Accepted Manuscript
Effect of Sn addition on stress hysteresis and superelastic properties of a
Ti-15Nb-3Mo alloy
Muhammad Farzik Ijaz, Hee Young Kim, Hideki Hosoda, Shuichi Miyazaki
PII:S1359-6462(13)00505-8
DOI:https://www.doczj.com/doc/6f8206353.html,/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2013.10.007
Reference:SMM 10081
To appear in:Scripta Materialia
Received Date:12 September 2013
Revised Date:8 October 2013
Accepted Date:10 October 2013
Please cite this article as: M.F. Ijaz, H.Y. Kim, H. Hosoda, S. Miyazaki, Effect of Sn addition on stress hysteresis and superelastic properties of a Ti-15Nb-3Mo alloy, Scripta Materialia(2013), doi: https://www.doczj.com/doc/6f8206353.html,/10.1016/ j.scriptamat.2013.10.007
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Effect of Sn addition on stress hysteresis and superelastic
properties of a Ti-15Nb-3Mo alloy
Muhammad Farzik Ijaz a , Hee Young Kim a,*, Hideki Hosoda b and Shuichi Miyazaki a,c,** a Division of Materials Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573,
Japan b Precision and Intelligence Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama
226-8503, Japan
c Center of Excellence for Advance
d Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University,
PO Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
* Corresponding author. Tel./Fax: +81 29 853 6942.
**
Corresponding author. Tel./Fax: +81 29 853 5283. E-mail addresses: heeykim@ims.tsukuba.ac.jp (H. Y. Kim),
miyazaki@ims.tsukuba.ac.jp (S. Miyazaki).
The effects of Sn content on stress hysteresis and superelastic properties of Ti-15Nb-3Mo-(0-1.5)Sn were investigated. The stress hysteresis decreased with increasing Sn content due to the suppression of athermal omega phase formation. The addition of Sn was also very effective for increasing superelastic recovery strain. Due
to a two-fold role of Sn, i.e. on the martensitic transformation temperature and omega phase, the stress for inducing martensitic transformation decreased with increasing Sn content up to 1at.%, then increased by further addition.
Keywords: Titanium alloys; Shape memory alloys; Superelasticity
Ti-Ni alloys have been successfully utilized in various biomedical devices due to their exceptional superelastic properties. The major biomedical applications of Ti-Ni alloys have been found in devices such as stents, guide wires and dental arch wires [1]. However, despite their excellent superelastic performance and successful safe usage for medical applications, there are still concerns over the high concentration of Ni in various Ti-Ni-based superelastic alloys. Therefore efforts have been devoted to develop new classes of Ni-free Ti-based superelastic alloys [2-8]. Among them, Ti-Nb-based alloys have been able to get significant attention [7-13]. Superelasticity in Ti-Nb-based alloys is attributed to the reversible stress-induced martensitic transformation between parent βphase (bcc) and martensite α" phase (orthorhombic structure) [14, 15]. Superelastic recovery strain is primarily dependent on the transformation strain which is determined by the crystal structures of parent phase and martensite phase. Recently our group reported that the addition of Mo to Ti-Nb alloys is very effective to increase superelastic recovery strain due to the solid solution strengthening effect of Mo and the increase in transformation strain [16]. However, excess addition of Mo for the replacement of Nb in Ti-Nb-Mo alloy system deteriorates superelastic properties mainly due to the formation of a large amount of athermal ω phase [16]. It was also reported that the increase in Mo content significantly increases the stress hysteresis of Ti-Nb-Mo
alloys [17]. A small stress hysteresis is preferable for superelastic alloys to take advantage of a high recovery force. In this study, we show that the addition of Sn is very effective not only to reduce stress hysteresis but also to improve superelastic recovery strain of a Ti-Nb-Mo alloy. The unique Sn content dependence of the critical stress for inducing martensitic transformation in Ti-15Nb-3Mo alloys is analyzed by microstructural observation.
Ti-15Nb-3Mo-(0-1.5)Sn (at.%) (all compositions are hereafter described in atomic per cent) ingots were prepared by arc-melting in an Ar atmosphere. The ingots were homogenized at 1273 K for 7.2 ks followed by cold-rolling up to 98.5% reduction in thickness without intermediate annealing. Specimens for tensile tests, X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements and transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation were cut from the as-rolled strips using an electric discharge cutting machine. All the specimens were heat-treated at 973 K for 0.6 ks in an Ar filled quartz tube, followed by quenching in water. Superelastic properties were characterized by loading-unloading tensile tests at room temperature (298 K). The dimensions of the tensile specimens were 0.14 mm in thickness and 1.5 mm in width, with a length of 40 mm. Tensile tests were performed using a Shimadzu Autograph 5KN tensile testing machine at a cross-head speed of 2.5 х 10-4 s-1. Both ends of the tensile specimens were fixed with in two chucks so that gage length becomes 20 mm and the strain of the specimens was determined by measuring the distance between the chucks using an extensometer. Constituent phases were investigated using an XRD machine with a Cu Kαradiation source. Microstructural analysis was conducted by TEM, using a JEOL 2010F microscope operated at 200 kV.
Figure 1a shows stress–strain curves of Ti-15Nb-3Mo-(0-1.5)Sn alloys obtained at room temperature. The specimen was elongated until reaching 2.5% strain and then unloaded. All the alloys exhibited superelastic recovery. A single headed arrow points at the critical stress required for inducing martensitic transformation (σβ→α"), whereas a double head arrow points at the stress where the reverse transformation finishes (σα"→β) upon unloading. Stress hysteresis (?σ) was defined as the difference between σβ→α" and σα"→β.
The Sn content dependences of σβ→α" and σα"→βare shown in Figure 1b. So far, it has been reported that Sn decreases M s of Ti-Nb based alloys [18, 19]. Therefore, it is expected that σβ→α"increases with increasing Sn content, since the stress for inducing martensitic transformation at a fixed test temperature increases with decreasing M s of the alloy. However, Figure 1b shows a peculiar Sn content dependence of σβ→α": it decreased by the addition of Sn up to 1 at.%, and then increased by further addition. This implies that the addition of Sn up to 1 at.% raised M s of the Ti-15Nb-3Mo alloy, but further addition caused the decrease of M s. On the other hand, σα"→β exhibited a monotonic increasing tendency with the increase in Sn content as shown in Figure 1b. It is important to note that the addition of Sn causes a significant decrease in ?σof the Ti-15Nb-3Mo alloy. It is apparent that the decreasing trend of ?σ is more pronounced particularly up to 1 at.% Sn addition as shown in Figure 1c.
In order to investigate superelastic properties of the Ti-15Nb-3Mo-(0-1.5)Sn alloys, cyclic loading–unloading tensile tests were carried out and the results are shown
in Figure 2. In the first cycle, the tensile stress was applied until the strain reached 1.5% and then unloaded. The similar measurement was repeated by increasing maximum strain by the interval of 0.5% (such as 1.5 %, 2.0% for each successive cycle of loading) using the same specimen. In order to evaluate superelastic properties, two types of strain, i.e. recovery strain (εr) and remained plastic strain (εp) were measured at each cycle. It is seen that the strain was almost totally recovered upon unloading up to the first cycle for Ti-15Nb-3Mo, up to the third cycle for Ti-15Nb-3Mo-0.5Sn and Ti-15Nb-3Mo-0.75Sn, up to the fourth cycle for Ti-15Nb-3Mo-1Sn and Ti-15Nb-3Mo-1.25Sn, and up to the first cycle for Ti-15Nb-3Mo-1.5Sn, respectively. The magnitudes of maximum recovery strain εr max, σβ→α" and ?σ are listed in Table 1. Interestingly, these properties, i.e. εr max, σβ→α"and ?σshow different Sn content dependences. As mentioned above, with increasing Sn content σβ→α"decreased to minimum at Ti-15Nb-3Mo-1Sn and it was then increased by further addition of Sn. On the other hand, ?σ exhibited a monotonic decreasing tendency with increasing Sn content. The decrease in the stress hysteresis caused the increase in the superelastic recovery strain; εr max increased to a maximum value of 3.7% at Ti-15Nb-3Mo-1.25Sn. However Ti-15Nb-3Mo-1.5Sn exhibited a small recovery strain of 2.1% in spite of its smallest stress hysteresis. It is suggested that the small recovery strain of Ti-15Nb-3Mo-1.5Sn is due to its high σβ→α". A high σβ→α"reduces the difference between the critical stress for permanent plastic deformation and the stress for inducing martensitic transformation, resulting in that the permanent plastic deformation occurs during the martensitic transformation.
In order to discuss the effect of Sn content on superelastic properties, XRD measurement and TEM observation were carried out. Figure 3a shows XRD profiles of the Ti-15Nb-3Mo-(0-1.5)Sn alloys obtained at room temperature. Within the measured 2θ (deg.) range, β phase was identified by four major reflections from (110)β, (200)β, (211)β, and (222)βwhereas ωphase was identified by two major reflections from (001)ω and (002)ω. The reflections from the ω phase are found to be sensitive to the Sn content. It is clearly seen that the Ti-15Nb-3Mo alloy reveals the strongest intensity of the ωphase. The ωphase is suggested to be formed athermally during quenching from the annealing temperature (973 K). The peak intensities of the ω phase gradually became weaker as the Sn content increased. The peaks from the ωphase could not be detected in the XRD profiles of the Ti-15Nb-3Mo-1.25Sn and Ti-15Nb-3Mo-1.5Sn alloys. This implies that the ω phase was suppressed significantly with the increase in Sn content, which is consistent with previous works [20, 21]. The suppression of athermal omega phase (ωath) by the addition of Sn was also confirmed by TEM observation. Figure 3b shows dark-field images and the corresponding selected area diffraction patterns with zone axis of [113]βin the Ti-15Nb-3Mo and Ti-15Nb-3Mo-1Sn alloys. Dark-field images showing the ω phase were formed using the diffraction spot indicated by a white circle in each diffraction pattern. It is seen that the size and volume fraction of the ωath phase were remarkably reduced by the Sn addition.
On the basis of microstructure analysis, the unique Sn content dependences of σβ→α"and stress hysteresis in the Ti-15Nb-3Mo-(0-1.5)Sn alloys can be explained by considering a two-fold role of Sn; the one hand Sn decreases M s of Ti-Nb based alloys, on the other hand it suppresses the ω phase formation. It has been confirmed that the athermal ωphase suppresses the martensitic transformation and increases in σβ→α"of Ti-Nb-Mo alloys [16, 17], implying that the suppression of the athermal ωphase increases M s. Figure 4 illustrates the schematic explanation of the effect of Sn on apparent M s and σβ→α". If we only consider the compositional effect, σβ→α"should increase monotonically with increasing Sn content because the difference between M s and test temperature (RT) increases. However, a large amount of athermal ω phase in the Ti-15Nb-3Mo alloy decreases M s and increases σβ→α"of the alloy. As mentioned above, the volume fraction of athermal ω phase decreases with increasing Sn content, indicating that the decrease in M s due to the ωphase is reduced as the Sn content increases. Consequently the decrease in σβ→α" with increasing Sn content up to 1 at.% in the Ti-15Nb-3Mo-(0-1.5)Sn alloys implies the fact that the effect of Sn on the suppression of athermal ωphase is stronger than the compositional effect which decreases M s. As the Sn content increased the effect of Sn on the suppression of athermal ω phase becomes weaker, hence the compositional effect becomes dominant. This explains why σβ→α" increases with increasing Sn content from 1 at.% to 1.5 at.%.
On the other hand, the monotonic increase in σα"→β with increasing Sn content suggests that the intrinsic compositional effect of Sn is dominant for the reverse transformation. It has been proposed that the athermal ω phase also transforms into the α" phase when the β phase transforms [17, 22]. As a result, according to the current understanding, it is believed that the monotonic change in σα"→β is mainly attributed to the absence of the ωphase in the α" phase while unloading. This explains not only a large stress hysteresis loop in the ternary alloy but also the decrease of stress hysteresis with increasing Sn content.
In conclusion, we are able to reduce the stress hysteresis and increase the superelastic recovery strain of a Ti-Nb-Mo alloy by the addition of Sn. The decrease in the stress hysteresis with increasing Sn content is due to the suppression of the athermal ωphase. The unique Sn content dependence of the critical stress for inducing martensitic transformation in Ti-15Nb-3Mo-(0-1.5)Sn alloys is due to a two-fold role of Sn, i.e. the decrease of M s and the suppression of the athermal ω phase.
Acknowledgments
This work was partially supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 23360300 and 25289247, MEXT KAKENHI Grant Number 23102503 and 25102704.
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List of Figure captions.
Figure 1. (a) Stress-strain curves of Ti-15Nb-3Mo-(0-1.5) Sn alloys, (b) effect of Sn content on σβ→α" and σα"→β and (c) effect of Sn content on stress hysteresis ?σ.
Figure 2. Stress-strain curves obtained by cyclic loading–unloading tensile tests for Ti-15Nb-3Mo-(0-1.5) Sn alloys.
Figure 3. (a) XRD profiles for Ti-15Nb-3Mo-(0-1.5)Sn alloys and (b) dark field images and the corresponding selected area diffraction patterns for Ti-15Nb-3Mo and Ti-15Nb-3Mo-1Sn alloys.
Figure 4. A schematic explanation on the effect of Sn on Ms and σβ→α".
Figure 1.(a) Stress-strain curves of Ti-15Nb-3Mo-(0-1.5) Sn alloys, (b) effect of Sn content on σβ→α" and σα"→β and (c) effect of Sn content on stress hysteresis ?σ.
Figure 2.Stress-strain curves obtained by cyclic loading–unloading tensile tests for Ti-15Nb-3Mo-(0-1.5) Sn
alloys.
alloys and (b) dark field images and the corresponding selected
area diffraction patterns of Ti-15Nb-3Mo and Ti-15Nb-3Mo-1Sn alloys.
and σβ→α".
Table 1.Summary of superelastic properties obtained by cyclic loading-unloading tensile tests of Ti-15Nb-3Mo-(0-1.5)Sn alloys.
Alloy (at.%)
σβ-α″
(MPa)
?σ
(MPa)
εr max
(%)
Ti-15Nb-3Mo-0Sn297 253 2.1 Ti-15Nb-3Mo-0.5Sn259 212 3.1 Ti-15Nb-3Mo-0.75Sn252 172 3.2 Ti-15Nb-3Mo-1Sn212 123 3.3 Ti-15Nb-3Mo-1.25Sn271 121 3.7 Ti-15Nb-3Mo-1.5Sn344 78 2.1
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算法模板 网络122 王硕
目录 1.数学 1.1 矩阵 (2) 1.2 一次方程组的解 (3) 1.3 矩阵的逆 (4) 1.4 最大公约数 (6) 1.5 欧几里得扩展 (6) 1.6 素数表 (7) 1.7 判断素数 (8) 1.8 分解质因数 (9) 1.9 欧拉函数 (10) 1.10 欧拉函数表 (11) 1.11 mobius函数 (12) 1.12 数值积分 (12) 1.13 数值积分（精确） (13) 1.14 快速幂求余 (14) 1.15 进制转换 (15) 1.16 格雷码 (16) 1.17 高精度类 (16) 1.18 Fibonacci数列 (22) 1.19 FFT (23) 2.图论 2.1 拓扑排序 (24) 2.2 dijkstra (25) 2.3 floyd-warshall (26) 2.4 kruskal …………………26 3.序列 3.1 快速排序 (28) 3.2 逆序对 (28) 3.3 最长不降子序列长度 (30) 3.4 最长公共子序列长度 (31) 3.5 最长公共上升子序列长度 (31) 3.6 最长公共上升子序列 (32) 4.字符串 4.1 Sunday (34) 4.2 子串清除 (34) 4.3 KMP (37) 5.数据结构 5.1 并查集 (38) 5.2 树状数组 (39) 5.3 左偏树 (40) 5.4 哈希 (41) 5.5 RMQ线段树 (41) 6.其他 6.1 多边形面积 (43) 6.2 幻方构造 (43) 6.3 奇数阶次幻方 (45)
1.1矩阵 #include The way 的用法 Ⅰ常见用法： 1)the way+ that 2)the way + in which（最为正式的用法） 3)the way + 省略（最为自然的用法） 举例：I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. Ⅱ习惯用法： 在当代美国英语中，the way用作为副词的对格，“the way+ 从句”实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰整个句子。 1)The way =as I am talking to you just the way I’d talk to my own child. He did not do it the way his friends did. Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are—all we have to do is to clean and peel them. 2）The way= according to the way/ judging from the way The way you answer the question, you are an excellent student. The way most people look at you, you’d think trash man is a monster. 3）The way =how/ how much No one can imagine the way he missed her. 4）The way =because 英语写作30个最经典的替换词 ,characters, folks替换(people ,persons) 2. positive, favorable, rosy (美好的)，promising(有希望的)，perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding, superior替换good 3. dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill (有害的)替换bad如果bad做表语，可以有be less impressive替换 eg. An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms. When it approaches to graduation, as a result, they find their academic records are less impressive. 4.(an army of, an ocean of; a sea of; a multitude of; a host of; many, if not most)替换many. 注：用many, if not most 一定要小心，many后一定要有词。 Eg. Many individuals, if not most, harbor the idea that….用most, if not all ,替换most. 5. a slice of, quiet a few , several替换some 6. harbor the idea that, take the attitude that,hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that替think(因为是书面语，所以要加that) ,business ,matter 替换thing 8. shared 代common huge fruits 替换get many benefits 10. for my part ,from my own perspective 替换in my opinion 11. Increasing(ly),growing 替换more and more( 注意没有growingly这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing.修饰形容词，副词用increasingly. Eg. sth has gained growing popularity. Sth is increasingly popular with the advancement of sth. if anything, 或little or nothing替换hardly 13..beneficial, rewarding替换helpful, ,client,consumer,purchaser, 替换customer ,extremely, intensely 替换very 16. hardly necessary, hardly inevitable ... 替换unnecessary, avoidable appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb 替换sb take interest in / sb. be interested in one's attention替换attract one's attention. ,demension,sphere代aspect indicative of ,be fearful of代indicate, fear rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替换cause. 22. There are several reasons behind sth 替换..reasons for sth 替换want. attention into 替换pay attention to in mind that 替换remember 26. enjoy, possess 替换have(注意process是过程的意思) 27. interaction替换communication on sth替换be against , disagree with sth name only a few, as an example替换for example, for instance 30. next to / virtually impossible,替换nearly / almost impossible 32. regarding / concerning 替换about. 33. crucial /paramount 替换important. 34. 第一（in the first place/the first and foremost）；第二（there is one more point, I should touch on, that…）；第三（the last but not the least）. 35. assiduous 替换hard-working. 36. arduous 替换difficult. 37. underdeveloped / financially-challenged 替换poor（因为poor通常含有贬义）. 悲惨的近义词反义词和造句 导读：悲惨的近义词 悲凉(注释:悲哀凄凉：～激越的琴声。) 悲惨的反义词 幸福(注释:个人由于理想的实现或接近而引起的一种内心满足。追求幸福是人们的普遍愿望，但剥削阶级把个人幸福看得高于一切，并把个人幸福建立在被剥削阶级的痛苦之上。无产阶级则把争取广大人民的幸福和实现全人类的解放看作最大的幸福。认为幸福不仅包括物质生活，也包括精神生活;个人幸福依赖集体幸福，集体幸福高于个人幸福;幸福不仅在于享受，而主要在于劳动和创造。) 悲惨造句 1.一个人要发现卓有成效的真理，需要千百个人在失败的探索和悲惨的错误中毁掉自己的生命。 2.贝多芬的童年尽管如是悲惨，他对这个时代和消磨这时代的地方，永远保持着一种温柔而凄凉的回忆。 3.卖火柴的小女孩在大年夜里冻死了，那情景十分悲惨。 4.他相信，他们每个人背后都有一个悲惨的故事。 5.在那次悲惨的经历之后，我深信自己绝对不是那种可以离家很远的人。 6.在人生的海洋上，最痛快的事是独断独航，但最悲惨的却是回头无岸。 7.人生是艰苦的。对不甘于平庸凡俗的人那是一场无日无夜的斗 争，往往是悲惨的、没有光华的、没有幸福的，在孤独与静寂中展开的斗争。……他们只能依靠自己，可是有时连最强的人都不免于在苦难中蹉跎。罗曼·罗兰 8.伟大的心胸，应该表现出这样的气概用笑脸来迎接悲惨的厄运，用百倍的勇气来应付开始的不幸。鲁迅人在逆境里比在在顺境里更能坚强不屈。遇厄运时比交好运时容易保全身心。 9.要抓紧时间赶快生活，因为一场莫名其妙的疾病，或者一个意外的悲惨事件，都会使生命中断。奥斯特洛夫斯基。 10.在我一生中最悲惨的一个时期，我曾经有过那类的想法：去年夏天在我回到这儿附近的地方时，这想法还缠着我;可是只有她自己的亲自说明才能使我再接受这可怕的想法。 11.他们说一个悲惨的故事是悲剧，但一千个这样的故事就只是一个统计了。 12.不要向诱惑屈服，而浪费时间去阅读别人悲惨的详细新闻。 13.那起悲惨的事件深深地铭刻在我的记忆中。 14.伟大的心胸，应该用笑脸来迎接悲惨的厄运，用百倍的勇气来应付一切的不幸。 15.一个人要发现卓有成效的真理，需要千百万个人在失败的探索和悲惨的错误中毁掉自己的生命。门捷列夫 16.生活需要爱，没有爱，那些受灾的人们生活将永远悲惨;生活需要爱，爱就像调味料，使生活这道菜充满滋味;生活需要爱，爱让生活永远充满光明。 湖南商学院《数据结构与算法》课程设计报告 姓名: 朱晰璋 学号: 160920044 专业: 计算机科学与技术 班级: 计科1602 指导教师: 邹文 职称: 计算机与信息工程学院 20 年月 目录 （结构供参考，请按照自己内容生成，标题宋体小二加粗，居中，段前后距各0.5行）1. 课程设计概（黑体四号，段前后距各0.5行） (1) 1.1问题描述（宋体小四，行距1.5倍） (1) 1.2基本要求 (1) 1.3开发环境 (1) 2. 数据结构及算法分析 (1) 2.1数据结构分析 (1) 2.2算法分析及相关算法介绍 (1) 3. 详细设计与实现 (1) 3.1软件结构 (1) 3.2模块设计 (1) 4. 测试与运行 (1) 5. 总结与收获 (1) 参考文献（要求五篇以上，格式请参考知网上论文） (1) 附录 (1) 课程设计评审表 课程设计题目（宋体小二号，加粗，居中，单倍行距，段前后0.5行） 1.课程设计概述（一级标题段前后距各0.5行） 1.1问题描述（目的，内容，题目等）（黑体小四，二级标题段前后距各0.5行） 1.2基本要求（要完成什么功能，有什么性能，） 1.3开发环境 2.数据结构及算法分析 2.1数据结构分析（采用线性表，树，图等等数据结构的原因及具体结构） 2.2算法分析（比如采用分治法，描述分治法的原理以及应用到此处的理由） 3.详细设计与实现 3.1总体结构（整体包括几个模块，每个模块的功能） 3.2模块设计（具体每个模块的设计实现，可以用流程图或伪码描述等，类似教材的算法描述，包括输入输出，算法功能，以及具体算法描述） 4.测试与运行（测试数据，运行结果，要截图） 5.总结与收获（如果采用多种算法或者数据结构解决同一个问题，请 在总结中用一小节比较各种不同算法空间效率，时间效率，如果没有请省略） 参考文献（要求五篇以上，格式如下，不清楚清参考知网上论文）参考文献通常应为近3年的，至少5篇，其中最好有英文文献。其具体写法为： 1. 专著、论文集、毕业论文、报告等 [序号]作者.书名[文献类型标志].出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页码（任选）.（文 The way的用法及其含义（二） 二、the way在句中的语法作用 the way在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语： 1.作主语 The way you are doing it is completely crazy.你这个干法简直发疯。 The way she puts on that accent really irritates me. 她故意操那种口音的样子实在令我恼火。The way she behaved towards him was utterly ruthless. 她对待他真是无情至极。 Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings. 言语固然重要,但人的站姿,抱臂的方式和手势也回告诉我们他(她)的情感。 2.作宾语 I hate the way she stared at me.我讨厌她盯我看的样子。 We like the way that her hair hangs down.我们喜欢她的头发笔直地垂下来。 You could tell she was foreign by the way she was dressed. 从她的穿著就可以看出她是外国人。 She could not hide her amusement at the way he was dancing. 她见他跳舞的姿势，忍俊不禁。 3.作表语 This is the way the accident happened.这就是事故如何发生的。 Believe it or not, that's the way it is. 信不信由你, 反正事情就是这样。 That's the way I look at it, too. 我也是这么想。 That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. 那就是少数民族在旧中 海外留学英语写作测试中的小词大用 朗阁托福考试研究中心 做海外留学英语写作测试教学那么多年，几乎每次课堂中，只要问到学生关于对写作的感受，基本上都会听到差不多的答案，那就是语法和词汇的问题；也就是说大多数学生都认为只要词汇用的高级、有难度，就一定能够得到很高的分数。其实，这只是一个误区，而这个误区在一定程度上也是由于现在国内的教育状况造成的，当学生们已经习惯了这样的考试模式的时候想要进行改变那是比较难的。其实海外留学考试与国内的四六级考试还是有所区别的，在很多高分甚至是满分的作文中，我们都会发现整篇文章都没有一个生词，所以，问题的关键应该是在于如何灵活地运用这些我们非常熟悉的小词，如何让它们在作文中发挥大作用。在下文中，朗阁托福考试研究中心将给大家列举一些在雅思和托福写作中可以用得很精彩的小词以及它们的具体运用。 1.社会生活类 Skip: The poor tend to smoke more and skip breakfast, two factors which have major stress effects on the body. Better of: People of the lower end of the social economic status have stress levels in their bodies that worth 3 times higher than those who are better off. Reputation: Contrary to fears about the violent reputation of some games, there is no firm proof that playing them has a negative impact on children's behavior. Contribution: Video games have a positive contribution for education. Tough: The findings are likely to surprise supporters of tougher regulation of computer games. Midlife review: People need opportunities to make a "midlife review" to adjust to the later stages of employed life, and to plan for the transition to retirement. Update: Others can do voluntary work more effectively if they can update their 1、模板匹配法： 在机器识别事物的过程中，常常需要把不同传感器或同一传感器在不同时间、不同成像条件下对同一景象获取的两幅或多幅图像在空间上对准，或根据已知模式到另一幅图像中寻找相应的模式，这就叫匹配。在遥感图像处理中需要把不同波段传感器对同一景物的多光谱图像按照像点对应套准，然后根据像点的性质进行分类。如果利用在不同时间对同一地面拍摄的两幅照片，经套准后找到其中特征有了变化的像点，就可以用来分析图中那些部分发生了变化；而利用放在一定间距处的两只传感器对同一物体拍摄得到两幅图片，找出对应点后可计算出物体离开摄像机的距离，即深度信息。 一般的图像匹配技术是利用已知的模板利用某种算法对识别图像进行匹配计算获得图像中是否含有该模板的信息和坐标； 2、基本算法： 我们采用以下的算式来衡量模板T（m,n)与所覆盖的子图Sij（i,j)的关系，已知原始图像S(W,H)，如图所示： 利用以下公式衡量它们的相似性： 上述公式中第一项为子图的能量，第三项为模板的能量，都和模板匹配无关。第二项是模板和子图的互为相关，随（i,j）而改变。当模板和子图匹配时，该项由最大值。在将其归一化后，得到模板匹配的相关系数： 当模板和子图完全一样时，相关系数R(i,j) = 1。在被搜索图S中完成全部搜索后，找出R的最大值Rmax(im,jm)，其对应的子图Simjm即位匹配目标。显然，用这种公式做图像匹配计算量大、速度慢。我们可以使用另外一种算法来衡量T和Sij的误差，其公式为： 计算两个图像的向量误差，可以增加计算速度，根据不同的匹配方向选取一个误差阀值E0，当E(i,j)>E0时就停止该点的计算，继续下一点的计算。 最终的实验证明，被搜索的图像越大，匹配的速度越慢；模板越小，匹配的速度越快；阀值的大小对匹配速度影响大； 3、改进的模板匹配算法 将一次的模板匹配过程更改为两次匹配； 第一次匹配为粗略匹配。取模板的隔行隔列数据，即1/4的模板数据，在被搜索土上进行隔行隔列匹配，即在原图的1/4范围内匹配。由于数据量大幅减少，匹配速度显著提高。同时需要设计一个合理的误差阀值E0： E0 = e0 * (m + 1) / 2 * (n + 1) / 2 式中：e0为各点平均的最大误差，一般取40~50即可； m,n为模板的长宽； 第二次匹配是精确匹配。在第一次误差最小点（imin, jmin)的邻域内，即在对角点为（imin -1, jmin -1), (Imin + 1, jmin + 1)的矩形内，进行搜索匹配，得到最后结果。 定冠词the的用法： 定冠词the与指示代词this ,that同源,有“那(这)个”的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西. (1)特指双方都明白的人或物 Take the medicine.把药吃了. (2)上文提到过的人或事 He bought a house.他买了幢房子. I've been to the house.我去过那幢房子. (3)指世界上独一无二的事物 the sun ,the sky ,the moon, the earth (4)单数名词连用表示一类事物 the dollar 美元 the fox 狐狸 或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人 the rich 富人 the living 生者 (5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词等前面 Where do you live?你住在哪? I live on the second floor.我住在二楼. That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西. (6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体 They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师) They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师) (7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前 She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂. (8)用在某些有普通名词构成的国家名称,机关团体,阶级等专有名词前 the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 (9)用在表示乐器的名词前 She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴. (10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人 the Greens 格林一家人(或格林夫妇) (11)用在惯用语中 in the day, in the morning... the day before yesterday, the next morning... in the sky... in the dark... in the end... on the whole, by the way... 英语写作中常用的词语和句型 常用谚语（在议论文中）： 1. As a popular saying goes, “Every coin has two sides”. 2. As a proverb says, “Everything has two sides”. On the one hand, physical exercise is good for your health. On the other hand, if you don’t deal with it properly, it wil l do harm to your health. So we should look at the matter from two sides. 3. As a proverb says, “Where there is a will there is a way.” (有志者事竟成。) 4. As a popular saying goes, “A man is known by the company he keeps.”(观其交友，知其为人。) 5. As is known to all, “No pains, no gains”. (没有苦，就没有甜。) 6. It’s no use crying over the spilt milk. (覆水难收。) 7. More haste, less speed. (欲速则不达。) 8. Look before you leap. (三思而后行。) 9. He who laughs last laughs best. (谁最后笑，谁笑得最好。) ---关于因果关系的句型： 高精度计算模板 注意：减法、除法要用到compare函数 乘法需要加法的部分，加法需要减法部分 #include string ADD_INT(string str1, string str2) { string MINUS_INT(string str1, string str2); int sign = 1; string str; if(str1[0] == '-') { if(str2[0] == '-') { sign = -1; str = ADD_INT(str1.erase(0, 1), str2.erase(0, 1)); }else { str = MINUS_INT(str2, str1.erase(0, 1)); } }else { if(str2[0] == '-') str = MINUS_INT(str1, str2.erase(0, 1)); else { string::size_type l1, l2; int i; l1 = str1.size(); l2 = str2.size(); if(l1 < l2) { for(i = 1; i <= (int)(l2 - l1); i++) str1 = "0" + str1; }else { for(i = 1; i <= (int)(l1 - l2); i++) str2 = "0" + str2; } int int1 = 0, int2 = 0; for(i = str1.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) { int1 = (int(str1[i]) - 48 + int(str2[i]) - 48 + int2) %10; int2 = (int(str1[i]) - 48 + int(str2[i]) - 48 +int2) / 10; str = char(int1 + 48) + str; } if(int2 != 0) str = char(int2 + 48) + str; } } //运算后处理符号位 if((sign == -1) && (str[0] !='0')) str = "-" + str; return str; } “tｈｅwａｙ+从句”结构的意义及用法 首先让我们来看下面这个句子: Ｒead the foｌloｗｉnｇpassagｅａnd talkａbout ｉt wi ｔh your classmaｔes．Try tｏｔeｌl whaｔyｏu thiｎk ｏf Tom aｎd ｏｆｔhe ｗay the chiｌｄrenｔrｅated ｈim. 在这个句子中，ｔhe waｙ是先行词,后面是省略了关系副词that或in whｉch的定语从句。 下面我们将叙述“the ｗaｙ+从句”结构的用法。 1.tｈe wａy之后，引导定语从句的关系词是tｈat而不是hoｗ,因此，<<现代英语惯用法词典＞＞中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的：Ｔhｉs is ｔｈeｗayｈowｉtｈａppened. This is the way how he ａlwａｙs treats me. 2．在正式语体中,thaｔ可被in which所代替;在非正式语体中，ｔhat则往往省略。由此我们得到theｗay后接定语从句时的三种模式：1) tｈe ｗaｙ＋ｔhａt-从句２）the way +ｉn whiｃh－从句3) the ｗay +从句 例如：Ｔｈe way(in whiｃh ，thａt) ｔhｅｓｅｃomｒade ｓloｏｋａｔｐrobｌems is wrong．这些同志看问题的方法 不对。 Ｔｈｅｗａy(that ,ｉn ｗhiｃh)yoｕ’ｒe doinｇit is comple ｔeｌy crａzy.你这么个干法,简直发疯。 Wｅａdmiｒｅd him for thｅｗay ｉｎｗhｉch he fａｃeｓdiｆficultieｓ． Waｌlａｃe ａｎd Ｄarwiｎｇreed ｏn the way ｉｎwhi ｃh ｄｉfｆｅrｅnt forms ｏf life had ｂegｕn.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 Thｉs is ｔｈe ｗaｙ（tｈａｔ) hｅdｉd it. I lｉkeｄｔhe waｙ(ｔhat) ｓｈeｏｒganized ｔhe ｍeetｉng． 3.theｗay(tｈat)有时可以与hｏw(作“如何”解）通用。例如： That’s tｈe ｗaｙ(tｈaｔ) shｅspoke. = Tｈat’s how shｅspoke. 英语写作用词的准确表达 一个词的意思有两方面：denotation和connotation。Denototion是词的字面意思，正如字典上所定义的一样；Connotation是由词引申联想到的意思和情感。例如country，nation，state和land，它们的字面意思多少有相似之处，都可以译成“国家”,但它们的涵义却相差甚远。Country主要指国土及国民；Nation 强调民族，种族；state多指国家的政府及政府机构；而land指国家虽不够精确，但更富有文学的色彩，比country一词带有更多的感情。初学写作的人有时会选错词，但更多的时候是选词不全错，而是不够准确、地道，导致词不达意，甚至导致冒犯和误解。固此在英语写作中要学会选择准确的词来表达自己的思想。 一般来说，要把握选词的准确性, 可以从下面三方面入手。 一、要有广泛的阅读积累，才能了解词与社会、历史、文化及政治因素的关系，选词时才能符合语言习惯并与社会文化诸多背景一致。例如，英美人对landlord和peasant两词的理解与中国人截然不同。英美人对前者的理解首先是“房东”，然后才是“地主”；而peasant一词对他们来说意味着“粗俗”与“无知”，此词多少带有贬义色彩。再如propaganda一词在中国并不带有西方人所理解的贬意；而First lady （第一夫人）绝不能理解为汉语的原配夫人，因此在写作中应特别注意这类词，否则会导致冒犯和误解。由于东西方社会历史文化的差异，许多词所引申或代表的内容也大相径庭，Phoenix在西方象征“复活”、“再生”，而汉语的这一词却表示“祥瑞”。Peach在汉语中象征“长寿”而在英语中却用以指代“特别讨人喜爱的人或物”。又比如在表示色彩的词中green是青春的颜色，常表示希望、活力，但在英语中green 又与“妒忌” （to be green with envy，green-eyed）和“没有经验的”（a greeh horn）联系起来。如果没有广泛的阅读积累，养成经常查字典的良好习惯，单凭想当然地选词，势必会词不达意。即使同一事物，在美国和英国也可能有不同的表达。例如：corn一词在美国指“玉米”而在英国泛扮“谷物”；“地铁”在英国用tube或under-groud美国则用subway。此类的例子还有pave-ment/sidewalk, Chemists' shop/drug store等。 二、在英语写作中特别要注意区分同义词，选词时要考虑主题、对象及情景（subject, audi-enc, situation）。由于历史的原因，现代英语除本族语外，还包括大量的法语和拉丁来源的饲，这就使英语的同义词相当丰富。总的来讲，英语本族语大多是短词，小词，听起来朴素）亲切，大量用于口头表达：法语来源的词庄重文雅，多与行政、宗教、军事、服饰等有关；拉丁来源的词，书卷味浓, 如ask，question，inter－rogate这三个不同来源的同义词在不同的主题、对象、情景下用法就不一样。 同义词除了来源的不同会影响措词的选择外，它们在程度、感情色彩上也有不同。比如“瘦”可以用slender，slim，lean, thin，underweight，gaunt, lanky，skinny等来表达，而sleder表示“苗条”是褒义的，skinny却是贬义的，underweight则是中性的词。 即使同是褒义词，表达的感情色彩也不同。比如little和petite两个同义词当用来描绘女子时，都意为“个子小”的，但petite同时还有“匀称”的意义，而little更强调“可爱的”或“可怜的”，根据不同的上下文，它还有“纤小”、“娇小”或“弱小”等不同意义。因此在选词表达思想时，一定要分清主题，对象及情景。 另外让中国学生头痛的是一些同义词的习惯搭配。比如large和big都指“大”，但large通常用来修饰诸如number，amount及quantity（a large nunlber of students，a large almount of money，a large quantity of wine，etc）。但象“勇气”，“信心”，”能力”、“智慧”等表示个人素质的名词，人们通常用呷碰而不用big或large来修饰。由此可见，在英语写作实践中，区分同义词的用法是相当重要的。 三、选择措词应把握好英语和汉语词汇无法对应的部分 不是所有的英语词汇都有相应的汉语表达，一些不同的英语词汇也有可能用同样的汉语来表达，这就使我们在用英语来表达思想对面临更多选择上的困难。比如family和home两词都可译成汉语的“家”，但它 知己的近义词反义词及知己的造句 本文是关于知己的近义词反义词及知己的造句，感谢您的阅读！ 知己的近义词反义词及知己的造句知己 基本解释：顾名思义是了解、理解、赏识自己的人，如"知己知彼，百战不殆";更常指懂你自己的挚友或密友，它是一生难求的朋友，友情的最高境界。正所谓:"士为知己者死"。 1.谓了解、理解、赏识、懂自己。 2.彼此相知而情谊深切的人。 【知己近义词】 亲信，好友，密友，心腹，挚友，深交，相知，知交，知友，知心，知音，石友，老友，至友 【知己反义词】 仇人敌人陌路 【知己造句】 1、我们想要被人爱、想拥有知己、想历经欢乐、想要安全感。 2、朋友本应是我们的亲密知己和支持者，但对于大多数人来说，有一些朋友比起帮助我们，更多的却是阻碍。 3、那么，为什么你就认为，随着年龄的增长，比起女人来男人们的知己和丰富的人际关系更少，因此一般容易更孤独呢？ 4、他成了我的朋友、我的知己、我的顾问。 5、无论在我当州长还是总统的时候，布鲁斯都是我的密友、顾问和知己。他这样的朋友人人需要，也是所有总统必须拥有的。 6、波兰斯基有着一段声名卓著的电影生涯，也是几乎所有电影界重要人物们的挚友和同事，他们是知己，是亲密的伙伴。 7、搜索引擎变成了可以帮追我们的忏悔室，知己，信得过的朋友。 8、这样看来，奥巴马国家安全团队中最具影响力的当属盖茨了――但他却是共和党人，他不会就五角大楼以外问题发表看法或成为总统知己。 9、我们的关系在二十年前就已经和平的结束了，但在网上，我又一次成为了他精神层面上的评论家，拉拉队，以及红颜知己。 10、这位“知己”，作为拍摄者，站在距离电视屏幕几英尺的地方对比着自己年轻版的形象。 11、父亲与儿子相互被形容为对方的政治扩音筒、知己和后援。 12、这对夫妻几乎没有什么至交或知己依然在世，而他们在后纳粹时期的德国也不可能会说出实话的。 13、她把我当作知己，于是，我便将她和情人之间的争吵了解得一清二楚。 14、有一种友谊不低于爱情；关系不属于暖昧；倾诉一直推心置腹；结局总是难成眷属；这就是知己！ 15、把你的治疗师当做是可以分享一切心事的知己。 16、莉莉安对我敞开心胸，我成了她的知己。 17、据盖洛普民意调查显示，在那些自我认同的保守党人中，尽管布什仍维持72%支持率，但他在共和党领导层中似乎很少有几位知The way常见用法
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