INTRODUCTION
This Forestry Practice Guide supports the UK Forestry Standard, the various guidelines and other advisory material produced by the Forestry Commission. Its purpose is to help owners and managers of plantations, forests and woods that are approaching the felling stage to take advantage of the opportunities this presents to make any necessary improvement to the diversity and appearance of the area in balance with other, more functional or economic objectives. It is a straightforward, step-by-step guide as to how to go about this task, referred to here as forest design planning, within the wider framework of environmental and operational planning.
本林业实践指南支持英国林业标准、其他指南以及由林业咨询委员会编写的各种材料。其目的是帮助人工林、森林和接近砍伐期的林木的经营者或经理，以改善林区的生物多样性和森林景观，并发挥森林的多功能和实现其经济目标。本指南就如何着手这项工作作出简单的一步一步的指导，而这种指导在这里可以理解为在大框架的环境下运作的森林设计规划。
The forest itself is the environment. The forest is not only the trees, but also the understorey, the ground vegetation, the open spaces, soils, rocks and water, all of which are integral parts. Any action taken concerning the arboreal component of the forest – the trees – is not just of environmental consequence: it is in itself an environmental act.Silvicultural planning, production planning, road planning and recreation planning are all, therefore, aspects of planning the forest environment as much as landscape and nature conservation planning.
森林本身就是环境。森林不仅仅包括树木，还包括林下层、地表植被、空旷地、土壤、岩石和水，所有的这些都是森林不可或缺的组成部分。采取的任何跟森林有关的行动，包括森林
它本身就是一种环境行为。因此，所有的造林规划、生产规划、道路规划和游憩区规划与景观保护和自然保护同等重要。
The requirement for planning is quite simply to achieve an understanding of the consequences of an action before embarking on that action. It has been described as both the launching point for the future and the process of learning from the past. Embarking on any action, whether it be felling trees or creating a wildlife or failing to achieve one’s objectives. This is true where there is a single management objective. It is even more true where there are multiple objectives. An action aimed at furthering only one of these will almost certainly affect the optimize if decisions are taken without proper information and planning. The UK Government has a firm policy for increasing the many diverse benefits that forests can provide. The aim is to create attractive and productive forests, which blend with the landscape, are rich in wildlife and are efficient to manage. How this is achieved and what is appropriate in individual circumstances depends on local conditions and priorities. Proper long-term planning needs to take account of all the relevant issues and produce an integrated solution. Compiling a plan requires clear thinking and logical action.
规划的要求很简单，就是在采取任何行动之前对此行动的后果进行思考，这可以理解为总结过去的经验和考虑未来的行为后果。采取任何行动时，无论是为了砍伐树木，或者创造一种野生动物，即使没有达到目标，都可以肯定定一个单一或者多重的管理目标的做法。如果采取缺乏正确的信息和规划的决定，那么至少有一个旨在推动日后发展的因素会影响到结果的最优化。英国政府为增加森林带来的多种利益，已出台坚定的政策，其目的是创造具有吸引力和富有成效的森林，拥有野生动植物丰富和高效管理的景观。至于如何实现和在个别情况下采取怎么样的行动才是恰当的，则取决于当地的条件和优先次序。合理的长远规划需要考虑到所有相关因素和提供一个综合的解决方案。因此，编制规划方案需要清晰的思维和理性的思考。
The planning process in forest management is all the more critical because the consequences of actions may be a long way in the future. It is important to remember that every action that we take today will affect the
options open to future generations. It is equally important to remember that to take no action, whether a conscious decision or through neglect or procrastination, will also affect the options open to future generations. The planning process must not, in itself, become a barrier to action. Finally the type of plan should be appropriate to the scale of the work envisaged and its purpose.
因为行动的后果都可能会影响到将来，因此在森林经营中的规划过程显得更为之重要。强调的是，我们今天采取的任何行动都会影响到我们子孙后代得选择，同时，无论是有意识的决定还是有误忽视或拖延而不采取任何行动，也将影响到今后几代人的选择机会。而规划过程本身不能成为一个阻碍的行动。最后，规划类型应适合工作对象的规模及满足其规划目的。
Application of this Guide to Northern Ireland
北爱尔兰的应用
This guide has been written primarily for use in Great Britain. However, many of the principles may also be applied to forests elsewhere. Accordingly, where the context permits, the guide may also be a help to woodland owners and managers in meeting the requirements of the UK Forestry Standard in Northern Ireland.
本指南主要针对英国林业编写，但是其中的很多原则也同样适用于其他地区的森林。相应地，如果指南在北爱尔兰适用，也可能帮助当地林场主和森林管理人员，使其经营的森林达到英国林业标准。
The Policy Background
政策背景
The Government has adopted certain criteria and standards for the sustainable management of our forests and woodlands and these are set out in the UK Forestry Standard. Forest Design Planning is the process which ensures that plans for change in the structure of existing woods, or the creation of new ones, will meet the requirements of the Standard. The process takes into account the physical, biological, human and cultural resources described in the Standard. The results should therefore conform both to the Standard and to internationally agreed Pan-European Criteria (PEC) for sustainable forest management with which it is compatible.
英国政府已经通过了若干个准则和标准，以保护森林、有林地和受英国林业标准保护的对象。确保林业规划设计的整个过程都符合标准的要求，包括计划中改变现有的或建造新的森林结构。过程中要考虑到标准中提及的物理、生物、人和文化等各方面因素。结果应该既要符合该标准，也要符合国际商定的泛欧洲标准（PEC）的关于森林可持续经营的要求。
The Audience
告读者
This guide is intended for those people, such as forest owners and their managers or agents, who are managing existing forests or woods of mainly plantation origin and of a size which may necessitate felling and regeneration over more than one phase using more than one felling coupe. It is particularly relevant for owners who intend to draw up a long term forest plan covering phased harvesting and replanting for large forest areas or whole estates, over a period of 20 years or more.
本指南是为以下这些人所编写的，如森林所有者及森林经理或其代理，他们在管理着现有森林或林木，那些森林或林木可能是人工林的来源和需要采伐和更新，超过一个以上的伐倒期。这是很重要的，特别是对于那些打算制定一个超过20年甚至更长时间的的森林经营计划（包括林木分期收获和大面积林地或者整个林地补植）的林场主。
It is also expected to be used by Forestry Authority staff whose job is to evaluate and approve plans. They will be able to help and guide owners, their managers and agents as to what level of sophistication or simplicity is expected in the forest design plan for a particular forest. They will also be able to direct people to extra help by way of design assistance or training.
同时希望本书可以为林业管理局的工作人员在评估和批准森林规划的中有所帮助。一方面，他们可以帮助和指导森林所有者及其经理或代理人，以成熟或简单的方法为森林制定一个特定的规划方案；另一方面，他们还可以直接以设计援助或培训的方式得到额外的帮助。
This guide will also be helpful to other people who are looking at proposals under the Woodland Grant Scheme and for felling licences, for example staff in local authorities and other agencies who have a statutory role in the consultation process. They will know what to expect in the plans presented to them and be better able to direct their comments on the content and standard.
本指南也将有助于那些正在考虑申请林地津贴计划和获得采伐许可证的人。如地方当局和其他机构的工作人员，他们拥有在协商过程中其法定作业，能预料规划将呈现的结果，可以更好的指导其规划内容，使之符合标准。
FOREST PLANNING: THE WIDER CONTEXT AND GOALS
森林规划：更广泛的背景和目标
In Britain forest planning takes place at three levels: regional level, forest level and site level.
在英国森林规划共有3个层次：区域级别，林区级别和站点级别。
Regional Level Plans
区域计划
The main regional level plans are indicative forestry strategies intended to guide the type and amount of new planting. They do not cover felling and replanting or management of existing woods and forests.
主要的区域计划是指示林业占战略，旨在指导新的种植类型和数量。这并不包括现有森林和林木的砍伐、补种或管理。
It can sometimes be helpful to consider a broad scale assessment of an individual forest, wood or ownership unit in its wider context before preparing a forest/woodland level plan. Large owners or companies who manage aggregations of woods, will recognize that the precise balance of objectives, for example timber production and recreation provision, will vary from place to place. This depends on a number of factors such as the sensitivity of the forest or wood its location, access and site potential to deliver various benefits.
在准备制定一份森林/林地计划前，对于在一个更大范围内，考虑评估个人森林、林木或林场主单元，会大有裨益。管理混交林的大的林场主或公司会意识到精准平衡各要素的重要性，例如木材产品和空地的规定会因地而异。这取决于多种因素，例如森林或林木自身的位置、可进入性和现场条件等。
Forest/Woodland Level Plans
森林/林地层次的计划
These apply to a whole forest or wood, a whole estate comprising several woods, or to a distinct part – a landscape unit – of a large forest.
这些适用于整片森林及其木材，包括一些林木，或者一个独立的部分-一个景观单元-一片大森林。
The forest plan concerns the larger scale spatial layout of the forest, while smaller scale details are built in at the site management level. It is primarily concerned with the location and timing of tree felling, and the distribution of tree species and open apace at regeneration. These are the principal tools available to the forest manager for controlling forest structure, and hence the current and future flow of forest products, both tangible and intangible.
森林层次计划关注较大规模的森林空间布局，而较小规模的细节则在现场管理水平上规划。它主要关注的是砍伐林木的位置和时机，以及在林木种类和空地的再生上面做出贡献。这些都是森林经营的主要工具，可用来控制森林结构，包括有形和无形的当前的和未来的森林产品的流动。
The aim of forest design planning is to move the forest towards a condition in which it can continue indefinitely to meet its management objectives, at the same time retaining a degree of versatility and
flexibility to help meet unknown future demands. Forest design planning is a particularly appropriate process for the larger, more complex and more sensitive forests or woods. Some of the steps of analysis and level of detail will be unnecessary for smaller, simpler or less sensitive areas.
森林规划设计的目标就是让森林走上可持续经营道路，在持续实现其经营目标的同时保留森林的通用性和灵活性，以满足未来对森林不明的需求。森林规划设计是更大、更复杂和更敏感的森林及其林木的一个特别适宜的进程，而一些分析的步骤和详细程度，将会是一些更小、更简单和敏感度小的地区所不必要的。
Site Level Plans
现场操作计划
The third level of planning is the site management plan. This has normally been the main level for operational planning and for timber sales, felling licences and restocking plans at the compartment, coupe or stand leve l. This is a crucial level because it controls the day-to-day a activity of the harvesting and restocking operations. A site management plan should be prepared for each felling coupe, before a chainsaw is brought near the first tree.
计划的第三层面是关于现场管理的。这通常是业务规划、木材销售、申请采伐许可证和关于购买计划的主要层次。同时，这也是很关键的层次，因为它控制日积月累的收获和进货操作活动。一个现场管理计划应该考虑到砍伐任何一棵树前会不会压到其他树。
The site management plan ensures that everyone involved in the harvesting and restocking operation knows what is required for that particular site. It can also be used as a basis for contract specification, to ensure that the contractors meet all their obligations regarding site protection.
现场管理计划要确保在收获和购买林木的人都知道现场站点的特定需要。它也可以用来作为合同规范的基础，以确保合同双方共同承担现场保护的方面的义务。
It can be seen from this that plans prepared using the process described in this guide occupy an important position, translating broad objectives into detailed site operations via the forest level assessment, analysis and design. It is too big a leap to go straight from management objectives to site operations and to expect the operation to make sense at fulfilling the requirements of sustainability.
可以看出，在通过森林水平评估、分析和设计时将宏伟目标转化成现场操作的细节中，根据本指南描述的进程做好的计划举足轻重。从管理目标到现场操作，并期望运作满足可持续发展的要求，这是一个很大的飞跃。
Exploring Filipino School Counselors’ Beliefs about Learning Allan B. I. Bernardo [Abstract] School reform efforts that focus on student learning require school counselors to take on important new roles as advocates of student learning and achievement.But how do school counselors understand the process of learning? In this study, we explore the learning beliefs of 115 Filipino school counselors who indicated their degree of agreementwith 42 statements about the process of learning and the factors thatinfluence this process.A principal components analysis of the responses to the 42 statements suggested three factors:(F1)social-cognitive constructivist beliefs, (F2) teacher-curriculum-centered behaviorist beliefs,and (F3) individual difference factors.The preliminary results are briefly discussed in terms of issues related to how Filipino school counselors’ conceptions of learning may guide their strategies for promoting student learning and achievement. [Key words]beliefs about learning, conceptions of learning, school counselors, student learning, Philippines School reform efforts in different parts of the world have focusedon students’learning. In particular,most school improvement programsnow aim to ensure that students acquire the high-level knowledge and skills that help them to thrive in today’s highly competitive globaleconomy (e.g., Lee & Williams, 2006). I n this regard, school reform programs draw from various contemporary theories and research on learning (e.g.,Bransford,Brown, & Cocking, 1999; Lambert & McCombs, 1998).The basic idea is that all school improvement efforts should be directed at ensuring students achieve high levels of learning or attainment of well-defined curricular objectives and standards.For example, textbooks (Chien & Young, 2007), computers and educational technology (Gravoso, 2002; Haertnel & Means, 2003;Technology in Schools Task Force, 2003), and educational assessment systems (Black & Wiliam2004; Cheung & Ng, 2007; Clark, 2001; Stiggins, 2005) are being reconsidered as regards how they can effectively provide scaffolds and resources for advancing student learning. Likewise,the allocation and management of a school’s financial resources are assessed in terms ofwhether these are effectively mobilized and utilized towards improving student learning (Bolam, 2006; Chung & Hung, 2006; Retna, 2007). In this regard, some advocates have also called for an examination of the role of school counselors in these reform efforts (Herr, 2002). Inthe United States, House and Hayes (2002) challenged school counselors to take proactive leadership roles in advocating for the success of all
青年人的四种选择 Lesson 2: Four Choices for Young People 在毕业前不久，斯坦福大学四年级主席吉姆?宾司给我写了一封信，信中谈及他的一些不安。 Shortly before his graduation, Jim Binns, president of the senior class at Stanford University, wrote me about some of his misgivings. 他写道：“与其他任何一代人相比，我们这一代人在看待成人世界时抱有更大的疑虑 ,, 同时越 来越倾向于全盘否定成人世界。” “More than any other generation, ” he said, “ our generation views the adult world with great skepticism, there is also an increased tendency to reject completely that world. ”很 明显，他的话代表了许多同龄人的看法。 Apparently he speaks for a lot of his contemporaries. 在过去的几年里，我倾听过许多年轻人的谈话，他们有的还在大学读书，有的已经毕业，他 们对于成人的世界同样感到不安。 During the last few years, I have listened to scores of young people, in college and out, who were just as nervous about the grown world. 大致来说，他们的态度可归纳如下：“这个世界乱糟糟的，到处充满了不平等、贫困和战争。 对此该负责的大概应是那些管理这个世界的成年人吧。如果他们不能做得比这些更好，他们又能拿 什么来教育我们呢？这样的教导，我们根本不需要。” Roughly, their attitude might be summed up about like this:“ The world is in pretty much of a mess, full of injustice, poverty, and war. The people responsible are, presumably, the adults who have been running thing. If they can’ t do better than that, what have they got to teach our generation? That kind of lesson we can do without. ” 我觉得这些结论合情合理，至少从他们的角度来看是这样的。 There conclusions strike me as reasonable, at least from their point of view. 对成长中的一代人来说，相关的问题不是我们的社会是否完美（我们可以想当然地认为是这 样），而是应该如何去应付它。 The relevant question for the arriving generation is not whether our society is imperfect (we can take that for granted), but how to deal with it. 尽管这个社会严酷而不合情理，但它毕竟是我们惟一拥有的世界。 For all its harshness and irrationality, it is the only world we’ ve got. 因此，选择一个办法去应付这个社会是刚刚步入成年的年轻人必须作出的第一个决定，这通 常是他们一生中最重要的决定。 Choosing a strategy to cope with it, then, is the first decision young adults have to make, and usually the most important decision of their lifetime. 根据我的发现，他们的基本选择只有四种： So far as I have been able to discover, there are only four basic alternatives: 1）脱离传统社会
human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through language we share experience, values, exchange ideas, transmit knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to sense of reality by giving meaning to events. 在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。我们用语言来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识，传承文化。事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。——语序的调整。 Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker?s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately. 好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。词语是演讲者演讲的重要“武器”，具有特殊的用途，这和任何其他的工作技艺没什么两样。作为演讲者，必须知道词语的具体含义，也要懂得如何做到用词准确、清晰、生动、适当。 Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately to a accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure, look up the word in the dictionary. As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself constantly, “What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?” Choose words that are precise and accurate. 演讲者准确地使用语言和会计准确使用数字是一样重要的。确定词意后再措词。如果不确定，请先查词典。当你在准备演讲的时候，要不断地问自己：“我到底要说什么？我到底想表达什么意思？”用词一定要精准。 Using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately. You can ensure this [by using familiar words （that are known to the average person and require no specialized background）; by choosing concrete words in preference to more abstract ones, and by eliminating verbal clutter]. 用词清晰可以让听众迅速理解你的意思（抓到你的点）。要做到这一点，就要尽量使用一般人都熟悉的不需要专业知识就能懂的词语；多用具象词汇少用抽象词汇；还有要减少口误。 Using language vividly helps bring your speech to life. One way (to make your speech vivid)|is through imagery，or the creation of word pictures. You can develop imagery by using concrete language, simile, and metaphor. Simile is an explicit comparison between things （that are essentially different yet have something in common）; it always contains the words “like”or “as”. Metaphor is an impli cit comparison between things that are different yet have something in common; it does not contain the words “like” or “as”. 生动地用词能让演讲鲜活起来！比喻，这种能产生文字图像的修辞，可以使演讲达到生动的效果。比喻要用具象的语言，分为明喻和隐喻。 明喻是指在本质上有区别但仍然有相同点的事物之间做一个明确的比较，一般句中会含有“像”或“似”。隐喻则是一种隐藏的比较，不会出现like 和as 这些连接词。 Another way to make your speeches vivid is by exploiting the rhythm of language. Four devices for creating rhythm are parallelism, repetition, alliteration, and antithesis. Parallelism is the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. Repetition is the use of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences. Alliteration comes from repeating the initial constant sounds of close or adjoining words. Antithesis is the juxtaposition of
https://www.doczj.com/doc/685345031.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
高速视频处理系统中的信号完整性分析 摘要：结合高速DSP图像处理系统讨论了高速数字电路中的信号完整性问题，分析了系统中信号反射、串扰、地弹等现象破坏信号完整性的原因，通过先进IS工具的辅助设计，找出了确保系统信号完整性的具体方法。 关键词：高速电路设计信号完整性 DSP系统 深亚微米工艺在IC设计中的使用使得芯片的集成规模更大、体积越来越小、引脚数越来越多；由于近年来IC工艺的发展，使得其速度越来越高。从而，使得信号完整性问题引起电子设计者广泛关注。 在视频处理系统中，多维并行输入输出信号的频率一般都在百兆赫兹以上，而且对时序的要求也非常严格。本文以DSP图像处理系统为背景，对信号完整性进行准确的理论分析，对信号完整性涉及的典型问题[1]——不确定状态、传输线效应、反射、串扰、地弹等进行深入研究，并且从实际系统入手，利用IS仿真软件寻找有效的途径，解决系统的信号完整性问题。 1 系统简介 为了提高算法效率，实时处理图像信息，本图像处理系统是基于DSP+FPGA结构设计的。系统由SAA7111A视频解码器、TI公司的TMS320C6701 DSP、Altera公司的EPlK50QC208 FPGA、PCI9054 PCI接口控制器以及SBRAM、SDRAM、FIFO、FLASH等构成。FPGA是整个系统的时序控制中心和数据交换的桥梁，而且能够对图像数据实现快速底层处理。DSP是整个系统实时处理高级算法的核心器件。系统结构框图如图1所示。 在整个系统中，PCB电路板的面积仅为15cm×l5cm，系统时钟频率高达167MHz，时钟沿时间为0．6ns。由于系统具有快斜率瞬变和极高的工作频率以及很大的电路密度，使得如何处理高速信号问题成为一个制约设计成功的关键因素。 2 系统中信号完整性问题及解决方案 2．1 信号完整性问题产生机理 信号的完整性是指信号通过物理电路传输后，信号接收端看到的波形与信号发送端发送的波形在容许的误差范围内保持一致，并且空间邻近的传输信号间的相互影响也在容许的范围之内。因此，信号完整性分析的主要目标是保证高速数字信号可靠的传输。实际信号总是存在电压的波动，如图2所示。在A、B两点由于过冲和振铃[2]的存在使信号振幅落入阴影部分的不确定区，可能会导致错误的逻辑电平发生。总线信号传输的情况更加复杂，任何一个信号发生相位上的超前或滞后都可能使总线上数据出错，如图3所示。图中，CLK为时钟信号，D0、D1、D2、D3是数据总线上的信号，系统允许信号最大的建立时间[1]为△t。在正常情况下，D0、D1、D2、D3信号建立时间△t1<△t，在△t时刻之后数据总线的数据已稳定，系统可以从总线上采样到正确的数据，如图3(a)所示。相反，当信号D1、D2、D3受过冲和振铃等信号完整问题干扰时，总线信号就发生
“Hiroshima! Everybody off!” That must be what the man in the Japanese stationmaster's uniform shouted, as the fastest train in the world slipped to a stop in Hiroshima Station. I did not understand what he was saying. First of all, because he was shouting in Japanese. And secondly, because I had a lump in my throat and a lot of sad thoughts on my mind that had little to do with anything a Nippon railways official might say. The very act of stepping on this soil, in breathing this air of Hiroshima, was for me a far greater adventure than any trip or any reportorial assignment I'd previously taken. Was I not at the scene of the crime? The Japanese crowd did not appear to have the same preoccupations that I had. From the sidewalk outside the station, things seemed much the same as in other Japanese cities. Little girls and elderly ladies in kimonos rubbed shoulders with teenagers and women in western dress. Serious looking men spoke to one another as if they were oblivious of the crowds about them, and bobbed up and down re-heatedly in little bows, as they exchanged the ritual formula of gratitude and respect: "Tomo aligato gozayimas." Others were using little red telephones that hung on the facades of grocery stores and tobacco shops. "Hi! Hi!" said the cab driver, whose door popped open at the very sight of a traveler. "Hi", or something that sounds very much like it, means "yes". "Can you take me to City Hall?" He grinned at me in the rear-view mirror and repeated "Hi!" "Hi! ’ We set off at top speed throug h the narrow streets of Hiroshima. The tall buildings of the martyred city flashed by as we lurched from side to side in response to the driver's sharp twists of the wheel. Just as I was beginning to find the ride long, the taxi screeched to a halt, and the driver got out and went over to a policeman to ask the way. As in Tokyo, taxi drivers in Hiroshima often know little of their city, but to avoid loss of face before foreigners, will not admit their ignorance, and will accept any destination without concern for how long it may take them to find it. At last this intermezzo came to an end, and I found myself in front of the gigantic City Hall. The usher bowed deeply and heaved a long, almost musical sigh, when I showed him the invitation which the mayor had sent me in response to my request for an interview. "That is not here, sir," he said in English. "The mayor expects you tonight for dinner with other foreigners or, the restaurant boat. See? This is where it is.” He sketched a little map for me on the back of my invitation. Thanks to his map, I was able to find a taxi driver who could take me straight to the canal
Presenting a speech （做演讲） Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through 在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。我们用语言 language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit 来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识， knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself. 传承文化。事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。[Contrary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality but also helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events]. 和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在 具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。 ——语序的调整。 Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately. 好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。词语是演讲者演讲的重要“武器”，具有特殊的用途，这和任何其他的工作技艺没什么两样。作为演讲者，必须知道词语的具体含义，也要懂得如何做到用词准确、清晰、生动、适当。 Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately to a accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure, look up the word in the dictionary. As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself constantly, “What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?”Choose words that are precise and accurate. 演讲者准确地使用语言和会计准确使用数字是一样重要的。确定词意后再措词。如果不确定，请先查词典。当你在准备演讲的时候，要不断地问自己：“我到底要说什么？我到底想表达什么意思？”用词一定要精准。 Using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately. You can ensure this [by using familiar words （that are known to the average person and require no specialized background）; by choosing concrete words in preference to more abstract ones, and by eliminating verbal clutter]. 用词清晰可以让听众迅速理解你的意思（抓到你的点）。要做到这一点，就要尽量使用一般人都熟悉的不需要专业知识就能懂的词语；多用具象词汇少用抽象词汇；还有要减少口误。 Using language vividly helps bring your speech to life. One way (to make your speech vivid)|is through imagery，or the creation of word pictures. You can develop imagery by using concrete language, simile, and metaphor. Simile is an explicit comparison between things （that are essentially different yet have something in common）; it always contains the words “like”or “as”. Metaphor is an implicit
GRA VITY RETAINING?WALL 1. INTRODUCTION Retaining walls are structures used to provide stability for earth or other material where conditions disallow the mass to assume its natural slope, and are commonly used to hold back or support soilbanks,coal or ore piles, and water. Retaining walls are classified, based on the method of achieving stability, into six principal types (Fig.1). The gravity-wall depends upon its weight, as the name implies, for stability. The cantilever wall is a reinforced-concrete wall that utilizes cantilever action to retain the mass behind the wall from assuming a natural slope. Stability of this wall is partially achieved from the weight of soil on the heel portion of the base slab. A counterfort retaining wall is similar to a cantilever retaining wall, except that it is used where the cantilever is long or for very high pressures behind wall and has counterforts, which tie the wall and base together, built at intervals along the wall to reduce the bending moments and sheers. As indicated in Fig.1c, the counterfort is behind the wall and subjected to tensile forces. A buttressed retaining wall is similar to a counterfort wall, except that the bracing is in front of the wall and is in compression instead of tension. Two other types of walls not considered further are crib walls, which are built-up members of pieces of precast concrete, metal, or timber and are supported by anchor pieces embedded in the soil for stability, and semigravity walls, which are walls intermediate between a true gravity and a cantilever wall. (a)(b)(e)
―Hiroshima! Everybody off!‖ That must be what the man in the Japanese stationmaster's uniform shouted, as the fastest train in the world slipped to a stop in Hiroshima Station. I did not understand what he was saying. First of all, because he was shouting in Japanese. And secondly, because I had a lump in my throat and a lot of sad thoughts on my mind that had little to do with anything a Nippon railways official might say. The very act of stepping on this soil, in breathing this air of Hiroshima, was for me a far greater adventure than any trip or any reportorial assignment I'd previously taken. Was I not at the scene of the crime? The Japanese crowd did not appear to have the same preoccupations that I had. From the sidewalk outside the station, things seemed much the same as in other Japanese cities. Little girls and elderly ladies in kimonos rubbed shoulders with teenagers and women in western dress. Serious looking men spoke to one another as if they were oblivious of the crowds about them, and bobbed up and down re-heatedly in little bows, as they exchanged the ritual formula of gratitude and respect: "Tomo aligato gozayimas." Others were using little red telephones that hung on the facades of grocery stores and tobacco shops. "Hi! Hi!" said the cab driver, whose door popped open at the very sight of a traveler. "Hi", or something that sounds very much like it, means "yes". "Can you take me to City Hall?" He grinned at me in the rear-view mirror and repeated "Hi!" "Hi! ’ We se t off at top speed through the narrow streets of Hiroshima. The tall buildings of the martyred city flashed by as we lurched from side to side in response to the driver's sharp twists of the wheel. Just as I was beginning to find the ride long, the taxi screeched to a halt, and the driver got out and went over to a policeman to ask the way. As in Tokyo, taxi drivers in Hiroshima often know little of their city, but to avoid loss of face before foreigners, will not admit their ignorance, and will accept any destination without concern for how long it may take them to find it. At last this intermezzo came to an end, and I found myself in front of the gigantic City Hall. The usher bowed deeply and heaved a long, almost musical sigh, when I showed him the invitation which the mayor had sent me in response to my request for an interview. "That is not here, sir," he said in English. "The mayor expects you tonight for dinner with other foreigners or, the restaurant boat. See? This is where it is.‖ He sketched a little map for me on the back of my invitation. Thanks to his map, I was able to find a taxi driver who could take me straight to the canal