第一章阅读理解概述（一）
《大学英语教学大纲（理工科）》规定：在阅读方面要达到基本要求（四级）和较高要求（六级）。
基本要求为：掌握基本阅读技能, 能顺利阅读并准确理解语言难度中等的一般题材文章和科普、科技读物, 阅读速度达到每分钟50词。阅读难度略低, 生词不超过总词数的3％的材料时, 速度达到每分钟80词, 阅读理解的准确率为70％为合格。较高要求为：掌握较高阅读技能, 能顺利阅读并准确理解语言难度中等的一般题材文章和科普、科技读物, 阅读速度达到每分钟70词。阅读难度略低, 生词不超过总词数的3％的材料时, 速度达到每分钟120词阅读理解的准确率为70％为合格。大学英语考试的试卷构成中，阅读部分占时35分钟。根据上述阅读速度的要求，大学英语四级考试的阅读材料篇幅约为1000词。大学英语考试中的阅读理解部分主要测试下述能力：
1．掌握所读材料的主旨和大意；
2．了解说明主旨和大意的事实和细节；
3．既理解字面意思，也能根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推论；
4．既理解个别句子的意义，也理解上下文的逻辑关系。
在四级和六级考试中, 阅读理解占总分的40％。因此, 加强阅读训练是十分必要的。
下面, 我们将着重讨论与英语阅读能力密切相关的几个因素。
1. 学好基本语言知识
首先, 要掌握一定的词汇量。大学英语教学大纲规定四级要求掌握4000个单词，此外还有一定数量的短语。阅读理解部分的阅读材料中凡超出大纲词表的单词都用中文注明词义，但每篇不超过3个。因此，如果词汇量掌握不好, 生词就会大量增加, 难以顺利进行阅读。此外，还必须正确掌握词义，掌握词的搭配关系，否则当然也要影响阅读理解。
其次, 要熟练掌握英语的语法和习惯用法。在阅读中遇到结构复杂的句子和难点, 可借助语法分析来理解其意义。熟练掌握语法也是阅读理解的基础。
2. 进行必要的阅读实践
只有在大量的阅读实践中, 我们才能够建立语感, 掌握正确的阅读方法, 提高阅读
技能。在阅读中, 还要有意识地多看一些有关英国、美国社会文化背景的材料和科普读物, 不断扩大自己的知识面, 对理解能力的提高大有益处。
3. 学会正确的阅读方法
学生在阅读过程中有一些常见的不良阅读习惯, 如：“指读”, 即用手指或笔尖指着文章逐词阅读；“回读”, 即在阅读中遇到生词或不熟悉的短语时, 返回到句首甚至段首重读；如果遇到长句, 常常反复多次；以及“译读”，即在阅读过程中, 不断把词, 短语, 以致句子译成母语来理解。这些不良的阅读习惯都影响了阅读速度及理解。
因此, 我们要根据英语的特点, 使用正确的阅读方法, 即以“意群”（meaningful thought group）为单位阅读, 例如：
Successful improvement of your reading depends upon your eagerness to improve and your willingness to practice.
如果你一个一个词来读这句话, 你的视线就要在每个词上都要停留一次, 影响阅读速度, 而且你还要把这些词按照语法意义重组, 才能理解。如果以意群为单位, 即：
Successful improvement \ of your reading \ depends upon \ your eagerness \ to improve \ and your willingness to practice.
这样, 你的视线是在每个词组上停留, 停留次数减少, 意义比较连贯, 即使你的视线在词组上停留的时间要比在一个单词上停留的时间稍微长一些, 但因为意义容易理解, 总体时间还是要比前者短, 而且阅读质量提高了。
词组越长, 阅读速度越快：
Successful improvement of your reading \ depends upon \ your eagerness to improve \ and your willingness to practice.
这样阅读的效果是你感觉阅读时, 你的视线在跳跃, 你的脑子来不及将英语翻译成中文, 就已经理解了。
但这种方法是在有扎实的语言功底的基础之上, 你必须能迅速、正确地划分意群, 并加以大量的实践才能获得的。因此, 学生很有必要来提高自己的语法水平, 以及扩充词汇量。
在阅读中同时要注意连贯阅读, 不要在个别词句上停留太长时间, 可能这个词句不特别重要, 或者在你读到下文时就理解了。
根据不同的阅读目的, 我们可以采取不同的方法。一般来说阅读方法有3种：skimming, scanning , reading for full understanding。
第二章阅读理解概述（二）
根据不同的阅读目的, 我们可以采取不同的方法。一般来说阅读方法有3种：skimming, scanning , reading for full understanding。
1) Skimming
Skimming 的目的是了解文章的大意（general idea）。阅读速度要快, 一般250词的短文要在二、三分钟内看完。阅读时精神必须十分集中, 不必记忆细节, 忽略个别生词及难懂的词句, 重点把握全文总体大意。要留心反复出现的单词, 以及文章的开始段、结束段和每段的段首句和段尾句, 因为它们往往是对文章内容的最好概括。
2) Scanning
Scanning的目的是寻找文章中某些特定的信息。阅读时视线自上而下, 一目十行。注意与who, what, when. where 有关的内容。对于why, how 等问题, 先找到文中与答案有关的范围, 再用我们以下要讨论的方法来找到正确答案。
3) Reading for full understanding
找到文章中的范围之后, 就在此范围中逐句阅读, 对关键词、句要仔细琢磨, 不仅要理解其表面意思, 还要通过推理和判断, 理解其潜在意思。对于生词要通过上下文猜测词义；对于难以看懂的长句, 对其作语法分析, 理解其意。
4．语篇水平上的阅读理解
阅读时不能只停留在句子水平上, 孤立的句子好象是理解的, 但整篇文章讲的是什么则不甚了解。在阅读教学中必须重视高级阅读技能的训练, 把句子水平的阅读理解提高到语篇水平的阅读理解, 才能避免在阅读中见树不见林, 真正理解文章的意思。这里
指的语篇水平上的阅读理解包括在宏观上理解上下文的逻辑关系、跟上作者思路的展开、掌握文章的主题思想、通过概括得出结论、了解作者的观点和态度等等。
1) 理解上下文的逻辑关系
例：1991年6月四级试题第35题（文章详见：第十二章历年……集粹（二））
Some people feel that ______.
A) artificial hearts are seldom effective
B) the country should not spend so much money on artificial hearts
C) the country is not spending enough money on artificial hearts
D) America's health-care programs are not doing enough for the nation's health
本题考核在理解全文的基础之上理解上下文的逻辑关系的能力。文章第二段中But some people are already worrying...中的谓语动词lose集中体现了有些人已经在担心, 为a relatively few dying patients动用巨额资金购置新型的人造心脏是否合算。因此, 选项B是正确的答案。但是只有一半的考生答对了本题, 其他考生未能跟上作者思路的展开、进而理解上下文的逻辑关系。
2) 通过概括得出结论.
例：1993年6月四级试题第21题（文章详见：第十二章历年……集粹（二））Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of the nursing system at Beth Israel Hospital?
A) The doctor gets more active professional support from the primary nurse.
B) Each patient is taken care of by a primary nurse day and night.
C) The primary nurse writes care plans for every patient.
D) The primary nurse keeps records of the patient's health conditions every day
本题问的是4个选择项中哪一句话最能“概括”这家医院“护理工作体制”的主要特征。实质上是从一个侧面问及本篇的中心思想, 即文章中反复强调的这种“护理体制”的最本质的东西。B、C、D这3项所提及的都是这家医院中primary nurse所做的“常规”工作, 并不反映这家医院特有的：“护理工作体制”的本质特征。该医院护理工作的责任制以及护理工作的自主管理促进了护士对医疗工作的平等参与等, 才是反映这家医院“护理工作体制”的本质特征, 并最终体现在医疗过程中医生与护士的平等合作。因此正确答案是选项A。本题有一定的难度, 只有不足三分之一的考生答对了本题, 说明这批考生不仅读懂了文章, 而且能在极有限的时间内对文章内容进行分析归纳, 得出正确的结论。阅读过程中不但要理解字面的意义, 而且要善于进行分析判断, 归纳综合, 掌握作者思路的开展。阅读训练中要注意培养自己这种高级阅读技能。
要想在四级考试的阅读理解部分得高分，除了平时进行大量阅读练习以外，还应在考试时注意以下几个方面的问题：
1．合理掌握时间
CET4、6要求考生在35分钟内完成四篇短文的阅读，如果不合理掌握时间，在某一篇文章或是某个问题上花的时间过多，在规定时间内完成阅读就比较困难。所以，对每篇材料合理分配时间就很关键了。一般每篇阅读材料可限时8分钟左右，这样不但能
保证有限的时间内完成阅读，还可以留有一定的时间进行必要的检查和修正。
2．读问题后再读文章
在做阅读理解时，为了加快阅读速度和提高答题准确率，可采用先读问题后读文章的方法。先把文章后面的问题快速浏览一遍，然后带着问题去读材料，这样就做到了心中有数，既节省了阅读时间又提高了阅读效率。
3．解题应先易后难
不论是阅读材料还是文后小题，都应按照由易到难的顺序来进行。如果一篇文章比较难理解，可先读下一篇，这样可避免在一篇文章上花的时间过多，而影响其他文章的阅读。同时又可减少因难题做不出而造成的心理压力，从而提高阅读速度和质量。
4．趋熟避生
在阅读材料时，不可避免地会遇到生僻的单词，如果一见到生词就不知所措，就必然会影响到对文章的理解。如果遇到这种情况，可以采用“趋熟避生”的方法来解决问题。也就是说，不认识的生词对理解文章的关系不大，就可以跳过去不管它；如果该生词影响到了你对文章的理解，就要试着从句中认识的词中去猜测生词的意思，尽可能地贴近别的词义来了解该词在句中的作用和词义。
5．抓主题句
所谓主题句就是文章各段的中心思想句。通常出现在段首，阅读时不可一带而过，要仔细阅读而且一定要读懂。主题句看懂了，整段乃至正篇文章的意思就不难理解了。这样后面的小题也就迎刃而解了。
第三章如何抓住主题思想（一）
主题思想是作者在文章中要表达的中心内容。把握了主题思想也有助于对文章细节的理解。因此，这是一项非常重要的技能。在学习抓主题思想的过程中, 我们着重注意以下几个问题。
1. 我们要学习识别文章中最基本, 最具有概括力的信息。这种信息应能归纳和概括文中其它信息所具有的共性。
例1：Choose the most general word.
A) chemist
B) physicist
C) scientist
D) biologist
该问题要求找出最有概括力的词。C scientist 符合题意, 因为它包括了chemist, physicist和biologist, 而A, B和D 都指某一具体学科的科学家, 不能概括其他词。因此, scientist 最具有概括性。
例2：Choose the most general sentence.
A) The hotel offers complimentary coffee from 7 to 10 a.m. daily.
B) There are many reasons why guests feel at home at the Glorietta Bay Inn.
C) The coin-operated laundry room has an ironing board.
D) There are a number of extra services at the Glorietta Bay Inn including baby-sitting.
A, C, D都是从不同的侧面说明旅馆的服务情况, 相互间并无联系。而B却概括了A, C, D共性的东西, 即：为什么旅客在这家旅馆里有宾至如归的感觉。因此, B符合题意。倘若在一段文章里包含了以上A, B, C, D 几条信息, 那么 B 就是本段的中心思想。同样, 如果在一段文章中, 作者分几段来叙述几方面的内容, 那这些段落所要说明的问题就是本文的中心思想。
例3：Read the following passage and choose the best central thought.
Sugar history in the Hawaiian Islands is filled with pioneering. In sailing ship days, Hawaiian sugar growers were many months from sources of supplies and from markets. This isolation built up among the Hawaiian growers an enduring spirit of cooperation. Growers shared with one another improvements in production. Without government aid of any sort, they built great irrigation projects. Without government help, they set up their own research and experiment organization. Pioneering together over the years, they have provided Hawaii with its largest industry.
A) In sailing days, Hawaiian sugar growers were many months away from supplies and markets.
B) Hawaiian sugar growers built their great industry without government help.
C) Hawaiian sugar growers have set up their own research organization and have shared improvements.
D) By pioneering together, sugar growers have provided Hawaii with its largest industry.
A, B, C只是文章中的具体内容, 作为主题思想面太窄了。只有D才概括了全文要说明的问题, 因此, D是本文的主要思想。
要求抓住主题思想的另一种形式是为短文选择合适的标题。
例4：Read the following and choose the title that best expresses the ideas of the passage.
There is a simple economic principle used to determine prices. It is called the law of supply and demand. Supply means the amount of, or access to, certain goods. Demand represents the number of people who want those goods. If there are more goods than wanted, the price of them falls. On the other hand, if the demand for those goods is much greater than the supply, then price rises. Of course manufacturers prefer to sell more goods at increased prices.
A) Economic Principles
B) Law of Supply and Demand
C) More Goods, Lower Prices
D) Fewer Goods, Higher Prices
该问题中, A 泛指经济规律, 面过宽；C和D只是供需规则的两个单独方面, 不能包含全部, 面太窄。正确答案是B, 因为这正是短文自始至终讨论的主题。
例5：Read the following passage and select the most appropriate title:
According to legend, the gods of the ancient Greeks lived in the clouds on the top of Mount Olympus. Zeus, the father of the gods, carried a bolt of lightning in his hand and ruled like an earthly king. Apollo was the sun god and his beams were golden arrows; he shielded the flocks of sheep and the fields of grain. Athena was the warrior goddess, standing in shining armor ready to protect the Greek cities. There were other gods as well, all with familiar human characteristics, but these were the leading gods.
A) The Gods of the Ancient Greeks
B) The Legend of the Sky God Zeus
C) Beliefs of the Ancient Greeks
D) Religions of the Past
该问题中, B只是文中提到的一个具体内容, 作为主题思想面太窄了。C和D是泛指, 面太宽。只有A才概括了全文要说明的问题, 是全文的主题。
第四章如何抓住主题思想（二）
E) 要学会借助文章的结构来把握中心思想。段落中心思想常常由主题句( Topic sentence)来表达。主题句常常出现在段首或段尾处, 有时也在段落中间。同样, 一篇文章的中心思想也常常在开始段或结尾段点出。因此, 在阅读中, 我们要对文章的开始段和结尾段及段落的主题句给予特别的注意。
例6：English is clearly an international language. It is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all the airways of the world. Over 70 percent of the world's radio programs are in English.
本段主题句为首句, 其后的内容均说明首句。
例7：Let us consider how voice training may contribute to personality development and an improved social adjustment. In the first place, it has been fairly well established that individuals tend to become what they believe other people think them to be. When people react more favorably toward us because our voices convey the impression that we are friendly, competent, and interesting, there is a strong tendency for us to develop those qualities in our personality. If we are treated with respect by others, we soon come to have more respect for ourselves. Then, too, one's own consciousness of having a pleasant, effective voice of which he does not need to be ashamed contributes materially to a feeling of poise（泰然自若）, self-confidence, and a just pride in himself. A good voice, like good clothes can do much for an ego（自我）that otherwise might be inclined to droop（萎靡）.
The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is ________.
A) Our Ego
B) The Reflection of Our Personality
C) How to Acquire a Pleasant V oice
D) V oice Training in Personality Development
作者一开始就说明发声训练对个性发展和人的社会化可能产生的作用。接着, 分别
由in the first place 及then 引出两个具体的方面展开讨论。第一个要点下又分别由when 和if 引出两个细节加以论证。结尾一句总括全段, 与首句呼应。不难看出, 主题句是第一句, 正确答案应选D。
另外, 要特别注意上例中提到的in the first place, then , if 等连接语, 这些连接语能帮助我们把握文章内容的编排方式, 领会文章的要点, 准确全面地理解文章。
主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据, 层层推理论证, 最后自然得出结论, 即段落的主题。
例8：Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.
本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现,它是此段内容的结论。
例9：If you were planning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly attract your attention: "Color TV, only $79. Two-day sale. Hurry." However, when you go to the store ready to buy, you may discover that the advertised sets are sold out. But the salesman is quick to reassure you that he has another model, a more reliable set which is "just right for you." It costs $359. This sales tactic is called "bait and switch." Buyers are baited with a sales offer, and then they are switched to another more costly item. Buying items on sale requires careful consideration of the merchandise（商品）and the reasons for the sale.
1. Which sentence best expresses the main idea ?
A) The customer must be on his guard when purchasing items on sale.
B) Color television sets which sell for $79 are sold out quickly.
C) Many stores use the "bait and switch" technique to attract customers.
D) Anyone planning to buy a television set should look for a sale.
2. The paragraph could be entitled
A) Buyer Beware B) Closeout Sale
C) Crime Pays D) Buying a TV Set
作者从一则电视机的广告入手, 介绍了降价推销的惯用手段, 称为"bait and switch"（廉售某种不打算出卖的商品, 意在诱人购买昂贵的物品）。最后笔锋一转, 点出作者的真正意图, 即本段的主题句, 告诫人们在购买降价商品时要警惕中圈套。因此正确答案为1.A；2.A.
有些段落的主题句会被安排在段落的中间。
For adults a cold is not that serious. However, this is not the case for children. Cold symptoms in children may be sighs of more serious diseases and should be given prompt medical attention.
本段主题句为第二句, 因为在however 后面才是作者真正的看法, 并在下文中进一步作了说明。
当主题句被安排在段中时, 作者往往从具体的事例谈起, 随之归纳出主题, 然后再围绕这一主题展开讨论, 使立论更加清楚, 具有很强的说服力, 即以“立”为主, 对正面观点进行阐述。
例10：Ever since humans have inhabited the earth, they have made use of various forms
of communication. Generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech. When there is a language barrier, communication is accomplished through sigh language in which motions stand for letters, words, and ideas. Tourists, the deaf, and the mute have had to resort to this form of expression. Many of these symbols of whole words are very picturesque and exact and can be used intertionally, spelling, however, cannot.
Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. A wink（眨眼）can be a way of flirting（调情）or indicating that the party is only joking. A nod signifies approval, while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction.
Other forms of nonlinguistic language can be found in Braille (a system of raised dots read with the fingertips), signal flags, Morse code, and smoke signals. Road maps and picture sighs also guide warn, and instruct people.
While verbalization（用语言表达）is the most common form of language, other systems and techniques also express human thoughts and feeling.
Which of the following statements best summarizes this passage?
A) When language is a barrier, people will find other forms of communication.
B) Everybody uses only one form of communication.
C) Nonlinguistic language is invaluable to foreigners.
D) Although other forms of communication exist verbalization is the fastest.
这篇文章共有四段, 谈的是肢体语言。第一段的前两句谈到人们尽管利用多种形式根据不同的阅读目的, 我们可以采取不同的方法。一般来说阅读方法有3种：skimming, scanning , reading for full understanding。
第二段, 第三段的首句从两个不同的方面引出了肢体语言的功能与分类。最后一段予以总结, 强调肢体语言在表达人类思想和感情方面的作用,与第一段的呼应。正确答案应是A。
练习: Read the following passage and decide which of the choices most adequately sums up the idea of the paragraph(s) indicated.
Canning Food
Food which is kept too long decays because it is attacked by yeast, moulds and bacteria. The canning process, however, seals the product in a container so that no infection can reach it, and then it is sterilized by heat. Heat sterilization destroys all infections present in food inside the can. No chemical preservatives are necessary, and properly canned food does not deteriorate during storage.
The principle was discovered in 1809 by a Frenchman called Nicolas Appert. He corked food lightly in wide-necked glass bottles and immersed them in a bath of hot water to drive out the air, then he hammered the corks down to seal the jars hermetically (牢牢地). Appert's discovery was rewarded by the French government because better preserved food supplies were needed for Napoleon's troops on distant campaigns.
By 1814an English manufacture had replaced Appert's glass jars with metal containers and was supplying timed vegetable soup and meat to the British navy. The next scientific improvement, in 1860, was the result of Louis Pasteur's work on sterilization through the application of scientifically controlled heat.
Today vegetables, fish, fruit, meat and beer are canned in enormous quantities. Within
three generations the eating habits of millions have been revolutionized. Foods that were previously seasonal, may now be eaten at any time, and strange foods are available far from the countries where they are grown. The profitable crops many farmers now produce often depend on the proximity of a canning factory.
The first stage in the canning process is the preparation of the raw food. Diseased and waste portions are thrown away; meat and fish are cleaned and trimmed; fruit and vegetables washed and graded for size. The jobs are principally done by machine.
The next stage, for vegetables only, is blanching. This is immersion in very hot or boiling water for a short time to remove air and soften the vegetable. This makes it easier to pack into cans for sterilization. Some packing machines fill up to 400 cans a minute. Fruit, fish and meat are packed raw and cold into cans, and then all the air is removed. When the cans are sealed, the pressure inside each can is only about half the pressure of the outside air. This is 'vacuum' packing.
During the sterilization process which follows, the cans are subjected to steam or boiling water, with the temperature and duration varying according to the type of food. Cans of fruit, for example, take only 5-10 minutes in boiling water, while meat and fish are cooked at higher temperatures for longer period. After sterilization, the cans are cooled quickly to 32℃to prevent the contents from becoming too soft.
The final stage before dispatch (发送) to the wholesale or retail grocer is labeling, and packing the tins into boxes. Nowadays, however, labeling is often printed on in advance by the can-maker and no paper labels are then required.
1. The main idea of Para.1 is
A) Food scientifically sealed in cans is safe from decay.
B) Sterilization -- the key to the safe-keeping of food.
C) The use of chemicals in preventing the decay of food.
2. The main idea of Paras. 2 and 3 is
A) The history and early methods of preserving food.
B) The French influence in food canning.
C) The scientific principles of food canning.
3. The main idea of Para. 4 is
A) How the canning industry affects our lines.
B) The economic effects of the canning industry.
C) The range and diverse advantages of canned food.
4. The main idea of Paras. 5-8 is
A) The mechanical miracle of food canning.
B) The step-by-step modern processes of canning food.
C) The process of preparing, washing and grading food for canning.
KEY: A, A, C, B
第五章如何查找主要事实或特定细节
在文章中, 作者总是要通过许多具体内容(Details)来说明、解释、证明、或分析文章的主题思想。在通读全文、掌握了文章主题思想的基础上, 读者还应该能抓住阐述和发展主题思想的主要事实, 或者按要求找出特定细节。
在通读全文的过程中, 我们要特别注意涉及who, what, when, where, how和why等问题的内容。在有关此类内容的地方要作一标记, 以便在回答问题时迅速查找。
一般来说, 阅读理解测试中要求找出主要事实或特定细节的问题, 在文章中均可找到回答。但是, 需要注意的是, 这些问题的表述常常不是采用文章中的原话, 而是使用同义的词语来进行提问。因此, 在回答此类问题时, 首先要认真审题, 看清问题提问的究竟是什么。然后, 根据所涉及到的问题, 快速扫视到文章中相应的部分, 找到与答题内容相关的关键词或短语, 再细读一、两遍。在确信理解了原文的基础上, 来确定正确答案。在查到的关键词句下面应划线, 以引起注意, 便于参考与复查。此外, 如果回答此类问题需要读者具有一定的背景知识, 那也只是最基本的常识。因此, 切勿脱离文中内容而根据自己的主观想像或其它来源的知识来选择答案。
在回答此类问题时, 应注意以下几个问题：
1. 当问及时间、距离以及其它用数字表示的细节时, 有时需要进行计算方能得出答案。此时要把计算过程简单列出, 不可随意心算一下即确定答案。
例1：The Flag of the U. S. ------ The Stars and Stripes The history of the flag of the U. S. has become so cluttered by myth that hardly any facts can be established. One thing all agree on is that the Stars and Stripes originated as the result of a resolution adopted by Congress June 14, 1777. It read:
Resolved: that the flag of the United States be thirteen stripes, alternated red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation.
The flag of 1777 was used until 1795. Then, on the admission of Vermont and Kentucky to the Union, Congress passed an act that after May 1, 1795, the flag should have15 stripes and 15 stars.
When new states were admitted it became evident that the flag would become burdened with stripes. Congress thereupon ordered that after July4, 1818,the flag should have 13 stripes, symbolizing the 13 original states; that the union have 20stars, and that when ever a new state was admitted a new star should be added on the July4 following the admission. The 50-star flag of the United States was raised for the first time officially on July4,1960, at Fort McHenry in Baltimore. The 50th star had been added for Hawaii, a year earlier the 49th, for Alaska. Before that, no star had been added since 1912, when New Mexico and Arizona were admitted to the Union.
1) Since 1777, the U. S. Flag has changed its design _____.
A) twice B) 3 times C) 5 times D) more than 5 times
2) In 1912, before July 4, the U. S. flag had _____.
A) 15 stars B) 20 stars C) 46 stars D) 48 stars
3) The 49th and 50th states to join the U.S.A. were, in their correct order, _____.
A) Alaska and Hawaii.B) Hawaii and Alaska
C) New Mexico and Arizona D) Arizona and New Mexico
4) Congress decided in 1818 that the U. S. flag should have 13 stripes because ______.
A) since 1777 it had always had 13 stripes.
B) since 1777 it had always had more than 13 stripes.
C) in 1818 there were only 13 states in the Union of the U. S. A.
D) at the founding of the Union of the U. S. A. there had been only 13 states.
问题(1)要求回答美国国旗图案自1777年以来变化了几次。回答这样的题目须把文中所有提及1777以年来美国国旗变更次数的关键词语划出：1795; July 4,1818; since 1912; a year earlier the 49th;July 4,1960
文中似乎只提及5处, 但是文内又提到1818年时为20颗星, 以后每加入一个州增加一颗星。从文中又可看出1912年增加的是第47和48颗星,从第20颗星到47颗星之间必然还有若干次变动, 因此答案应为D。
问题(2)提问的是1912年7月4日以前的情况。由于新墨西哥和亚里桑那于1912年7月4日加入联邦, 国旗上星的数目增至48颗。因此。1912年7月4日以前国旗上的星数应为46颗。正确答案为C。
问题(3)的答案为A。其根据为了The 50th star had been added for Hawaii, a year earlier the 49th, for A1aska.
问题(4)的答案为D。其根据是symbolizing the l3 original states.
2. 当问题要求对某一事实作出正误判断或询问文中是否提到某一事实时, 我们应先把所给的选择项大体上看一下, 做到心中有数。然后, 根据选择项中提供的线索, 迅速找到文章中相应的部分, 细读一下有关内容。与文中内容一致的即可肯定, 不一致的即可否定。注意, 在回答Not True之类问题时, 必须逐项找出须肯定的内容, 方可确定要否定的内容。回答这类问题时, 也必须以文章的中心思想为前提, 与中心思想一致的可能是正确答案, 反之可能是错误答案。
例2：One word that sums up our age better than any other - whether "our age" is "the technological age" of western countries or the "modernizing age" of China - is the word CHANGE But has change not always been present? True, but never before at such a breakneck speed. Today it is more than just change. It is unprecedented change. In such a world, reading provides the best tool we have for keeping up and for avoiding future shock in a world continually being remade.
Which of the following is NOT true?
A) Western countries and China are being remade.
B) Reading will help understand our age.
C) The present age and future world are continually changing.
D) Reading is the best tool provided by our age.
A, B, C项均与文章中的意义一致,D不符。因为文中说的是：“Reading serves as the best tool for us.”(对我们来说, 阅读可以作为一个最好的工具。)；而不是如选择项D所表示的那样：“Reading is the best tool provided by our age.”(阅读是由我们时代所提供的最好的工具。)。所以, 我们答案为 D.
3. 在文章中, 为避免重复提及某一词或短语, 作者常常使用指代词(Reference Words)来代替。在寻找细节时, 读者须准确理解被指代的对象。通常, 我们可根据上下文的句子结构、主谓一致关系以及语义关系等来确定所指代的内容。
例3：The basketball team never lacked vociferous supporters, but they rarely responded to this show of enthusiasm.
文中的黑体字they若是指高声呼叫的支持者, 则与后面的意思（对这种热情很少作出响应）不合。因此, they只能指球队球员。
例4：Scott Fitzgerald, who first introduced him to a publisher, was one of the few
contemporary writers that Hemingway did not turn against.
文中黑体字him若指的是主语Scot Fitsgerald, 则应该用反身代词himself, 而不能用him, 因此, 这里指后文的Hemingway。
4. 注意文章的结构安排
在考试中遇到的一个突出问题是, 文章读过一遍后, 对一些具体细节在答题时又需花许多时间回头去找。在前一节中我们提到, 在寻找确定文章的中心意思时可采用浏览的方法, 在浏览过程中, 还应该注意文章的结构安排, 注意段与段, 细节与细节之间的关系。这样浏览一遍之后即可确定文章的主题, 同时对各细节的部位也能大致做到心中有数, 在做识别重要细节的题目时, 只要找文章相应的部位就可以了, 而不必从头到尾再读一遍文章。说明主题的细节通常采取以下几种方式排列：
A. 简单列举；
B. 按事件重要性排列；
C. 时间顺序；
D. 空间关系；
E. 因果关系；
F. 对比关系。
阅读时注意细节的安排方式，就可以迅速在相应的位置找到题的答案。做这类题时最好先阅读题目、弄清题的具体要求(如是问关于人物的, 地点的, 还是问有关事件结果的, 等等), 再有针对性地查阅(Scanning)文章, 跳过那些与题无关的细节, 迅速找到有关的细节, 最后与选择项一一对比, 找出正确答案。
例5：In 776 BC the first Olympic Games were held at the foot of Mount Olympus to honor the Greeks' chief god, Zeus. The Greeks emphasized physical fitness and strength in their education of youth. Therefore, contests in running, jumping, discus and javelin throwing, boxing, and horse and chariot racing were held in individual cities, and the winners competed every four years at Mount Olympus. Winners were greatly honored by having olive wreaths （橄榄枝叶圈）placed on their heads and having poems sung about their deeds. Originally these were held as games of friendship, and any wars in progress were halted to allow the games to take place.
The Greeks attached so much importance to these games that they calculated time in four-year cycles called "Olympiads" dating from 776 BC.
1. Approximately how many years ago did these games originate?
A) 776 years B) 2, 277 years
C) 1, 205 years D) 2, 766 years
2. Which of the following is not true?
A) Winners placed olive wreaths on their own heads.
B) The games were held in Greece every four years.
C) Battles were interrupted to participate in the games.
D) Poems glorified the winners in song.
第一题问的是奥林匹克运动会的起源, 是个时间问题。在文中迅速查找, 发现一个日期：776 B.C.与选择项一一对比根据题目的要求, 做一个简单推算。得出答案D. 第二题略为复杂, 询问四个选择项中的各细节哪一个与原文不符。A中的主要内容与Winners 有关, 迅速在文中查找与winners有关的句子, 文中说到："winners were greatly honored by having 01ive Wreaths placed on their heads...", 也就是说, 他人为获胜者戴上橄榄枝叶
圈, 并不是获胜者自己为自己戴上, 由此可以断定A is not true.
例6：1991年6月的四级试题,第31题,(文章详见：第十二章历年……集粹(二)) According to the passage the Jarvik-7 artificial heart proved to be_____
A) a technical failure
B) a technical wonder
C) a good life-saver
D) an effective means to treat heart disease
本题是一道考核学生辨认重要事实的题目,问的是本文论述的人造心脏Jarvik-7到底性能和效果如何? 文章一开始就说人造心脏Javik-7是一大技术成就。但用的是过去时, 也就是说曾经被看成是一大技术成就。接着文章第又提到：...the U.S. Food and Drug Administration concluded that the machine was doing more to endanger lives than save them 和Last week the agency cancelled its earlier approval, effectively banning the device。另外, 根据对上下文的全面理解进行正确判断, 可以知道全文的意思是说人造心脏Javik-7其实是一大失败, 作者甚至对要不要生产人造心脏都提出了质疑。可见阅读时要仔细, 答题时尤其不能凭常识想当然地猜测。
五、练习
Stealing salt was considered a major crime during some eras of history. In the 18th century, for instance, if a person was caught stealing salt, he could be put in jail. History records that about ten thousand people were put in jail during that century for stealing salt. About 150 years before, in the year 1553, taking more salt than one mouth was entitled to be punished as a crime. The offender's ear was cut off.
Salt was an important item on the table of royalty. It was traditionally placed in front of the king when he sat down to eat. Important guests at the king's table were seated near the salt. Less important guests were given seats away from it.
1. In the 18th century if a person stole salt, he might be ______.
A) killed B) imprisoned C) fined D) caught
2. The salt item was placed in front of the king when he sat down to eat because ________.
A) the king liked to eat salt
B) the salt was considered precious
C) the king could entertain his guests with salt
D) it was the traditional custom in the palace
这两个段落的主题思想都是用具体例子来加以说明的, 根据所给例子的细节, 上述两个问题的答案都应为B。
六. 在阅读理解中, 要求查找主要事实和特定细节的问题常有以下几种形式：
1. Which of the following statements is (not) true (or correct)?
2. Which of the following is not mentioned in the text?
3. All of the following are true except ...
4. The author (or the passage) states that ...
5. According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, what, which, etc)...?
第六章如何进行推理和判断
在阅读中, 人们首先理解的是语言的字面意义。然而, 语言所表达的内容常常超过
其字面意义。这就需要我们掌握逻辑判断和推理的方法, 根据事物发展的自然规律以及语言本身的内在联系, 从一定的文字符号中获得尽可能多的信息。
有时, 作者在文中并未把需要读者理解的所有意思直接表达出来, 而是期待读者能领语文章的内在含义, 即从字里行间来体会他想表达的意思。由于有的意思文中没有直接说明, 读者必须根据文中所陈述内容的逻辑发展, 上下文的联贯以及文中有关部分的暗示, 作出判断或进行推理。
在阅读中, 判断和推理的能力是十分重要的。只有具备这种能力, 才有可能真正地弄懂文章中语言上没有明确表达却又隐含的意思, 达到真正的理解。
一、判断
在阅读中，有时要求我们对文章中阐述的事实或细节, 按照逻辑发展的规律, 进行分析和概括, 并以此为依据得出合乎逻辑的结论。我们将这个过程称作"判断"。
例1：The male and female mosquitoes make an odd couple. The female is vampire and lives on blood. The male is a vegetarian that sips nectar and plant juices. Females of different species choose different hosts on which to dine. Some feed exclusively on cattle, horses, birds, and other warm-blooded creatures. Some favor cold-blooded animals. Still others prefer man.
While the female's menu varies, her bite remains the same. She drives her sharp tubular snout through the skin, injects a fluid to keep the blood from thickening, and drinks her fill, which takes a minute or less. It is the fluid she injects that carries disease. After her blood meal, she rests while her eggs develop. She then looks for a moist or flooded place to lay them
根据文中the male is a vegetarian that sips nectar and plant juice.我们可以得出结论：雄蚊相对地说对人类无害。根据文中The female is a vampire and lives on blood. Some feed on ...warm-blooded creatures. Some favour cold-blooded animals. Still others prefer man.我们可以得出结论：雌蚊对多数动物构成威胁。纵观全文, 我们可以得出结论："蚊子应该被消灭。"
二、推理
推理就是以已知的事实为依据, 来获得未知的信息。在阅读中, 我们要善于利用文章中明确表示的内容, 进行正确的推理, 以挖掘作者的隐含意思; 要求进行推理的问题, 在文中均找不到直接答案。如果问题要求理解某句或某段的含蓄意义, 我们必须在文中找到所涉及的关键词语, 仔细阅读一至两遍, 吃透意思, 并以此为根据, 进行分析和推理。然后, 再逐个考虑选择项, 选出答案。如果需要进行推理判断的内容涉及全文, 则必须在理解通篇中心思想、掌握全文逻辑发展过程的基础上, 才能进行正确的推理判断。例2：Like other opinions about the situation, Burke's predictably, and sensibly, forecasts a rise in unemployment among the young.
从此句我们可以看出：1）说话者同意Burke的关于年轻人失业现象要增多的看法（根据predictably, and sensibly）；2）Burke不是唯一持这种看法的人（根据like other opinions...）。
例3：Directions: Read the following passage and choose the statement (s) which can definitely be inferred
In 1980, Canada announced strict additional limits on ownership of energy companies by foreign institutions and individuals. Since these may no longer own more than 50 percent of such companies, sources of capital for these corporations are now sharply restricted.
A) Before 1980, foreigners were allowed to own a majority of shares in Canadian energy companies.
B) Canada's 1980 limitations on energy-company ownership have caused some problems for these enterprises.
C) After 1980, foreigners may not own a majority share in a Canadian company.
D) Before 1980, there were no limitations of foreign individuals owning Canadian energy companies.
选择项A符合题意, 因为文中谈到这一限制是1980年宣布的, 据此可以推断1980年前尚无此规定。选择项B也符合题意, 因文中谈到这些企业资金来源将受到限制, 据此可以推断该限制将会给这些企业带来问题。C项不符合题意, 因文中指的是energy companies, 而不是所有的公司。D项也不符合题意, 因为文中谈到1980年宣布的是additional limits, 据此可以推断在此以前已有其它限制。
三、预测
根据上文中已出现的语言信息, 预测下文即将出现的信息, 这也是我们必须掌握的一项阅读技能。例如, 当我们读到Though progress on the subway has not actually stopped. . . (虽然修建地铁的工程尚未完全停止……)。我们根据Though所引出的让步状语从句的意义, 应能推测到Something is wrong with the project. (修建工程出了问题.); 同时从not actually中推测到progress on the subject has almost stopped. (工程几乎已经停止了。) 据此预测, 下文可能会出现it is likely that the completion of the project will be delayed (这项工程的竣工很可能要推迟), 却不可能出现the project will be completed ahead of time (工程将提前完成)。
若下文与预测一致或基本一致, 则证明自己对上文理解正确, 可以继续阅读; 若不一致, 则说明对已读信息的理解有偏差, 或这里有特殊含义, 需要调整自己的思路, 或应给予特别的注意。
通常, 我们可以借助于语法结构、常用句型进行预测; 通过标题或主题句进行预测; 结合自己的背景知识进行预测; 根据语篇标志的提示词或者连接上下文的承接手段(Transitional Devices)来进行预测等等。
同样, 我们也可根据所给的某一段文章的内容, 来推测上文讨论的是什么话题, 或已经谈到过什么事情。以"Though progress on the subway has not actually stopped, it is likely that the comp1etion of the project will be delayed."为例。根据该句所提供的信息, 我们可以推测到上文讨论的内容可能是"Strikes have severely hampered the project."(罢工已经严重影响了工程的进展); 而不可能是"The boss has promised to give his men a pay rise."(老板同意给工人增加工资。)
例5：1995年6月的四级试卷第31题（文章详见第十二章历年……集粹（三））We can infer from the passage that _____
A) English people, like most people in other countries, dislike living in flats.
B) People in most countries of the world today are not opposed to living in flats.
C) People in Britain are forced to move into high blocks of flats
D) Modern flats still fail to provide the necessary facilities for living
本题考核学生根据上下文进行推断的能力。文章中说英国人在住房间题上与当今世界上许多国家的居民有着不同的看法, 他们反对住高层公寓, 文章中还列举了许多理由说明这一点, 而且指出这种习惯很难改变。既然英国人与许多国家的居民不同, 反对住高层公寓, 那么世界上许多国家的居民便是不反对住高层公寓, 因此正确的答案是选项
B。可是只有大约26％的考生答对了本题,大部分人只注意个别句子的意思, 未能理解文章中隐含的意义。
四. 练习
The word "conservation"has a thrifty (节俭)meaning. To conserve is to save and protect, to leave what we ourse1ves enjoy in such good condition that others may also share the enjoyment. Our forefathers had no idea that human population would increase faster than the supplies of raw materials; most of them, even until very recently, had this foo1ish idea that the treasures were "1imitless"and "inexbaustible". Most of the citizens or earlier generations knew little or nothing about the complicated and delicate system that runs all through nature, and which means that, as in a 1iving body, an unhealthy condition of one part will sooner or 1ater be harmful to a11 the others.
Fifty years ago nature study was not part of the schoo1 work; scientific forestry was a new idea：timber was still cheap because it could be brought in any quantity from distant woodlands; soil destruction and river f1oods were not national problems; nobody had yet studied long-term climatic cycles in relation to proper 1and use; even the word "conservation" had nothing of the meaning that it has for us today.
For the sake of ourselves and those who will come after us, we must now set about repairing the mistakes of our forefathers. Conservation should, therefore, be made a part of everyone's daily life. To know about the water table(地下水位) in the ground is just as important to us as a knowledge of the basic arithmetic formulas. We need to know why all watersheds need the protection of plant life and why the running current of streams and river must be made to yield their full benefit to the soil before they finally escape to the sea. We need to be taught the duty of planting trees as well as of cutting them. We need to know the importance of big, mature trees, because living space for most of man's fellow creatures on this planet is figured not only in square measure of surface but also in cubic volume above the earth. In brief, it should be our goal to restore as much of the original beauty of nature as we can.
Question: It can be inferred from the third paragraph that earlier generations didn't realize _____.
A ) the interdependence of water, soil and living things
B) the importance of the proper use of land
C) the harmfulness of soil destruction and river floods
D) the value of the beauty of nature
这个问题的答案是A。在文章中并不能找到the interdependence of water, soil and living things。我们在第一段可以找到这样一个句子：
Most of the citizens or earlier generations knew little or nothing about the complicated and delicate system that runs all through nature, and which means that, as in a 1iving body, an unhealthy condition of one part will sooner or 1ater be harmful to a11 the others.
由此我们可以看出答案是A。
在阅读理解测试中, 要求进行判断和推理的问题, 通常有以下几种形式：
1. The writer (author, passage ) implies (suggests) that _______.
2. It can be inferred from the passage that _____.
3. An inference, which may not be made from this passage, is _____.
4. Which of the following can be readily inferred from the passage?
5. It can be concluded from the passage that ______.
6. What does the author conclude about _________?
7. We may conclude from reading the passage that ______.
8. The passage is intended to ______.
9. The paragraph preceding (following) this one would most likely state (discuss, deal with) ________.
10. Where would this paragraph most probably appear (be found)?
第七章如何确定作者的观点和态度
一篇文章不可避免地反映了作者的观点、态度和情绪。能否正确把握作者的观点和态度也是体现阅读能力的一个重要方面。一般来说, 对作者的总的态度和倾向, 必须在通读全文、掌握了主题思想和主要事实后, 方能作出判断。在判断作者观点态度时, 我们应注意以下几个问题：
1. 有时作者先介绍了某一种观点, 却接着在后面提出了相反的观点。因此, 要正确判断作者的态度或观点, 必须将上下文联系起来看。要注意文章中所陈述的内容并非都代表了作者的观点。
例1：Directions: Decide whether or not each of the following statements approves of the book written by Professor Baker
1) Professor Baker's publisher has stated that this new book will soon take the place of all the old standard works in this field; in view, however, of both the style and content of Professor Baker's book, I find this claim most difficult to accept.
2) When I first opened the package containing a copy of Professor Baker's latest book and read its title, I must admit I felt a sudden sinking of the heart; yet once I had gathered courage to begin my reading, I found the work so far beyond my wildest hopes that I actually missed supper rather than put the volume down unfinished.
在1)文中, 作者在前面引用了出版者的赞扬之辞, 而后接着表明难以接受此说法, 说明他对此书持否定态度。
在2)文中, 作者先说刚看到此书书名时很失望, 然后用"yet"表示转折, 以至到最后爱不释手, 表明他赞许此书。
2. 此外, 作者也可通过使用词汇的手段暗示自己对文中某一具体问题所持的态度和观点。这时, 我们要特别仔细琢磨文中所用词汇的特点, 弄明白作者的态度是赞成还是反对, 是肯定还是否定。
例2：Directions: Decide which of the following statements was written by a person in favor of small-town life
1) Possibly there are those who derive pleasure from turning back the clock and seeking out the virtues we fondly imagine to have been associated with life in small towns in bygone days. Yet the most superficial reading of contemporary accounts dealing with such an existence makes it quite clear that full enjoyment of life's true pleasures would be much more appreciated.
2) It is true that city-dwellers and suburbanites can enjoy certain facilities that may be denied to the inhabitants of small towns. What they miss, however, far outweighs such advantages,
which, in any case, the vast majority rarely has the time or energy to take advantage of.
在1)文中, 作者在谈到喜欢小城镇生活的人时用了"Possibly there are..."来表示不肯定的语气, 在谈到小城镇生活的长处时用了"...we imagine to have been associated with...(据我们想像与……相连系)"来减弱其客观性, 暗示未必真是如此。可见该作者不赞同小城镇的生活。
在2)文中, 作者在谈到城市生活的方便时用了"certain"一词以表示其有限性, 并用"...may be denied to the inhabitants of small towns(小城镇的居民也许没有)"来表示不肯定。然而在谈到城市生活所失去的东西时用了"far outweighs such advantages"(大大超过了这些好处)来加以强调。可见这篇文章的作者是赞同小城镇生活的。
例3：Directions: Read the following passage and select the best answer to the question.
Television is now playing a very important part in our lives. But television, like other things, has both advantages and disadvantages. Do the former outweigh the latter?
In the first place, television is not only a convenient source of entertainment, but also a comparatively cheap one. For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere. They do not have to pay for expensive seats at the theatre, the cinema, or the opera, only to discover, perhaps, that the show is disappointing. All they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match. Some people, however, maintain that this is precisely where the danger lies. The television viewer takes no initiative. He makes no choice and exercises no judgment. He is completely passive and has everything presented to him without any effort on his part.
Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programs, which are both instructive and entertaining. The most distant countries and the strangest customs are brought right into one's sitting room. It could be argued that the radio performs this service just as well; but on television everything is much more living, much more real. Yet here again there is a danger. We get used to looking at it, so dependent on its flickering pictures, that it begins to dominate our lives.
There are many other arguments for and against television. The poor quality of its programs is often criticized. But it is undoubtedly a great comfort to many lonely elderly people. And does it corrupt or instruct our children? I think we must realize that television in itself is neither good nor bad. It is the uses to which it is put that determine its value to society.
Which of the following can best describe the view of the author?
A) Television has not only advantages but also disadvantages.
B) The advantages of television outweigh its disadvantages.
C) Television has neither advantages nor disadvantages.
D) It is not clearly seen in the passage.
从全文来看, 虽然作者既提到优点也提到缺点, 但是主要倾向是肯定优点, 在谈到缺点时用了"some people", 表示了持这种看法的人有限。因此B符合题意。
三、练习
I find it takes the young writer a long time to become aware or what 1anguage really is as a medium of communication. He thinks he should be able to put down his meaning at once
and be done with it, and he puts it down and releases his feeling for it in language that is meaningless to anyone else. He has to 1earn he can load almost any form of words with his meaning and be expressing himself but communicating nothing. He has to 1earn that language has grown naturally out of the human need to communicate, that it belongs to a11 those who use it, and its communicative capacities have developed to meet the general need, that it is most alive when the language is spoken, supported as it always is by the look and action of the speaker. He must come to see that speech is filled with cliches which are the common counters best serving the general need. Words and phrases that come off his tongue made alive by the living presence of himself become on paper dead transcriptions(抄写). Somehow he must overcome the capacity of words to remain dead symbols of meaning as they are in the dictionary. He must breathe life into them as he sets them on paper.
The author implies that young writers are ___________.
A) in too much a hurry to have their say
B) lacking in confidence.
C) too critical in analyzing their own work
D) lacking in the ability to find topics
作者在这一段中指出, 青年作家要经过很长时间才能弄清语言作为交际工具的真正含义, 那些以为可以轻松地一下子就能写出自己的思想, 一劳永逸地表达感情的青年作家难免会写出言之无物的东西来。仔细体会这两句话, 我们注意到, 作者在说明这一事实的同时, 使用了"really", "he thinks he should be able to..."以及接下来的"he has to..."等词语, 表达了作者的真实意图, 即批评某些青年作家的自以为是。因此答案应选A。
我们也可以用排除法来做这道题。第四、五两句说明青年作家过于自信, 不严于苛责自己的作品, B、C两个选择项的内容正与此相反. 因而可以排除, 本文未谈到作家们寻找题材的能力问题, 故D也可排除, 仅剩A为正确答案。
做这类题目时, 考生应仔细阅读, 品味作者的意思。不可匆忙出选择。总的来讲。考生应注意以下几个方面：
A. 明确作者的观点和写作意图;
B. 分析文字信息, 明确细节是如何说明、支持中心意思的;
C. 注意区分字面意思与隐含意思, 尤其是作者虽未直言道出但强烈暗示的意思;
D. 推论必须是在原文的基础上做出的, 绝对不能掺进文章以外的、考生个人的看法或臆断。
练习:
Passage One
I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common people of the world could meet one another at football or cricket (板球) they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield. Even if one didn't know from concrete examples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance) that international sporting contests lead to orgies (无聊) of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.
Nearly all the sports practiced nowadays are competitive. You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win. On the village green, where you pick up sides and no feeling of local patriotism is involved, it is possible to play simply for the fun and exercise; but as soon as the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are aroused.
Anyone who has played even in a school football match knows this. At the international level sport is frankly mimic (模拟的) warfare. But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators, and, behind the spectators, of the nations who work themselves into furies (发怒) over these absurd (荒唐的) contests, and seriously believe -- at any rate for short periods -- that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.
1. Which of the following best represents the writer's view?
A) He considers it is definitely impossible that sport can create goodwill between nations and avoid wars.
B) He thinks it is funny to have such opinion that sport can build up a peaceful world.
C) He laughs at this absurd opinion.
D) He treats it seriously.
2. The writer thinks that the sports are ___________.
A) competitive B ) absurd C) disgraced D) mimic
Passage Two
Dear Editor,
We are wasting our time and good money by asking scientists to solve the problem of air pollution. They are blaming cars and motorists. It is the smoke from factories that is ruining our air. I sincerely believe that these so-called scientists should try working in a factory from midnight to 8 a.m, and maybe they would discover something that would surprise them. If the scientists could use their knowledge to direct the winds in such a way as to send this factory smoke out to sea forever, then we would be able to solve the
problem of air pollution.
Joseph Award
The overall tone of this letter is.
A) instructive and serious
B) informative and clever
C) argumentative and rash
D) humorous and sincere
KEY: passage 1: A, B; passage 2: C
在阅读理解测试中, 要求确定作者观点和态度的问题, 通常有以下几种形式：
1. The author gives the impression that ________.
2. The author's view is __________.
3. The author thinks that ____________.
4. The author suggests that ______________.
5. Which of the following can best describe the attitude of the author towards...
6. What is the tone of the passage?
阅读理解中约有60%以上的题能再原文中找到答案，其余就要考一下推理、逻辑等能力。阅读一定要先看题目，带着问题去文中找答案，尤其是在快速阅读题部分更是非常重要。还有就是要留心各个大小标题。（出题者常以依次而下的顺序出题，而且每题基本都是细节题，分别对应文章一段，可以采用关键词定位的方法），坚持每天都要练习。 提高阅读水平，在阅读理解上拿高分，是四级必过的又一大支柱。阅读理解的复习方法及答题技巧： 四级大纲要求能基本读懂一般性题材的英文文章，阅读速度达到每分钟70词。在快速阅读篇幅较长、难度略低的材料时，阅读速度达到每分钟100词。能基本读懂国内英文报刊，掌握中心意思，理解主要事实和有关细节。能读懂工作、生活中常见的应用文体的材料。能在阅读中使用有效的阅读方法。 四级的阅读理解主要：快速阅读理解和仔细阅读理解。快速阅读部分要求考生在15分钟的时间内读完一篇1100字左右的文章和后面的10道题。前面7道题是单项选择题，后3道是填空题，即根据对阅读材料的理解，填3到4个单词或短语(答案基本都是原文中出现的原词)。 仔细阅读部分要求考生阅读三篇短文。两篇为单项选择题型的短文理解测试，一篇为选词填空。仔细阅读理解部分测试考生在不同层面上的阅读能力，包括理解主旨大意和重要细节、综合分析、推理判断及根据上下文推测词义等。
大学英语四级考试的阅读文章体裁有记叙文、说明文、议论文，其中说明文和议论文为主要测试文体；在阅读题材方面，科技类大约占25%，人文类大约占45%，经济类大约占15%，综合类大约占5%，环境类比例小，近几年有上升趋势。因此，学生应针对不同的体裁和题材进行有侧重点的备考复习。 篇章阅读理解(单项选择) 本题型要求考生在阅读完一篇300~350个单词左右的文章后解答5个以单项选择题形式进行考查的题目。其所考查的内容一般不会是从文章能直接找到答案的，而需要考生运用自己的语言知识、逻辑知识等进行推敲和加深理解。这种题型可以考查任何层次、全局性、细节性的内容。虽然提供4个答案供考生进行选择，但干扰项大多具有迷惑性，这就要求考生对所读文章内容达到真正的理解。 1、解题步骤 第一步，读问题，划出标志词或关键词 快速浏览题目，对5个题目有大概印象以便阅读时有侧重点。一般来说，对于本身已经明确其考查内容的题目，标志词和关键词是比较容易找到的，只看一下题干即可，而对于那些并没有出现标志词和关键词的题目，如：The author suggests that，可以在解答试题时浏览选项作出解答。 第二步，略读文章 在略读中，首先阅读第一段，因为第一段通常会告诉我们作者将要讨论的话题。然后再阅读最后一段，以帮助我们对文章内容进行概
阅读理解 B 42、Martin Luther King was a black minister, who became a great leader of the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. King was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. When he was young, he was strongly influenced by Thoreau and Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi's idea of non-violent resistance. Having received a Ph. D (Doctor of Philosophy) from Boston University, he became a political and religious leader of the non-violent civil relights movement in 1955. On August 28, 1963, he led over 250,000 Americans on a march in Washington D.C. to fight for the Civil Rights Law to guarantee equality for all people, and delivered his best known speech "I Have a Dream" before the Lincoln Memorial. The "dream" is a dream of brotherly love and equality for the Black and White. Thus, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for peace in 1964, but he was murdered four years later. Though he died, he was greatly respected and loved by the Americans, both the white and the black. By vote of Congress in 1968, the third Monday of every January is now a federal holiday in Luther King's honor. He lives in people's hearts forever. (1)、Martin Luther King was murdered when he was 39 years old. A：T B：F 答案：A (2)、Martin Luther King was a black minister only. A：T B：F 答案：B (3)、Martin Luther King's Day has been a federal holiday for more than 40 years. A：T B：F 答案：A (4)、The underlined word "delivered" in the second paragraph could be replaced by "gave". A：T B：F 答案：A (5)、The best title for this passage is "Civil Rights Law". A：T B：F 答案：B 43、A public house which was recently bought by Mr. James is up for sale. He is going to sell it because it is haunted (闹鬼的). He told me that he could not go to sleep one night because he heard a strange noise coming from the bar. The next morning, he found that the doors had been blocked by chairs and the furniture had been moved. Though Mr. James had turned the lights off before he went to bed, they were on in the morning. He also said that he had found five empty whisky bottles which the ghost (鬼) must have drunk the night before. When I suggested that some villagers must have come in for a free drink, he shook his head. The villagers have told him that they will not accept it even if he gives it away. (1)、Mr. James was the owner of the public house. A：T B：F 答案：A (2)、Mr. James had not turned off the lights that night. A：T B：F 答案：B (3)、Mr. James built the house. A：T B：F 答案：B (4)、Mr. James found sixty empty bottles. A：T B：F 答案：B (5)、The writer of the passage believes Mr. James' story. A：T B：F 答案：B 44、Great changes have been made in family life because of science and industry. In the past, when more Americans lived on farms, the typical family had many children. In a farm family, parents and their children often lived with grandparents. Often, too, uncles and aunts lived nearby. But when industry became more important than agriculture in American life, families became smaller because industry requires workers who are ready and able to move off the land and to move again whenever necessary. And large families can not be moved from place to place as smaller families can. So, at present people tend to have smaller families. In the future, because of industrialization, a typical family will be required to move even more often than now, so families will be even smaller. The typical family may remain childless and consists only of a man and a woman. A small number of families may take child raising as their chief work. At the same time they may also raise other people's children, leaving those families free to move from job to job. (1)、The passage discusses influence of science and industry on American families. A：T B：F 答案：A (2)、Families of the past, the present and the future are described in the passage. A：T B：F 答案：A (3)、People no longer want to have children. A：T B：F 答案：B (4)、Grandparents will take the chief responsibility of raising children in the future. A：T B：F 答案：B (5)、Large families cannot fit in with a highly industrialized society. A：T B：F 答案：A 45、My husband had just bought a new washing machine for me. I decided to use it and I washed a lot of things. Everything worked well, but I found one of my husband's socks missing. I looked everywhere for it, but I couldn't find it anywhere. The next morning, I got ready for school as usual. When the bell rang, the students came in. I greeted them first and then told them what we were going to do that day. When I turned around to write on the blackboard, the class broke out a roar! They laughed and laughed. They laughed so much, in fact, that I was afraid the headmaster would be into seeing all this. I asked the class to stop, but the more I talked, the more they laughed. I decided to pay no attention to them and I continued to write on the blackboard. When I did this, they roared even more. Finally, the teacher who had the room next to mine came in to see what all the laughter was about. When he came in, he started laughing, too!
《全新版大学英语阅读教程》 (通用本课后练习答案) 第二册 UNIT ONE The Pleasure of Learning Key to the Exercises I. 1. C 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. B II. 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. T. 5. F. 6. T III. 1.对于太多的人来说,学习似乎是自己的意愿屈服于外界的指引,是一种奴役. 2.然而,只要幸运,有决心,指导得法,人的精神不仅经得起贫穷而且经得起富裕的考验. 3.对一个人来说,形成完整和协调的人格与保持自身的卫生,健康以及经济上的自立是同样必要的,那些从来没有认识到这一点的人已经吃尽苦头. IV. 1. First of all , the writer points out that there is a mistake about learning. Some young people dislike learning simply because they are educated in the wrong way. Learning is a natural pleasure that should be enjoyed. Then he develops this idea by examples to illustrate the different aspects: learning from books, by travel and trough practice. Learning can expand one’s knowledge over a period of time. 2. The chief danger of learning is laziness, sloth, routine, stupidity. It sneaks into people’s mind like wind through the shutters, causing people to slowly give up learning. We should realize that learning is a life-long endeavor, and only by continuous learning can one gain a meaningful and rewarding life. Key to the reading—skill Exercises 1. Students have improved SAT scores. 2. Teenagers planned patrols 3. TV programs are less thorough than newspapers. 4. Welcome to Our City is about the South and its people 5. Some films show little children fascinated at the world. 6. One can communicate with the writer as one reads a book. with Santa Claus Key to the Exercises I . 1. A 2. D 3. C 4. A 5. C 6. B II. . 1. 朱莉让我们如此为难,我的确感到生气.难道圣诞老人不存在的事实不是从同学那里得知的吗 2.我给她讲述了事情的经过,尽量使它听起来滑稽有趣,希望她不要注意到我和杰里在处理我开始认为的"圣诞老人问题"上是如此拙劣. 3.我可以看出,他正努力在想一种办法,用来解释我们的行为,使其听起来不太像事实那样具有欺骗性,那样错误和愚蠢. 4.事情就这样结束了.对圣诞老人不存在的事实悲伤了片刻只后,生活又恢复了正常. III. 1. Santa Claus is an imaginary old man with a long white beard and a red coat.
高考英语阅读理解九大猜词技巧 1.利用定义或解释(definition or explanation) Signal words: means, refers to, be called, be known as ,can be defined as, in other words,that is , that is to say, 定语从句…..etc. 举例： Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots(嫩芽）, or young leaves of trees.(B) The word "pruning" means______ A. Regular cutting（修剪）of the plants B. Frequent watering C. Regular use of chemicals D. Growing the plants high in the mountain 2.利用普通常识和经验(common sense or experience) 举例： 1. In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today． "ocelot" means _________________(an endangered wild cat) 2.The period of adolescence, the period between childhood and adulthood ,may be long or short. "adolescence" means___________(The period between childhood and adulthood) 3.利用同义/同位语(similarity/appositive) Signal words：for example ，for instance，such as ，like，as---as，etc. 举例： The largest player –Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Center offers a wide variety of choices, such as deluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches. Santana sedans are the big favorite of the tourists. (C) The words "deluxe sedans," "minivans" and "station wagons" used in the text refer to ____. A. cars in the making B. car rental firms C. cars for rent D. car makers 4.利用举例(from examples) Signal words: as, like, the same as，unlike, but，however, on the contrary, while,instead…ect. 举例： 1. The snow was falling.Big flakes drifted(飘）with the wind like feathers. 2. Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy person who does not like to go to parties or make new friends. 5.利用比较或对比(comparison or contrast) (1)Overwork may cause diseases. over（过分的、过量的）＋work＝overwork“工作过度”。 (2)There was a dissatisfied look in the manager's eyes. dis “不”+ satisfied“满意的=dissatisfied “不满意的”。 6.利用构词法(Word formation)：前缀、后缀、复合、派生等 举例： 1. Is he intelligent or stupid? 2. Most women in Ghana--- the educated and illiterate, the urban and rural, the
大学英语四级选词填空和快速阅读复习攻略 选词填空: 首先:预览选项，了解词义并把选项分为四大类词性:名词n，动词v，形容词a，副词ad，在每个选项后作词性的简要标记; 其次:精读全文开头，把握文章主题，并以三个空或一个段落为一个单位，利用前后文判断每空的词性; 第三:把对应词性的选项逐一带回原文，含义通顺，时态、主谓搭配一致的为正确选项。 记背选词填空选项的重点范围: 1.历年曾经考过的复合式听写的单词 2.历年曾经考过的完形填空的选项，仔细阅读态度题的选项 3.历年曾经考过的真题中的高频词汇 快速阅读: 建议做题方法:读题干并确定关键词(中心词)--去原文中定位关键词--分析定位句--分析题干--确定答案。 首先用“打包”方法对付乱序: 把整组题全部一次性吃透，然后去原文从头到尾定位。否则，考生如果按顺序逐题解答，时间会严重不足，最好是文章一遍看下来，能找到所有的信息。此外，考生应该注意定位原文的过程中，一定要脑、眼和手并用:眼是肯定要用的，不用脑会导致忽视同义转换，不用手(笔)会使我们处于走马观花的状态，然后会怀疑自己是不是漏掉了信息而不停地看。 其次:“吃透”题干，准确判断关键词(中心词)至关重要。如果没吃透题干，就无法准确判断关键词或中心词，就可能对原文中的重要信息没感觉。一般来说，题干关键词或中心词为实词以及一些数字、专有名词等。 最后，在解题的先后顺序上，采用先易后难的策略。采用由易到难的解题策略，可以提升考生的解题信心。对于那些答题线索较少的题干细节信息，考生可留在最后再解答。在解答这类较难的题目时，考生可快速阅读原文中仍未选过的段落的主题句(通常为第一句、第二句或最后一句)，之后根据段落大意与题干中的细节信息进行匹配。
新世纪大学英语阅读教程（2）参考答案 Unit One PartⅠ Reading for Information Exercises Ⅰ Reading for Information A.Reading to find main ideas 1.A, 2. C, B. Reading to find major details 3. D, 4. B, C. Reading to find relevant facts 5. C, 6. A Ⅱ.Translation Translate the following sentences into Chinese 1.有一百份卷子要批，而且全是男孩们用潦草的字迹写成的，这事他已经拖了好几个星期 了。这些日子，他一直觉得头上仿佛悬着把剑。 2.我私下里已经花了一大笔钱来学习音乐了。 3.他的脸上挂满了汗珠。 4.没有哪个宣布判决的法官会比此时的谢卡夫更痛苦、更无助。 5.说出事实和接受事实同样需要勇气。 Ⅲ. Summary https://www.doczj.com/doc/609847645.html,plete the following statements with words and expressions from the box. Use their proper forms. 1.sun, straight in the face, blinking, dazed 2.morning, night, tempering truth, shock 3.truth, trials, wife, colleague, headmaster 4.apple pie, culinary masterpiece, good, swallow 5.fine, mean, selfish 6.singing, stupefied 7.frogs, buffalo, window shutters 8.strength, give, receive PartⅡ Reading for Pleasure Exercises Ⅰ. Answer the following questions. (The answers are open.) 1.Hell is not so terrible as most people think because it can be transformed into Heaven through hard work, courage, faith and love. The real Hell is in one’s heart. 2.Heaven is a land of beauty and peace, and it is the result of our hard work. 3.All those hardworking people with courage and determination can rest in Heaven after they die, because although they cannot all reach Heaven in the first place, they can build Hell into Heaven. 4.Those who are afraid of Hell and do not have courage to fight difficulties and disasters will end up in Hell.
大学英语一阅读理解 一、阅读理解（共505题,共101分） 1. Few laws are so effective that you can see results just days after they take effect. But in the nine days since the federal cigarette tax more than doubled—to $1. 01 per pack—smokers have jammed telephone “quit lines” acro ss the country seeking to kick the habit. This is not a surprise to public health advocates. They’ve studied the effect of state tax increases for years, finding that smokers, especially teens, are price sensitive. Nor is it a shock to the industry, which fiercely fights every tax increase. The only wonder is that so many states insist on closing their ears to the message. Tobacco taxes improve public health, health, they raise money and most particularly, they deter people from taking up the habit as teens, which is when nearly all smokers are addicted. Yet the rate of taxation varies widely. In Manhattan, for instance, which has the highest tax in the nation, a pack of Marlboro Light Kings cost ＄10.06 at one drugstore Wednesday. Charleston, S, C., where the 7-cent-a-pack tax is the lowest in the nation. The price was $4. 78. The influence is obvious. In New York, high school smoking hit a new low in the latest surveys—13.8%, far below the national average. By comparison, 26% of high school students smoke in Kentucky, Other low-tax states have similarly depressing teen-smoking records. Hal Rogers, Representative from Kentucky, like those who are against high tobacco taxes, argues that the burden of the tax falls on low-income Americans “who choose to smoke.” That’s true, But there is more reason in keeping future generations of low-income workers from getting hooked in the first place, As for today’s adults, if the new tax drives them to quit, they will have more to spend on their families, cut their risk of cancer and heart disease and feel better. （1分） (1) The text is mainly about___________. （0.2分） A.the price of cigarettes B.the rate of teen smoking C.the effect of tobacco tax increase D.the differences in tobacco tax rate 标准答案：C (2) What does the author think is a surprise? （0.2分） A.Teen smokers are price sensitive. B.Some states still keep the tobacco tax low. C.Tobacco taxes improve public health. D.Tobacco industry fiercely fights the tax rise. 标准答案：B (3) The underlined word "deter” in Paragr aph 3 most probably means . （0.2分） A.discarding B.remove C.benefit D.free 标准答案：A (4) Rogers’ attitude towards the low-income smokers might be that of . （0.2分） A.tolerance B.unconcern C.doubt D.sympathy 标准答案：D (5) What can we learn from the last paragraph? （0.2分） A.The new tax will be beneficial in the long run. B.Low-income Americans are more likely to fall ill.
《全新版大学英语阅读教程》(通用本)1-2册课后练习答案 UNIT ONE 1.Goodbye school Key to the Exercises I 1. B 2. D 3. D 4 D 5. C 6. A II 1. fling 2. supercilious 3. zoom 4. trudge 5. hoist Key to the Reading-skill Exercises Paragraph 1: 1. B 2. D paragraph 2 1. D 2. A 2.The Saturday Evening Post Information Related to the Text Key to the Exercises I. 1. D 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. C 6. C II . 1. She wants him to make something of himself and have an early start to his career . 2. He was afraid of the dogs that snarled behind the doors of potential buyers . He was timid about ringing the doorbells of strangers , relieved when no one came to the door , and scared when someone did , and could not deliver an engaging sales pitch . 3. The battle to make him different from his father . 4. The well-written composition he wrote about his summer vacation . 5. Writers didn't have to have any gumption at all . 3. Love The Neighbor Key to the Exercises I . 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. T 6. F II. 1.在我看来,美国的邻里关系正在变得不再融洽. 2.《圣经》里的戒律"热爱你的邻居"大概是一句拙劣的译文,它的本义必定是"尊敬你的邻居." 3.邻居开始共同做的唯一的一件事是相互接近,只有进一步发展关系,才有足够的理由成为最 好的朋友. 4.横跨在你们之间的车道,篱笆或栅栏并不真地就是一道冷漠的屏障,它们只不过是一条清晰 的分界线. 5.邻里较之社区更容易使人产生怀旧情绪,但社区也许是一个更好的构成单位. UNIT TWO 4.Making Friends in American Culture Key to the Exercises I. 1. A 2. D 3. C 4. D 5. C 6. D II. 1. Because there is a language barrier , many Chinese are hesitant to speak with strangers and they don't know what to talk to American about or how to keep the conversation moving . 2. His class and major . 3. These questions help people participate in the conversation . 4. When the other person first gives his name himself . 5. Communication . Key to the reading-skill Exercises Paragraph 1 : 1. C 2. A
大学英语四级阅读答题技巧 一、原选择题型的篇章阅读理解 新四级的仔细阅读增加了文章的长度和段落数量，题型向细节性方向发展。仔细阅读要求做到“三精读一略读”。一是精读文章首段和每段第一次出现的结论句，了解文章的主题和结构。二是精读关键词定位的地方，请注意，细节题题干都是相应原文的变形（如同义改写、词性转换等），因此要找到答案一定要找到题干在原文中的出处，再把原文和选项相比较，正确选项应该是对原文的精确改写，应该符合两点特征：形式对应和含义对应，比如原文中出现比较，那么正确选项中也应该对应出现相应形式，同时含义应该是原文的同义替换，相同的意思换了一种表达方式。三是精读重要考点，比如：转折、比较、因果、结论或总结。略读就是略读甚至不读其他细节性信息，因为干扰选项往往来自于这些地方，精读后反而会增加干扰选项的迷惑度，避免被迷惑信息干扰的最好方法就是不去面对诱惑。需要注意的是与原文极其相似的选项一定要慎选。 四级阅读考查的题型主要是细节题，另外还会涉及态度题，主旨题，推理题，结论观点题，词汇题等。各类题型表现形式不同，考查重点各异，解题方法有别。 1、细节题 (1)、细节题表现形式 这类题在四级考试中题量较大，占到60%——70%的题量，可以说是四级考试成败的关键这类题特点是题干的信息比较具体，考查文章中的重要细节。如2005年1月份考题：“Free play has been introduced in some
Japanese kindergartens in order to”， 本题通过“free play”，“some Japanese kindergartens”反映了原文考查对象，题干内容比较具体，属于细节分析。又如2005年6月份出现的题目：“What did the handball player do when he was not allowed a time out to change his gloves? ”本题handball player 是中心话题，when 引导状语从句，这两部分明确指定了考查的细节内容，在原文中找答案十分方便。 (2)、细节题解题方法 细节题考查信息查找能力和句子的理解能力。由于考试时间非常紧张，对于考生来说，做好细节题，首先是要在原文找到相关信息。正是由于这点，我们看文章需要目的。有同学先看文章再做题，导致做题时还得回去在文章中寻找相关内容，或者干脆凭着对文章的主观印象匆忙求解，结果是浪费时间或者错误较多。建议考生先看题干再看文章，这样就会有方向感，目的感。所以，细节题的重要做题方法就是：先看题干，再看原文，带着题干个别的特有信息或者带着题干的中心话题在原文定位。如“What did the handball player do when he was not allowed a time out to change his gloves? ”就可以结合handball player这个中心话题在原文找答案。 四级细节题干有时会有比较明显的信息，如时间数字，专有名词，中心名词。如2005年1月考题：What was confirmed by the Boston University Medical Center’s study?题干中Boston University Medical Center这个专有名词可以让考生迅速找到考到的原文内容。如果用题干信息在原文找答案没有结果，可以根据题目的先后顺序来确定大概范围(除个别例外，
阅读理解大学英语A 1、Throughout the colonial period there was a remarkable shortage of women, which varied with the regions and was always greatest in the frontier areas. This shortage enhanced women's status and position and allowed them to pursue different careers. The puritans regarded idleness as a sin, and believed that life in an underdevelopment country made it necessary that each member of the community performed an economic function. Thus work for women was not only approved but also was regarded as a civic duty. Puritan town councils expected widows and independent women to be self-supporting. There was no social prohibition against married women working; on the contrary, wives were expected to help their husbands in their trade and won social approval for doing extra work in or out of the home. The vast majority of women worked within their homes, where their labor produced most articles needed for the family. The entire colonial production of cloth and clothing and partly that of shoes was in the hands of women. In addition to these occupations, women were found in many different kinds of employment. They were butchers, silversmiths and gunsmiths. They ran mills, plantations, shipyards, and every kind of shop. They were gatekeepers, jail keepers, journalists, printers, nurses, and teachers. (1)、What does the passage mainly discuss A：Colonial marriages. B：The puritan religion. C：Colonial women's employment. D：Education in the colonies. 答案：C (2)、According to the passage, where in colonial North America were there the fewest women A：Puritan communities. B：Seaports. C：Frontier settlements. D：Capital cities. 答案：C (3)、It can be inferred from the passage that the Puritans were ______.