便的, 即微应变, 使用的符号也相应成为ue。 从某种意义上说，拉伸应力与应变被认为是正的。压缩应力与应变被认为是负的。因此负应力使长度减小。 当负载移除时，如果材料回复到初始的，无负载时的尺寸时，我们就说它是具有弹性的。一特定形式的适用于大范围的工程材料至少工程材料受载荷的大部分的弹性, 产生正比于负载的变形。由于载荷正比于载荷所产生的压力并且变形正比于应变, 这也说明,当材料是弹性的时候, 应力与应变成正比。因此胡克定律陈述, 应力正比于应变。 这定律服从于大部分铁合金在特定的范围内, 甚至以其合理的准确性可以假定适用于其他工程材料比如混凝土，木材，非铁合金。 当一个材料是弹性的时候，当载荷消除之后，任何负载所产生的变形可以完全恢复,没有永久的变形。
机械专业英文翻译 Company number：【WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998】
启动轴 starting axle 启动齿轮starting gear 启动棘轮 starting ratchet wheel 复位弹簧 restoring, pull back spring 弹簧座 spring seating 摩擦簧friction spring 推力垫圈 thrust washer 轴挡圈axle bumper ring 下料 filling 切断 cut 滚齿机 gear-hobbing machine 剪料机 material-shearing machine 车床 lathe 拉床 broaching machine 垂直度 verticality, vertical extent 平行度 parallelism同 心度 homocentricity 位置度 position 拉伤 pulling damage 碰伤 bumping damage 缺陷 deficiency 严重缺陷 severe deficiency 摩擦力 friction 扭距 twist 滑动 glide 滚动 roll 打滑 skid 脱不开 can’t seperate 不复位 can’t restore 直径 diameter M值 = 跨棒距 test rod span 公法线 common normal line 弹性 elasticity 频率特性 frequency characteristic 误差 error 响应 response 定位 allocation 机床夹具 jig 动力学 dynamic 运动学 kinematic 静力学 static 分析力学 analyse mechanics 拉伸 pulling 压缩 hitting 机床 machine tool 刀具 cutter 摩擦 friction 联结 link 传动 drive/transmission 轴 shaft 剪切 shear 扭转 twist 弯曲应力 bending stress 三相交流电 three-phase AC 磁路 magnetic circles 变压器 transformer 异步电动机 asynchronous motor 几何形状 geometrical 精度 precision 正弦形的 sinusoid 交流电路 AC circuit 机械加工余量 machining allowance 变形力 deforming force 变形 deformation 电路 circuit 半导体元件 semiconductor element 拉孔 broaching 装配 assembling 加工 machining 液压 hydraulic pressure 切线 tangent 机电一体化 mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration 稳定性 stability 介质 medium 液压驱动泵 fluid clutch 液压泵 hydraulic pump 阀门 valve 失效 invalidation 强度 intensity 载荷 load 应力 stress 安全系数 safty factor 可靠性 reliability 螺纹 thread 螺旋 helix 键 spline 销 pin 滚动轴承 rolling bearing 滑动轴承 sliding bearing 弹簧 spring 制动器 arrester brake 十字结联轴节 crosshead 联轴器 coupling 链 chain 皮带 strap 精加工 finish machining 粗加工 rough machining 变速箱体 gearbox casing 腐蚀 rust 氧化 oxidation 磨损 wear 耐用度 durability 机械制图 Mechanical drawing 投影 projection 视图 view 剖视图 profile chart 标准件 standard component 零件图 part drawing 装配图 assembly drawing 尺寸标注 size marking 技术要求 technical requirements 刚度 rigidity 内力 internal force 位移 displacement 截面 section 疲劳极限 fatigue limit 断裂 fracture 塑性变形 plastic distortion 脆性材料 brittleness material 刚度准则 rigidity criterion 垫圈 washer 垫片 spacer 直齿圆柱齿轮 straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮 helical-spur gear 直齿锥齿轮 straight bevel gear 运动简图 kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条 pinion and rack 蜗杆蜗轮 worm and worm gear 虚约束 passive constraint 曲柄 crank 摇杆 racker 凸轮 cams 反馈 feedback 发生器 generator