2012年9月高级口译考试真题+答案+解析（完整版）
Spot Dictation：
Hunger and food insecurity have been called America’s “hidden crisis.” At the same time, and apparently paradoxically, obesity has been declared a serious epidemic. Both obesity and hunger (and, more broadly, food insecurity) are serious public health problems, sometimes co-existing in the same families and the same individuals. Their existence sounds contradictory, but those with insufficient resources to purchase adequate food can still be overweight, for reasons that researchers now are beginning to understand.
The apparent paradox of expanding wastelands and persistent hunger and food insecurity in America is driven in part by the economics of buying food. Households without money to buy enough food first change their purchasing in eating habits, relying on cheaper high-calorie foods over more expensive neutral rich foods before they cut back on the amount of food. In order to cope with limited money for food and to stave off hunger, families try to maximize calories-intake for each dollar spent, which can lead to over-consumptions of calories and a less healthful diet.
Research among low-income families shows that mothers first sacrifice their own nutrition by restricting their food intake during periods of food insufficiency in order to protect their children from hunger. The resulting chronic ups and downs in food intake can contribute, over the long run, to obesity among low-income women.
Dr. Larry Brown, executive director of the Center on Hunger and Poverty, reported, "A growing body of research shows that hunger and obesity pose a dual threat for some people. We need to better understand this relationship if our nation is to grapple with these parallel threats to the well-being of Americans. We particularly need to avoid damaging policy prescriptions that assume hunger and obesity cannot coexist."
Renowned food experts and scientists call for a reform agenda to address both hunger and obesity. According to James Wells, president of the Food Research and Action Center, an agenda that seriously tackles hunger and obesity among the poor must address their common roots. Those roots include food insecurity and the impact of poverty. One answer is increased access to income supports and nutrition programs so that more families have sufficient resources to obtain healthier diets.
评析：本文选自《The Paradox of Hunger and Obesity in America》和《Hunger, obesity: two sides of same coin.》，命题者对两篇文章的内容进行了节选和组合，组成了一篇听写段落。本文属于社会经济类文章，介绍了hunger和obesity的“共存”和“矛盾”方面的问题。文章的整体难度不是太大，涉及到obesity，agenda，food insecurity，coexist，paradox，calories，nutrition等相关词汇也是高口常见的词汇，但考生要注意文章中长句子的拆分，抓住句子的主干及核心信息，尤其是一些关键词更应该听懂听清。另外，grapple等一些难度相对比较大的词要求考生在平时需要注意相关词汇的积累，多读一些经济报刊类的文章。
Listening Comprehension 1
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following conversation.
M: Do you come from a particularly musical family?
W: Not really, my family are farming people and my parents have always lived on farms. My oldest brother is a born farmer and my second brother works on a farm too, but he’s also got an office job to do with agriculture. And so they appreciate music, but they don’t really know much about classical, in inverted commas, that sort of things. They appreciate perhaps Scottish traditional music more and they like a good tune. And if they can trace a tune, and they can tap their feet tune or clap tune. They are quite happy, but they don’t know about Stravinsky or something like that. Then they are quite lost.
M: Why did you choose percussion? I mean, it’s not the obvious thing even for a musical student to choose.
W: No, but I liked it. I was always keen on percussion. Clarinet and percussion were my two instruments, and I like
the sheer variety. But I feel I was very much influenced by a local girl who played the xylophone. And she was absolutely brilliant. And I just said “gosh, I want to do that too.” But then I discovered that percussion didn’t just consist of xylophone, it consisted of a lot more and so I liked that as well. And so, that’s how it really all began. M: You started to play percussion quite young?
W: Yes, that’s when I was at secondary school at the age of 12. I had a bit of job actually, starting percussion. Because when you are a pupil at school, you all go through a music oral test, and which is done through a tape recorder. And you just listen and you write down answers, things like that. And afterwards, when I asked if I could play percussion, the obvious reaction of my teachers was “Well, look at these marks, they are not good”. But I said, “Well, really? I play the piano”. That was the only thing I could back myself up with. Until eventually he said, “Well, the percussion teacher happens to be at school today. Perhaps she might want to go through and see what he says”. And so the percussion teacher said, “Well, I can’t really see why she shouldn’t be playing percussion”. And so it’s really just gone from there. But at the time,they didn’t know that I was wearing hearing aids and this sort of thing. And so when I told them, their reaction was much different. You know what I mean?
M: They didn’t know that when they gave you the test?
W: Oh, no, and I refuse to tell anyone. Rightly or wrongly, I’m not sure. But certainly, that was the case. That’s how it all started really.
Questions:
1. Which type of family does the woman come from?
2. What kind of music does the woman say her family likes most?
3. Which of the following instruments does the woman play?
4. When did she start to play the musical instrument she’s talking about now?
5. Which of the following statements is true according to the conversation?
【解析】高口第一篇听力理解，主题是采访音乐人怎样开始play percussion的。文章难度中下，只有几个乐器名词和古典音乐人名，不影响理解。建议考生在听力过程中，多加留意题目的关键词语。clarinet n. 单簧管；percussion n. 打击乐器；xylophone n. 木琴。
Listening Comprehension 2
Question 6 to 10 are based on the following news.
Washington, the United Sates
President Barack Obama is set to announce a $3billion plan to boost food security and farm productivity in Africa, US officials say.
They say the initiative is aimed at alleviating shortages as world food supplies are being stretched by rising demand in Asia's emerging markets. Food security is expected to be on the agenda of this weekend's G-8 meeting. The summit near Washington is being dominated by Europe's debt crisis and a possible Greek exit from the euro zone.
The head of the US Agency for International Development (USAID), Rajiv Shah, said the move shows the administration's commitment to boosting world food production as rising wealth in Asia drives consumption.
【文章大意】
文章讲述奥巴马政府投入三十亿美元刺激非洲的食品安全和生产。美国国籍开发署的领导人拉吉夫·沙阿称，随着亚洲经济推动着消费，政府的这一举动显示了对于促进世界粮食生产的承诺。
boost：v. 促进，增加
initiative：n. 倡议；主动权
alleviate：n. 减轻
agenda：n. 议程
Madrid, Spain
Spain's government called for calm Friday, a day after rating agency Moody's downgraded 16 Spanish banks in the latest sign of distress in Europe. Among those who saw their ratings lowered were the countries two largest banks. At a Cabinet meeting Friday, Spanish ministers agreed that the top priority regarding the economy is controlling the deficit.
The downgrades come amid rising concerns about the political and economic turmoil in Greece, and the potential ripple effect of that crisis on nations like Spain and Italy that are struggling with low growth and big debts. Moreover, the real-estate crisis that began in 2008 is ongoing, and unemployment has risen to very high levels, with rising risks to white-collar employment affecting the outlook for banks' household lending.
【文章大意】
穆迪公司将16家西班牙银行的等级调低之后，西班牙内阁会议通过当前经济最紧要的是控制赤字。
top priority：当务之急
turmoil：n. 混乱
Sao Paulo, Brazil
President Dilma Rousseff plans to cut and simplify taxes for electricity producers, two senior officials told Reuters, as part of a strategy to reduce Brazil's high business costs and stimulate its struggling economy.
Brazil has been on the brink of recession since mid-2011 as high taxes, an overvalued exchange rate and other structural problems squeeze what had previously been one of the world's most dynamic emerging economies. Rousseff has in recent months announced targeted tax cuts for stagnant sectors such as the automotive industry, embracing an incremental approach to reform that has drawn criticism from investors who say more drastic changes are needed.
【文章大意】
这篇文章讲述巴西政府为企业减税从而刺激经济。
be on the brink：濒临
squeeze：v. 压榨
stagnant：adj. 停滞的；不景气的
drastic：adj. 激烈的；猛烈的
New York, the United States
Children from racial and ethnic minorities now account for more than half the births in the US, according to estimates of the latest US census data.
Black, Hispanic, Asian and mixed-race births make up 51% of new arrivals in the year ending in July 2011.
It puts non-Hispanic white births in the minority for the first time.
Sociologists believe the ongoing economic slowdown has contributed to a greater decline in birth rates among white people.
The US Census Bureau recorded 2million babies born to minorities in the year to July 2011, just over half of all births, compared with 37% in 1990.
US birth rates have been declining, but the drop has been larger for white people.
The nation's minority population now makes up 36% of the total US population.
【文章大意】
本文的关键词是新生儿数量，通过一系列的数字分析，讲述了在经济危机下，美国的白人新生儿数量下滑。【评析】
文章没有过多的生词，但要求考生需要把握对于数字的敏感度。
London, the United Kingdom
Oil prices slipped towards $107 a barrel on Friday as investors fled risky, growth-sensitive assets on fears that Greece would leave the euro, although short-covering provided some support for Brent.
Brent crude was down 16 cents to $107.33 a barrel after slipping to its lowest level for the year at
$106.40 earlier in the session.
Traders and analysts said short-covering was providing a floor for Brent futures, but the overall trend remains to the downside given the uncertainty over what will happen with Greece.
【文章大意】
文章讲述英国布伦特的原油价格下跌。
slip down：下滑
short-covering：空头回补
Questions:
6. Which of the following is not expected to be on the agenda of this weekend’s G-8 summit meeting near Washington?
7. After Moody lowered the ratings of Spanish banks, what is the top priority regarding the economy as agreed by Spanish ministers?
8. What dose Brazilian President plan to do to stimulate its struggling economy?
9. What can we know from the news about the new-born population in the United States?
10. At what price did Brent Crude Oil end Friday on London market?
Listening Comprehension 3
Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following interview.
W: Mr Johnson, you have traveled to so many places in the world. Does travel necessarily open minds to other cultures?
M: I think travel is good in any capacity. I do hope that people who travel to other countries spend at least a little bit of time not travelling in an isolated kind of way. Over the last 2 or 3decades, travel whether in wildness or urban areas has become much more insular. When I travel, I tend to not bring very much baggage with me. Maybe just carry-on. I also know that where I am going, millions of people have lived for thousands of years. I know that I can survive there if they can survive.
W: With all the travelling you do, in what way is it still a pleasure for you?
M: I think it is important when you travel that you get on plateau a little bit. I think we try now with cell phones and Internet to stay connected all the time. I think some sort of disconnection from that for just a few days or week. Convenient hands travel. You don’t have to be connected every day. I also find when I move overseas for several weeks or month I’m not in touch with the news. I don’t see it or hear about it. I find when I come back to the states, nothing was changed very much. The reality is the news that we want to know every day, maybe doesn’t really matter after a few weeks or months. Life goes on.
W: Any favorite places that you’ve visited?
M: I love my home in Montana. My ancestors were homesteaders in Montana. And I have lived in Bosman since in 1995. I also like where I grew up in north Tanzania. I like the savanna and high plateau. I like the wild life. I do like few beaches, but mostly I’m a mountain person. I love the Karakoram Mountains in northern Pakistan. I also love the Pamir mountains in the Hindu Kush Range. The Karakoram is the greatest consolidation of high peaks in the world. I have a hard time picking a city I like a lot.
W: Any places still on your list?
M: My wife wants to go to Antarctica. I don’t have time in this lifetime. It takes too long. I want to go to northern Norwegian. It’s where my ancestors are from. Very beautiful rivers and seas. My ancestors were fishermen. I also want to go to Peru and Argentina in Andes.
W: What’re responsibilities do you think western travelers have to the places that they visit?
M: If you can go local even for a day, it’s fine if you have a package tour but spend at least one day a week doing
something a little different than what’s on the rest of your itinerary. Spend some time in the local cafe, get to know somebody, go visit a school. It’s uncomfortable for people at first but often people say that’s the most significant part of the trip. That will help the local economy.
Questions：
11. According to Mr. Johnson, which of the following statements applies to travelers in the past twenty or thirty years?
12. In what way is traveling a pleasure for Mr. Johnson?
13. Which of the following places does Mr. Johnson like most?
14. W hich of the following places is not on Mr. Johnson’s traveling list?
15. According to Mr. Johnson, what should western travelers do when they visit places?
【解析】
本篇听力难度适中，中心话题是“商务人士的一个旅行访谈”。这个话题还是大家比较熟悉的，因此理解不难。主要谈到的几个方面如下：旅行的乐趣；最喜欢的目的地；不准备去的地方以及有关西方人旅行建议但文中也出现了一些国名和地名。因此大家在平时英语学习中注意积累。不过听的过程中可以记下中文名称即可。
关键词：
carry-on随身行李
disconnected 不连通的，不联系的
Montana蒙大拿州
Tanzania 坦桑尼亚
Pakistan 巴基斯坦
savanna热带草原
Antarctic南极
ancestor祖先
itinerary 行程
Listening Comprehension 4
Question 16-20 are based on the following talk.
At the same time that Brokeback Mountain hits video store shelves, savvy computer users can download the entire movie legally. The Oscar-winning drama is the inaugural release of a new video-on-demand service from Movielink.
Five of the major Hollywood studios started the California-based company, Movielink, four years ago in 2008 to offer time-limited online rentals of feature films, but Movielink Chief Executive Officer Jim Ramo says purchasers can now own a downloaded digital copy to watch over and over again. He said, "What we've tried to do with our launch is having a great mix of Academy Award winners, blockbusters and classics. We have a little over 300 titles in all with our launch."
Of course, video pirates already have those options. Warner Brothers Home Entertainment president Kevin Tsujihara says the new plan provides a legal alternative to online theft estimated to cost the entertainment industry more than $4 billion annually. Movielink CEO Ramo says the company's experience with some 100,000 rental downloads per month demonstrates that illegal copying can be prevented.
With a high-speed connection, a full-length film takes about 90 minutes to download. The digital files are in Windows Media format and will only play on a PC. Purchasers can burn backup copies to DVD; however, those discs will not work on a standard DVD player. Mr. Ramo says that will change when copy protection protocols can be perfected. He also notes that the downloads will not work on Macintosh computers and suggests Apple, which pioneered video downloads through its iTunes site, may have its own film distribution plan in the works, perhaps
with Disney.
Movielink has films from Warner Brothers, SONY, Universal, Paramount, Fox and MGM in its catalogue. However, Mr. Ramo says the download-to-own service is only available within the United States. “Movielink was only licensed to do business in the United States, so we had a filtering mechanism that made sure that the only people who could get Movielink were within the United States. Hav ing said that, I think we’re happy to see now that Movielink has already licensed other distributers around the world. There have been announcements recently in the Netherlands, the UK and Germany, so I think there are certainly more and more countries that are going to be opened up for digital delivery.”
Questions:
16. When was the company Movielink founded?
17. What new service is offered by the company now?
18. What kind of movies are not offered with the launch of this new service?
19. How much does online theft cost the entertainment industry annually?
20. Where does Movielink not allow download outside the United States at present?
本篇听力取材较早，内容是一家名叫Movielink的公司推出在线下载电影服务来对抗盗版和网络剽窃。问题涉及公司成立时间、提供的新服务、可供下载的电影类型、网络盗版每年造成的损失和服务使用区域。五个题目均是常见的细节题，考生在听力过程中只要抓住具体细节信息并做好笔记即可选出正确答案。
本篇听力的主要难点如下：
1. 专有名词较多，比如Paramount, Warner Brothers, MGM等，还出现了电影名称，如Brokeback Mountain 是《断背山》，如果平时生活中看电影等不注意，可能听不出来。
2. 出现一些比较难的词汇，如Academy Award winner奥斯卡获奖影片，blockbuster大片，pirate盗版商，online theft网络剽窃，filtering mechanism过滤机制，distribution发行，licensed许可的，digital file数码文件，protection protocol保护协议等，也是要求考生有一定词汇储备的。
3. 注意力要求较高。Question 19答案位于前半部分，而Question 20则在最后一句话。考生很容易在中间这部分注意力分散等，所以，听力考试时坚持仔细听到最后一刻是十分重要的。
阅读上半场MC第一篇：
The museum for black America: a force for unity –or division? 出自：https://www.doczj.com/doc/6d7892903.html, Barack Obama marked its launch, but not everyone welcomes the new addition to the Smithsonian family.
To paraphrase Martin Luther King – here at last, here at last, here at last. Almost a century after the idea was first mooted by black veterans of the Civil War and almost half a century after the leader of the civil rights movement delivered his immortal "I have a Dream" speech, an African American museum is finally about to rise in the heart of Washington.
The National Mall, stretching from the US Capitol to the steps of the white marble Lincoln Memorial where King spoke in 1963, is perhaps the capital city's most special place, a two-mile vista lined by monuments to the country's greatest leaders and heroes, and by wonderful museums celebrating America's history and achievements. But there have been some notable omissions.
Last year one was corrected with the dedication of a memorial to King –even though the event has been somewhat marred by a controversy over the inscription on his statue, a version of lines from one of his final sermons that, according to the poet Maya Angelou, makes King sound "like an arrogant twit".
And on Wednesday another omission was corrected. In a moment of perfect historical symmetry, Barack Obama, America's first black President, led the ceremony for the future National Museum of African American History and Culture, devoted to the miseries, tribulations and triumphs of black America, scheduled to open its doors in late 2015.
The site is one of the last available on the ever more cluttered Mall. But it is also one of the best: close to the
Washington Monument and across the street from the recently re-opened Museum of American History.
The long and laboured story of the 19th member of the Smithsonian complex has itself been a small slice of US history. The idea of a memorial to African Americans on America's national space was first put forward in 1915 by a group of black Civil War veterans, but went nowhere. Then in 1929, Congress did approve such a project, but failed to provide funding.
After the great civil-rights breakthroughs of the 1960s, pressure grew for a full-scale museum. Again though, nothing happened – not least because of the ferocious opposition of the late Jesse Helms, the powerful Senator from North Carolina and a last bastion in Washington of the bigoted "Old South", who insisted that a museum was "unnecessary", and a waste of taxpayers' money.
At this point, one may wonder how it was that the Holocaust Museum here – on the sacred National Mall – was approved and completed in barely a decade. And it deals with an event that does not belong to the US national experience.
The Holocaust Museum opened in 1993. In 2004 came the National Museum of the American Indian. But only now is work starting on a national museum that tackles head on, among other things, the original sin of the United States. As its director Lonnie Bunch told The Washington Post, slavery was central in shaping US history, but to this day remains "the last great unmentionable" in public discourse. "We will examine the dark corners of the American experience in a way we're not always comfortable in doing."
More than 100 black history museums already exist across the country, including the National Civil Rights Museum at the former Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, where Dr King was assassinated in 1968. Others are reminders of the huge impact blacks had had on American, and indeed global, culture – like the small house on the west side of Detroit where Berry Gordy set up his recording studio called Hitsville USA, now the Motown museum. In Washington, all these strands will be meshed together.
The $500m (￡318m) project is being funded by $250m of private donations, and a similar amount from the federal budget. Already Mr Bunch has amassed 25,000 artefacts, spanning the entire range of African American experience, from slavery to civil rights, to their immense contributions in art, sport, music and almost every walk of national life.
There will be a detailed examination of slavery which, he says, may well focus on the miseries of individual people: their families, the slave auctions where they were bought and sold, and the plantations where they worked.
The African American museum will celebrate heroes of emancipation like Harriet Tubman (Mr Bunch has acquired the shawl given to Ms Tubman by Queen Victoria, which she wore two days before she died in 1913). There will be items that lift the heart –alongside exhibits on lynchings, and other brutalities and indignities perpetrated on blacks for much of the last century.
Visitors will see Louis Armstrong's trumpet, but also the original pine coffin that contained the body of Emmett Till, the 14-year-old boy bestially murdered in 1955 in Mississippi because he was reported to have wolf-whistled at a white woman. The coffin was deliberately left open at Till's funeral in Chicago by his mother, so the world could see the atrocities visited upon her son. The public outrage that followed gave powerful fresh impetus to the civil rights movement.
Today no one would dispute that the story of black America, for better and worse, is part of the story of all America. Even so, some see the new museum as part of a worrying trend, the subtle atomisation of a country that has always prided itself on being a sum greater than its disparate parts. Now, they worry, it's not so much E Pluribus Unum, ("out of many one" – the phrase on the Seal of the United States), but Ex uno plura ("out of one, many").
As the Virginia Congressman Jim Moran puts it: "I don't want a situation where whites go to the original museums, African Americans go to the African American museum, Indians to the Indian museum and Hispanics to the Latino
American museum. That's not America."
【简析】
黑人历史是美国历史十分重要的一个部分，黑人从奴隶开始，到获得自由，出现了像马丁路德金那样出色的领导人，甚至如今奥巴马是第一位黑人总统。在美国，有许多的博物馆是关于非裔美国人的苦难史奋斗史。但是，现在当新的博物馆拔地而起，奥巴马为其做了开馆演说，强调哪段历史，人们不免担心，当一旦过分关注黑人，或者拉美裔美国人，或者是印第安人，美国这个民族就不是一个整体，而反而变得支离破碎。
阅读上半场MC第二篇：
The world’s deadliest bioterrorist 出自：https://www.doczj.com/doc/6d7892903.html,
Nature likes biological weapons more than human villains do. The best defence is more research, not less. SOME things are best kept secret. It is hard, for instance, to argue that public interest dictates publishing the blueprints for an atom bomb. The matter is less clear-cut, however, when scientific information that has the potential to wreak havoc might also stop that havoc happening.
Take bird flu. It has killed more than 330 people since 2003. That may not sound many, but it amounts to 60% of the 570 known cases of the disease. The only reason the death toll is not higher is that those who succumbed caught the virus directly from a bird (usually a chicken). Fortunately for everyone else, it does not pass easily from person to person.
But it might. That is the burden of research carried out last year by two teams of scientists, one in America and one in the Netherlands. They tweaked the bird-flu virus's genes to produce a version which can travel through the air from ferret to ferret. And ferrets are, in this context, good proxies for people.
The researchers' motives were pure. The mutations they combined to produce their ferret-killing flu virus are all out there in the wild already. There is every chance those mutations could get together naturally and unleash a pandemic. By anticipating that recombination the two teams highlighted the risk, gave vaccine researchers a head start in thinking about how to counter it and, by fingering the mutations, spurred surveillance efforts, which have often been half-hearted.
Or, rather, they would have done had they been allowed to publish their results. They weren't. Both the American and the Dutch governments saw not a sensible anticipation of a threat, but a threat in its own right. Their fear was that bad guys somewhere might repeat the experiment and weaponise the result. So in December they banned publication of the papers revealing the technical details of what the teams had done.
The threat from influenza is real. So-called Spanish flu, which infected 500m people in 1918-19, claimed the lives of one in five of those who caught it. Subsequent flu epidemics, though not as bad, have still cut swathes through humanity whenever they have arisen. But terrorism is real, too. Though there is no known case of biological warfare in the past 100 years, many countries have experimented with the idea; and there is concern that some terrorist groups, motivated not by specific political grievances but by a general hatred of the West, might unleash the uncontrollable mayhem of a viral epidemic purely out of spite. So who is right—the researchers who want to publish their findings, or the governments that want to stop them?
In this particular case, probably the researchers. And, to their credit, the authorities seem to have recognised that. After months of fraught deliberation involving the world's leading virologists, journal editors, security experts, ethicists and policymakers, the Americans reversed their stance on April 20th (see article). The Dutch were reconsidering theirs as The Economistwent to press.
The reason is that, as bioterrorists go, humans pale in comparison with nature. Even America's security services, which might be expected to err on the side of caution, seem to agree that the odds of a bioterror attack are long. Biological weapons require skilled scientists working in state-of-the-art facilities. Even then, they are unpredictable—and therefore difficult to control. A deadly bug might come back to bite its maker, possibly before
it had been made into a weapon. Aum Shinrikyo, a sect with sophisticated scientific capability, toyed with anthrax in 1993. But for its most brazen attack, when it killed 13 people in the Tokyo metro two years later, it preferred nerve gas. In September 2001 al-Qaeda plumped for aeroplanes.
Nature, by contrast, has form. in this area. From the Black Death via Spanish flu to AIDS, bacteria and viruses have killed on a scale that terrorists and dictators can only dream of. The more you gag scientists or hide data, the harder it is for them to look for cures; you also probably drive bright young researchers away towards less fraught, blander areas.
Natural-born killers
At the moment, then, the natural threat seems greater than the artificial one. And it is brave of America's auth orities to recognise that. If a terrorist outrage does happen, they will surely get the blame. By contrast, “acts of nature” are more easily shrugged off as, as it were, acts of God.
This case does, however, highlight a problem that is only going to grow. The atom bomb is a child of physics. Nerve gas is a child of chemistry. These are both old, mature sciences. Biotechnology is new. Its potential and limits are obscure. This time America has made the right decision. It is to be hoped that the Dutch will soon follow suit. But it behoves everyone—politicians and scientists alike—to keep a close eye on a fast-changing technology and on any shift in the balance of risks.
【简析】
科学家们研制出了一种新型病毒，可以迅速传播危害巨大，但是政府却不允许他们的科学成果予以发表。究竟是谁在理呢？经过激烈讨论，美国最终选择允许科研结果发表，荷兰可能也会改变立场。与其掩藏危险，不如主动寻找解决办法。文章最后提问，原子弹是物理科学的产物，神经毒气是化学科学的产物，如今新的生物科技又带来了新的挑战。我们，我们的科学家，政府，政客，又应该如何应对？
阅读上半场MC第三篇：
Four ways to relieve overcrowded prisons 出自：https://www.doczj.com/doc/6d7892903.html,
Finally, America is beginning to tackle overcrowded prisons, prompted by financially strapped states that can no longer afford them. The road to prison reform, and less crowding, includes revamping 'three strikes' laws, as in California, and limiting pre-trial detention.
Necessity can spur novelty. Even political novelty. As the need for fiscal austerity grows, an unlikely alliance has emerged between policymakers and public advocates who have long sought criminal justice reform. These policymakers are realizing what advocates have reiterated for years: The nation’s addiction to incarc eration as a curb on crime must end. The evidence is staggering.
In California, 54 prisoners may share a single toilet and 200 prisoners may live in a gymnasium supervised by two or three officers. Suicidal inmates may be held for protracted periods in cages without toilets and the wait times for mental health care sometimes reach 12 months.
Citing these conditions and more, the Supreme Court ruled in May that California prisoners were deprived adequate access to medical and mental health care in violation of the Eighth Amendment and its prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. It ordered the early release of tens of thousands of inmates.
Prison overcrowding is ubiquitous and shows few signs of abating: Between 1970 and 2005, the nation’s inmate population grew by 700 percent. Besides impeding access to health care, overcrowding also creates unsafe and unsanitary conditions, diverts prison resources away from education and social development, and forces low- and high-risk offenders to mingle, increasing the likelihood of recidivism.
Expect additional lawsuits. That’s why a consortium of states, including Illinois, Texas, and my home state of Virginia, submitted an amicus curiae or friend-of-the-court brief in support of the state of California.
America's overreliance on incarceration has also impeded the rights of criminal defendants. The Sixth Amendment guarantees legal representation to individuals charged with a crime. Yet, because of the crushing volume of cases,
indigent defense programs often suffer from inadequate staffing, funding, and supervision.
In Kentucky, a public defender may represent more than 450 clients in a single year. In Miami, Florida, the annual case load is nearly 500 felonies and 2,225 misdemeanors. The consequences include wrongful incarceration, wrongful convictions, and guilty pleas when meritorious defenses are otherwise available.
Civil rights groups in Michigan and New York have already brought lawsuits seeking an overhaul of their states’ indigent defense systems. These lawsuits might be a harbinger for the future: States unfaithful to the promise of the Sixth Amendment may be forced to increase funding and restructure legislative priorities.
Protecting prisoners and criminal defendants is not just about fidelity to the Bill of Rights. It is about recognizing that they are acutely vulnerable because they do not have access to coalitions and political networks capable of effecting change. Affording them protection is consistent with the enduring constitutional principle that political democracy alone cannot adequately protect the rights of certain groups of people.
First, revamp habitual-offender laws, now in effect in more than 20 states, which regularly yield perverse sentences.
California’s three-strikes law, for example, was passed during the paranoia that followed the searing murder of 12-year-old Polly Klaas by a long-time violent offender, and is so egregiously punitive that nonviolent petty theft may serve as a “third strike.” Leandro Andrade, a father of three, who ne ver once committed a violent felony, received two sentences of 25 years-to-life for stealing children’s videotapes, including “Free Willy 2” and “Cinderella,” from Kmart. A new ballot initiative in California, “The Three Strikes Reform. Act of 2012,” seeks to change this law.
Second, implement misdemeanor reform. by decriminalizing offenses such as feeding the homeless, dog-leash violations, and occupying multiple seats on the subway. Such reform. is vital: between 1972 and 2006, misdemeanor prosecutions rose from 5 million to 10.5 million.
Third, limit the use of pre-trial detention. Nearly two-thirds of the nation’s prison population haven’t been convicted of a crime - they are awaiting trial. Many are arrested for low-risk offenses such as disturbing the peace or traffic violations, and they languish in jail because they can’t afford bail. Releasing these individuals would not jeopardize public safety and would reduce overcrowding and public defender case loads. Just this year, Kentucky terminated pre-trial detention for numerous drug offenses and mandated citations rather than arrests for certain misdemeanors.
Fourth, impose nonprison penalties on those arrested for technical parole and probation violations like missing a meeting or court appearance. This would dramatically ameliorate overcrowding and excessive case loads given that over a third of all prison admissions are for such types of violations. Texas is leading the charge here, and through such measures has significantly reduced its inmate population.
The spirit that animates the Sixth and Eighth Amendments is human dignity. A recognition that no matter the crime or harm, criminal defendants and prisoners retain a dignity that must be respected.
Forty years ago, a group of inmates claimed they were deprived of this dignity and, in what has since become a subject of fascination in American pop culture, rioted at Attica Correctional Facility in New York. The ensuing violence and its death toll serves as an ominous reminder that America must pursue criminal justice reform. if it is to honor this dignity.
Passage Translation (E-C):
【原文】
For years I have been mercilessly lampooned by friends and acquaintances alike for my unorthodox lifestyle choice of having no TV. In an age of increasingly large plasma flat-screens and surround sound, digital home entertainment systems which accost you the minute you walk into someone’s house, people regularly look at me like I’m either severely handicapped or chronically hard done by when I mention that I have no televis ion. I can see
the mixture of genuine pity, raw pathos and sheer disbelief in their faces as they stare at me open-mouthed.
To be sure, television is a great invention, if handled in moderation. The composite etymological derivation (from the Greek and the Latin words –literally meaning “to see from afar”) tells of a tremendous technological feat which certainly deserves to be applauded. What’s more, if one is discerning, it can be the source of some quality entertainment, instruction and enjoyment. Some of the nature documentaries and arts programmes on BBC 2 are truly fantastic and are well worth the license fee alone.
But the sad reality is that young people are rarely discerning and, by dint of poor time management skills, often end up wasting an inordinate amount of precious, never-returning time watching trash, their brains wallowing in a trough of mental lethargy.
【译文】
多年来，我一直坚持不买电视，这种不合常规的生活方式使我受到朋友和熟人们的无情奚落。在这个等离子平板电视越来越大、数字家庭娱乐设备无处不在的时代，你一进别人家便会感受到它们的存在。当我提到我没有电视时，人们看我的眼神往往就像我要么有严重的缺陷，要么就是长期受到不公平的对待。他们目瞪口呆地盯着我，我能看出他们脸上混杂着发自内心的同情、毫不掩饰的怜悯和完完全全的不相信。
当然，电视是一项伟大的发明，如果使用适度的话。这个复合派生词（来自希腊和拉丁词汇，字面意思是“远远地看”）描述的是一个值得赞扬的、无与伦比的技术壮举。同时，如果我们有足够的辨识力，它还是优质的娱乐、指导和享受之源。BBC 2频道的一些自然纪录片和艺术节目就非常出色，单单是看这几个节目，你的有线电视费便花得值得了。
然而令人悲哀的现实是，年轻人大多缺乏辨识力，而且由于不善管理时间，他们最终往往浪费过多一去不复返的宝贵时间收看垃圾节目，让大脑沉溺于精神倦怠的深渊中。
【评析】
评析：文章出处为出处Mailonline，作者是Lindsay Johns，讲的是没有电视的好处。在这样一个信息化社会，没有电视确实很另类。作者在第一段中便生动地描绘了人们得知他没有电视时的反应。
第一段难度较大的单词有lampoon，讽刺；unorthodox，非传统的；还有一个需要注意的词组是hard done，受到不公平对待的。
第二段讲了电视积极的一面，如果使用得当的话，它可以提供高质量的娱乐和教育。生词有etymological，词源的。
第三段说很多青年会把宝贵时间用于收看垃圾节目，需要注意的词组是by dint of，由于；生词有inordinate，过度的，过多的；trough，水槽，低谷，这里意译为深渊。
Note taking & Gap filling
Hello, I'm Anna Jones and I have been invited to talk in this programme about London life. And in today’s programme we’re looking at a very English custom - the custom of tea-taking. I think the whole art of tea-taking is a very elegant and a very English thing to do. This whole ambience of tea-taking makes you be elegant.
I am the director of press and public relations at the Ritz hotel in central London. The Ritz hotel is one of the most famous hotels in London and is celebrating its centenary. It opened 105 years ago in 1906. The Ritz is especially well known for its wonderful teas but taking tea at the Ritz is not an everyday event –it’s usually reserved for a special occasion like a birthday or anniversary. Tea is served in the beautiful surroundings of the Palm Court. Displays of flowers and palms add to the experience of tea-taking. The whole character or quality of the Ritz makes you feel elegant. It makes you feel attractive and you behave in a very graceful way. And it’s not just a cup of tea either –it’s almost like having a 3 course meal.
The actual food items on the tea menu come on a three-tiered cake stand. The bottom being the finger sandwiches – very traditional – and the waiter will explain what the fillings are. Then we do our scones in the middle and we do our cakes and pastries on the top. It’s done almost like courses.
Well, we say that the food arrives on a “three-tiered cake stand - there are three levels, one on top of each other
and on each level there’s a plate for holding the food. And what food is there? There are finger sandwiches –these are small sandwiches filled with a variety of different things. T his kind of sandwich is “very traditional” –it’s something that has been going on in the same way for a very long time – so finger sandwiches have been a part of the traditional English afternoon-tea for a long time. In the middle of the tier there are scones which are small round cakes which are often eaten with jam and cream which is known as a cream tea. And finally, at the top of the tier there are various cakes and sweet pastries.
People say that tea is its almost done like “courses” - a part of a meal which is served separately from the other parts of it. Now what about making the tea? How do you make a proper cup of English tea? What is the most important thing about making a cup of tea?
The most crucial thing about tea-making is to make sure that th e water is “piping” hot – it is very hot and has just boiled. Then after pouring the water onto the tea leaves you let the leaves “stew” or absorb the water to make the tea. If you hear someone talking about “stewed tea” they are describing tea that has be en left too long in the tea pot before being poured and tastes strong and bitter.
What about the milk? What is the tea making etiquette? What are the rules or socially accepted ways of adding the milk? Does it go in to the cup before the tea is poured or afterwards? Well at the Ritz the etiquette – or the accepted way – is to add the milk afterwards so that the guest can decide how strong or weak they would like their tea.
Well as we mentioned earlier the Ritz is a very famous London hotel – so famous in fact that its name now appears in the dictionary as an adjective. What do you think it means? Even the name The Ritz has become generic in the dictionary, people talk about things being “ritzy” and even if something is not very ritzy or something is ve ry ritzy and that all comes from the name. If something is described as “ritzy” it is expensive and fashionable –for example you might describe someone’s dress or car as ritzy. Well its 4 o clock now so it must be time for a cup of tea!
【解析】
这是https://www.doczj.com/doc/6d7892903.html,上一篇以Afternoon tea at the Ritz为题的文章。Ritz是著名的豪华连锁大饭店，英国的下午茶也是出名的。本篇文章前半部分讲述了下午茶的佐餐，后半部分主要讲如何沏茶。文章虽然有点长，但是与生活相关，内容分布也比较明显，易于理解，如果考生平时多读些文化生活方面的英语文章就会倍感轻松。
在这里，就这篇文章提供给大家一点点小建议：首先，听力里面基本上不会涉及到很复杂的句式；其次，如果碰到一个很难的词汇，请大家仔细听是否有and, that is or that means , which 等词，因为很有可能后面跟的就是一个同义词，或者解释该词的从句；最后，大家要记住口译考试中的听力填空并不要求一定要字字正确，所以，如果实在想不起该词，可用同义词代替，毕竟，口译要求的是传达说话者的意思，而不是完全正确复制整篇文章。
最后，有些词汇还是需要平时累积的：
anniversary n. 周年纪念；
elegant adj. 优雅的；
ambience n. 气氛；
course meal 主菜；
three-tiered 三层；
filling n. 馅料，填充；
scone n. 烤饼；
pastry n. 油酥点心；
piping hot 滚烫的；
stew v. 炖，焖；
etiquette n. 礼节，礼仪；
ritzy adj. 豪华的，高级的；
The Ritz 丽兹（里兹）大饭店；
Palm Court 棕榈阁（大堂酒廊）
Sentence Translation
1. People often use the excuse “I am too old to study.” But I like to say that it is never too late to expand your mind, make new friends and challenge yourself to achieve something worthwhile.
参考译文：人们总是用年纪太大学不好做借口。但是我想说拓展视野、结交新友、挑战自我去实现有价值的事情永远不晚。
【解析】这句话并不难，所讲述的也是类似大家已经耳熟能详的“活到老学到老”的道理。在翻译的过程中，需要注意对句尾三个平行结构的处理。
2. A 97-year-old Australian man will set another world record for being the oldest university-graduate in the world. The man graduates with a master degree in clinical medicine from Sydney University according to the local reports.
参考译文：据当地媒体报道，一位97岁的老人将打破世界纪录成为最年长的大学毕业生。该男子毕业于悉尼大学，获得临床医学硕士学位。
【解析】
考生在翻译是不必将set another world record机械地翻译成“设置另一个世界纪录”，而需要灵活处理成“打破世界纪录”。另外注意一些关键词：
a master degree：硕士学位
clinical medicine：临床医学
3. According to the statistics recently released, the population of “post 80’s generation” in this c ountry is over 200 million. The media usually refers to them as “salves to property, credit cards, children and marriage.”
参考译文：最近的数据显示，该国“80后“的人数超过2亿。媒体经常将其比作“房奴”、“卡奴”，“孩奴”和“婚奴”。
【解析】
本句中，考生需要特别注意数字的翻译，听写的过程中也要确保不要因为一时没有将数字反映过来而错过了之后的句子。另外，对于“salves to property, credit cards, children and marriage”，需要灵活处理成“房奴”、“卡奴”，“孩奴”和“婚奴”。
4. Hand shake grip should be no harder than the strength that you would use to hold a door handle. In addition, you should match your grip to the person you’re shaking hands with. Eld erly people require a looser grip.
参考译文：握手的力度应该小于握门把手的力度。除此之外，对于不同的握手对象，应该控制好握手的力度。如果对方是老人，握手时则应该松一点。
【解析】
本句句子结构并不难，注意下no harder than的结构，在这里处理成“比……小”更符合中文的表达习惯。对于动词match的翻译，也可以灵活的转译。
5. Text messaging has become one of the most convenient forms of communication today. Similar to e-mail, it allows a person to quickly transmit and receive information by a cell phone. For many, text service is as common as voice service in itself.
参考译文：短信已经成为当下最便利的沟通方式之一。和电子邮件一样，手机短信也能使人用快速地发送和接受信息。对很多人来说，短信服务本质上和语音服务一样常见。
【解析】
本句话的信息是大家日常中十分熟悉的手机短信，句中没有难词、生词，难度并不大
text messaging：手机短信
transmit and receive：发送和接受
Passage Translation 1
【原文】
Britain’s younger workers have been hit especially hard by the financial crisis. The economy crisis has taken its toe on Britain’s youth. One million plus are now unemployed. More than 22% are those aged 16 to 24. It might be worse in London if it is not for the upcoming Summer Olympics. Some of the Olympic money has gone to help London disadvantage youth to get job training. The majoring upcoming event is offering some opportunities. With the Olympic games approaching, the whole London is changing. A new opportunity is developing. But by the autumn, the Olympics will be over. And many of the temporary jobs will go. So the worry is what could we do after the Olympics.
【参考译文】
经济危机已给英国的年轻人带来深重的影响。现在有一百多万人失业。这些人中超过22%的人年龄集中于十六至二十四岁。要不是因为即将来临的夏季奥运会，这种情况在伦敦可能会更为严重。奥运会一部分收入已经用来帮助伦敦的弱势青年进行职业培训。即将来临的盛事刚好提供了一些机会。随着奥运会的临近，整个伦敦都正在改变着。新机遇应运而生。但到了秋季，运动会将会结束。届时许多临时性的工作将不复存在。因此我们担忧的是奥运会结束之后我们该怎么办。
【评析】
本篇文章来源于2012年5月1日的CNN News. 但是文章并不是原文复制，而是从中选取一些段落组成了这篇文章。只要大家平时多关注主流英文媒体：VOA、BBC、CNN等，把握住经济永远是个热门又实际的话题，多加留心，那么就会觉得高口翻译其实也不难。
本文难度偏易。话题是熟悉的经济危机，但是本文并未就这一原点深入探析，而是用引入了伦敦奥运这样一个大家熟知的话题，讲奥运给金融危机带来了一些转机，但是奥运结束后，英国金融危机仍令人担忧。所以本篇没出现很难的金融或经济专业词汇。Financial crisis（金融危机）和economic crisis（经济危机）这两个核心词汇大家要记住。
另外职业场合的一些高频词汇表达：workers, unemployed, job training, opportunity. 年轻人失业或者说就业这个话题也是一个热门而经久不衰的。大家平时多关注一些社会热点。
翻译过程中注意第一句话和第二句话的合并。两句话表达的是一个意思。因此该取舍时要大胆取舍。如果不敢冒险，也可以把两句话都翻出来。始终把握一点：英译汉的过程中，汉语要符合中国人的表达习惯。第一句的被动语态，我们在汉译过程中，一般转被动态为主动，通常会用到“给……，使……，让……”这种表达方式。因此大家在学习翻译过程中多积累汉语的表达习惯。不必要死扣字字对应。
It might be worse in London if it is not for the upcoming Summer Olympics. 翻译这个句子，先要清楚“it”指代什么，然后if从句和前面的主句的译文调整一下表达顺序。这就是翻译中的所谓“顺序译法或倒序译法”“The majoring upcoming event is offering some opportunities.”“…the whole London is changing.”文中用了几次正在进行时，翻译灵活处理，不必都翻成“正在…”
And many of the temporary jobs will go. 这一句注意”go”的译法，显然这里不再是其常见意义“去”，而是指工作会不存在了。
Passage Translation 2
【原文】
Recently many people are complaining why so many teenagers do nasty things and the question is constantly crossing my mind, “How could we prevent juvenile crime?” Well, first, I think the media exacerbate the problem and so does the school system. Where I live, we have thousands of security guards in the schools and metal detectors too and the kids get searched as they go into the school. Now all of that presents the wrong message: the kids don’t feel like they’re going school. They feel like they’re going to jail. And so they’re more likely to lash out and become violent. I thi nk it’s a cause-and-effect relationship. The students get violent become the system
makes them like that.
【参考译文】
最近很多人都在抱怨，为什么会有这么多年轻人去做些不光彩的事情？我也一直在思考这个问题：“我们该怎样预防青少年犯罪？”首先呢，我认为媒体和学校的制度都加重了这个问题。在我住的地方，学校里有成千上万的保安和金属探测器，孩子们进校门的时候会被搜查。所有这些都传达了错误的信息，孩子们会觉得他们不是去学校，而是进监狱。因此，他们更容易发生口角斗殴，并变得粗暴。我认为这存在着一种因果关系，学生变得粗暴是体系造成的。
【评析】
本篇听译选材是较为常见的青少年犯罪问题。第一句的难点在于nasty，cross my mind 和juvenile crime。nasty可以表示“下流的、严重的、令人不快的、危害的”等诸多意思，但是本文翻译的时候要选取意思稍微客观的，比如“下流的”就不适合这样的语境翻译。
cross my mind这个短语，表示“偶然想到”，但在constantly的修饰下，表示不断偶然想到，最终可以考虑翻译为“一直在思考”。
juvenile crimes是本篇文章的核心关键词，但前文已经做了铺垫，也是就“why so many teenagers do nasty things”，难度有所降低。
第二句的难点在于exacerbate和so do + n. 这个结构。exacerbate是指“加重”，这个单词对词汇量要求颇高，但是听不懂也是可以翻译出来的，下文讲学校制度带来了负面的影响，而这里学校制度和媒体是so结构连接在一起的，可以推测出媒体的作用是负面的。
第三句的难点是metal detector，这个短语指的是“金属探测器”。
第六句的难点是lash out这个词组。lash out这个词组表示“语言抨击或人身攻击”，在这里结合语境可以翻译为“发生口角斗殴”或“口头和肢体攻击”。
阅读下半场Saq第一篇：
Andreas Whittam Smith: Sweetheart tax deals aren't for the little people 出自：https://www.doczj.com/doc/6d7892903.html, Harry Redknapp's problem was that he was a private individual and not a large company.
It was Harry Redknapp's misfortune to confront one of the most poorly organised activities of government, the work of HM Revenue & Customs. At Southwark Crown Court yesterday, Mr Redknapp was acquitted of tax evasion. The fair and efficient collection of taxes is unfortunately in the same wretched condition as control of our borders, care of old people in hospital and defence procurement. It is something that the state doesn't do very well. One of the HMRC's faults is inconsistency in its treatment of different classes of taxpayers.
Mr Redknapp, the football manager, stood accused of receiving undisclosed bonuses. If that is what they were, they would have been classified as income upon which tax was payable. He denied the charges, saying the money was received for investment purposes and that it was unconnected with his employment. As a capital sum coming to Mr Redknapp for buying shares, no tax would be liable. In due course, there would be tax on dividends received, on any profits made, but not on the original capital sum.
Mr Redknapp's problem was that he was a private individual and not a large company. The treatment of the first is rigorous, suspicious and uncompromising. Mr Redknapp had made it worse for himself, too, by opening up a bank account in Monaco. You can see the Revenue mind working here –celebrity, handling millions of pounds in transfer fees, living in a world of bungs, nods and winks, using a tax haven. To the Revenue, the conclusion must have seemed inevitable. And a good one to go for because of the warning to others a successful prosecution would have conveyed.
HMRC is under pressure itself. Earlier this week, it disclosed that the amount of unpaid tax written off in 2009-2010 was a monstrous ￡10.9bn. That is a colossal sum. But even ￡10bn plus is part of something much larger. At 31 March 2011, the Department was seeking to resolve tax issues with large companies valued at more than ￡25bn. So two weeks of trial at Southwark Crown Court for Mr Redknapp following five years of police
investigation and preparation for a six-figure sum of money, at the most, seems out of proportion when many times that amount remains in dispute with big corporations.
Moreover, the Revenue is secretive about its dealings. Of course, every taxpayer has the right to confidentiality, but, equally, Parliament has to be able to satisfy itself that proper procedures are being followed. As a Parliamentary Committee observed in a recent report: "As it stands, the Department's decision to withhold details from us reduces transparency and makes it impossible for Parliament to hold Commissioners to account. This situation is entirely unacceptable." The Committee has been particularly critical of the Revenue's weak governance arrangements that have sometimes meant that the same officials first negotiated, and then they themselves approved, the settlements they had made.
The most notorious recent example concerned the American investment banking firm, Goldman Sachs. Owing to a "mistake", the firm paid ￡20m less tax than it should have done on bonus payments. Likewise, Vodafone settled a long dispute with a payment of just over ￡1bn whereas, it was alleged, the true figure should have been perhaps four times higher. The chair of the Committee of Public Accounts, Margaret Hodge MP, said: "You are left feeling that the sort of deals that are made with big business are different – sweetheart deals in some instances – from the sort of way in which corner shops are treated, small business are treated or hard-working families are treated."
In fact, tax avoidance is a widespread middle-class activity. The heroine of the instinctive tax cheaters is surely Leona Helmsley, the American real estate entrepreneur who became known as the Queen of Mean. She was convicted of federal tax evasion and other crimes in 1989. The turning point in her trial came when a former housekeeper testified that she had heard Mrs Helmsley say: "We don't pay taxes. Only the little people pay taxes..."
Middle-class tax dodgers rely upon the oft-quoted legal opinion that "anyone may arrange his affairs so that his taxes shall be as low as possible; he is not bound to choose that pattern which best pays the Treasury. There is not even a patriotic duty to increase one's taxes. Over and over again the courts have said that there is nothing sinister in so arranging affairs as to keep taxes as low as possible. Everyone does it, rich and poor alike, and all do right, for nobody owes any public duty to pay more than the law demands."
To which my reply is that paying the tax that is due is a moral duty. If you don't pay, the little people will have to pay more. Judging from what Mr Redknapp told the court during his lengthy cross-examinations, he was on the side of the little people and not remotely interested in the weasel manoeuvres of the men in suits.
阅读下半场Saq第二篇：
Genomic research: Consent 2.0 出自：https://www.doczj.com/doc/6d7892903.html,
A better way of signing up for studies of your genes
IN AN age where people promiscuously post personal data on the web and regularly click “I agree” to reams of legalese they have never read, news of yet another electronic consent form. might seem like a big yawn. But for the future of genomics-related research the Portable Legal Consent, to be announced shortly by Sage Bionetworks, a non-profit research organisation based in Seattle, is anything but mundane. Indeed, by reversing the normal way consent to use personal data is acquired from patients in clinical trials, it could spell a new relationship between scientists and the human subjects of their research, with potential benefits that extend well beyond genomics. Share and enjoy
The heart of Portable Legal Consent is the notion that anyone who signs up for a clinical trial, or simply has his genome read in order to anticipate the risk of disease, should easily be able to share his genomic and health data not just with that research group or company, but with all scientists who are prepared in turn to accept some sensible rules about how they may use the data. The main one of these is that the results of investigations which include s uch “open source” data must, themselves, be freely and publicly available. In much the same vein as the
open-source-software movement, the purpose of this is to increase the long-term value of the data, by allowing them to be reused in ways that may not even have been conceived of at the time they were collected.
That approach contrasts with today's system of secretive data silos for particular studies of specific diseases. Patients sometimes discover that they have even signed away their rights to see their own data.
That may serve the narrow interests of a research group or drug company intent on keeping competitors at bay. But the potential of genomic data to provide further insights, perhaps in completely novel contexts, is huge—especially when correlated with a person's medical record. Also, teasing out correlations between particular genotypes and diseases in a statistically meaningful way requires large sets of data; the larger the set, the more believable the correlations. Portable Legal Consent brings the promise of very large data sets indeed. Even for academia and industry, these benefits should eventually outweigh the short-term drawbacks of sharing. Indeed, according to John Wilbanks, the creator of Portable Legal Consent, representatives of several drug companies have expressed enthusiasm about Sage Bionetworks' approach. And appealing features, such as so-called syndicating technology, which automatically informs both researchers and volunteers about new data relevant to a specific drug or disease, should reduce the resistance of individual researchers to the loss of control of what they used to think of as their own data.
Of course, sharing in this open-ended way carries risks. The data involved are “de-identified”—meaning they cannot immediately be traced to a specific individual. But as Mr Wilbanks notes, this is not a foolproof guarantee of anonymity.
Data shared might, for example, be traced back to their owner by sophisticated search algorithms. Or some malevolent hacker might expose them to the world. Those squeamish about sharing their personal information should probably not sign the consent form, Mr Wilbanks counsels. But those who believe the benefit of doing so—accelerating the pace of medical research—outweighs the risks can start to pool their own data next month on a special website: https://www.doczj.com/doc/6d7892903.html,.
To make sure consent is truly informed, Mr Wilbanks and his team have gone to great lengths to explain the consequences to signatories. There is an online tutorial that cannot be bypassed. Uploaded information may be removed from the database on request, at any time, but the provider is clearly warned that it may have already found its way into places from which it cannot be erased.
Sage Bionetworks hopes 25,000 people will sign up in the first year, either because trial organisers choose to adopt the protocol or volunteers insist on it. But to be really useful, the database would need to grow to ten or 100 times this size. Mr Wilbanks has therefore started discussions with several firms that offer commercial genetic tests for a range of diseases. It is also linking up with PatientsLikeMe, an organisation that helps almost 150,000 people find those with similar illnesses, in order to share their experiences.
Are we all agreed?
So far, the Portable Legal Consent is valid only in America, although Sage Bionetworks is looking at ways of adapting it to fit the legal frameworks of China and the European Union. How quickly the idea will catch on remains to be seen. But if it does, other sorts of researchers who rely on gathering personal data—for example in sociology or in tracking energy use in homes—may find it attractive. And that would enable research of a sort that is now impossible, by opening up the field of quantifiable social science.
Passage Translation(C-E):
【原文】
我们要创造更加良好的政治环境和更加自由的学术氛围，让人民追求真理、崇尚理性、尊重科学，探索自然的奥秘、社会的法则和人生的真谛。做学问、搞科研，尤其需要倡导“独立之精神，自由之思想”。正因为有了充分的学术自由，像牛顿这样在人类历史上具有伟大影响的科学家，才能够思潮奔腾、才华迸发，敢于思考前人从未思考过的问题，敢于踏进前人从未涉足的领域。不久前，我同中国科学家交流时提出，
要大力营造敢于创造、敢冒风险、敢于批判和宽容失败的环境，鼓励自由探索，提倡学术争鸣。
我们历来主张尊重世界文明的多样性，倡导不同文明之间的对话、交流与合作。我国已故著名社会学家费孝通先生，上世纪30年代曾就读于伦敦政治经济学院并获得博士学位，一生饱经沧桑。他在晚年提出：“各美其美，美人之美，美美与共，世界大同。”费老先生的这一人生感悟，生动反映了当代中国人开放包容的胸怀。
【参考译文】
We should create a better political environment and a freer academic atmosphere in which people can pursue truth, exercise reasoning and respect science, in which the mysteries of nature, the laws governing society and the true meaning of life can be fully explored. The spirit of independence and freedom in thinking is particularly important in academic studies and research. It was in an environment of academic freedom that great scientists like Isaac Newton, who had a profound impact on human history, were able to bring out their best, probe issues not questioned by predecessors and blaze a new trail. In my recent conversation with some Chinese scientists, I called for creating an environment which encourages innovation, criticism and risk-taking and tolerates failure, an environment that encourages free exploration of new things and stimulates academic debate.
We have always called for respecting the diversity of civilizations and advocated dialogue, exchanges and cooperation among them. The late Mr. Fei Xiaotong, a well-known Chinese sociologist, received his PhD at the London School of Economics and Political Science in the 1930s. Having gone through many vicissitudes in life, he concluded in his late years that "The world will be a harmonious place if people appreciate their own beauty and that of others, and work together to create beauty in the world." These thoughts best illustrate the open and inclusive mindset of China today.
【评析】
出自温总理在英国皇家学会上的演讲。6月27日，温总理到访英国皇家学会，发表了“中国改革开放以来的发展变化及未来中国的走向”为主题的演讲，其中涉及大量国家政治经济、社会建设、科技发展、人民生活等宏大议题。
文中关键词有：独立精神，spirit of independence；学术自由，academic freedom；文明多样性，diversity of civilizations；学术争鸣，academic debate等。
文中开篇第一句的难点在于断句并找出文中暗含的关系。同学们一般采用的就是全部并列，忽略前后之间暗含的关系，示范译文处理为“in which”的关系。
“大力营造敢于创造、敢冒风险、敢于批判和宽容失败的环境”考察的是学生在汉译英时词性转换的能力，译文通过“encourages innovation, criticism and risk-taking and tolerates failure”意译出原文。
专有名词，如牛顿、伦敦政治经济学院，也比较考验学生的常识积累。
“各美其美，美人之美，美美与共，世界大同。”这就要求拥有一定的文化积淀，准确理解其内涵，并用通俗易懂的语言转化为英文。
2016年司法考试真题答案及解析卷二 1.关于不作为犯罪，下列哪一选项是正确的？ A．“法无明文规定不为罪”的原则当然适用于不作为犯罪，不真正不作为犯的作为义务必须源于法律的明文规定 B.在特殊情况下，不真正不作为犯的成立不需要行为人具有作为可能性 C.不真正不作为犯属于行为犯，危害结果并非不真正不作为犯的构成要件要素 D.危害公共安全罪、侵犯公民人身权利罪、侵犯财产罪中均存在不作为犯 【考点】不作为 【解析】A项是错误的。理由在于，“法无明文规定不作为罪”的原则适用于所有犯罪类型，不作为犯罪亦不例外；但是，不真正不作为犯的义务来源并不限于法律的明文规定，而有可能来源于生活经验（理论上称之为“开放的构成要件”）。 B项是错误的。理由在于，作为可能性的具备是成立不作为犯罪的必备条件，不具备此条件，不作为犯罪即不成立。 C项是错误的。理由在于，不真正不作为犯并非单纯的不作为即可成立，而是必须其不作为导致一定的法定后果才成立。 D项是正确的。理由在于，不作为只是一种实施犯罪的方式，原则上所有犯罪类型均有不作为方式存在的空间。 【答案】D 2.关于因果关系的认定，下列哪一选项是正确的？ A．甲重伤王某致其昏迷。乞丐目睹一切，在甲离开后取走王某财物。甲的行为与王某的财产损失有因果关系 B.乙纠集他人持凶器砍杀李某，将李某逼至江边，李某无奈跳江被淹死。乙的行为与李
某的死亡无因果关系 C.丙酒后开车被查。交警指挥丙停车不当，致石某的车撞上丙车，石某身亡。丙的行为与石某死亡无因果关系 D.丁敲诈勒索陈某。陈某给丁汇款时，误将3万元汇到另一诈骗犯账户中。丁的行为与陈某的财产损失无因果关系 【考点】刑法因果关系 【解析】A项是错误的。理由在于，王某的财产损失是由乞丐独立导致的，而不可归责于甲，甲只需对其导致的伤害后果负责。 B项是错误的。理由在于，虽然在追杀行为与死亡结果之间介入了被害人自身行为，但这一介入因素并不异常，不能阻却追杀行为与死亡结果的因果关系。 C项是正确的。理由在于，虽然直接导致结果的是丙的行为，但丙的行为本身并无不当之处，因此，石某死亡的结果不可归责于丙，而应归责于交警的错误指挥。 D项是错误的。理由在于，没有丁的敲诈行为，就不会有陈某的财产损失结果，因此，二者之间具有刑法上的因果关系。至于谁获得了财物，不能改变被害人财产损失的事实。 【答案】C 3.关于刑事责任能力，下列哪一选项是正确的？ A．甲第一次吸毒产生幻觉，误以为伍某在追杀自己，用木棒将伍某打成重伤。甲的行为成立过失致人重伤罪 B.乙以杀人故意刀砍陆某时突发精神病，继续猛砍致陆某死亡。不管采取何种学说，乙都成立故意杀人罪未遂 C.丙因实施爆炸被抓，相关证据足以证明丙已满15周岁，但无法查明具体出生日期。不能追究丙的刑事责任
2016年国家司法考试真题卷三解析 1根据法律规定，下列哪一种社会关系应由民法调整？ A甲请求税务机关退还其多缴的个人所得税 B乙手机丢失后发布寻物启事称：“拾得者送还手机，本人当面酬谢”C丙对女友书面承诺：“如我在上海找到工作，则陪你去欧洲旅游”D丁作为青年志愿者，定期去福利院做帮工 解析 我国《民法通则》第2条规定：“中华人民共和国民法调整平等主体的公民之间、法人之间、公民和法人之间的财产关系和人身关系。”B项:乙丢失手机后发布寻物启事属于悬赏广告，由民法调整。所以，B项正确。 A项:甲请求税务机关退还个人所得税，甲与税务机关不是平等主体，不由民法调整。所以，A项错误。 C项:丙与女友之间的承诺属于生活关系，不由民法调整。所以，C项错误。 D项:丁作为志愿者去福利院帮工，丁与福利院之间不是平等主体。所以，D项错误。 综上所述，本题正确答案为B 2甲企业是由自然人安琚与乙企业（个人独资）各出资50%设立的普通合伙企业，欠丙企业货款50万元，由于经营不善，甲企业全部资产仅剩20万元。现所欠货款到期，相关各方因货款清偿发生纠纷.
对此，下列哪一表述是正确的？ A丙企业只能要求安琚与乙企业各自承担15万元的清偿责任 B丙企业只能要求甲企业承担清偿责任 C欠款应先以甲企业的财产偿还，不足部分由安琚与乙企业承担无限连带责任 D就乙企业对丙企业的应偿债务，乙企业投资人不承担责任 解析 我国《合伙企业法》第38条规定：“普通合伙企业对其债务，应先以其全部财产进行清偿。第39条规定：合伙企业不能偿还到期债务，合伙人承担无限连带责任。”所以，C项正确，ABD错误。 综上所述，本题正确答案为C。 3潘某去某地旅游，当地玉石资源丰富，且盛行“赌石”活动，买者购买原石后自行剖切，损益自负。潘某花5000元向某商家买了两块原石，切开后发现其中一块为极品玉石，市场估价上百万元。商家深觉不公，要求潘某退还该玉石或补交价款。对此，下列哪一选项是正确的？ A商家无权要求潘某退货 B商家可基于公平原则要求潘某适当补偿 C商家可基于重大误解而主张撤销交易 D商家可基于显失公平而主张撤销交易 解析 A项：“赌石”活动在该地盛行，则潘某与商家明确知悉赌石的相关
1、甲杀人后将凶器忘在现场，打电话告诉乙真相，请乙帮助扔掉凶器。乙随即把凶器藏在自家地窖里。数月后，甲生活无着落准备投案自首时，乙向甲汇款2万元，使其继续在外生活。关于本案，下列哪一选项是正确的？ A.乙藏匿凶器的行为不属毁火证据，不成立帮助毁火证据罪 B.乙向甲汇款2万元不属帮助甲逃匿，不成立窝藏罪 C.乙的行为既不成立帮助毁火证据罪，也不成立窝藏罪 D.甲虽唆使乙毁火证据，但不能认左为帮助毁火证据罪的教唆犯 2、下列哪一行为应以危险驾驶罪论处？ A.醉酒驾驶机动车，误将红灯看成绿灯，撞死2爼行人 B.吸毒后驾驶机动车，未造成人员伤亡，但危及交通安全 C.在驾驶汽车前吃了大量荔枝，被交警以呼气式洒精检测仪测试到洒精含量达到醉酒程度 D.将汽车误停在大型商场地下固左卸货车位，后在醉酒时将汽车从地下三层开到地下一层的停车位 3、甲杀人后将凶器忘在现场，打电话告诉乙真相，请乙帮助扔掉凶器。乙随即把凶器藏在自家地窖里。数月后，甲生活无着落准备投案自首时，乙向甲汇款2万元，使其继续在外生活。关于本案，下列哪一选项是正确的？ A.乙藏匿凶器的行为不属毁火证据，不成立帮助毁火证据罪 B.乙向甲汇款2万元不属帮助甲逃匿，不成立窝藏罪 C.乙的行为既不成立帮助毁火证据罪，也不成立窝藏罪 D.甲虽唆使乙毁火证据，但不能认左为帮助毁火证据罪的教唆犯 4、关于朱某帮助电气厂通过年检的行为，下列说法正确的是： A.其行为和国家损失300万元税收之间，存在因果关系 B.属滥用职权，构成滥用职权罪 C.属徇私舞弊，使国家税收遭受损失，同时构成徇私舞弊不征、少征税款罪 D.事后虽获得了利益（升任局长），但不构成受贿罪 5、未成年人小付涉嫌故意伤害袁某，袁某向法院提起自诉。小付的父亲委托律师黄某担任辩护人，袁某委托其在法学院上学的儿子担任诉讼代理人。本案中，下列哪些人有权要求审判人员回避？ A.黄某 B.袁某 C.袁某的儿子 D.小付的父亲 6、黄某倒卖文物案于2014年5月28日一审终结。6月9日（星期一），法庭宣判黄某犯倒卖文物罪，判处有期徒刑4年并立即送达了判决书，黄某当即提起上诉，但于6月13日经法院准许撤回上诉;检察院以量刑畸轻为由于6月12日提起抗诉，上级检察院认为抗诉不当，于6月17日向同级法院撤回了抗诉。关于一审判决生效的时间，下列哪一选项是正确的？ A.6月9日 B.6月17日 C.6月19日 D.6月20日 7、对下列哪些拟作出的决定，行政机关应告知当事人有权要求听证？ A.税务局扣押不缴纳税款的某企业价值200万元的商品 B.交通局吊销某运输公司的道路运输经营许可证 C.规划局发放的建设用地规划许可证，直接涉及申请人和附近居民之间的重大利益关系
公务员考试行测真题答案解析(全) 1.【答案】D。寒冷天气户外锻炼时，应搓擦暴露在外的身体部位，以促进血液循环 2.【答案】B。《铡美案》—京剧—北京 中公解析：昆曲主要流传地是苏州昆山（属太仓州）一带；越剧主要流传地区是浙江；《花木兰》是豫剧，主要流传在河南。故本题答案选B。 3.【答案】A。平流层温度随高度增加而升高，对流层温度随高度增加而降低 4.【答案】C。（3）建立了经典力学体系 中公解析：图（1）、（2）、（3）、（4）中的人物分别是居里夫人、爱因斯坦、牛顿、达尔文。（1）居里夫人发现了放射性元素镭；（2）爱因斯坦提出了量子力学理论；（3）牛顿建立了经典力学体系；（4）达尔文提出了生物进化论理论。故本题答案选C。 5.【答案】C。用泡沫灭火器扑灭钠、镁等活泼金属火灾 6.【答案】C。上世纪50年代，在党政机关工作人员中开展“三反”运动：反贪污、反浪费、反盗骗国家财产 7.【答案】D。根据金属的耐腐蚀性，金属分重金属和轻金属 8.【答案】A。《史记》：李斯主张郡县制 中公解析：“孔融讨伐黄巾军”记载于《三国演义》，B项错误；“梁武帝舍身佛寺”记载于《梁书映帝纪》，C项错误；“王羲之泛舟东海”记载于《墨池记》，D项错误。故本题答案选A。 9.【答案】B。汽车引擎功率——马力 10.【答案】C。印刷在纸制品上的二维码是无效的 11.【答案】A。梅子金黄杏子肥，麦花雪白菜花稀 12.【答案】D。洞中方一日，世上已千年——运动的相对性
中公解析：“洞中方一日，世上已千年”包含的物理学知识是相对论中关于时空和引力的基本原理。根据爱因斯坦的相对论，在接近光速的宇宙飞船中航行，时间的流逝会比地球上慢得多，在这个“洞中”生活几天，则地球上已渡过了几年，几十年，甚至上千年。故本题答案选D。 13.【答案】A。清代——粉彩 14.【答案】B。某出租车公司通过兼并重组使其拥有的出租车数量达到原来的3倍 中公解析：A、C、D三项属于风险管理手段中的预防手段，损失预防是指在风险事故发生前，为了消除或减少可能引起损失的各种因素而采取的处理风险的具体措施，其目的在于通过消除或减少风险因素而降低损失发生的频率。B项不属于。故本题答案选B。 15.【答案】B。志深而笔长，梗概而多气——《左传》 16.【答案】B。天一阁 中公解析：天一阁是中国现存最早的私家藏书楼，也是亚洲现有最古老的图书馆和世界最早的三大家族图书馆之一。故本题答案选B。 17.【答案】C。冉阿让——视财如命的吝啬鬼 18.【答案】B。专心投水浒，回首望天朝——《单刀会》 中公解析：唱词“专心投水浒，回首望天朝”出自传奇剧本——《宝剑记》。故本题答案选B。 19.【答案】A。甲认为行政机关没有依法发给其抚恤金，起诉至法院 20.【答案】D。明清律中的“秋审”制度，反映了“人间司法应符合宇宙秩序”的观念 21.【答案】B。望尘莫及 中公解析：通读文段，文段的意思是说北宋工笔院体画水平很高，此前的工
2016年国家司法考试真题卷四答案及解析 一、（本题20分） 材料一：平等是社会主义法律的基本属性。任何组织和个人都必须尊重宪法法律权威，都必须在宪法法律范围内活动，都必须依照宪法法律行使权力或权利、履行职责或义务，都不得有超越宪法法律的特权。必须维护国家法制统一、尊严、权威，切实保证宪法法律有效实施，绝不允许任何人以任何借口任何形式以言代法、以权压法、徇私枉法。必须以规范和约束公权力为重点，加大监督力度，做到有权必有责、用权受监督、违法必追究，坚决纠正有法不依、执法不严、违法不究行为。（摘自《中共中央关于全面推进依法治国若干重大问题的决定》）材料二：全面推进依法治国，必须坚持公正司法。公正司法是维护社会公平正义的最后一道防线。所谓公正司法，就是受到侵害的权利一定会得到保护和救济，违法犯罪活动一定要受到制裁和惩罚。如果人民群众通过司法程序不能保证自己的合法权利，那司法就没有公信力，人民群众也不会相信司法。法律本来应该具有定分止争的功能，司法审判本来应该具有终局性的作用，如果司法不公、人心不服，这些功能就难以实现。 问题： 根据以上材料，结合依宪治国、依宪执政的总体要求，谈谈法律面前人人平等的原则对于推进严格司法的意义。 答题要求： 1．无观点或论述、照搬材料原文的不得分； 2．观点正确，表述完整、准确； 3．总字数不得少于400字。 【参考答案（要点）】 （一）坚持依法治国首先要坚持依宪治国，坚持依法执政首先要坚持依宪执政。宪法是国家的根本大法，是党和人民意志的集中体现，全国各族人民、一切国家机关和武装力量、各政党和各社会团体、各企业事业组织，都必须以宪法为根本活动准则。依宪治国、依宪执政必须贯彻法律面前人人平等的原则：一方面，宪法法律对所有公民和组织的合法权利予以平等保护，对受侵害的权利予以平等
2018年司法考试复习真题 一、单项选择题。每题所设选项中只有一个正确答案，多选、错选或不选均不 得分。本部分含1—50题，每题1分，共50分。 1．甲公司在城市公园旁开发预售期房，乙、丙等近百人一次性支付了购房款， 总额近8000万元。但甲公司迟迟未开工，按期交房无望。乙、丙等购房人多次集体 去甲公司交涉无果，险些引发群体性事件。面对疯涨房价，乙、丙等购房人为另行 购房，无奈与甲公司签订《退款协议书》，承诺放弃数额巨大利息、违约金的支付 要求，领回原购房款。经咨询，乙、丙等购房人起诉甲公司。下列哪一说法准确体 现了公平正义的有关要求？ A．《退款协议书》虽是当事人真实意思表示，但为兼顾情理，法院应当依据购 房人的要求变更该协议，由甲公司支付利息和违约金 B．《退款协议书》是甲公司胁迫乙、丙等人订立的，为确保合法合理，法院应 当依据购房人的要求宣告该协议无效，由甲公司支付利息和违约金 C．《退款协议书》的订立显失公平，为保护购房人的利益，法院应当依据购房 人的要求撤销该协议，由甲公司支付利息和违约金 D．《退款协议书》损害社会公共利益，为确保利益均衡，法院应当依据购房人 的要求撤销该协议，由甲公司支付利息和违约金 2．乙因病需要换肾，其兄甲的肾脏刚好配型成功，甲乙父母和甲均同意由甲捐肾。|学/法/网|因甲是精神病人，医院拒绝办理。后甲意外死亡，甲乙父母决定将 甲的肾脏捐献给乙。下列哪一表述是正确的？ A．甲决定将其肾脏捐献给乙的行为有效 B．甲生前，其父母决定将甲的肾脏捐献给乙的行为有效 C．甲死后，其父母决定将甲的肾脏捐献给乙的行为有效 D．甲死后，其父母决定将甲的肾脏捐献给乙的行为无效 3．王某是甲公司的法定代表人，以甲公司名义向乙公司发出书面要约，愿以10万元价格出售甲公司的一块清代翡翠。王某在函件发出后2小时意外死亡，乙公司回函表示愿意以该价格购买。甲公司新任法定代表人以王某死亡，且未经董事会同意 为由拒绝。关于该要约，下列哪一表述是正确的？
云南省公务员考试历年真题及解析 2015年云南公务员考试公告、报名注意事项、职位表等最新资讯及免费备考资料请点击： 《申论》试卷 满分100分时限150分钟 一、注意事项 1.本卷科目代码为“2”，请在答题卡相应位置准确填涂。 2.本题本由给定资料与作答要求两部分构成。考试时限为150分钟。其中，阅读给定资料参考时限为40分钟，作答参考时限为110分钟。 3.请在题本、答题卡指定位置上用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔填写自己的姓名和准考证号，并用2B铅笔在准考证号对应的数字上填涂。 4.请用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔在答题卡上指定的区域内作答，超出答题区域的作答无效! 5.待监考人员宣布考试开始后，你才可以开始答题。 6.所有题目一律使用现代汉语作答，未按要求作答的，不得分。 7.监考人员宣布考试结束时，考生应立即停止作答，将题本、答题卡和草稿纸都翻过来留在桌上，待监考人员确认数量无误、允许离开后，方可离开。 严禁折叠答题卡! 二、给定资料 1.大批赴美志愿者汉语教师在美国校园和社区内担当着文化使者的角色，来自四川的高中教师小琼就是其中之一。为期一年的赴美教学经历给她、她的美国学生乃至美国“街坊邻居”都留下珍贵记忆。
小琼在俄克拉荷马州一座小城执教，借住在一对老夫妇家中。小城只有一家沃尔玛超市。用男主人加里的话说，“全镇人几乎互相都认识”。这个四川姑娘每次出门都会被当地人认出来，很多人都会友善地同她打招呼。 文化交流归根结底是人的交流、感情的交融。小琼说，自己在2008年汶川大地震中不幸失去双亲，很长时间难以从悲伤中走出来，但这对美国老夫妇的悉心照顾、小镇居民的热情让她真切感受到人间真情。 和其他汉语教师一样，小琼也配备了介绍中国文化的“资源包”，内容从神话故事、历史名人到古典名着不一而足。不过，在和孩子们的接触中，她本身就是当地人了解中国的一个“资源包”。“你们也有手机么?”“家中有电视吗?”一个个问题背后是美国孩子对中国的不了解。当然，在打开“资源包”的同时也不可避免引发价值观碰撞。“美国老师不加班、中国老师爱加班”“中国人爱储蓄”，甚至小琼想起万里之外家人时充盈的泪水，都让孩子们乃至大人们真切地感知着“中国人”的家庭观念，碰撞后带来的是了解和欣赏。 “我们觉得她是最好的‘中国制造’。”加里对记者幽默道，“如果你们国家要派出中国文化大使，选我们的琼准没错。” 当记者在世界各地问起：“提起中国文化，您会想到什么?”在赤道边春城内罗毕，中非关系专业在读研究生瑟库拉这样告诉记者：“孔子，我会想到他。我上过不少有关中国外交、非中关系的课，每次遇到理解不了的思想时，我们就开玩笑说‘这是孔子的思想’，每次辩论课上找论据时，我们最后总会找到‘孔子曰……’。西方也有很多先贤，但中国先贤似乎我只了解孔子。” 在内罗毕CBD地区一家大排档餐厅，28岁的顾客贝利对记者说：“我通过在内罗毕工作的中国人了解中国文化。我觉得要想让肯尼亚人了解中国文化，最重要的是生活在本地的中国人的
1、高某利用职务便利多次收受贿赂，还雇凶将举报他的下属王某打成重伤。关于本案庭前会议，下列哪些选项是正确的? A.高某可就案件管辖提出异议 B.王某提起附带民事诉讼的，可调解 C.高某提出其口供系刑讯所得，法官可在审查讯问时同步录像的基础上决定是否排除口供 D.庭前会议上出示过的证据，庭审时举证、质证可简化 2、下列哪一行为应以危险驾驶罪论处? A.醉酒驾驶机动车，误将红灯看成绿灯，撞死2名行人 B.吸毒后驾驶机动车，未造成人员伤亡，但危及交通安全 C.在驾驶汽车前吃了大量荔枝，被交警以呼气式酒精检测仪测试到酒精含量达到醉酒程度 D.将汽车误停在大型商场地下固定卸货车位，后在醉酒时将汽车从地下三层开到地下一层的停车位 3、关于证人证言与鉴定意见，下列哪一选项是正确的? A.证人证言只能由自然人提供，鉴定意见可由单位出具 B.生理上、精神上有缺陷的人有时可以提供证人证言，但不能出具鉴定意见 C.如控辩双方对证人证言和鉴定意见有异议的，相应证人和鉴定人均应出庭 D.证人应出庭而不出庭的，其庭前证言仍可能作为证据;鉴定人应出庭而不出庭的，鉴定意见不得作为定案根据 4、关于单位犯罪，下列哪些选项是正确的? A.就同一犯罪而言，单位犯罪与自然人犯罪的既遂标准完全相同 B.《刑法》第一百七十条未将单位规定为伪造货币罪的主体，故单位伪造货币的，相关自然人不构成犯罪 C.经理赵某为维护公司利益，召集单位员工殴打法院执行工作人员，拒不执行生效判决的，成立单位犯罪 D.公司被吊销营业执照后，发现其曾销售伪劣产品20万元。对此，应追究相关自然人销售伪劣产品罪的刑事责任
5、甲因琐事与乙发生口角进而厮打，推搡之间，不慎致乙死亡。检察院以甲涉嫌过失致人死亡提起公诉，乙母丙向法院提起附带民事诉讼。关于本案处理，下列哪些选项是正确的? A.法院可对附带民事部分进行调解 B.如甲与丙经法院调解达成协议，调解协议中约定的赔偿损失内容可分期履行 C.如甲提出申请，法院可组织甲与丙协商以达成和解 D.如甲与丙达成刑事和解，其约定的赔偿损失内容可分期履行 6、关于结果加重犯，下列哪一选项是正确的? A.故意杀人包含了故意伤害，故意杀人罪实际上是故意伤害罪的结果加重犯 B.****罪、强制猥亵妇女罪的犯罪客体相同，****、强制猥亵行为致妇女重伤的，均成立结果加重犯 C.甲将乙拘禁在宾馆20楼，声称只要乙还债就放人。乙无力还债，深夜跳楼身亡。甲的行为不成立非法拘禁罪的结果加重犯 D.甲以胁迫手段抢劫乙时，发现仇人丙路过，于是立即杀害丙。甲在抢劫过程中杀害他人，因抢劫致人死亡包括故意致人死亡，故甲成立抢劫致人死亡的结果加重犯 7、高某利用职务便利多次收受贿赂，还雇凶将举报他的下属王某打成重伤。关于本案庭前会议，下列哪些选项是正确的? A.高某可就案件管辖提出异议 B.王某提起附带民事诉讼的，可调解 C.高某提出其口供系刑讯所得，法官可在审查讯问时同步录像的基础上决定是否排除口供 D.庭前会议上出示过的证据，庭审时举证、质证可简化 8、关于李某脱逃后的诉讼程序，下列选项正确的是： A.李某脱逃后，法院可中止审理 B.在通缉李某一年不到案后，甲市检察院可向甲市中级法院提出没收李某违法所得的申请 C.李某的近亲属只能在6个月的公告期内申请参加诉讼 D.在审理没收违法所得的案件过程中，李某被抓捕归案的，法院应裁定终止审理 9、3万元
2016年国家司法考试真题卷二答案及解析 一、单项选择题。每题所设选项中只有一个正确答案，多选、错选或不选均不得分。本部分含1—50题，每题1分，共50分。 1.关于不作为犯罪，下列哪一选项是正确的？ A.“法无明文规定不为罪”的原则当然适用于不作为犯罪，不真正不作为犯的作为义务必须源于法律的明文规定 B.在特殊情况下，不真正不作为犯的成立不需要行为人具有作为可能性 C.不真正不作为犯属于行为犯，危害结果并非不真正不作为犯的构成要件要素 D.危害公共安全罪、侵犯公民人身权利罪、侵犯财产罪中均存在不作为犯. 【答案】D。 【考点】危害行为 2.关于因果关系的认定，下列哪一选项是正确的？ A.甲重伤王某致其昏迷。乞丐目睹一切，在甲离开后取走王某财物。甲的行为与王某的财产损失有因果关系 B.乙纠集他人持凶器砍杀李某，将李某逼至江边，李某无奈跳江被淹死。乙的行为与李某的死亡无因果关系 C.丙酒后开车被查。交警指挥丙停车不当，致石某的车撞上丙车，石某身亡。丙的行为与石某死亡无因果关系 D.丁敲诈勒索陈某。陈某给丁汇款时，误将3万元汇到另一诈骗犯账户中。丁的行为与陈某的财产损失无因果关系 【答案】C。 【考点】刑法上的因果关系 3.关于刑事责任能力，下列哪一选项是正确的？ A.甲第一次吸毒产生幻觉，误以为伍某在追杀自己，用木棒将伍某打成重伤。甲的行为成立过失致人重伤罪
B.乙以杀人故意刀砍陆某时突发精神病，继续猛砍致陆某死亡。不管采取何种学说，乙都成立故意杀人罪未遂 C.丙因实施爆炸被抓，相关证据足以证明丙已满15周岁，但无法查明具体出生日期。不能追究丙的刑事责任 D.丁在14周岁生日当晚故意砍杀张某，后心生悔意将其送往医院抢救，张某仍于次日死亡。应追究丁的刑事责任 【答案】A。 【考点】犯罪主体概述自然人犯罪主体 4.农民甲醉酒在道路上驾驶拖拉机，其认为拖拉机不属于《刑法》第133条之一规定的机动车。关于本案的分析，下列哪一选项是正确的？ A.甲未能正确评价自身的行为，存在事实认识错误 B.甲欠缺违法性认识的可能性，其行为不构成犯罪 C.甲对危险驾驶事实有认识，具有危险驾驶的故意 D.甲受认识水平所限，不能要求其对自身行为负责 【答案】C。 【考点】犯罪主观要件 5.吴某被甲、乙合法追捕。吴某的枪中只有一发子弹，认识到开枪既可能打死甲也可能打死乙。设定吴某对甲、乙均有杀人故意，下列哪一分析是正确的？ A.如吴某一枪没有打中甲和乙，子弹从甲与乙的中间穿过，则对甲、乙均成立故意杀人罪未遂 B.如吴某一枪打中了甲，致甲死亡，则对甲成立故意杀人罪既遂，对乙成立故意杀人罪未遂，实行数罪并罚 C.如吴某一枪同时打中甲和乙，致甲死亡、乙重伤，则对甲成立故意杀人罪既遂，对乙仅成立故意伤害罪 D.如吴某一枪同时打中甲和乙，致甲、乙死亡，则对甲、乙均成立故意杀人罪既遂，实行数罪并罚 【答案】A。 【考点】犯罪主观要件
1、给定资料3-6缉拿了我国传统节日被“淡化”和“异化”的诸多现象，请指出具体表现。（25分）要求：内容全面，观点明确，逻辑清晰，语言准确，不超过300字。 解析：单一式概括题 要求中出现逻辑清晰，需要对淡化和异化进行分类概括。 淡化主要是在材料三、四中，异化主要在材料五、六。 淡化：不少人特别是年轻人不知道节日文化的内涵，节日生活空荡荡，无事可做。对传统民俗遗忘，节日氛围缺失，节日以吃为主要基调，节日主要文化活动是看电视。 异化：传统节日变成了社交资源的主要契机，节日食品，节日传统式微，对文化符号和功能意义曲解或淡忘，对传统节日事象妄谈。 2、根据给定资料判断并分析下列观点的正误，并简要说明理由。（20分） 解析：综合分析题。此题只需要对两个观点判断对错，并进行分析即可。 第一个观点是错误的。原因：传统是被不断发明、生产和再生产出来的，现有的传统并非一成不变的。今天出现的文化现象，实际上也正在为促成向后延续的传统增加新的因素。在工业化和城市化面前，传统文化的不断创新，会使文化得到进一步传承、发展、弘扬。 第二个观点是正确的。在当前的文化语境下，不少人特别是年轻人不知道节日文化的内涵，节日生活空荡荡，无事可做，即使“申遗”成功，也不会引起人们对于传统节日文化的重 视。 3、某公益组织与策划一次名为“月满中秋”的公益活动，向全社会发出重视传统节日的文 化倡导。请你写出该倡议书的主要内容。（20分） 要求：目标清楚，内容具体，倡议具有可操作性，300字左右。 解析：此题题目要求中明确提出倡议具有可操作性，因此在作答中侧重倡议书内容，以对策为主。 倡议：1、保护传统文化。要珍爱中华民族的优良传统，在全球文化交融中更加自觉地运 用多种形式保护传统文化，传承传统文化。2、过好传统节日。配合国务院把传统节日纳入法定节日的举措，过好各具特色的民族节日，积极开展节庆文体娱乐活动。3、弘扬传统美德。以过好节日为载体，大力弘扬庄敬自强、孝老爱亲、家庭和睦、重诺守信等传统美德，弘扬爱国守法、明礼诚信、团结友善、勤俭自强、敬业奉献的公民基本道德规范。4、锻造民族精神。在新的形势下自觉发扬爱国主义精神、包容和谐的精神、扶助友爱的精神、刻苦耐劳的精神、革故鼎新的精神，增强民族自信心、自豪感。5、发展文化产业。依托传统节日资源，发展节庆用品生产、文化艺术展演、旅游观光等产业，促进传统文化现代化，推动优秀传统文化走出国门，走向世界。 4、南宋思想家朱熹曾说：自敬，则敬之；自慢，则人慢之。请你从给定的资料处罚，结 合实际，以“增强民族自信重建节日文化”为标题，写一篇文章谈谈自己的体会与思考。（35分）要求：主题正确，内容丰富，论证深入，语言流畅900-1100字。 解析：为命题式作文，标题为“增强民族自信重建节日文化”。因为题目内容偏正面，因 此适宜写政论文。题目中虽然谈的是重建节日文化，但是主旨还是谈的对于传统文化的传承。只要在文章中谈到对节日文化重建，对传统文化传承，均可。 答：当今社会，小到个人、企业，大到国家都开意识到文化的重要。曾几何时，中华文化有如一丝耀眼的曙光，照亮了人类文明的蛮荒大地，从此便一直站在人类文明发展的最前沿，引领着人类文化的进步和繁荣，形成了自信积极的文化自信心。然而自鸦片战争以降，在西方军事、科技、经济和文化猛烈冲击之下，中华文化逐渐丧失了自信心，不断地徘徊在盲目自大和妄自菲薄的怪圈里。 重建文化自信，不能靠吃老本，而必须依靠创新。我国有着五千年光辉灿烂的历史，也有着可与日月争辉、能同天地齐寿的文化成果，但不可否认的是，文化是不断发展、变化与革新
2010年司法考试真题（卷二）答案及详解 一、单项选择题。每题所设选项中只有一个正确答案，多选、错选或不选均不得分。本部分含1—50题，每题1分，共50分。 1．“罪刑法定原则的要求是：（1）禁止溯及既往（_____的罪刑法定）；（2）排斥习惯法（_____的罪刑法定）；（3）禁止类推解释（______的罪刑法定）；（4）刑罚法规的适当（______的罪刑法定）。”下列哪一选项与题干空格内容相匹配？ A．事前——成文——确定——严格 B．事前——确定——成文——严格 C．事前——严格——成文——确定 D．事前——成文——严格——确定 【考点】刑法的基本原则 【司法部答案】D 【答案】D 【解析】罪刑法定原则的具体要求为：（1）溯及既往的禁止，即事前的罪刑法定。犯罪及其刑罚必须在行为前预先规定，刑法不得在对其公布、施行前的行为进行追溯适用。（2）排斥习惯法，即成文的罪刑法定。犯罪与刑罚必须由立法者通过特定程序以文字的形式记载下来，刑事司法应以成文法为准，而不能适用习惯法。（3）合理解释刑法，禁止类推，即严格的罪刑法定。类推解释是对事先在法律上没有规定要予以处罚的行为进行处罚，属于司法恣意对国民的行为进行压制，这是不允许的。（4）刑罚法规的适当，即确定的罪刑法定。同时，刑罚法规的适当还包括刑法的明确性、禁止处罚不当处罚的行为、禁止不确定刑三方面内容。因此题干的空格中应分别填入：事前、成文、严格、确定，D选项正确，ABC选项错误。本题应选D。 2．看守所值班武警甲擅离职守，在押的犯罪嫌疑人乙趁机逃走，但刚跑到监狱外的树林即被抓回。关于本案，下列哪一选项是正确的？ A．甲主观上是过失，乙是故意 B．甲、乙是事前无通谋的共犯 C．甲构成私放在押人员罪 D．乙不构成脱逃罪 【考点】故意与过失的认定、共犯的认定 【司法部答案】A 【答案】A 【解析】根据《刑法》第400条规定，司法工作人员私放在押的犯罪嫌疑人、被告人或者罪犯的，构成私放在押人员罪。但注意：本罪的主观方面为故意，过失不构成此罪。司法工作人员由于严重不负责任，致使在押的犯罪嫌疑人、被告人或者罪犯脱逃，造成严重后果的，构成失职致使在押人员脱逃罪，此罪的主观方面为过失。本题中，看守所值班武警甲擅离职守，致使在押的犯罪嫌疑人乙趁机逃走，但刚跑到监狱外的树林即被抓回，甲存在过失，但并未造成严重后果，因此甲不构成失职致使在押人员脱逃罪，也不构成私放在押人员罪。因此C选项错误。 在押的犯罪嫌疑人乙出于脱逃的故意，实施脱逃的行为，虽然刚跑到监狱外的树林即被抓回，但其行为已经构成脱逃罪。且该罪为行为犯，只要实施脱逃的行为即成立既遂，D选项错误。因此甲主观上为过失，乙是故意，A选项正确，
历年公务员考试试题及答案解析 20天行测83分申论81分（经验）? ? ? ? ? ??（适合：国家公务员，各省公务员，村官，事业单位，政法干警，警察，军转干，路转税，选调生，党政公选，法检等考 试） ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ??———知识改变命运，励志照亮人生 ???? 我是2010年10月15号报的国家公务员考试，报名之后，买了教材开始学习，在一位大学同学的指导下，大约20天时间，行测考了83.2分，申论81分，进入面试，笔试第二，面试第一，总分第二，成功录取。在这里我没有炫耀的意思，因为比我考的分数高的人还很多，远的不说，就我这单位上一起进来的，85分以上的，90分以上的都有。只是给大家一些信心，分享一下我的经验，我只是普通大学毕业，智商和大家都一样，关键是找对方法，事半功倍。 ????指导我的大学同学是2009年考上的，他的行测、申论、面试都过了80分，学习时间仅用了20多天而已。我也是因为看到他的成功，
才决定要考公务员的。“人脉就是实力”，这句话在我这位同学和我身上又一次得到验证，他父亲的一位朋友参加过国家公务员考试命题组，这位命题组的老师告诉他一些非常重要的建议和详细的指导，在这些建议的指导下，我同学和我仅仅准备了20天左右的时间，行测申论就都达到了80分以上。这些命题组的老师是最了解公务员考试机密的人，只是因为他们的特殊身份，都不方便出来写书或是做培训班。下面我会把这些建议分享给你，希望能够对你有所帮助。? ???? 在新员工见面会上，我又认识了23位和我同时考进来的其他职位的同事，他们的行测申论几乎都在80分以上，或是接近80分，我和他们做了详细的考试经验交流，得出了一些通用的备考方案和方法，因为只有通用的方法，才能适合于每一个人。? ???? 2010年国考成功录取后，为了进一步完善这套公务员考试方案，我又通过那位命题组的老师联系上了其他的5位参加过命题的老师和4位申论阅卷老师，进一点了解更加详细的出题机密和阅卷规则。因为申论是人工阅卷，这4位申论阅卷老师最了解申论阅卷的打分规则，他们把申论快速提高到75到80分的建议写在纸上，可能也就50页纸而已，但是，他们的建议比任何培训机构和书籍效果都好（我是说申论）。这一点我是深有体会并非常认同的。?
1、关于证人证言与鉴定意见，下列哪一选项是正确的? A.证人证言只能由自然人提供，鉴定意见可由单位出具 B.生理上、精神上有缺陷的人有时可以提供证人证言，但不能出具鉴定意见 C.如控辩双方对证人证言和鉴定意见有异议的，相应证人和鉴定人均应出庭 D.证人应出庭而不出庭的，其庭前证言仍可能作为证据;鉴定人应出庭而不出庭的，鉴定意见不得作为定案根据 2、关于缓刑的适用，下列哪些选项是正确的? A.甲犯重婚罪和虐待罪，数罪并罚后也可能适用缓刑 B.乙犯遗弃罪被判处管制1年，即使犯罪情节轻微，也不能宣告缓刑 C.丙犯绑架罪但有立功情节，即使该罪的法定最低刑为5年有期徒刑，也可能适用缓刑 D.丁17岁时因犯放火罪被判处有期徒刑5年，23岁时又犯伪证罪，仍有可能适用缓刑 3、关于缓刑的适用，下列哪些选项是正确的? A.甲犯重婚罪和虐待罪，数罪并罚后也可能适用缓刑 B.乙犯遗弃罪被判处管制1年，即使犯罪情节轻微，也不能宣告缓刑 C.丙犯绑架罪但有立功情节，即使该罪的法定最低刑为5年有期徒刑，也可能适用缓刑 D.丁17岁时因犯放火罪被判处有期徒刑5年，23岁时又犯伪证罪，仍有可能适用缓刑 4、根据《刑法》规定，国家工作人员利用本人职权或者(1)形成的便利条件，通过其他(2)职务上的行为，为请托人谋取(3)，索取请托人财物或者收受请托人财物的，以(4)论处。这在刑法理论上称为(5)。将下列哪一选项内容填充到以上相应位置是正确的? A.(1)地位(2)国家机关工作人员(3)利益(4)利用影响力受贿罪(5)间接受贿 B.(1)职务(2)国家工作人员(3)利益(4)受贿罪(5)斡旋受贿 C.(1)职务(2)国家机关工作人员(3)不正当利益(4)利用影响力受贿罪(5)间接受贿 D.(1)地位(2)国家工作人员(3)不正当利益(4)受贿罪(5)斡旋受贿 5、李某不服区公安分局对其作出的行政拘留5日的处罚，向市公安局申请行政复议，市公安局作出维持决定。李某不服，提起行政诉讼。下列哪些选项是正确的? A.李某可向区政府申请行政复议
2018亳州公务员考试试题答案及解析(文字版) 2018亳州公务员考试报名工作已结束，2018安徽公务员笔试时间为4月21日-22日，届时安徽华图将根据考生回忆组织教研室整理提供2018亳州公务员考试试题答案及解析(文字版)。希望能对广大考生有所帮助！ 广大考生需要注意：省直考点设在合肥市。各地考点设在设区的市政府所在地。报考广德、宿松县职位的考生，分别在宣城、安庆市考点考试。具体考点、考场详见本人《准考证》。《行政职业能力测试》和《专业知识》客观题部分一律用2B铅笔在答题卡上填涂作答;《申论》和《专业知识》主观题部分一律用黑色字迹的钢笔、签字笔在答题卡上指定的位置作答。军事知识科目根据试卷答题要求作答。 2018亳州公务员考试笔试备考：https://www.doczj.com/doc/6d7892903.html,/zt/ahgk/ 2018亳州公务员考试历年试题：https://www.doczj.com/doc/6d7892903.html,/zt/zhti/ 【☆2018亳州公务员考试试题答案及解析(文字版)☆】 2018亳州公务员考试笔试时间为4月21日-22日，届时安徽华图将根据考生回忆组织教研室整理提供试题解析，请考生保持关注！现提供2017年安徽公务员考试行测试题解析及备考技巧，仅供参考： 声明: 1、试题来源于网络，可能存在偏差，华图教育不对此试题的准确性、合法性以及内容的真实性负责; 2、本试题解析中答案及解析为华图教育独家解析，其他任何机构及个人未经华图教育同意不得转载; 3、若有权利人对试题及解析主张权利，请及时联系我司，我司将依法采取措施保障权利人合法权益。
4.良好生态环境，最公平的公共产品，是最( )的民生福祉。当前，我国资源约束( 环境污染严重，生态系统退化的问题十分严峻，人民群众对清新空气，干净饮水、安全、食品优美环境的要求越来越强烈。 A.普遍不力 B.重要紧张 C.普惠超紧 D.关键不够[答案]( 解析] 逻辑填空实词辨析。第一空，在语境中指的是“良好生态环境、最公平的公共产品”，这些对民众来说都是造福生活的最普遍需要的实惠，且第一空形容的是民生福祉，因此用“普惠”最合适。 5.礼仪服饰庄重而_ 自生一种威仪。事实上，这种威仪感，来自礼服各个不同部件背后的渊源和寓意。另- 方面，如果将礼服层层剥开来看，就是一部_ 的政治史。A.美丽宏伟B.艳丽壮阔C.华美恢弘D.秀美磅礴[答案]c. 解析]逻辑填空，近义词辨析。考察予以侧重，根据解释性语句“自生一种威仪”可知填入第一空的词要有生出威仪的意思，只能对应“华美”，华美有华丽美好之意，华丽与威仪有所对应，秀美只是秀丽美好。不能体现威仪，美丽与艳丽都只有美的意思，并不能体现威仪，因此只能选C。第二空“恢弘”形容政治史，搭配得当，故选C
2004年国家司法考试试题解析——试卷三 一、单项选择题，每题所给选项中只有一个正确答案。本部分1—50题，每题1分，共50分。 1.下列关于民事权利的表述哪一个是错误的？ A.抵销权是一种形成权 B.知识产权是一种支配权 C.债权请求权不具有排他性 D.支配权不存在对应义务 【答案及解析】：D支配权是对权利客体进行直接的排他性支配并享受其利益的权利。人身权、物权、知识产权中财产权等属于支配权。请求权是特定人得请求特定他人为一定行为或不为一定行为的权利。债权是典型的请求权。形成权是依权利人单方意思表示就能使权利发生、变更或者消灭的权利。撤销权、解除权、追认权、抵销权等都属形成权。 2.甲、乙、丙各出资5万元合伙开办一家餐馆，经营期间，丙提出退伙，甲、乙同意，三方约定丙放弃一切合伙权利，也不承担合伙债务。下列选项哪一个是正确的？ A.丙退伙后对原合伙的债务不承担责任 B.丙退伙后对原合伙的债务仍应承担连带清偿责任 C.丙退伙后对原合伙的债务承担补充责任 D.丙退伙后仍应以其出资额为限对原合伙债务承担清偿责任 【答案及解析】：B民通意见第53条规定：合伙经营期间发生亏损，合伙人退出合伙时未按约定分担或者未合理分担合伙债务的，退伙人对原合伙的债务，应当承担清偿责任；退伙人已分担合伙债务的，对其参加合伙期间的全部债务仍负连带责任。 3.甲公司经常派业务员乙与丙公司订立合同。乙调离后，又持盖有甲公司公章的合同书与尚不知其已调离的丙公司订立一份合同，并按照通常做法提走货款，后逃匿。对此甲公司并不知情。丙公司要求甲公司履行合同，甲公司认为该合同与己无关，予以拒绝。下列选项哪一个是正确的？ A.甲公司不承担责任 B.甲公司应与丙公司分担损失 C.甲公司应负主要责任 D.甲公司应当承担签约后果 【答案及解析】：D表见代理是指虽无代理权但表面上有足以使人信为有代理权的代理。表见代理发生有权代理之效果，即有本人而非行为人负代理行为的效果。 4.甲于1972年将房屋出典给乙，典价5000元，典期20年。1992年典期届满，甲以5000元向乙回赎，乙主张甲必须以该房现价3万元回赎。依照有关法律规定，甲应按照哪一价款回赎典物？ 元 万元 【答案及解析】：A回赎是出典人向典权人提出以支付原典价消灭典权的单方行为。回赎是出典人的权利，它只需要出典人一方的意思表示并支付原典价即可，不必取得典权人的同意即产生效力。
司法考试真题及答案解析【试卷二】二 53.关于认识错误的判断，下列哪些选项是错误的？（）（2011年卷二多选第53题) A.甲为使被害人溺死而将被害人推入井中，但井中没有水，被害人被摔死。这是方法错误，甲行为成立故意杀人既遂 B.乙准备使被害人吃安眠药熟睡后将其勒死，但未待实施勒杀行为，被害人因吃了乙投放的安眠药死亡。这是构成要件提前实现，乙行为成立故意杀人既遂 C.丙打算将含有毒药的巧克力寄给王某，但因写错地址而寄给了汪某，汪某吃后死亡。这既不是对象错误，也不是方法错误，丙的行为成立过失致人死亡罪 D.丁误将生父当作仇人杀害。具体符合说与法定符合说都认为丁的行为成立故意杀人既遂 【答案】AC 【考点】认识错误 【解析】选项A说法错误。因果关系错误，是指侵害的对象没有错误，但造成侵害的因果关系的发生过程与行为人所预想的发展过程不一致，以及侵害结果推后或者提前发生。选项A中，甲为了杀死被害人而将被害人推入水中，结果井中无水，被害人被摔死。这属于因果关系错误，而不是方法错误。 选项B说法正确。构成要件的提前实现，是指实际上提前实现了行为人所预想的结果。选项B中的情况就属于犯罪构成的提前实现。 选项C说法错误。丙的行为属于具体的事实错误中的对象错误，即行为人把甲对象当作乙对象加以侵害，而甲对象和乙对象体现相同的法益，行为人的认识内容与客观事实仍属同一犯罪构成的情况。对于对象认识错误而言，无论采用具体符合说还是法定符合说，结果都是一样的。因此，丙的行为应成立故意杀人的既遂。
选项D说法正确。丁的行为属于具体的事实错误中的对象错误，对于对象认识错误而言，无论采用具体符合说还是法定符合说，结果都是一样的。因此，丁的行为成立故意杀人既遂。 54.下列哪些选项不构成犯罪中止？（）（2011年卷二多选第54题) A.甲收买1名儿童打算日后卖出。次日，看到拐卖儿童犯罪分子被判处死刑的新闻，偷偷将儿童送回家 B.乙使用暴力绑架被害人后，被害人反复向乙求情，乙释放了被害人 C.丙加入某恐怖组织并参与了一次恐怖活动，后经家人规劝退出该组织 D.丁为国家工作人员，挪用公款3万元用于孩子学费，4个月后主动归还 【答案】ABCD 【考点】犯罪中止 【解析】《刑法》第二十四条第一款规定，在犯罪过程中，自动放弃犯罪或者自动有效地防止犯罪结果发生的，是犯罪中止。 选项A不成立犯罪中止。根据《刑法》第二百四十条第二款的规定，拐卖妇女、儿童的，只要行为人以出卖为目的，实施了拐骗、绑架、收买、贩卖、接送、中转妇女、儿童的行为之一的，就成立拐卖妇女、儿童罪的既遂。据此可知，甲以出卖为目的购买儿童的行为，已经成立了拐卖儿童罪的既遂，他事后将儿童送回家的行为属于犯罪后的悔改表现，可以在量刑上有所体现，但不能成立犯罪中止。 选项B不成立犯罪中止。绑架罪侵犯的客体是复杂客体，即他人的人身自由权和财产权。乙使用暴力将被害人绑架的行为，已经侵犯了被害人的人身自由权，该绑架行为已经完成，成立犯罪既遂。后经被害人反复求情将其释放的行为属于犯罪后的悔改表现，可以在量刑上有所体现，但不能成立犯罪中止。 选项C不成立犯罪中止。组织参加恐怖活动罪是指加入恐怖活动组织，使自