REGULAR ARTICLE
Soil phosphorus fractions and tree phosphorus resorption in pine forests along an urban-to-rural gradient in Nanchang,China
Xiao-Fei Hu &Fu-Sheng Chen &Gregory Nagle &Yun-Ting Fang &Ming-Quan Yu
Received:
30September 2010/Accepted:15
April 2011/Published online:3May 2011#Springer Science+Business Media B.V .2011
Abstract Urbanization has been rapid across the world but the responses of phosphorus (P)cycling to urbanization have not been well-investigated.This study was to understand the influences of rapid urbanization on forest P cycling in a developing country.Soil P fractions and P resportion were determined for nine slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.)forests along a 30-km long urban-suburban-rural
gradient in Nanchang City,southern China.The total P stocks in the surface soils in urban and suburban forests were 317%and 182%higher,respectively,than levels found in rural forests.The concentrations of soil available P,labile P,slow P,occluded P and also much higher in urban and rural forests (P <0.05).Soil were highest in urban forests.Annual mean concentrations were enhanced in urban and forests compared to rural forests.The P efficiency (PRE)was higher in rural forests than in suburban and urban forests,while the P resorption proficiency (PRP)was lower in rural forests than in suburban and urban forests.Urbanization associated with high extraneous P inputs has altered soil P status and plant P uptake.Foliar P concentration,PRE and PRP were largely dependent on soil P availability in our study forests.
Keywords Nutrient resorption .Soil P fractionation .Soil P leaching .Subtropical region .Urban forests
Introduction
About 50%of the human population now lives in urban areas,with a projected increase to 60%by 2025(Pickett et al.2001).Compared with non-urban ecosystems,the processes and functions of urban
Plant Soil (2011)346:97–106DOI 10.1007/s11104-011-0799-6
Responsible Editor:Jeff R.Powell.
X.-F.Hu :F.-S.Chen
College of Life Sciences,Nanchang University,Nanchang 330031,China
G.Nagle
Department of Natural Resources,Cornell University,Ithaca,NY 14853,USA Y .-T.Fang
South China Botanical Garden,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Guangzhou 510650,China
M.-Q.Yu
College of Life Sciences,Jiangxi Science &Technology Normal University,
Nanchang 330038,China
F.-S.Chen (*)
No.999,Xuefuda Road,Honggutan New District,Nanchang 330031,People ’s Republic of China e-mail:chenfush@https://www.doczj.com/doc/659526750.html,
ecosystem are more controlled by complex interac-tions between society and environment(Kaye et al. 2006;Grimm et al.2008).Recently ecological processes along urban-rural gradients have become a focus of much ground breaking research examining the effects of urbanization(McDonnell et al.1997; Pickett et al.2001;Fang et al.2011).
Soil P is one of the most important elements limiting plant growth(Cramer2010),especially in subtropical and tropical regions where primary production of many ecosystems is considered to be P rather than N limited (Walker and Syers1976;Vitousek et al.2010). However,soil P can also be a pollution source and a threat to water quality when P availability increases so substantially that P is transported to water bodies by surface runoff and groundwater infiltration(Heckrath et al.1995;Zhang et al.2001,2005).Because soil P turns over slowly,the legacy of enhanced soil P patterns may affect freshwaters for centuries(Bennett et al.2004).Soil total P levels as well as varied fractions have been reported to be elevated in urban regions compared to suburban and rural regions (Zhang et al.2001;Zhang2004;Yuan et al.2007). The accumulated P has become a potential non-point source of pollution for surface and ground water in some cities(Zhang et al.2001,2005).
However,Bennett(2003)found that extractable P concentrations showed no significant differences in soils along urban-rural gradients in Dane County, Wisconsin,USA.She argued that it is sometimes difficult to quantify urban-rural gradients due to differences in the many factors playing a role in soil P accumulation and storage such as soil parent material,land use,land cover,fertilizer use,manure applications,historical land use,and management.An examination of urban-rural gradients,an emerging experimental design in urban ecology,may be more useful and effective if sampling is focused on just one particular land use(Carreiro and Tripler2005).
In urban forests,soil P can be imported with animal droppings,vehicles,dustfall,precipitation and various anthropogenic waste deposits(Waller1977; Zhang et al.2001).Therefore,soil P transformation and plant P uptake(P cycling)may be altered with urbanization.China has been experiencing a dramatic and unprecedented level of urbanization associated with rapid economic growth since the initiation of economic reforms in1978.Urban areas in most less-developed regions of China are experiencing popula-tion growth,industrialization and a rapid increase in motor vehicle transportation(Chen et al.2010b).The urban population in China rose from18%in1978to 45%in2008and is projected to be65%by2030(Ni 2008).Increased soil P availability has been observed in some cities in southern China,such as Hangzhou (Zhang2004)and Nanjing(Yuan et al.2007). However,little information is available on the nature and accumulations in soil P and its cycling in forests along urban–rural gradients.We have a limited understanding of the P leaching risk caused by P accumulation in urban forests and tree nutrient uptake responses to the alteration of soil P availability.
In this study nine slash pine(Pinus elliottii Engelm.)forests along a short urban-suburban-rural gradient in Nanchang,southern China were selected to investigate the influences of rapid urbanization on ecosystem P cycling with measurements of soil P fractions and foliar P concentrations in different seasons.We hypothesized that(1)soil total P pools and various P fractions in the studied forests would decrease along the gradient from urban to rural,and increased soil extractable P in urban forests might become a potential risk for P leaching;and(2)foliar P concentration and P resorption proficiency(PRP) would decrease,while P resorption efficiency(PRE) would increase along the gradient from urban to rural due to leaf-level P use efficiency which mostly depends upon soil P availability(Ostertag2010). Materials and methods
Study area
This study was conducted in Nanchang City(115°27′–116°35′E,28°09′–29°11′N),the capital of Jiangxi Province.The total metropolitan area is7,402km2with
a population that increased from2.4million in1970,to
4.0million in1996and 4.8million in2009.The number of motor vehicles increased almost8-fold between1995and2006(Chen et al.2010a).The study region has a subtropical monsoon climate(wet and mild)with mean annual precipitation of about 1700mm and mean annual relative humidity of about 77%.Mean annual air temperature is17.5°C with an annual frost free period averaging291days.
In order to avoid the complicating influences of vegetation type and soil types on P cycling,in this
study we only chose slash pine forests along a30-km long gradient in Nanchang extending from urban, through suburban,and to rural areas.In2007,nine slash pine plantations were chosen along this gradient, with three each in urban,suburban and rural areas(Chen et al.2010a).The ages of the pine forests ranged from 16to20years old,with stand density from600to800 trees ha?1,mean diameter at breast height(DBH)from 10to16cm and canopy height from12to16m(Yu 2009).All forests are located on low hills at an elevation range of30–80m.All the soils on the study sites are red soil formed from arenaceous shale (Ultisols),which is a typical soil type in the subtropical region of China(Zhao et al.1988).In the urban forests the collection of surface detritus by humans has mostly eliminated the litter layer,while litter accumulates to levels of4.1–6.3t ha?1(approximately4-cm depth)in the suburban and rural sites(Chen et al.2010a).
Soil sampling and chemical analysis
In each forest,a20×20m plot was established and divided into four subplots(10×10m).In each subplot, after removing the litter layer,five soil cores(2.5cm in diameter)were randomly collected from the0–15cm layer in August2007for total P analysis.Soil total P were analyzed by a phosphomolybdic acid blue colour method after sulphuric acid digestion(320°C)using a selenium mixture as catalyst(Liu et al.1996).In addition,soil samples were collected within each subplot using a5.0-cm sampling cylinder for determi-nation of soil bulk density at each of three layers:0–5, 5–10,and10–15cm.
Five soil cores(4.8cm in diameter)to a15cm depth were collected randomly from each subplot in April2008 (spring),July2008(summer),October2008(autumn), and January(winter)2009,respectively.The soils from each subplot were composited into a single sample for each sampling event and air-dried.After removal of visible plant residue,all soil samples were sieved through a2-mm screen,mixed and stored at room temperature.
The soil P fractionation technique has been widely used to study soil P transformation processes since the method was first presented by Hedley et al.(1982)with later development by Crews et al.(1995)and Motavalli and Miles(2002).This study employed those methods to quantify soil P composition.Air-dried soil samples were ground to pass a0.5mm sieve and processed following the soil P fractionation sequential procedure(Chen et al.,2010b).The corresponding supernatants sequentially exacted with anion exchange resin,0.5M NaHCO3, 0.1M NaOH,0.1M NaOH with sonication,1.0M HCl were collected by centrifuging samples at1.7×104m s?2 (3,200rpm)for5min in a centrifuge,followed by filtering samples through a0.45-μm micropore filter. Resin-P,NaHCO3-P,NaOH-P,sonication-P and HCl-P are defined as available P,labile P,slow P,occluded P and weathered mineral P,respectively(Motavalli and Miles2002).Bio-available P is the sum of available P and labile P,while the extractable P includes available P, labile P,slow P,occluded P and weathered mineral P. Phosphorus concentration in each supernatant was determined by the phosphomolybdic acid blue color method(Liu et al.1996).
Leaf and litter sampling and chemical analysis
Needles were collected monthly from September2007to August2008.First,three representative trees(with DBH and heights close to the average levels for each plot) were selected for sampling in each plot.Then for each selected tree,the needles from one first order branch were collected from each of the four cardinal directions and combined them together to obtain a composite sample.We also collected fresh litter under each selected tree with six0.5×0.5m nylon traps,and mixed these together as a composite sample for each plot.
The needles and fresh litter samples were washed with deionized water to remove dust,oven-dried at70°C for48h,ground in a mill and screened with a0.25mm sieve.Total P concentration was measured using the phosphomolybdic acid blue color method.Their organic C was determined by dichromate oxidation and titration with ferrous ammonium sulfate(Liu et al.1996).
Calculation and statistics
Soil P stocks for the0–15cm layer was calculated based on total P concentrations and bulk density. Nutrient resorption efficiency was calculated as a percentage of the amount of nutrient present in the leaf before senescence(Aerts1996).
PRE??P of fresh leafà?P of senescent leaf
eT=
?P of fresh leaf?100
Where,[P]of fresh leaf is the observed maximum P concentration in a year;[P]of senescent leaf is the
average P concentration of the litterfall (during the period from December to March in the present study).The change in leaf mass during senescence varied from 5%to 10%(Aerts 1996).In this study the effect induced by leaf mass change on P resorption was not considered.PRP was defined as the concentration of P remaining in senesced leaves (litterfall)throughout a year (Killingbeck 1996).In this study,PRP is the average P concentration of the litterfall collected from December to March.
The averages to the plot level were used for the variables measured at subplot level.One-way ANOV A with location as the fixed main factor was performed for concentrations and stocks of total P ,foliar P concentra-tion,PRE and PRP.Two-way ANOV A was used to examine the effects of location,season and their interactions on soil various P fractions,foliar C,P concentrations and foliar C:P ratio over the course of a year.Tukey ’s multiple comparisons method was used to identify significant differences among gradients.Pear-son ’s tests were used for comparing the significance of correlations among soil P fractions and leaf P traits.All
data were used to test for normalized distributions and transformed by log 10if required.All analysis was performed using SPSS software (SPSS Inc.2001,V ersion 11.0).Statistically significant differences were set at P values<0.05unless otherwise stated.
Results
Soil P stock
Total P concentrations in the surface soils were the highest in urban forests and the lowest in rural forests (P =0.097,Fig.1).Soil total P stocks were 66.5g m ?2and 38.3g m ?2in urban and suburban forests,respectively,which were 317%and 182%higher than that in rural forests (21.0g m ?2)(Fig.1).
Soil P fractions
The location effects on all soil P fractions were significant,while seasonal effects were not except on soil weathered P.No interactions of location and season on any soil P fractions were found (Table 1).The concentrations of available P,labile P,slow P,occluded P and extractable P (sum of five P fractions)were significantly higher in urban and suburban forests than in rural forests (P <0.05),but were not significantly different between urban and suburban forests.The average stocks of available P,labile P,slow P,occluded P and the extractable P were 0.67g m ?2,2.33g m ?2,11.43g m ?2,4.28g m ?2,22.02g m ?2,respectively,in urban forests,0.83g m ?2,2.28g m ?2,11.67g m ?2, 4.54g m ?2,20.23g m ?2,in suburban forests,and 0.20g m ?2,0.20g m ?2,2.07
g
T o t a l P c o n c e n t r a t i o n (g k g -1)
20406080100120P s t o c k (g m -2)
P concentration
P stock
Fig.1Concentrations and stocks of P in top soil (0–15cm)under the pine forests along an urban-rural gradient in Nanchang City,China.Shown are mean ±one SE (n =3).Different lowercase and uppercase letters indicate significant differences in total P concentration and P stock,respectively,among three locations at 0.1levels
Table 1ANOVA of effects of location and season on the concentrations of various P fractions in pine forests along the urban-suburban-rural gradient in Nanchang City,China Factor
df
F values Available P
Labile P Slow P Occluded P Weathered P Extractable P Location 2 4.86* 2.93* 4.70* 4.67*8.30*** 5.20**Season
30.89NS 0.30NS 0.61NS 1.44NS 2.77*0.15NS Location×season
6
0.04NS
0.13NS
0.10NS
0.27NS
0.71NS
0.01NS
NS
not significant,*P <0.05,**P <0.01,***P <0.001.
m ?2,0.82g m ?2,3.95g m ?2,respectively in rural forests.Soil weathered P was higher in urban forests than in suburban and rural forests in all four seasons (Fig.2),with levels of 3.31,0.91and 0.66g m ?2in urban,suburban and rural forests,respectively (Fig.2).Slow P was the dominant form in the extractable P in all forests,and the proportion of weathered P to the extractable P was increased in urban forests (Fig.3).
Foliar P concentrations and P resorption Foliar P concentrations generally displayed a season-ality (F 11,72=2.22,P <0.05),with the lowest values in later winter or early spring in the suburban and rural forests (Fig.4).The annual mean concentrations of foliar P were higher in urban (0.94g kg ?1)and suburban (1.03g kg ?1)forests than in rural forests (0.78g kg ?1)with no significant difference between
the urban and suburban forests (Fig.4).Foliar C concentrations (F 2,72=10.77,P <0.001)and foliar C:P values (F 2,72=10.94,P <0.001)also varied with location.The averaged foliar C:P value was signifi-cantly higher in rural forests (625)than suburban (476)and urban (505)forests with no significant differences between the suburban and urban.
246810
Season
A v a i l a b l e P (m g k g -1)
Rural
714212835
L a b i l e P (m g k g -1)
Rural
255075100125
S l o w P (m g k g -1)
Rural
1224364860 O c c l u d e d P (m g k g -1)
Rural
714212835W e a t h e r e d P (m g k g -1)
Rural
4080120160200Spring Summer Autumn Winter
Season
Season
Spring Summer Autumn Winter
Season
Season
Season
E x a c t a b l e P (m g k g -1)
Rural
Fig.2Seasonal variations in soil phosphorus concen-trations of the top soils in pine forests along the urban-rural gradient in Nanchang City,China.Shown are mean ±one SE (n =3)
510152025
Rural Suburban Urban
E x a c t a b l e P s t o c k (g m -2)
Fig.3The accumulative stocks of annual average extractable P and their fractions in top soil (0–15cm)under pine forests along the urban-suburban-rural gradient in Nanchang City,China
The PRE was higher in rural forests (84%)than in suburban (75%)and urban (76%)forests,while the PRP was lower in rural forests (0.20g kg ?1)than in the suburban (0.32g kg ?1)and urban (0.29g kg ?1).The differences in PRE and PRP between suburban and urban forests were not significant (Fig.5).
The relationships between foliar P and soil extractable P
Foliar P concentrations and PRP were positively correlated with all soil P fractions except for
weathered P and the total extractable P (P <0.05)while PRP was positively correlated with soil total P.Both foliar C:P and PRE were negatively correlated with available P,labile P,bio-available P and extractable P.Additionally,foliar C:P was negatively correlated with slow P and occluded P,and PRE was negatively correlated with soil total P.Foliar P properties did not correlate with soil weathered P (Table 2).
Discussion
As urban ecology matures,the spatial heterogeneity of urban landscapes,soil resources,temperature and plant communities has been reported (Bennett 2003,Kaye et al.2008;Zhu et al.2008).We narrowed our study focus on a simple urban-suburban-rural gradient to understand what variables in P cycling along the gradient can or cannot be predicted.We found that total P stock in the topsoil was substantially enhanced in urban and suburban forests,with levels 317%and 182%higher than levels found in rural forests (Fig.1).Correspondingly,we also observed enrich-ment in extractable P,including available P and labile P (Figs.2and 3).These results demonstrate that P status and availability were elevated during urbaniza-tion.Our results are consistent with some previous studies,which used mixed land use types as sampling
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
F o l i a r P c o n c e n t r
a t i o n (g k g -1)
Rural
Suburban
Urban
Fig.4The monthly varia-tions in foliar P concentra-tions of Pinus elliottii in the pine forests along the urban-suburban-rural gradient in Nanchang City,China during 2007and 2008.Shown are mean ±one SE (n =3)
Rural Suburban Urban
P R E (%)
P R P (g k g -1)
PRE
PRP
Fig.5Phosphorus resorption efficiency (PRE)and phosphorus resorption proficiency (PRP)of Pinus elliottii along the urban-suburban-rural gradient in Nanchang City,China.Shown are mean ±one SE (n =3).Different lowercase and uppercase letters mean significant difference in PRE and PRP,respectively,among three locations at 0.05levels
sites (Foy et al.2003;Zhang 2004;Yuan et al.2007).For example,total P concentrations in urban,subur-ban and rural surface soils were reported as 1.78,1.24and 0.51g kg ?1,respectively in Hangzhou City (Zhang 2004),while levels of 2.50,1.25and 0.35g kg ?1,respectively were reported in Nanjing City,southern China (Yuan et al.2007).In contrast,Baxter et al.(2002)compared soil P availability (labile inorganic P determined by Bray ’s dilute acid extrac-tion)in oak stands located in either an urban or a rural area,NY ,USA,and found that soil P availability was lower in the urban than the rural stands.Many differences including soil type,tree species,land use history and climate condition between Baxter et al.(2002)and our study could explain the different results.However,high extraneous P inputs from various anthropogenic waste deposits (such as solid and organic waste)in our urban study sites could be a determining factor for the higher P levels we found.Nanchang is a rapidly developing city where domestic wastes increased from 800t d ?1in 1997to 1800t d ?1in 2007,accompanying with the rapid increases in the urban population (Gazette of the People ’s Government of Jiangxi Province,2007;https://www.doczj.com/doc/659526750.html,/2007-8/20078171845568.htm ).Compared with devel-oped countries,the intensity of urbanization in develop-ing countries is likely stronger,which needs further attention.
The component of P fractions is an important issue for urban mangers.Our results showed that soil slow P was the dominant fraction among the five extractable fractions,accounting for 52–58%of the total extractable P (Fig.3).This is in agreement with results reported by Tiessen et al.(1984)and Beck and Sanchez (1994),who found that slow P plays an important role in plant nutrition in highly weathered ultisols.Additionally,our data indicate that soil P fractions are closely related to soil P availability;with significantly positive correla-tions among available P,labile P,slow P,occluded P and the extractable P (r >0.88,P <0.001,n =36for all).Neufeldt et al.(2000)found that soil available P and labile P displayed the same trends as the slow P and suggested that slow P is,at least in part,readily plant available.This finding agreed with the results of Sharpley et al.(1987)who also reported that slow P was well correlated with the most common standard P tests in highly weathered soils.
Interestingly,the stock of weathered P and its percentage of the extractable P were significantly higher in urban forests (3.31g m ?2and 15.0%)than in suburban forests (0.91g m ?2and 4.5%)(Fig.3).Soil weathered P is usually present at a very low level or nondetectable in highly weathered acidic soils (Agbenin and Tiessen 1995).In our study,the great increase in soil weathered P observed in urban soils probably results from the inputs of material with abundant Ca-phosphates (Tiessen and Moir 1993).The higher soil pH in urban forests (5.63)compared to suburban forests (4.47)(Chen et al.2010a ),and the close relationship between soil pH and weathered P (r =0.75,P =0.019,n =9)further support this speculation.
It was surprising that there were no differences in total P and all the P fractions except weathered P,between urban and suburban forests in our study.Much higher weathered P in urban forests than suburban forests indicates that urban forests may have accumulated more materials with abundant Ca-phosphates than suburban forests.Phosphorus released by aggressive extractants (e.g.HCl or H 2SO 4solution)may be unavailable to plants over a short period;however,they can be transformed to other soil P fractions and made available on a slightly longer time frame (Tiessen and Moir 1993;Cross and Schleshinger 1995).Similarly,there were
Soil P variables Foliar P concentration Foliar C:P PRE PRP Available P 0.88**?0.74*?0.72*0.73*Labile P 0.84**?0.74*?0.73*0.68*Bio-available P 0.85**?0.74*?0.73*0.69*Slow P 0.87**?0.74*?0.66NS 0.72*Occluded P 0.87**?0.75*?0.63NS 0.73*Weathered P 0.43
NS
?0.52
NS
?0.66
NS
0.42NS Extractable P 0.87**?0.77*?0.71*0.73*Total P
0.58NS
?0.66NS
?0.90***
0.72*
Table 2Pearson correla-tions (n =9)between tree P resorption efficiency (PRE),P resorption proficiency (PRP)and top soil average annual concentrations of each P fraction in nine pine forests along the urban-suburban-rural gradient in Nanchang City,China
NS
not significant,*P <0.05,**P <0.01and ***P <0.001.
no significant differences found in foliar P concen-trations,C:P,PRP,and PRE between urban and suburban forests.
In the present study,we found several indicators of plant luxury P consumption under relatively high P availability in the urban and suburban soils.First, foliar P concentrations were significantly enhanced by urbanization,with levels20–30%higher in urban and suburban forests than in rural forests(Fig.4).This also points to the high sensitivity of foliar nutrition to changing P availability.We suggest that the effect of increasing soil P availability on foliar P accumula-tions in urban and suburban forests could propagate further up the food web,affecting herbivore P and the abundance of P-rich RNA in herbivores(Schade et al. 2003).Second,our results showed that the senesced needles from the pine trees grown in urban and suburban soils accumulated more P(i.e.,higher P concentration in litterfall)than those in rural soils. Third,as a consequence,PRE was much lower in urban and suburban forests than that in rural forests and PRE was negatively correlated with soil available P,labile P, bio-available P and the extractable P.This result is consistent with the expectation that nutrient resorption will decrease along the rural–urban gradient,associated with increasing soil P availability and foliar P concen-tration(Kobe et al.2005).
Increased soil P availability and changes in foliar P properties in urban and suburban forests are likely a result of increased P inputs from animal droppings, vehicles,dustfall,precipitation(Pett-Ridge2009)and various anthropogenic waste deposits(Zhang et al. 2001;Chen et al.2010b),although they have not yet been quantified in our study area.However,this P enhancement is also likely due to increased decompo-sition of organic matter and accelerated weathering induced by elevated N deposition,CO2,O3and temperature as separate process or in combination (Isebrands et al.2001;de Groot et al.2003;Campbell and Sage2006;Ghannoum et al.2010).For example, in examining data on foliar N concentrations(Chen et al.2010a),we found that fresh foliar N:P ratios were higher in urban forests(13.1)than in suburban(12.2) and rural forests(12.7),while the senesced foliar N:P ratios showed the opposite tendency(16.4,19.5and 17.8in urban,suburban and rural forests,respectively). These results indicate N enrichment in urban forests, which results from elevated atmospheric N deposition. However,since we are not able to distinguish the contributions of extraneous P input from other factors, this requires more detailed research.
High P accumulation in urban and suburban soil is a potential non-point pollution source for surface and ground waters(Zhang et al.2001).Scientists have been interested in quantitatively assessing high soil P storage as an indicator of the potential for P leaching (Hesketh and Brookes2000).Zhang et al.(2005) sampled urban soils in Nanjing(118°22′?119°14′E, 31°14′?32°37′N,~500km from Nanchang),southern China,to investigate the relationship between extract-able P and soil P mobility,and found that25mg kg?1 Olsen-P was the threshold value for P leaching,which could be an important criteria for assessing the potential risks for P leaching from urban soils.
In this study,the average concentrations of bio-available P(available P+labile P),equivalent to Olsen-P,were16.8,18.4and2.6mg kg?1in urban, suburban and rural forests,respectively.While these values are all lower than the threshold value of25mg kg?1for potential P leaching proposed by Zhang et al. (2005),the concentrations of leachable bio-available P varied with season(Fig.2)and plot(Note:see SE of mean in Fig.2).Among the36samples of bio-available P averaged per plot each season,more than half,especially in summer,were much higher than this threshold value in urban and suburban forests, while no samples were above the threshold value in rural forests.Thus,our data strongly suggests that the seasonal P leaching could potentially occur in urban and suburban slash pine forests in Nanchang,China.
In conclusion,urbanization increased the stock of all soil P fractions and total P in slash pine forests in urban and suburban areas in Nanchang City,southern China.Many P enhanced forest soils in urban and suburban areas show a potential seasonal risk for P leaching.The responses of slash pine to urbanization showed higher foliar P concentrations,higher PRP, and lower PRE in urban and suburban forests than rural forests,and leaf-level P use efficiency dependent upon soil P availability.
Due to the great temporal and spatial heterogeneity of P inputs in urban sites and complicated urban environ-mental factors,P cycling in forests along urban-to-rural gradient needs further study.Since urban forests have been exposed to elevated atmospheric deposition, temperature,ozone and other pollutants,they may be ahead of the global change“response curve”(Carreiro and Tripler2005).Understanding element cycling in
urban forests would be very useful for improving predictions of ecosystem responses to global change. Acknowledgements This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos. 30960311&30600473).We thank Shu-Xia Zhan,Xi Li,Lu Gan and Peng-Fei Liao for their field work and soil analyses. Comments and suggestions from Dr.De-Hui Zeng and three anonymous reviewers helped improve the quality of the manuscript.
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大学生社会实践报告3000字实例 社会实践只是一种磨练的过程。对于结果，我们应该有这样的胸襟：不以成败论英雄，不一定非要用成功来作为自己的目标和要求。人生需要设计，但是这种设计不是凭空出来的，是需要成本的，失败就是一种成本，有了成本的投入，就预示着的人生的收获即将开始。 小草用绿色证明自己，鸟儿用歌声证明自己，我们要用行动证明自己。打一份工，为以后的成功奠基吧! 不经风雨，怎见彩虹，没有人能轻轻松松成功。 在现今社会，招聘会上的大字板都总写着“有经验者优先”，可是还在校园里面的我们这班学子社会经验又会拥有多少呢?为了拓展自身的知识面，扩大与社会的接触面，增加个人在社会竞争中的经验，锻炼和提高自己的能力，以便在以后毕业后能真正的走向社会，并且能够在生活和工作中很好地处理各方面的问题记得老师曾说过学校是一个小社会，但我总觉得校园里总少不了那份纯真，那份真诚，尽管是大学高校，学生还终归保持着学生身份。而走进企业，接触各种各样的客户、同事、上司等等，关系复杂，但你得去面对你从没面对过的一切。记得在我校举行的招聘会上所反映出来的其中一个问题是，学生的实际操作能力与在校的理论学习有一定的差距。在这次实践中，这一点我感受很深。在学校，理论学习的很多，而且是多方面的，几乎是面面俱
到的，而实际工作中，可能会遇到书本上没学到的，又可能是书本上的知识一点都用不上的情况。或许工作中运用到的只是简单的问题，只要套公式就能完成一项任务，有时候你会埋怨，实际操作这么简单，但为什么书本上的知识让人学的那么吃力呢? 两耳不闻窗外事，一心只读圣贤书”只是古代读书人的美好意愿，它已经不符合现代大学生的追求，如今的大学生身在校园，心儿却更加开阔，他们希望自己尽可能早地接触社会，更早地融入丰富多彩的生活。时下，打工的大学生一族正逐渐壮大成了一个部落，成为校园里一道亮丽的风景。显然，大学生打工已成为一种势不可挡的社会潮流，大学生的价值取向在这股潮流中正悄悄发生着改变。 对于大学生打工，一直是“仁者见仁，智者见智”，许多人的看法不尽相同。每个人都有自己的人生模式，我们有理由走自己选择的人生路，只要把握住自己，掌握好学习与打工的分寸，肯定能把大学这个人生阶段过得丰富多彩。 打工的途径或者形式多种多样，只要是对社会有益，对自己积累人生经历有益，还能够有少量收入，就可以毫不犹豫的参与其中。 虽然在实践中我只是负责比较简单的部分，但能把自己在学校学到的知识真正运用出来也使我颇感兴奋!在学校上课时都是老师在教授，学生听讲，理论占主体，而我对知识
所有注射针剂名称（学名）及用途 1、注射用辅酶A：用于白细胞减少症、原发性血小板减少性紫癜及功能性低热的辅助治疗。 2、氯丙嗪：用于精神分裂症、躁狂症或其他精神病性障碍。及各种原因所致的呕吐或顽固性呃逆。 3、异丙嗪（又叫非那根）：①用于治疗皮肤黏膜的过敏②晕动病③麻醉和术后的辅助治疗 ④防治放射病性或药源性恶心、呕吐。 4、盐酸奈福泮（又叫悦止）：术后止痛、癌症痛、急性外伤痛。局部麻醉、针麻等麻醉辅助用药。 5、三磷酸胞苷二钠：用于颅脑外伤后综合症及其遗症的辅助治疗。 6、盐酸川芎嗪：用于闭塞性脑血管疾病，如脑供血不足、脑血栓形成、脑栓塞等。 7、氢溴酸高乌甲素：用于中度以上疼痛。 8、盐酸甲氧氯普胺（又叫胃复安）：镇吐药 9、尼可刹米（又叫可拉明）：用于中枢性呼吸抑制及各种原因引起的呼吸抑制。 10、利巴韦林（又叫病毒唑）：抗病毒药。 11、地西泮（安定)：①可用于抗癫痫和抗惊厥②静注可用于全麻的诱导和麻醉前给药。 12、重酒石酸间羟胺注射液：①防治椎管内阻滞麻醉时发生的急性低血压②用于出血、药物过敏、手术并发症及脑外伤或脑肿瘤合并休克而发生的低血压③心源性休克或败血症所致的低血压 13、盐酸肾上腺素注射液（又叫付肾）：主要适用于因支气管痉挛所致严重呼吸困难，可迅速缓解药物等引起的过敏性休克，亦可用于延长浸润麻醉用药的作用时间。 14、苯巴比妥钠注射液（又叫鲁米那）：治疗癫痫，也用于其他疾病引起的惊厥及麻醉前给药。 15、黄体酮注射液：用于月经失调，如闭经和功能性子宫出血、黄体功能不足、先兆流产和习惯性流产、经前期紧张综合症的治疗。 16、盐酸苯海拉明：用于急性重症过敏反应、手术后药物引起的恶心呕吐、牙科局麻、其他过敏反应病不宜口服用药者。 17、异烟肼注射液：与其他结核药联合用于各种类型结核病及非结核分支杆菌病的治疗。 18、硫酸阿托品注射液：①各种内脏绞痛②全身麻醉前给药、严重盗汗和流涎症③迷走神经过度兴奋所致的缓慢性心失常④抗休克⑤解救有机磷酸酯类中毒。 19、复方樟柳碱注射液：用于缺血性视神经、视网膜、脉络膜病变。 20、注射用盐酸赖氨酸：治疗颅脑外伤、慢性脑组织缺血、缺氧性疾病的脑保护剂。 21、注射用单硝酸异山梨酯：治疗心绞痛,与洋地黄或利尿剂合用治疗慢性心力衰竭。 22、碳酸氢钠注射液：①治疗代谢性酸中毒②碱化尿液③作为制酸药，治疗胃酸过多引起的症状④静脉滴注对某些药物中毒有非特异性的治疗作用，如巴比妥类、水杨酸类药物及甲醇等中毒。 23、硫酸镁注射液：可作为抗惊厥药。常用于妊娠高血压，治疗先兆子痫和子痫，也用于治疗早产。口服具有导泻作用。 24、维生素C注射液：①治疗坏血病②慢性铁中毒③特发性高铁血红蛋白症的治疗。 25、胞磷胆碱氯化钠（又叫胞二磷）：辅酶。用于急性颅脑外伤和脑手术后意识障碍。
Lemon Tree I'm sitting here in a boring room 我坐在这个无聊的房间里 It's just another rainy Sunday afternoon 周日的午后又下着雨 I'm wasting my time I got nothing to do 除了消磨时间我没什么事情可做 I'm hanging around I'm waiting for you 我徘徊我在等待你的到来 But nothing ever happens and I wonder 但什么也没有发生我很诧异 I'm driving around in my car 我开着车四处闲逛 I'm driving too fast I'm driving too far 我开的太快也开得太远 I'd like to change my point of view 我想换一个角度看待一切 I feel so lonely I'm waiting for you 我觉得好寂寞我在等着你 But nothing ever happens and I wonder 但什么也没有发生我很诧异 I wonder how I wonder why 我想知道怎么了我想知道为什么Yesterday you told me about the blue blue sky 昨天你还跟我说天空好蓝好蓝 And all that I can see is just a yellow lemon tree 但我却只看到一颗黄色的柠檬树 I'm turning my head up and down 我晃着脑袋上下观望 I'm turning turning turning turning turning around 我转来转去转来转去转来转去And all that I can see is just another yellow lemon-tree 看到的只是另一颗黄色的柠檬树 I'm sitting here I miss the power 我坐在这里我浑身乏力 I'd like to go out taking a shower 我想出去淋淋雨 But there's a heavy cloud inside my head 但脑海里萦绕着一片乌云 I feel so tired put myself into bed 我觉得好累只想躺在床上 Well, nothing ever happens and I wonder 什么事也没发生我很诧异 Isolation is not good for me 孤独并不适合我 Isolation, I don't want to sit on a lemon tree 我不想孤独地坐在柠檬树上 I'm stepping around in the desert of joy 我漫步在快乐的沙洲上 Baby anyhow I'll get another toy 宝贝无论如何我会找到另一个乐趣And everything will happen and you wonder 一切皆有可能到时候诧异的是你 I wonder how I wonder why 我想知道怎么了我想知道为什么Yesterday you told me about the blue blue sky 昨天你还跟我说天空好蓝好蓝 And all that I can see is just another lemon-tree 但我却只看到一颗黄色的柠檬树 I'm turning my head up and down 我晃着脑袋上下观望 I'm turning turning turning turning turning around 我转来转去转来转去转来转去 And all that I can see is just a yellow lemon tree 看到的只是另一颗黄色的柠檬树
2018最新民俗文化社会实践报告 河间队借在河间市实践之机，深入河间社会，寻访河间市的中国故事、道德典范与河北精神，领略优秀民族文化。实践队的队员们走向田间地头、走向基层群众、走向道德典范。 今年是中国人民抗日战争暨世界反 ___战争胜利70周年，国家也将举行大规模的庆祝活动，河间暑期社会实践队借此契机，来到河间市光荣院采访了孟庆玉老人，听他讲述了他的“中国故事”。 孟庆玉老人1943年参军，为抗日战争和解放战争的胜利做出了自己的贡献。他16岁参军，怀着“打倒侵略者、解放全中国”的一腔热血参加了我党领导的敌后抗日游击队，成为了一名侦查员。抗日战争胜利后跟随着第四野战军第三纵队第八师参加东北战役，在四平战役中负伤复员。他说，当时参军的最大动机就是对日本侵略者的国仇家恨，中国人民为了打跑日本侵略者付出了惨痛的代价，“妻子送郎上战场，娘亲送儿打东洋”——就是在这样的精神鼓舞下，抗日战士在战场上不怕牺牲、不怕流血、决不后退，一个子弹消灭一个敌人，最终赢得了抗日战争的胜利。 孟庆玉老人认为，人民的支持是共产党能打败 ___的根本原因，军民鱼水情什么时候都扔不得、丢不得、忘不得。“首长说， ___
是 ___，人民反对他，我们只要赢得了人民的信任和支持，我们就一定能打败 ___、解放全中国”，孟庆玉老人说到。 孟庆玉老人因战争而残疾，却从未后悔。他说，我是为了全中国的解放、全人类的解放而战斗，因为战斗而负伤，我是光荣的、无悔的。在部队他是新兵的时候，老兵为他洗脚为他背枪，等到他成了老兵的时候也为新兵洗脚、背枪，这种互相照顾、共同奋斗的高尚同志情谊让他终身难忘。 孟庆玉老人所体现的无比热忱的爱国主义精神、对党和人民无比忠诚的精神教育正是革命先烈、社会主义事业的先行者们、社会主义事业的建设者们所讲的“中国故事”的内涵与精髓。相信，在这种精神的指引下，未来的中华儿女将把“中国故事”讲的更精彩、更动人，将中国的声音传遍世界。 河间社会实践队围绕“善行河北?立德树人”宣传教育活动，寻访大学生眼中的“河北好人”。围绕培育和弘扬社会主义和建价值观，进行了广泛深入探访，倾听燕赵儿女讲道德、尊道德、守道德的故事，寻求高尚道德理想的心语。 XX年7月23日下午，河间社会实践队在 ___河间市委的协调下，采访到了在抗战影像资料方面卓有成绩的孙正开老人。
各类常用药物的配伍 分类: 药物 抗菌药物合理配伍，可达到协同或相加作用，从而增强疗效；配伍不当则可发生拮抗作用，使药物之间的相互作用抵消，疗效下降，甚至引起毒副反应。联合应用抗菌药物应掌握适应症，注意各个品种的针对性，争取协同联合，避免拮抗作用。现将常用的药物的配伍简介如下：1、β－内酰胺类 β－内酰胺类（青霉素类、头孢菌素类）与β－内酰胺酶抑制剂如克拉维酸、舒巴坦钠合用有较好的抑酶保护和协同增效作用，青霉素类和丙磺舒合用有协同作用。与氨基糖甙类呈协同作用，但剂量应基本平衡。青霉素类不能与四环素类、氯霉素类、大环内酯类、磺胺类等抗菌药合用。例外的是治疗脑膜炎时，因青霉素不易透过血脑屏障而采用青霉素与磺胺嘧啶合用，但要分开注射，否则会发生理化性配伍禁忌。治疗脑膜炎也有用氯霉素与大剂量青霉素合用的，其给药顺序为先用青霉素，2－3小时后再用氯霉素。青霉素与维生素C、碳酸氢钠等也不能同时使用。 2、氨基糖甙类 氨基糖甙类（链霉素、庆大霉素、新霉素、卡那霉素、丁胺卡那霉素、壮观霉素、安普霉素等）与β－内酰类配伍应用有较好的协同作用。甲氧苄氨嘧啶（TMP）可增强本品的作用。氨基糖甙类可与多粘菌素类合用，但不可与氯霉素类合用。氨基糖甙类药物间不可联合应用以免增强毒性，与碱性药物联合应用其抗菌效能可能增强，但毒性也会增大。链霉素与四环素合用，能增强对布氏杆菌的治疗作用；链霉素与红霉素合用，对猪链球菌病有较好的疗效：链霉素与万古霉素（对肠球菌）或异烟肼（对结核杆菌）合用有协同作用。庆大霉素（或卡那霉素）可与喹诺酮药物合用。链霉素与磺胺类药物配伍应用会发生水解失效。硫酸新霉素一般口服给药，与阿托品类药物应用于仔猪腹泻。３、四环素类 四环素类药物（土霉素、四环素、金霉素、强力霉素等）与本品同类药物及非同类药物如泰妙菌素、泰乐菌素配伍用于胃肠道和呼吸道感染时有协同作用，可降低使用浓度，缩短治疗时间。四环素类与氯霉素类合用有较好的协同作用。土霉素不能与喹乙醇、北里霉素合用。 4、大环内酯类 红霉素（罗红霉素、泰乐菌素、替米考星、北里霉素等）与磺胺二甲嘧啶（SM2）、磺胺嘧啶（SD）、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶（SMM）、TMP的复方可用于治疗呼吸道病。红霉素与泰乐菌素或链霉素联用，可获得协同作用。北里霉素治疗时常与链霉素、氯霉素合用。泰乐菌素可与磺胺类
Lemon Tree一歌由Fool's Garden（傻子的花园）于2019年首唱，2019年，一曲“LEMONTREE”（柠檬树）使这支原本寂寂无名的德国5人乐队一下子红遍欧洲、亚洲，同时也有The brothers four演唱的美国乡村版，在被苏慧伦翻唱后也开始为国人熟知。台湾歌手王若琳在2011年9月23日发行的专辑《为爱做的一切》中翻唱此曲。 歌词 I'm sitting here in the boring room. 我呆坐在这了无生趣的房间。 It's just another rainy Sunday afternoon. 又是一个周日的午后，又是阴雨连绵。 I'm wasting my time, I got nothing to do. 我无事可做，我空耗着时间。 I'm hanging around, I'm waiting for you. 我不安地徘徊，我期待着你的出现。 But nothing ever happens, and I wonder. 但是你终究没有出现，我纳闷。 I'm driving around in my car. 我出去转转，驾着我的车。 I'm driving too fast, I'm driving too far. 我开得太快，我开得太远。 I'd like to change my point of view. 我宁愿转移一下我的注意力。
I feel so lonely, I'm waiting for you. 我仍感到如此孤单，我期待着你的出现。 But nothing ever happens, and I wonder. 但是你至今没有出现，我纳闷。 I wonder how, I wonder why. 我不知所措，我不明所以。 Yesterday you told me about the blue, blue sky. 昨天你给我描绘那蓝色的、蓝色的天空。 And all that I can see is just a yellow lemon tree. 但是我所看见的只有一株黄色的柠檬树。 I'm turning my head up and down. I'm turning, turning, turning, turning, turning around.我转着我的头，上上下下，我转啊、转啊、转啊、转啊、一遍又一遍 And all that I can see is just another lemon tree. 我所看见的只是另一株柠檬树。 Say,da ,da la da la, de la da,da la da la, de la da,da de le de da I'm sitting here, I miss the power. 我呆坐在这，我精疲力尽。 I'd like to go out taking a shower. 我宁愿出去沐浴一下。 But there's a heavy cloud inside my head. 但是这片阴云总在在我头脑中挥之不去。
关于经典社会实践报告 XX年7月12日到XX年7月21日，这虽是短短十天，却在我的记忆中留下了不可磨灭的印象。为期十天的暑假“三下乡”社会实践活动结束了，辛苦而充实，沉重却又充满欣慰。就如裴斯泰洛齐曾说的：“实践和行动是人生的基本任务;学问和知识不过是手段、方法，通过这些才能做好主要工作。所以，人生必须具备的知识应该按实践和行动的需要来决定。”作为当代大学生，我们在学习好专业知识的同时也应该注重实践，学以致用才算是学有所成。所以，为了拓展自身的知识面，扩大与社会的接触面，增加个人在社会竞争中的经验，锻炼和提高自己的能力，以便在以后毕业后能真正真正走入社会，并且能够在生活和工作中很好地处理各方面的问题，大家都怀着同样的愿望参加了这次的社会实践活动。尽管在实践活动中大家需要顶着炎炎夏日到处奔走，但是从中收获到的愉悦与快乐却是难以衡量的。 与之前自己独自打工经历的感受不同，这次实践活动从活动进入最后的筹备开始，我就深深感受到了大家团结的力量。虽然20几名队员在一开始互不熟悉，但是大家仍旧团结一心商讨方案、积极参与，只为把实践活动办的成功、办的出彩。 这次我跟随着“践行社会主义核心价值观，传递青春正能量”社会实践集中队去了焦作市的不少地方，也进行了不
少活动，几天的奔走，受益匪浅。 记得有一次，大家为了宣讲社会主义核心价值观，选择了公交宣讲的方式，队员分别登上了4辆客流量较大的13路和21路公交车，为车上的乘客进行出行文明宣传。不得不承认，这的确很练个人的胆量，因为在宣讲前总会担心自己的宣讲内容是否会引起市民的兴趣，甚至那些我们自己所认为有意义的宣讲内容会不会令他人感到不耐烦，而且，还会考虑宣讲的过程中冷场怎么办，没人回应的话自己又会多么尬尴呢。可不论自己有多么不好意思，再登上车的那时起，大家都要鼓励自己拿出自己的自信和勇气，表现出理工大学生优秀的一面。让我很佩服的是，在宣讲过程中，为了是气氛更加活跃一些，有的队员还在公交车上为乘客们即兴唱歌，虽然歌唱的算不上特别好，但是仍旧给大家带来了很多欢乐，而且这一份自信也着实展现了他们的个人魅力。 还有一次，大家前往位于焦作市森林公园的“聚贤苑”老年公寓，见到老人们，心里除了有想为他们服务的冲动，还有一种疼惜，总是忍不住回想要与老人们聊天，或者做一些自己力所能及的事情。在为他们读报纸的时候，在他们听不清楚我们在说什么的时候，我就在想，在他们眼已经老花，听力已经衰弱的世界里他们会感觉到多么孤独呢;在和他们聊天的时候，我就在好奇，他们有多少时间希望与别人酣畅淋漓地聊个痛快，有多么渴望与自己的儿女聊聊心里话。看
常用药品功能中大 1、注射用辅酶A：用于白细胞减少症、原发性血小板减少性紫癜及功能性低热的辅助治疗。 2、氯丙嗪：用于精神分裂症、躁狂症或其他精神病性障碍。及各种原因所致的呕吐或顽固性呃逆。 3、异丙嗪（又叫非那根）：①用于治疗皮肤黏膜的过敏②晕动病③麻醉和术后的辅助治疗 ④防治放射病性或药源性恶心、呕吐。 4、盐酸奈福泮（又叫悦止）：术后止痛、癌症痛、急性外伤痛。局部麻醉、针麻等麻醉辅助用药。 5、三磷酸胞苷二钠：用于颅脑外伤后综合症及其遗症的辅助治疗。 6、盐酸川芎嗪：用于闭塞性脑血管疾病，如脑供血不足、脑血栓形成、脑栓塞等。 7、氢溴酸高乌甲素：用于中度以上疼痛。 8、盐酸甲氧氯普胺（又叫胃复安）：镇吐药 9、尼可刹米（又叫可拉明）：用于中枢性呼吸抑制及各种原因引起的呼吸抑制。 10、利巴韦林（又叫病毒唑）：抗病毒药。 11、地西泮（安定)：①可用于抗癫痫和抗惊厥②静注可用于全麻的诱导和麻醉前给药。 12、重酒石酸间羟胺注射液：①防治椎管内阻滞麻醉时发生的急性低血压②用于出血、药物过敏、手术并发症及脑外伤或脑肿瘤合并休克而发生的低血压③心源性休克或败血症所致的低血压 13、盐酸肾上腺素注射液（又叫付肾）：主要适用于因支气管痉挛所致严重呼吸困难，可迅速缓解药物等引起的过敏性休克，亦可用于延长浸润麻醉用药的作用时间。 14、苯巴比妥钠注射液（又叫鲁米那）：治疗癫痫，也用于其他疾病引起的惊厥及麻醉前给药。 15、黄体酮注射液：用于月经失调，如闭经和功能性子宫出血、黄体功能不足、先兆流产和习惯性流产、经前期紧张综合症的治疗。 16、盐酸苯海拉明：用于急性重症过敏反应、手术后药物引起的恶心呕吐、牙科局麻、其他过敏反应病不宜口服用药者。 17、异烟肼注射液：与其他结核药联合用于各种类型结核病及非结核分支杆菌病的治疗。 18、硫酸阿托品注射液：①各种内脏绞痛②全身麻醉前给药、严重盗汗和流涎症③迷走神经过度兴奋所致的缓慢性心失常④抗休克⑤解救有机磷酸酯类中毒。 19、复方樟柳碱注射液：用于缺血性视神经、视网膜、脉络膜病变。 20、注射用盐酸赖氨酸：治疗颅脑外伤、慢性脑组织缺血、缺氧性疾病的脑保护剂。 21、注射用单硝酸异山梨酯：治疗心绞痛,与洋地黄或利尿剂合用治疗慢性心力衰竭。 22、碳酸氢钠注射液：①治疗代谢性酸中毒②碱化尿液③作为制酸药，治疗胃酸过多引起的症状④静脉滴注对某些药物中毒有非特异性的治疗作用，如巴比妥类、水杨酸类药物及甲醇等中毒。 23、硫酸镁注射液：可作为抗惊厥药。常用于妊娠高血压，治疗先兆子痫和子痫，也用于治疗早产。口服具有导泻作用。 24、维生素C注射液：①治疗坏血病②慢性铁中毒③特发性高铁血红蛋白症的治疗。 25、胞磷胆碱氯化钠（又叫胞二磷）：辅酶。用于急性颅脑外伤和脑手术后意识障碍。 26、过氧化氢溶液：消毒防腐药。
L e m o n T r e e中英文 歌词
精品文档 收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除 Lemon Tree I'm sitting here in a boring room 我坐在这个无聊的房间里 It's just another rainy Sunday afternoon 周日的午后又下着雨 I'm wasting my time I got nothing to do 除了消磨时间 我没什么事情可做 I'm hanging around I'm waiting for you 我徘徊 我在等待你的到来 But nothing ever happens and I wonder 但什么也没有发生 我很诧异 I'm driving around in my car 我开着车四处闲逛 I'm driving too fast I'm driving too far 我开的太快 也开得太远 I'd like to change my point of view 我想换一个角度看待一切 I feel so lonely I'm waiting for you 我觉得好寂寞 我在等着你 But nothing ever happens and I wonder 但什么也没有发生 我很诧异 I wonder how I wonder why 我想知道怎么了 我想知道为什么 Yesterday you told me about the blue blue sky 昨天你还跟我说天空好蓝好蓝 And all that I can see is just a yellow lemon tree 但我却只看到一颗黄色的柠檬树 I'm turning my head up and down 我晃着脑袋 上下观望 I'm turning turning turning turning turning around 我转来转去 转来转去 转来转去 And all that I can see is just another yellow lemon-tree 看到的只是另一颗黄色的柠檬树 I'm sitting here I miss the power 我坐在这里 我浑身乏力 I'd like to go out taking a shower 我想出去淋淋雨 But there's a heavy cloud inside my head 但脑海里萦绕着一片乌云 I feel so tired put myself into bed 我觉得好累 只想躺在床上 Well, nothing ever happens and I wonder 什么事也没发生 我很诧异 Isolation is not good for me 孤独 并不适合我 Isolation, I don't want to sit on a lemon tree 我不想孤独地坐在柠檬树上 I'm stepping around in the desert of joy 我漫步在快乐的沙洲上 Baby anyhow I'll get another toy 宝贝无论如何我会找到另一个乐趣 And everything will happen and you wonder 一切皆有可能 到时候诧异的是你 I wonder how I wonder why 我想知道怎么了 我想知道为什么 Yesterday you told me about the blue blue sky 昨天你还跟我说天空好蓝好蓝 And all that I can see is just another lemon-tree 但我却只看到一颗黄色的柠檬树 I'm turning my head up and down 我晃着脑袋 上下观望 I'm turning turning turning turning turning around 我转来转去 转来转去 转来转去 And all that I can see is just a yellow lemon tree 看到的只是另一颗黄色的柠檬树
大学生的社会实践报告2000字范文 大学生社会实践报告2000字范文一 社会实践是每一个大学生必须拥有的一段经历，它使我们在实践中了解社会，让 我们学到了很多在课堂上根本就学不到的知识，也打开了视野，增长了见识，为我们 以后进一步走向社会打下坚实的基础。这是我进入大学以来的第一个学期，当然，也 是我第一次经历社会实践。 寒假我回到了家乡，为了使自己假期过的充实，自己独立的去找了一份工作是中 国移动通信的(专营店)，其实也算是营业员。因为移动网络很多方面用的就是非完全 电子商务。在那工作我没有说我是实习生对公司的人来说我是一个走出社会的人了， 给我的压力是自己要像有社会经验的人一样。幸运的是，在我努力学习下，很顺利的 和同事相处，工作也投入了其中。我的工作主要是办卡，充值和业务咨询服务。 经过一段时间后，自己常常出现错误，粗心大意，马虎了事，心浮气躁。而且也 接受了批评，这使我明白了做任何事都一样，需要有恒心、细心和毅力，那才会到达 成功的彼岸!社会实践活动带给我们的是欣喜，喜悦。在实践活动中我们感受到自己的 微薄，体会到整个社会强大的凝聚力。一方面，我们锻炼了自己的能力，在实践中成长，在实践中学习，充实了自我，增强了口头表述能力，与人交流，真正地走出课堂。 如何服务大家，享受自己的成果，使自己陶醉在喜悦之中，有时会很累，但更多 的感觉是我在成长，我在有意义地成长，在这之后，我明显地发现自己变开朗了，虽 然我自己的力量不足以改变一些东西，但如果再多一些人呢，整个社会共同努力，这 才是动力之根本，动力之源泉;另一方面，我意识到了自己的不足，没有经验，没有与 人交流的口才。 说实话，对于这种实践活动，我并不十分清楚其真正的意义。可是对于一个大学 生而言，敢于接受挑战是一种基本的素质。于是，我带着心中的问号，踏上了社会实 践的“道路”,也结束了这个实习阶段。在这次会计实习中，我可谓受益非浅。仅仅的一 个月实习，我将受益终生。 这一次的实习虽然时间短暂，虽然接触到的工作很浅，但是依然让我学到了许多 知识和经验，这些都是书本上无法得来的。通过实习我们能够更好的了解自己的不足，了解这个社会的方方面面，同时给自己在新的学期定下了目标，能够让我更早的为自 己做好职业规划，设定人生目标，向成功迈进一大步。
lemon tree的中文对照歌词 I'm sitting here in a boring room.我坐在这间空屋子里 It's just another rainy Sunday afternoon。这也只不过是另一个下雨的周日下午。I’m wasting my time, I got nothing to do.除了消磨时间我没什模事情可做。 I’m hanging around, I’m waiting for you。我四处张望，我在等待你的到来。 But nothing ever happens, and i wonder.但是好像什莫事情也未曾发生，我不知道。 I’m driving around in my car.我开着车出去兜风。 I’m driving too fast, I’m driving too far。我把车开得很快，开了很远。 I’d like to change my point of view。我想换种方式生活，换个角度看世界。 I feel so lonely, I’m waiting for you.我感觉到如此孤单，我在等你回来。 but nothing ever happens, and i wonder.但是什莫事也未曾发生，我不明白为什莫会这样。 I wonder how, i wonder why。我不知道怎莫办，我不知道为什莫会这样。yesterday you told me about the blue, blue sky.昨天你还给我讲那蓝蓝的天空会多莫美丽，生活会多莫美好。 and all that i can see is just a yellow lemon tree。但是我看见的只有一株柠檬树。I’m turning my head up and down。我摆动着我的头，上下上下，不停的摆动着我的头。 I’m turning, turning, turning, turning, turning around.我前后左右的看。（我左看右看上看下看） And all that i can see is just another yellow lemon tree.（不管我怎莫看）它也只是一株黄色的柠檬树。 Sing: da, dadadada didada,dadada didada, dadidada. I’m sitting here, and i miss the power.我坐在这里，身上没有了一丝力气。 I’d like to go out taking a shower。我想出去展示一下我自己。 but there's a heavy cloud inside my head.但有一片阴云在我脑中挥之不去。 I feel so tired, and put myself into bed.我感觉如此的疲惫，回到了家里把自己扔到了床上。 while nothing ever happens, and I wonder。也许什莫也没发生过，谁知道呢？Isolation is not good for me 孤独对我不好 Isolation I don't want to sit on the lemon tree 我不想孤独地守着一颗柠檬树。I’m stepping around in a desert of joy.我在快乐的沙漠中踱步。 baby, anyhow I get another toy。宝贝，无论如何我要找到另外一种快乐。 and everything will happen, and you wonder。然后，所有事情都会发生，然而这一切你不会知道。 I’m turning my head up and down。我摆动着我的头，上下上下，不停的摆动着我的头。 I’m turning, turning, turning, turning, turning around.我前后左右的看。（我左看右看上看下看） And all that I can see is just another yellow lemon tree.（不管我怎莫看）它也只是一株黄色的柠檬树。 I wonder how, i wonder why。我不知道怎莫办，我不知道为什莫会这样。
( 经验交流材料) 姓名：____________________ 单位：____________________ 日期：____________________ 编号：YB-BH-011980 社会实践报告范例Examples of social practice reports
社会实践报告范例 经过长途跋涉，我们终于走进了吕梁，走进柳林，也走进了一个陌生的世界。 我对山区的认识是从贺家坡乡的杨家凹开始的。为了支持我们的活动，县里专门派车接送我们，协助我们的工作。 对我来说，两个月前玩过山车时游客们的尖叫声还回荡在耳边，今天我们就坐上了名副其实的“过山车”。黄土高原的山路，除了固有的崎岖回环外，有平添了几分艰险。一边是高山峭壁另一边就是万丈深渊。从车窗向下看去，直接就是望不到底的深谷，生与死往往只有一线之隔，一步之差。面对更真实的恐惧，车厢里的队员反而呈现了出奇的平静。不是透过车窗看着远山，就是直视前方，看着一个又一个必经的险坡。也许人们都再设想我们将要去的杨家凹是什么样的，抑或更具使命感的制订着自己的工作计划。可以这样说，对于将要发生的一切，我们一无所知，除了设想还是设想。 而我的思绪仍就停留在刚刚离开的贺家坡。一到贺家坡就听见孩子们用稚嫩的嗓子不断的喊着：“向来访者学习！好好学习，天天向上！”一种久违的亲切感顷刻间涌上心头，好久没有听到这样的声音，见到这样的场面了。走过去，只见排成方阵的孩子们穿着不合季节的运动装，手中举着彩色的花束、花环，在老师的指挥下有规律的挥动着，汗水不断地顺着脸颊淌下去，一个个神情严肃而认真。
在乡领导的带领下，我们走进了贺家坡小学，那里已经聚集了许多的村民。领导们开了一个简单的欢迎仪式，当时接近中午，烈日当头，我们这些身着短衣短袖的大学生已经觉得炎热难耐了，可那些孩子们依然静静地，直直地站着，任凭火一般阳光毫无保留地烤在他们身上。我们看在眼里痛在心里，毕竟这一切是由我们造成的，况且他们怯怯而不敢直视的眼神也是我们所不愿见到的。 仪式过后，我们走到他们中间，帮他们脱去那厚重的外衣，让孩子们也凉快一下。我们的这一举动消除了我们之间的陌生感和不该有的隔阂，气氛立刻变的轻松起来，不一会儿我们就成了无话不谈的朋友，这种小小的欢乐渐渐在校园的上空弥漫开来…… 杨家凹是我们小分队进驻的第一个自然村。听司机师傅说，这还是一个交通相对便利的村子，其他邻村只能步行去，而且距离都相当的远。那里，我们是不能去的。 村民们很早就在村长家等我们了，通过一些简单而直接的交谈，我们了解了好多。这里的家长比我们想象的开通的多，他们普遍意识到教育对孩子的未来有直接的决定作用，一般家庭都会尽最大力量供孩子读书。 杨家凹已经连续五年大旱了，贫瘠的土地上，本来就不宜种植粮食，而赖以生存的枣树，长势也极为可怜，当时已经接近收获季节，可每棵枣树的枝条上却不见结枣，可见今年又将是个歉收年。 这里的教育水平很落后。教师授课以自己制定的教学计划和班里的尖子生的掌握状况为准，其他大部分学生很难跟上老师的授课进度。落后的教学方式导致的直接后果是升学率的滞下，这个村应届生升学率为0，而经过复读的学生升学率也不过10%，况且是要去柳林一中补习的，在那儿一年下来得花费两千五百
常用药品的名称用法及用途 1.盐酸肾上腺素(负肾，AD，1mg/1ml) 1）作用：兴奋α、β两种受体，使心肌收缩力增强，心率加快，升高血压，心肌耗氧量增加，松弛支气管平滑肌，解除支气管痉挛。2）适用于：过敏性休克，心脏骤停，荨麻疹，支气管哮喘、粘膜或齿龈的局部止血等。 2.酒石酸去甲肾上腺素（正肾，NA，2mg/1ml） 1）作用：显著地增强心肌收缩力，使心率增快，心输出量增多；使除冠状动脉以外的小动脉强烈收缩，引起外周阻力明显增大而使血管收缩，升高血压。2）适用于：急性心肌梗塞，体外循环、嗜铬细胞瘤切除等引起的低血压。 3.硫酸异丙肾上腺素（喘息定，SOprenaline,1mg/2ml） 1）作用：兴奋心脏，改善心脏传导，增加回心血量，升高血压，使脉压增大，扩张内脏血管，扩张支气管平滑肌。2）适用于：缓慢性心律失常、支气管哮喘、中毒性休克及心脏房室传导阻滞。 4.尼可刹米（可拉明，Nikethamide，0.375g/1.5ml） 1）作用：兴奋延髓呼吸中枢，使呼吸加深加快。2）适用于：中枢性呼吸衰竭，继发性呼吸抑制及循环衰竭。 5.山梗菜碱（洛贝林，Lobeline，3mg/1ml） 1）作用：刺激颈动脉窦和主动脉体化学感受器，反射地兴奋呼吸中枢，使呼吸加深加快。2）适用于：新生儿窒息、CO引起的窒息以及肺炎等引起的呼衰。 6.去乙酰毛花甙（西地兰，Deslanoside,0.4mg/2ml） 1）作用：增强心肌收缩力，减慢心率与传导，正性肌力，利尿。2）适用于：急性充血性心力衰竭，心房颤动、扑动，阵发性室上性心动过速。 7.多巴胺（Dopamine,20mg/2ml） 1) 作用：增加心排血量，加快心率，收缩外周血管，扩张内脏血管。2）适用于：各种休克的治疗，对伴有肾功能不全、心排血量降低，周围血管阻力增高而已补充血容量的更有意义。 8.阿托品（Atropine,1mg/1ml） 1)作用：解除平滑肌痉挛，抑制腺体分泌，散大瞳孔，升高眼压；解除血管痉挛，改善微循环而起到抗休克的作用，并能兴奋呼吸中枢。2）适用于：内脏绞痛、早搏、感染性休克、急性微循环障碍、严重心动过缓，有机磷农药中毒、麻醉时抑制腺体分泌、阿—斯综合征。 9.间羟胺（阿拉明，Metaraminol,10mg/1ml） 1)作用：兴奋α受体，缓慢持久地收缩血管和中度增强心肌收缩力。2）适用于：各种休克及手术时低血压、心梗性休克。 10.硝酸甘油（Nitroglycerine,5mg/1ml） 1）作用：扩张静脉和小动脉，减少回心血量，降低心脏前后负荷，减少心肌耗氧，改善冠状动脉供血；松弛血管平滑肌，扩张动静脉血管，缓解心绞痛，降低血压。2）适用于：治疗肺水肿，指端静脉痉挛及预防心绞痛。 11.普罗帕酮（心律平，Propafenone,35mg/10ml） 1)作用：抗心律失常，松弛冠状动脉及支气管平滑肌局麻作用；增加冠脉血流及轻中度抑制心肌收缩力作用。2）适用于：室早、阵发性室速及预激综合征。 12.呋塞米（速尿，Furosemide,20mg/2ml） 1)作用：抑制髓袢升支的髓质部对钠、氯的重吸收，促进钠、氯、钾的排泄和影响肾髓
l e m o n t r e e英文谐音歌 词 The Standardization Office was revised on the afternoon of December 13, 2020
1. I'm sitting here in a boring room. 暗木 C厅嘿一耳音额包ring 容 2. It's just another rainy sunday afternoon. 诶次炸死t 额那the ring泥桑得(dei) 阿夫特农 3. I'm wasting my time, I’ve got nothing to do. 暗木喂死听买叹木哎夫告特那thing 土度 4. I'm hanging around, I'm waiting for you. 暗木憨银额让的暗木喂厅佛有 5. But nothing ever happens, and I wonder. 巴特那thing 唉我嗨喷死安得艾我望的 6. I'm driving around in my car. 暗木抓ving 额让的银卖卡 7. I'm driving too fast, I'm drving too far. 暗木抓ving 吐发死特暗木抓ving 吐发 8. I'd like to change my point of view 艾的来克吐 ching只买抛银特哦夫 V有 9. I feel so lonely, I'm waiting for you. 哎肥呦嗖咙里暗木喂厅佛有 10. But nothing ever happens, and I wonder. 巴特那thing 哎我嗨碰死暗的艾我望的 11. I wonder how, I wonder why. 哎望的好艾我望的外 12. Yesterday you told me about the blue, blue sky. 耶死特得有偷得米额抱特 the 不录不录死盖 13. And all that I can see is just a yellow lemon tree. 暗的奥 that 哎看C 诶Z 炸死特额也楼来蒙吹 14. I'm turning my head up and 'm turning, turning, turning, turning, turning around. 暗木疼宁买害的啊扑暗的荡暗木疼宁疼宁疼宁疼宁疼宁额让的 15. And all that I can see is just another lemon tree. 暗的噢 that 哎看C 诶Z 炸死特额那the 也楼来蒙吹 16. Say,da ,da da da da, de da da, da da da da, de da da,da de de da C一哒哒哒哒哒地哒哒哒哒哒哒地哒哒哒地地哒 17. I'm sitting here,I miss the power. 暗木C厅嘿一耳哎迷死 the 怕我 18. I'd like to go out taking a shower. 哎的来克吐狗奥特忒king额杀我 19. But there's a heavy cloud inside my head. 巴特 Z而死呃嗨V克劳德因赛的买嗨的 20. I feel so tired,put myself into bed. 哎飞儿搜太儿的普特买塞尔福银吐百的