计算机科学与技术学院
毕业设计(论文)
英文翻译
论文题目高级程序设计语言网络教学平台——考试管理模块
指导教师余童兰职称讲师
学生姓名刘光亮学号20084440124 专业计算机科学与技术班级本08计算01班系主任吴取劲院长谭敏生
起止时间2011年11月25日至2012年6月6日
2011年12月9日
Designing E-learning Systems in Medical Education: A Case
Study
Dr. Ahmed. I. Albarrak
Family and Community Medicine
College of Medicine KSU, Riyadh, KSA
albarrak@https://www.doczj.com/doc/6618133610.html,.sa
Telephone: 00966557653684
Abstract：The continuous and fast advances in information technology have led to a significant change in the learning environment, and the creation of a new learning model where traditional learning is mixed with information technology tools to provide learners with an environment that enable them to freely choose their learning material wherever they are, share their comments and questions with their colleagues and teachers, and assess the knowledge they gained. In medical education, there are several challenges facing the design and implementation of such a system. These challenges include the huge and diverse amount of information that must be added in e-education systems, as well as the lack of information technology skills between students, and in some cases between instructors. King Saud University is one of the leading universities in the region which aims to implement the most advanced technologies to provide its students with all the knowledge and skills they need to succeed in their fields. King Saud University hospitals have started the process of establishing a medical e-learning system containing the most up-to-date components in this field. This paper introduces the model and the system used by King Saud University Hospitals to integrate e-learning elements into the educational activities to form a blended learning environment where the students can utilize all sources of knowledge to improve their learning process, as well as the challenges faced during the design phase and how they were confronted.
Key words: e-learning, networks, teaching platform
1.Introduction
For ages, Education has been centered on attending classes day after day, listening to a lecturer who provides the necessary information, and going through exams to assess knowledge. Education focused on the material itself rather than the "learners" and the differences between their capabilities and learning skills [1].
The continuous and rapid advancement in information technology and communications led to the evolution of the E-learning environment. E-learning systems are educational systems that utilize information technology resources such as the Internet, networking, and multimedia applications to enhance the learning process. E-learning environments focus on the "learner" instead of the material itself. They allow the learners to study at their own pace according to their capabilities, communicate with colleagues and teachers through discussion groups and video conferencing, and assess themselves through online tests. E-learning environments provide the learners with the flexibility of studying regardless of their location, and time zone [2].
E-learning systems are usually used in distant learning enabling students in different continents to obtain graduate and post graduate degrees. E-learning systems can also be used in conjunction with traditional learning (blended or integrated learning) [3] to expand the resources available for students, and help them focus on their learning objectives.
E-learning systems have greatly expanded in recent years. In 2005, about 3.2 million students had one or more online course in the United States [4]. A growing number of universities across the world are now offering many courses that require either no or very little student attendance. E-learning is expected to grow even more with the growth of the Internet and information technology infra-structure.
E-learning systems can be divided into four major components [5]; the infra-structure which is responsible for transferring the learning material, as well as providing the physical storage for this material; the learning management system (LMS) which integrates all services for managing teaching and learning activities; the learning content management system (LCMS) provides services for managing content; and the set of tools responsible for distributing content and providing interaction functions. The information content provided is organized in containers called "learning objects" which provide, in
addition to the content itself, some descriptive data about the content (meta-data) that facilitates the retrieval of this content.
Because of the great importance of e-learning in modern education, and its role in improving the students' performance [6], King Saud University Hospitals (KSUHS) started to implement a modern e-learning system containing the state-of-art e-learning components. The built system will be used to assist and support the current systems and to provide the students with the tools to manage their courses, and assess their knowledge.
KSUHS represent the college of medicine, college of dental medicine, King Khaled University Hospital (KKUH), King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH), and King Fahd Cardiology Center (KFCC). The number of students in these colleges is over two thousands, and the number of college staff is over four hundred. The infra-structure in King Saud University (KSU) consists of a 100 Mbps intranet connecting the campus colleges and KKUH together, and a 32 Mbps microwave link connecting the campus to KAUH. The main functions of these hospitals are education, medical research, and providing medical services to the public. According to the Saudi traditions, male and female students are separated in class education but not in practice. The university academic environment encourages the students to do research, and tries to provide them with the necessary tools like skill labs, and anatomy and physiology software packages.
1.Requirements of the E-learning system:
The requirements of the e-learning system can be divided into three categories, general requirements, medical e-learning requirements, and KSUHS requirements.
General requirements:
In order for any e-learning system to be successful, it must have some features including flexibility, which allows the system to adapt to the capabilities and goals of every student [7]; ease of use, which allows the learner to focus on the material itself rather than focusing on how to use the system [7]; interactivity [8], where the learners can interact with each other and with their teachers through video conferencing or discussion boards; and solid infrastructure to support the system and provide the learners with easy and fast access to the system.
Medical requirements:
The nature of medical education adds some requirements to the e-learning system [9]. Some subjects like anatomy and physiology require the students to be able to identify and understand the function of different parts of the body, other subjects like those involving practical medicine require the students to identify symptoms, and examine the patient history. It is not enough to provide the learner with text books and lectures, the learners need to have more details and clarity in order to understand medical subjects well. Therefore, medical e-learning systems must be able to provide the students with the tools to clearly identify and describe different parts of the body including videos and detailed figures; it also must interact with other medical systems to provide students with the medical history of their patients, their X-ray pictures, and their prescribed medicine. Medical e-learning systems require a higher degree of interactivity than other types of e-learning systems in the hospital to allow the students to focus on some symptom for example, and ask specific questions regarding this symptom.
KSUHS Requirements:
In addition to those requirements, KSUHS added more requirements to the desired e-learning system. The system must utilize the most advanced and most recent technologies in e-learning. This system must be scalable to be able to accommodate any increase in the students or university staff. It must be expandable, new features can be added to further improve the functionality of the system. There must be assessment tools both for the students and instructors to assess the students' knowledge. The system must have a web based interface to allow the students to access it using their Internet browsers with no regard to the position of the student. The system must provide class room automation capabilities, and is able to allow lecture broadcasting, and video conferencing.
2.Challenges:
There are several challenges facing the deployment of the e-learning system. Some of these challenges are technical, and others are related to the skills of the students and university staff skills.
Technical challenges:
The first technical challenge that faced the deployment of KSUHS e-learning system was the huge amount of information that needed to be included in the content. The content
should include the different subjects, the lecture notes, lecture videos, text books, videos of surgeries, etc...This huge content is expensive in terms of both cost and effort, and it needs several servers with storage capacities enough to keep such content.
The second challenge was the infrastructure; students needed to have access to the system from everywhere inside the campus as well as outside the campus through the Internet. Access control methods had to be considered to prevent unauthorized access, infrastructure needed to be powerful enough to allow students to access the system reliably and easily.
Skill challenges:
When studies to build the system started, it was necessary to measure the students' information technology skills to assess their readiness for the new system. In order to do this a questionnaire was introduced to the students [10] with questions involving whether they own computers, and how they use computers in general. The result of this questionnaire showed that although the students had reasonable general computer skills, they lacked the capabilities to use their skills in medical study and research. This result proved that students should receive proper training in order to utilize the system in the best way, and urged us to add courses in medical informatics to the students.
When the skills of the teaching staff were examined, it was observed that many of them also lacked the necessary skills to use this system in the best way [11].
The above challenges had some impact on the design of our e-learning system as will be discussed in the next section.
3.System Design:
The first step in designing the system was to build a model that takes into consideration the entire general, medical, and KSUHS requirements. This model should also overcome all challenges that may appear.
Figure 1 shows the model used to define the different components of the system. It also shows the system phases.
Figure.1. System Model and phases
As figure 2 shows, we decided to build the system in a three phase procedure. In the first phase, classroom automation devices like interactive boards, control stations, projectors, audio visual equipment, document cameras as well as necessary software are installed. It was decided to install these devices in fifteen locations to start with; these locations included three remote classrooms, as well as six mobile classrooms to be set up as needed. The first phase also includes the installation of video conferencing equipment like cameras, voice recognition devices, and software. The video portal is also a part of this phase and it provides a searchable content database, live video, and video-on-demand
capabilities. In this phase, data from classrooms (documents, notes, videos…) are
uploaded into the portal which can be used by the students either to participate in the lecture live or for later use when they are studying at home. The portal will have a web interface to facilitate student and staff access.
In order to support this phase, the network infrastructure is upgraded. KAUH local area network (LAN) is upgraded to support the new system capabilities, wireless networks are installed in KAUH and the faculty of medicine to allow students to access the system using wireless enabled devices like laptops, and necessary servers to carry the database and video files are installed and connected to the current network.
The second phase includes the installation of an advanced LMS system to allow the learners to customize the content according to their needs and goals. This phase will also focus on enhancing the collaborative learning by introducing discussion boards and different collaboration tools to allow the students to interact with each other and with their instructors and professors to further improve their learning and understanding as previous studies have showed [12] [13].
The third phase provides the instructors with the tools to build and publish their own content (lectures, books, notes…) and provides assessment tools for the students and the instructors. This phase will also allow the instructors to follow up the progress of their students and if they are spending enough hours reviewing the content. There is another important part of this phase as well which is providing the necessary interaction between the e-learning system and other hospital systems including the hospital information system (HIS), and surgery videos from the operating room which may be instructive to the students.
This model fulfils all the requirements for the e-learning system. It is interactive, easy to use through its web interface; it contains the necessary servers and infrastructure to carry the bandwidth and storage consuming videos and presentations; it is expandable and scalable because it follows international standards and can accommodate any new component; it interacts with different hospital systems; it provides class room automation, and lecture broadcasting; and it is an up-to-date system.
Figure 2 shows the level of interaction for the students and instructors with the system, as well as the integration of the system with the existing hospital systems. This
figure shows clearly how this e-learning system will increase the level of involvement for both students and instructors with the system, and how the integration process will enhance the learning experience for the students.
Figure.2. Interaction and Integration of the system
The three phase design has some important advantages in handling the different challenges. The first phase will provide the students with a starting point where they can use the skills they already have to benefit from the system and enhance their learning experience; it also gives them the chance to enhance their capabilities in medical informatics and computer skills making them ready for phase two where the features of collaborative learning are added to the system. This will make the students comfortable with using the system and prevent any disappointment that may prevent them from benefiting from the system.
For the instructors, this design will also give them the chance to gradually improve their information technology skills, and start benefiting from the system before they are asked to interact with the students in phase 2 and build their own content in phase 3.
The first phase will help build a huge content (lecture notes, videos…) that will be added to the system and will decrease the effort and cost of building content from scratch.
Besides the execution of these phases, there will be continuous training for both the
students and the instructors to maximize their benefit from the system and to get them ready for next phases.
4.Future additions:
There are many extensions that can be made to the system in the future. One of the important additions is sharing the content with different institutes in the kingdom, and in the world which can improve the quality of learning in KSUHS and medical institutes around the world. The expandability of the system will enable the addition of any new tool or feature that may appear and to take advantage of the latest developments in e-learning technology.
5.Conclusion
The advances in information technology and e-learning made KSUHS keen to utilize this technology to enrich the learning environment, and to provide the students with the tools to enhance their learning capabilities. It is believed in KSUHS that integrating an e-learning system with traditional classroom teaching is the best approach for the students. The model discussed in this paper is a student centered model that uses both traditional and e-learning systems to provide the students with the flexibility they need to learn at their own pace and according to their needs, and to solve problems like lack of space in operating rooms and practical classes. The model introduces a high level of interactivity further enhancing learning capabilities. The three phase design simplifies the change management process, and improves the students and instructors capabilities to use the system in the optimum way.
6.References
[1] Chen, Kinshuk, Wang; "Cyber Schooling Framework: Improving Mobility and Situated Learning"; Fifth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies; Taiwan, 2005.
[2] Anderson; "Modes of interaction in distance education: Recent developments and research questions"; Moore, M. G. & Anderson, W. G. (eds.), Handbook of Distance Education; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2003, N. J.
[3] Hayashi; Tominaga; Yamasaki; "Blended learning contents for university
education"; The 7th International conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training, 2006.
[4] The Sloan Consortium; "Growing by Degrees: Online Education in the United States, 2005"; https://www.doczj.com/doc/6618133610.html,.
[5] Colace, De Santo, Pietrosanto; "Evaluation Models for E-learning Platform: an AHP approach"; The 36th ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference; 2006; San Diego, CA.
[6] Gierde C.L., Pipas C.F., Russell M. Teaching of medical informatics in UME-21 medical schools: best practices and useful resources. Fam Med United States, Jan 2004; 36: S68-73.
[7] Seng, Hok; "Humanizing E-learning" 2003 International Conference on Cyberworlds, 2003; Singapore
[8] Giroire, Le Calvez,Tisseau; "Benefits of knowledge-based interactive learning environments: A case in combinatorics"; Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies, 2006.
[9] Mansour, A.A.H.; McGregor, J.; Franklin, M.; Poyser, J.; "Intelligent Medical Multimedia-Based Tutoring Systems: Design Issues"; IEEE Colloquium on Intelligent Decision Support Systems and Medicine; 1992.
[10] AlBarrak; "Medical informatics in undergraduate medical study"; Technology and Health Care; V olume 13, Issue 5(December 2005); Pages: 356 – 357.
[11] AlBarrak, AlGhammas; "Information Technology in Medical and Patient Education"; First International Conference & Exhibition on e-learning; April 2006.
[12] Whitis GR; "A Survey of Technology-Based distance Education: Emerging Issues and Lessons Learned"; Association of Academic Health Centers, 2001; WashingtonDC.
[13] Castle; "Open-Circuit Television in Postgraduate medical Education"; Journal of Medical Education 1963; 38:254-60.
设计医学教育方面的e-learning系统:案例研究
Ahmed.I.Albarrak博士
堪萨斯州立大学家庭和社区医药医学院，利雅得，库特萨蒙同仁公司
邮箱：albarrak@https://www.doczj.com/doc/6618133610.html,.sa
电话:00966557653684
摘要：信息技术方面不断快速的发展使得在学习环境方面产生了重大改变，新的学习模式是传统的学习模式和信息技术工具相结合。它提供给学者一个更好的环境，能使他们自由地选择学习材料，和他们的同学与老师分享他们的心得和问题，并且获取知识。在医学教育方面，在设计和实现这样一个系统上面临着几个大的问题。这些问题包括必须将海量与多样化的信息加入到电子教育系统中；同时学生们缺少信息技术的技能，甚至导师在某些方面也存在着不足。阿拉伯绍德王大学是在这个领域最成功的大学之一，它旨在于实现最先进的技术提供给它的学生使他们拥有本领域成功所必须的知识和技能。阿拉伯绍德王大学医学院已经开始了建立一个医学e-learning系统的进程，它包含了这个领域最新的组件。本文将介绍阿拉伯绍德王大学医学院所使用的模型和系统，将e-learning元素集成到教育活动中去以形成一个多元的学习环境。在那里学生们能够使用所有的知识资源以提高他们的学习进程，同时解决在设计阶段他们所面临的问题。
关键词：e-learning,网络，教学平台
1.引言
很长时间，教育已经是以上课为中心日复一日，听讲师提供必要的信息，经历考试评估知识。教育关注物质本身而不是"学习者"，和他们的能力和学习技术的差异[1].
在信息技术和交流方面连续快速的提高导致e-learning环境的演变。e-learning系统是利用信息技术的资源如因特网，网络，和多媒体应用来提高学习过程。E-learing环境关注于学习者而不是资源本身。它允许以他们根据自己能力以自己的进度来学习，以群组讨论和视频会议的方式同行、老师交流，通过在线测试评估自己。E-learning系统给予学习者很多大的灵活性，不管他们在哪个地方，哪个时区[2].
E-learning系统常常使用在远距离教学使学生在不同的大陆获得他们的学士和硕士学位。E-learning系统也能应用在传统学习（混合或集成的学习）的边界去为学生扩展多样的资源，帮助他们关注他们的学习目标。
在近年来，E-learning系统有了很大的发展。在2005年，在美国大约有320万学生拥有一个或多个在线课程[4]。现在世界上越来越多的大学提供很多要么没有或学生很少关注的课程。随着因特网和信息技术基础设施的增长，E-learning期待有一个更快的发展。
E-learning系统可分为四个主要组件[5];信息基础设施负责传输学习资源，同时提供资源的物理存储；学习管理系统（LMS）为管理教学和学习活动集成所有服务；学习内容管理系统（LCMS）为管理内容提供服务；工具集负责分配内容和提供交互功能。所提供的信息内容被组织在一个称为“learning Objcets”的容器中，除了内容本身，它提供了关于内容（元数据）的说明性数据以便于恢复这些内容。
由于e-learning在现代社会的重大重要性，和在提高学生成绩的作用[6]，阿拉伯绍德王大学医学院（KSUHS）开始实现一个现代e-learning系统包含技术发展水平的e-learing组件。这个系统将用于辅助和支持当前系统去提供学生管理他们的课程的工具，并且获得知识。
KSUHS代表医学院，牙科医学院，哈立德国王大学医学院（KKUH），阿卜杜勒阿齐兹国王大学医学院（KAUH）和法赫德国王心脏病学中心（KFCC）。这些学院的学生数目超过2000，教师的数目超过400。KSU的信息基础设施和KKUH一起由100Mbps
的互联网接入校园，32Mbps微波链路连入KAUH。这些医院的主要功能是教育、医学研究、和向公众提供医疗服务。根据沙特的传统，男生和女生在课堂教育上分开而不是在实践上。大学的学术环境鼓励学生去搞研究，和尽力提供他们必须的工具如实验室、解剖学和心理学的软件包。
2. E-learning系统需求
E-learning系统需求分为3类，总体要求，医学E-learning要求，KSUHS要求。
总体要求：
任何成功的E-learning系统，它必须有一些包括灵活性的特点，允许系统适应每个学生的能力和目标[7]；交互性，学生能相互交流并且通过视频会议或讨论板与老师交流。同时，牢固的基础设施去支持这个系统使学习者能简单和快捷地进入系统。
医学需求：
医学教育的特点将给E-learning系统增加一些要求[9]。有一些课程像解剖学和生理学要求学生能够辨别和理解身体各部分的功能，其他学科像涉及到实践的医学要求学生辨别症状检查病历。单单提供书籍和课程给学生是不够的，为了更好得理解医学学科学生需要更多的详细资料与细节。因此，医学E-learning系统必须能够提供给学生清楚地识别和描述身体不同部分的工具包括视频和详细图表；它同时必须能和其他医学系统交互以提供给学生一些病人详细的病历，他们的X-ray片，他们的医学描述。医学E-learning系统要求比其他e-learning系统更高的交互性，在医院允许学生关注于一些病症，和询问一些关于这个症状具体的问题。
KSUHS需求
除了上面的需求，KSUHS给目标e-learning系统增加了一个需求。这个系统必须利用当前e-learing最先进和最前沿的技术。这个系统必须是可升级的以便适应学生和老师的增加。它必须是可扩展的，新的特点能被添加以进一步改善系统的功能。同时，必须有对学生和老师对学生的知识进行评估的工具。这个系统必须有一个网络接口允许学生进入，使用浏览器而不管学生身处何方。这个系统必须提供自动化的学习课堂，并且能够支持课程广播，视频会议。
3.问题
在部署E-learning系统上有一些挑战。有一些是技术上的，其他的是关于学生的技能和教学员工的技能方面的。
技术问题：
KSUHS E-learning系统部署面临的第一个技术问题是需要被包括在学科中的海量信息。这些内容包括不同的学科，讲义笔记、讲课视频、教科书、外科手术视频等等。这些内容在成本和努力方面都是非常昂贵的，它需要一些拥有足够能力的服务器去保存这些内容。
第二个问题是基础设施；学生需要在校园的任何一个地方进入系统，同时在校外通过Internet也能进入该系统。访问控制方法应该被考虑去防止未被授权的访问，基础设施需要有足够的能力保障学生可靠而且方便地访问本系统。
技能问题：
当研究建设这个系统的时候，它是非常必要地出估计学生为这个新的系统在信息技术方面所做的准备的能力。为了保证这一方面，一个调查问卷表应该准备给学生[10]，涉及到他们是否有电脑，总体上他们怎么使用他们的计算机。这个调查问卷表的结果表明尽管学生有一般合理的计算机技能，但是他们缺少在医学研究和调查而使用计算机的技能。这个结果表明学生应该接受适当的训练以便更好地使用系统，同时推促我们增加医学信息的课程给学生。
当教学员工被检验时，我们观察到很多人也缺少为更好地使用这个系统所必须的技能。
上面的这些问题对我们的e-learning系统有一些影响，我们将在下一部分进行讨论。
4. 系统设计
设计系统的第一步就是构造一个模型，将总体需求、医学、KSUHS需求考虑在内。这个模型也应该克服所可能遇到的挑战。
图1展示了定义系统不同组件的模型，同时也显示了系统阶段。
图1.系统模型和阶段
正如图1所展示的，我们决定通过三个阶段构建系统。第一阶段，教室自动化设备像交互板，控制站，放映机，视听设备，文件摄影机以及必要的软件需要安装。在15个定位处开始决定安装这些设备；这些定位处需要3个远程教室和6个移动教室。这个阶段也包括安装视频会议设备像摄影机，声音识别设备，和软件。视频入口也是这个阶段的一部分，它提供一个可搜索的目录数据库，直播视频和视频点播能力。在这个阶段，数据从教室（文档，笔记，视频...）被上传到参与课程的学生或以后在家需要使用的学生的入口。这个入口将有一个网络接口以便让学生和教员方便地进入。
为了支持这个阶段，网络基础设施将要升级。KAUH本地局域网将被升级以
支持新的系统，无线网络被安装在KAUH，而且医学院允许学生使用无线激活设备像
笔记本接入系统，必要的服务器以运行数据库，视频文件被安装和连接到当前网络。
第二个阶段包括安装一个高级的LMS系统允许学生根据他们的需求和上档定制内容。这个阶段将关注于提高协作学习，通过引入讨论板和不同的协作工具允许学生相互交互以及与他们的导师和教授更进一步提高他们的学习和理解能力如前面研究所显示的。[12][13]。
第三阶段提供这些工具使导师去构建和发布他们自己的内容（课程，书籍，笔记...）和为导师与学生提供评估工具。这个阶段将允许导师跟进学生的进度，如果学生花了很长的时间去复习内容。这个阶段的另一个重要部分就是提供在e-learning系统和其他的医院系统之间必要的交互，包括医院信息系统（HIS），和从手术室拍摄的外科手术视频，这些可能对学生有指导作用。
这个模型实现了e-learning系统的所有需求。它是交互性的，通过网络接口很容易使用；它包含必须的服务器和基础设施去支持带宽和存储重要的视频和报告；它是可扩展性和可升级的，因为它参照了国际标准并且能够适应任何新的组件；它和不同的医院系统交互；它提供自动化的课堂教室，课堂广播；它是一个最新的系统。
图2展示了学生和导师在这个系统中交互的层次，同时和现有系统的集成情况。这个图清楚地说明了E-learning系统怎么增加学生与导师在交互层次，集成过程怎么提高学生的学习经验。
图2. 系统交互与集成
这三个阶段设计在处理不同的问题上有一些重要的优点。第一个阶段将提供学生一个起点，在那里他们能够运用已有的技能从这个系统中获益而且提高他们的学习经验；同时它也给予了提高他们在医学信息和计算机技术上的能力，使他们为第二个阶段做准备，这个阶段合作的特点将被加入这个系统。这将使学生更加方便地使用系统，避免他们使用这个系统而感到失望。
对导师，这种设计也将给他们逐渐提高信息技术的能力，在他们被要求与学生交互中获利在第二个阶段，同时，在第三阶段构造他们的目录。
第一个阶段将帮助构建一个大型的目录（讲课笔记，视频...），加入到这个系统中，减少为搜索而浪费的花费和努力。
除了这些阶段的运行之外，将有不断地为学生和导师培训以便从这个系统更多地获益和为下一个阶段做准备。
5. 其他特点
在将来有很多扩展被加入到此系统。一个很重要的添加就是在不同的学院，不同的国家分享内容，在全世界上提高KSUHS和医学院的学习质量。利用新近的e-learning技术的发展，系统扩展将能够添加任何可能出现的新的工具和特色。
6. 总结
信息技术和e-learning的进步使KSUHS更好地使用这种技术去丰富学习环境，提高学生使用工具而提高学习的能力。在KSUHS中我们相信用传统的教室教学集成一个e-learning系统是为学生最好的方式。在本文本中讨论的模型是以学生为中心的模型，既运用传统的又应用e-learning系统去给学生更多的灵活性，他们能够以自己的方式和需求来学习，同时，也解决了如缺少实验室和实践课的问题。这个模型引入了一个高层次更进一步提高学习能力的交互性。这三个阶段的设计简化了管理过程的变化，提高了学生和导师以最优的方式使用这个系统的能力。
7. 引用
[1] Chen, Kinshuk, Wang; "Cyber Schooling Framework: Improving Mobility and Situated Learning";
Fifth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies; Taiwan, 2005.
[2] Anderson; "Modes of interaction in distance education: Recent developments and research
questions"; Moore, M. G. & Anderson, W. G. (eds.), Handbook of Distance Education; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2003, N. J.
[3] Hayashi; Tominaga; Yamasaki; "Blended learning contents for university education"; The 7th
International conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training, 2006.
[4] The Sloan Consortium; "Growing by Degrees: Online Education in the United States, 2005";
https://www.doczj.com/doc/6618133610.html,.
[5] Colace, De Santo, Pietrosanto; "Evaluation Models for E-learning Platform: an AHP approach"; The
36th ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference; 2006; San Diego, CA.
[6] Gierde C.L., Pipas C.F., Russell M. Teaching of medical informatics in UME-21 medical schools:
best practices and useful resources. Fam Med United States, Jan 2004; 36: S68-73.
[7] Seng, Hok; "Humanizing E-learning" 2003 International Conference on Cyberworlds, 2003;
Singapore
[8] Giroire, Le Calvez,Tisseau; "Benefits of knowledge-based interactive learning environments: A case
in combinatorics"; Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies, 2006.
[9] Mansour, A.A.H.; McGregor, J.; Franklin, M.; Poyser, J.; "Intelligent Medical Multimedia-Based
Tutoring Systems: Design Issues"; IEEE Colloquium on Intelligent Decision Support Systems and Medicine; 1992.
[10] AlBarrak; "Medical informatics in undergraduate medical study"; Technology and Health Care;
V olume 13, Issue 5(December 2005); Pages: 356 – 357.
[11] AlBarrak, AlGhammas; "Information Technology in Medical and Patient Education"; First
International Conference & Exhibition on e-learning; April 2006.
[12] Whitis GR; "A Survey of Technology-Based distance Education: Emerging Issues and Lessons
Learned"; Association of Academic Health Centers, 2001; WashingtonDC.
[13] Castle; "Open-Circuit Television in Postgraduate medical Education"; Journal of Medical
Education 1963; 38:254-60.
英语翻译方法：直译与意译 这里所讲翻译方法是指通过英、汉两种语言特点对比，分析其异同，阐述表达原文的一般规律。英、汉语结构有相同一面，汉译时可照译，即所谓“直译”——既忠实原文内容，又符合原文结构形式,能传达原文意义，体现原文风格等。但这两种语言之间还有许多差别，如完全照译，势必出现“英化汉语”，这时就需要“意译”，在忠实原文内容前提下，摆脱原文结构束缚，使译文符合汉语规范。特别要注意是：“直译”不等于“死译”，“意译”也不等于“乱译”。试比较： 1、直译与死译 原文结构与汉语结构是一致，照译即可。但如果原文结构与汉语不一致，仍然采取直译方法，就成“死译”了。如： ①、In some automated plants electronic computers control the entire production line. 在某些自动化工厂，电子计算机控制整个生产线。（直译） ②、The earth acts like a big magnet．地球作用着像一块大磁铁。（死译） ③、Manganese has the same effect on the strength of steel as silicon. 锰有同样影响在强度上像硅。（死译） 例②、例③既不忠实原意，又不符合汉语表达方式。因此，必须运用“词类转换”广成分转换”、“词（语）序调整”等手段使译文通顺。例②、例③应分别译为：“地球作用像一块大磁铁。”…“锰像硅一样会影响钢强度。” 2、意译和乱译 只有在正确理解原文基础上，运用相应翻译方法以调整原文结构，用规范汉语加以表达，这才真正做到“意译”。翻译实践证明，大量英语句子汉译都要采取“意译法”。 如果把“意译”理解为凭主观臆想来理解原文，可以不分析原文结构，只看词面意义，自己编造句子，势必造成“乱译”。如： It is easy to compress a gas，it is just a matter of reducing the space between the molecules. Like a liquid a gas has no shape，but unlike a liquid it will expand and fill any container it is put in.气体是很容易压缩，这正是压缩分子之间距离根据。气体和液体一样没有形状，但又不同于液体，气体膨胀时会充满任何盛放它容器。（乱译） 例句中“乱译”是由主观臆想（不正确选择词义、任意转换成分）造成。在这里，将matter译成“根据”在物理学上是讲不通，因为“压缩气体也就是减少分子之间距离”，两者是一回事。matter应作“事情”、“问题”解。 将will expand任意转换为时间状语，致使不符合原义。will expand and fill应译为“会扩张并充满”。综上所述，原译文可改为“气体很容易压缩，那只不过是缩小分子之间距离而已。气体和液体一样没有形状，但又不同于液体，因为气体会扩张并充满任何盛放它容器。” 就翻译方法而论，总来说，就是“直译法和意译法相结合”，又可细分为“照译”、“词义引伸”、“成分转换”、“句转成分”等译法。 英语翻译训练方法-直译 直译是一种重要的翻译方法，它有不少优点，例如能传达原文意义，体现原文风格等。据估算，大约70%的句子要用直译方法来处理，所以直译广为译者采用，由此可见直译法之重要。但是，直译具有一定的局限性。例如译文有时冗长罗唆，晦涩难懂，有时不能正确传达原文意义，有时甚至事与愿违。所以，如果不顾场合条件，不顾中外两种语言的差异，一味追求直译，就必然闯红灯，进入误区，造成误译。直译之所以有误区，是因为语言的形式与内容，句子的表层结构与深层意义有时不统一；另一方面，中外文化历史背景不同，造成了不同的思维方式和不同的语言表达形式。不少人批评过直译硬译，指出过直译有局限性，但是直译到底有哪些局限性，它都表现在什么地方。英语直译至少有五大误区，明确这些误区，就要在翻译中避免一些错误，就可在直译行不通的地方采用意译。 一、否定句型中的直译误区
Lesson 7 Transportation Systems交通运 输系统 Transportation system in a developed nation consists of a network of modes that have evolved over many years. The system consists of vehicles, guideways, terminal facilities and control systems: these operate according to established procedures and schedules in the air, on land, and on water. The system also requires interaction with the user, the operator and the environment. The systems that are in place reflect the multitude of decisions made by shippers, carriers, government, individual travelers, and affected nonusers concerning the investment in or the use of transportation. The transportation system that has evolved has produced a variety of modes that complement each other. 在发达国家，交通运输系统由网状结构组成的模式已经发展了好多年。这个系统由交通工具、轨道、站场设施和控制系统组成。这些依照空中、陆上和水上已制定的程序和计划运转。这个系统也需要和用户、司机和环境互动。现在的运输体系可以反映出与投资和使用有关的多方决定，包括运输业主、承运商、政府、每个出行者以及受影响的非使用者等。逐步发展的交通运输系统形成了各种互补模式。 The U. S. transportation system today is a highly developed, complex network of modes and facilities that furnishes shippers and travelers with a wide range of choices in terms of services provided. Each mode offers a unique set of service characteristics in terms of travel time, frequency, comfort, reliability, convenience and safety. The term level of service is used to describe the relative values of these attributes. The traveler or shipper must compare the level of service offered with the cost in order to make tradeoffs and mode selection. Furthermore, a shipper or traveler can decide to use a public carrier or to use private (or personal) transportation. For example, a manufacturer can ship goods through a trucking firm or with company trucks, a homeowner who has been relocated can hire a household moving company or rent a truck, and a commuter can elect to ride the bus to work or drive a car. Each of these decisions involves a complex set of factors that require
公司企业常见部门名称英文 总公司Head Office 分公司Branch Office 营业部Business Office 人事部Personnel Department (人力资源部)Human Resources Department 总务部General Affairs Department 财务部General Accounting Department 销售部Sales Department 促销部Sales Promotion Department 国际部International Department 出口部Export Department 进口部Import Department 公共关系Public Relations Department 广告部Advertising Department 企划部Planning Department 产品开发部Product Development Department 研发部Research and Development Department(R&D) 秘书室Secretarial Pool 常见职位、职务英文译名 Accounting Assistant会计助理 Accounting Clerk记帐员 Accounting Manager会计部经理 Accounting Stall会计部职员 Accounting Supervisor会计主管 Administration Manager行政经理 Administration Staff行政人员 Administrative Assistant行政助理 Administrative Clerk行政办事员 Advertising Staff广告工作人员 Airlines Sales Representative航空公司定座员 Airlines Staff航空公司职员 Application Engineer应用工程师 Assistant Manager副经理 Bond Analyst证券分析员
MIS(Management Information System) the term in the interest of the administration. In the wake of the development of MIS, much business sit up the decentralized message concentration to establish the information system ministry of directly under director, and the chief of information system ministry is ordinarily in the interest of assistant manager’s grade. After the authority of business is centralized up high-quality administration personnel staff’s hand, as if causing much sections office work decrease, hence someone prophesy, middle layer management shall vanish. In reality, the reappearance phase employed layer management among the information system queen not merely not to decrease, on the contrary there being the increase a bit. This is for, although the middle layer management personnel staff getting off exonerate out through loaded down with trivial details daily routine, yet needs them to analyses researching work in the way of even more energy, lift further admonishing the decision of strategic importance level. In the wake of the development of MIS, the business continuously adds to the demand of high technique a talented person, but the scarce thing of capability shall be washed out gradually. This compels people by means of study and cultivating, and continuously lifts individual’s quality. In The wake of the news dispatch and electric network and file transmission system development, business staff member is on duty in many being living incomparably either the home. Having caused that corporation save the expenses enormously, the work efficiency obviously moves upward American Rank Zeros corporation the office system on the net, in the interest of the creativity of raise office personnel staff was produced the advantageous term. At the moment many countries are fermenting one kind of more well-developed manufacturing industry strategy, and become quickly manufacturing the business. It completely on the basis of the user requirement organization design together with manufacture, may carry on the large-scale cooperation in the interest of identical produce by means of the business that the flow was shifted the distinct districts, and by means of the once more programming to the machinery with to the resources and the reorganization of personnel staff , constituted a fresh affrication system, and causes that manufacturing cost together with lot nearly have nothing to do with. Quickly manufacturing the business establishes a whole completely new strategy dependence relation against consumer, and is able to arouse the structure of production once more revolution. The management information system is towards the self-adoption and Self-learning orientation development, the decision procedure of imitation man who is be able to be better. Some entrepreneurs of the west vainly hope that consummate MIS is encircles the magic drug to govern the business all kinds of diseases; Yet also someone says, and what it is too many is dependent on the defeat that MIS be able to cause on the administration. It is adaptable each other to comprehend the effect to the business of MIS, and is favor of us to be living in development and the research work, and causes the business organization and administer the better development against MIS of system and administration means , and establish more valid MIS. 英文翻译文章的出处：Russ Basiura, Mike Batongbacal 管理信息系统: 管理信息系统就是我们常说的MIS(Management Information System), 在强调管理，
网络教学资源库建设的思路和方法 摘要：网络教学资源库的建设是一项长期复杂的系统工程，要求学校统筹规划，加强管理，明确资源库建设的目标和原则，重视专业课程资源库的建设质量，克服资源建设中的常见问题。 关键词：教学资源库；思路；方法；策略 统筹规划，加强管理 网络教学资源库是依据一定的规范和标准将多种媒体素材的教学资源进行收集和整合，以为教学提供支持性服务的系统。它一般由多媒体素材库、课件库、案例库、试题库以及网络课程等几部分组成，能为使用者提供快捷、方便的使用方法，同时也为管理者提供高效的管理模式。由于教学资源库的建设与维护是一项长期的系统工程，工作量大，涉及面广，任务艰巨，需要学校在政策、立项、资金、人力统筹等方面给予支持。资源库的建设不仅要综合考虑硬件配置、人力统筹、内容建设等各因素间的关系，还要处理资源库系统的各个子模块之间的结构关系，以及和教学这个大系统中其他子系统之间的关系。因此，统筹规划，加强管理就尤为重要。要有专门的领导机构，论证和制定资源库建设的相关重大问题。如根据学校的具体实际，确定管理系统是自主开发还是请专业公司开发，资源建设是分批引进还是以自主开发为主，是突击重点还是普遍涉及等等。 明确资源库建设的目标和原则 教学资源库作为各种教学资源的汇集，绝不是教学素材、资料的简单堆积，更不是脱离教学特点的其他非服务行为。它直接以服务教学为宗旨，以实现网上资源共享，教师方便用，学生易于自主学习的最终目的。它应该具备四个特征：科学化、标准化、结构化和动态化。内容的科学与准确是资源库的根本，遵循标准是保障资源库广泛共享的基础，合理的结构可以确保资源库的合理性、易用性和可扩展性，长期稳定的不断更新与维护是资源库具有生命力的保障。因此在设计方案时要明确目标：一是建设科学的资源规范体系，符合国家制定的标准和规范，确保数据库著录的标准化、检索点的规范化、检索途径便捷化。二是建立开放的资源建设体系，能够实现文件上传与下载、信息录入与修改、素材的预览与浏览、远程审查、统计分析等功能，让全校师生不仅能使用资源，还能为资源库提供素材和资料；三是建立严格的资源审查评价机制，确保资源的高质量；四是
Translation exercises A.Translate the following sentences into Chinese: 1.I’ve read your articles and I expected to meet an older man. 2.The ship turned just in time, narrowly missing the immense wall of ice which rose over 100 feet out of water beside her. 3.To appease their thirst its readers drank deeper than before, until they were seized with a kind of delirium. 4.For White, to disclose his long-held privacy means to strike the heel of Achilles. 5.In the court action, Alain sprang his trump card by calling a surprise witness. 6.Jefferson believed that the Baghdad Pact had already been reduced to less than a shadow. 7.We in Zambia would like to build a color-blind society where all can have equal opportunities. 8.Every time Robert visits me, one of my books disappears. I’m beginning to smell a rat. 9.We are very sorry to disappoint you, but hope you will understand that stock offers are a touch-and-go kind of things. 10. What sort of force does the sun exert on the planets which causes the planets to move according to the laws which Kepler has discovered. B.Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese In 1776, Adam Smith, a Scottish economist, wrote the wealth of Nations, a book that has had an enormous influence on American economic development. Like many other thinkers, Smith believed that in a capitalist system people are naturally selfish and are moved to engage in manufacturing and trade in order to gain wealth and power. Smith’s originality was to argue that such activity is beneficial because it leads to increased production and sharpens competition. As a result, goods circulate more widely and at lower prices, jobs are created, and wealth is spread. Though people may act from the narrow desire to enrich themselves, Smith argued, “an invisible hand” guides them to enrich and improve all of society. And yet, American industrial development in the 19th century took a toll on working men and women. Factory owners often required them to put in long hours of low wages, provided them with unsafe and unhealthy workplaces, and hired the children of poor families. There was discrimination in hiring: African Americans and members of some immigrant groups were rejected or forced to work under highly unfavorable conditions.
English Novel Title Translation: A Skopostheorie Perspective 英语小说标题的翻译:一个Skopostheorie透视图 The Translation of Fuzziness in the Dialogue of Fortress Besieged from the Perspective of Relevance Theory翻译的模糊性的对话《围城》从关联理论的角度 On Domestication Strategy in Advertisement Slogan Translation 在归化策略在广告口号的翻译 Reproduction of “Three Beauties” in the Translation of the Poems in The Journey to the West 繁殖的“三美”翻译的诗歌在西游记 A Comparative Study of Interjection Translation in Teahouse from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence一个比较研究,在茶馆的感叹词翻译功能对等的角度 Public Signs Translation from the Perspective of Functionalist Theory --Taking Shaoyang City as an Example公共标志的翻译的角度,从实用主义的理论——以邵阳城市作为一个例子 The Application of Skopostheory in the Business Advertisement Translation Skopostheory的应用在商业广告翻译 Relevance Theory Applied in the Translation of Neologism 关联理论应用于翻译的新词 Domestication and Foreignization in the Translation of Tourist Texts 归化和异化在翻译旅游文本 A Comparative Study of the Two English Versions of Lun Y u by James Legge and Ku Hongming from Translator's Subjectivity一个比较研究的两个英文版本的Lun Yu詹姆斯Legge和Ku Hongming从译者的主体性 On the Translation and Functions of Metaphor in Advertisements 在翻译和函数中隐喻的广告 C-E Translation of Film Titles from the Perspective of Adaptation Theory 汉英翻译的电影片名的角度,从适应理论 Pun Advertisements Translation From the Perspective of Adaptation Theory 广告双关语翻译的角度,从适应理论 Analysis of the Translation Strategies of the Culture-loading Words in the English Version of Journey to the West分析的翻译策略在英语文化加载字版的西游记 On Business Letter Translation under the Guidance of Conversational Implicature Theory 在商务信函翻译的指导下,会话含义理论 On the Translation of Puns in English Advertising 在翻译双关语在英语广告 Advertising Translation in the View of Skopos Theory 广告翻译目的论的观点 A study on Trademark Translation from the Perspective of Reception Aesthetics 商标翻译的研究从接受美学的角度
文教、科技有关部门常见职衔与职称英文翻译 （大学）校长President/Chancellor （大学）副校长Vice President （大学）代理校长Acting President （中学）校长Principal （小学）校长Head /Master 学院院长Dean of College/Head of College 教务长Dean/Director of Teaching Affairs 总务长Director in Charge of General Affairs 系主任Department Chairman /Department Head 教研室主任Head of the Teaching and Research Section 实验室主任Laboratory Chief 教导主任Director of Teaching and 班主任Discipline Class Adviser/Head Teacher 教授Professor 副教授Associate Professor 客座教授Visiting Professor/Guest Professor 兼职教授Part-time Professor 名誉教授Honorary Professor 终身教授Lifetime Professor 外籍教授Foreign Professor 研究生指导教师Graduate Teacher/Research Supervisor 讲师Lecturer/Instructor
助教Teaching Assistant (T.A.) 实验员Laboratory Technician 图书馆员Librarian 研究所所长Institute Director 研究员Research Fellow/Researcher 副研究员Associate Research Fellow / Associate Researcher 助研Research Assistant 资料员Data Processor 总工程师Chief Engineer 副总工程师Assistant Chief Engineer 高级工程师Senior Engineer 工程师Engineer 助工Assistant Engineer 技术员Technician 技师Skilled Technician 董事长Chairman of the Board /Chairman 董事/理事Director 副董事Associate Director 高级会计师Senior Accountant 注册会计师(美国)Chartered Accountant 注册会计师(美国)Certified Public Accountant(CPA) 助理会计师Assistant Accountant
网络教学管理系统的主要功能 1．教务管理 教师教学、学生学习的在线管理要花费教师和管理人员大量的时间和精力，而网络教学师生比例要远远小于课堂教学的师生比例，因此实现教学信息的自动管理是十分必要的，如记录、跟踪师生活动、自动管理人员档案、自动记分、自动反馈、自动建议、自动答疑、学生作业管理及学生学籍自动管理等。教务管理工作主要由3个子模块完成： ⑴教师管理模块 主要功能是支持教师教学和进行教师档案管理。系统支持教师根据教学需要，设定学生的行为权限，如可以做什么，不可以做什么，提出研究性课题，启发、培养学生的探究、创新能力，组织小组协同工作解决难题，组织学生分组讨论，交流思想，如老师只要设定分组条件，系统就自动将学生分组，同时自动初始化小组参数设置，等等；教师档案管理包括建立教师授课账号，记录教师的个人信息，进行任课资格、教学计划、教学活动记录、工作业绩等方面的管理，配置相应的授课资源，记载教师的授课情况，建立和维护教师科研档案，等等。 ⑵学生管理模块 主要功能是注册认证和学籍管理。注册认证提供在线注册功能，注册用户名，指定用户名称，建立用户账号，登录系统时对不同的用户进行认证，并根据不同的角色确定赋予用户相应的操作权限。学籍管理以学生为单位，利用系统的信息管理功能，通过建立和维护学生的电子学习档案来管理学习过程，电子学习档案包括学生身份信息、选课信息、学习任务信息、学习活动记录、学习评价信息、电子作业集等。 ⑶教学评估模块 网上教学评估模块包括测验试卷的生成工具、测试过程控制系统和测试结果分析工具。有些系统具有随机出题功能，可以为每个学生产生不同的试卷；测试过程控制系统主要完成对网上测试过程的控制，如在需要时锁定系统，不允许学生进行与测试无关的浏览，控制测试时间，到时自动交卷，等等；测试结果分析工具一般是根据题目的知识点和学生的答题情况，对具体学生给出诊断，对下一步学习提出建议。功能更强的网上教学评价系统还具有根据考试测验的统计数据，运用教学评估理论进行试卷分析和项目分析（如计算题目的区分度、难度）以及自动批改即时反馈等功能，还可以根据学生的答案提供个性化的反馈内容。 此外为了更好地为教师学生服务，教务管理系统还提供如下功能： ①行政公文管理：包括发布公告信息、公告文档的管理等。 ②信息查询：包括查询开设的课程信息、课程任课教师的情况、课程内容的简介、个人的某些开放档案记录等。 2．教学管理 教学管理是教学活动的中枢，完整的网络教学管理系统应当在提供教学服务管理这一核心功能的同时，还提供教学分析功能，并可与相关的组织机构共享和交换教学信息。因此，网上教学管理系统必须集成数据库工具。网络教学管理功能主要包括课程管理、学习信息管理。 ⑴课程管理 课程管理包括设置、修订专业，专业课程的设置、管理、专业资源分配以及设立课程，指定课程相关人员如开发人员、授课人员、助教人员和学生的权限和口令，分配建立与课程相关的设施，如邮箱、讨论区、网址等，处理添加、修改新课程，制定修改培养计划，设置相关课程的先导关系等日常事务。对校际课程的管理包括课程共享管理，培养计划扩展管理（将外校共享课程纳人本校培养计划），使得本校学生可以在多校课程中进行有一定条件限制的选择。对本校及外校共享课程的需求信息分析，为培养计划的调整提供信息〔通过对外
Good morning，class. In the last period we have learned chapter one-General principles of translation. And we have studied two important points: Definition of translation and the competence of a translator. And I will check you in the next class. As what we have mentioned last period, the process of translation consists of two phases: comprehension and expression. (理解和表达) Generally speaking, comprehension is of foremost importance, and express is the natural consequence of thorough comprehension. However, in the practice of translation, we may find that now and then some words in their usual senses are very difficult to deal with because of the disparity between the English and the Chinese language. In this case, we have to resort to some special means of translation. Literal translation and free translation are two alternative approaches to tackle this problem. So, in this class, we are going to learn translation strategies in 1.4.1, literal translation and free translation. To begin with, what’s literal translation and free translation? Please open your books and turn to page 12. Literal translation Vs. Free translation 1. Literal translation may be defined as having the following characteristics: 1). Literal translation takes sentences as its basic units and the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of translating. 直译把句子作为基本单位，同时在翻译的过程中也考虑整个文本。 2). Literal translation strives to reproduce both the ideological content and style of the entire literary work and retain as much as possible the figures of speech. 直译是要再现文本的中心内容和原文风格，并且尽可能保留原文的修辞。 2. Free translation may be defined as a supplementary means to mainly convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech. And it is adopted only when and where really impossible for translators to do literal translation. 意译其实是直译的一种补充的翻译手段。意译就是尽可能传达原文的意思和精髓，
Lesson9线形设计 竖直曲线和水平曲线的布置组成了高速公路的线形，竖曲线包括直的纵坡线和连接纵坡线的抛物线.平曲线包括直线段和连接它们并改变方向的圆曲线段.线形的设计主要依赖于高速公路设计速度的选择，与自然地形相符合的线形造价最小。通常这种情况是不可能的，然而，因为设计师必须遵循一定的设计标准，而这些标准也许并不能适应地形○1，重要的是既定部分的线形必须遵循一致的标准来避免高速路在竖直和水平定线时产生突变，同样，竖曲线和平曲线在设计是要相互补充协调，，这样才能设计出一条安全的和更有吸引力的高速公路。为了达到这一点，一个应该考虑的因素是适当地保持直线坡度和平曲线曲率的平衡，处理好平曲线和竖曲线间的相互位置。例如，在较大半径的陡坡上设置平曲线是一种较差的设计，同理，如果在一个明显的凸形竖曲线的顶部或附近设置小半径平曲线，或在明显的凹形竖曲线底部或附近设置小半径平曲线，，这将导致这里是一个危险部分。因而在初步设计阶段把竖曲线和平曲线的协调综合考虑是很重要的。 高速公路的竖向线形是有被称之为纵坡或切线的直线部分和与之相连的竖曲线组成，因而竖向线形的设计包括直线部分合适坡度的选择和竖曲线的设计。路线所穿越区域的地形对书香线形设计有极其重要的影响。 坡度对重交通路线的影响必须被考虑，，如果是陡坡或长坡会使重交通车辆的车速降低很快，注意到陡坡不仅影响重车的性能还影响轿车的性能，为了限制坡度对车辆的影响，任何高速路的最大坡度都应明智选择。高速公路的最大坡度取决于设计速度和设计车辆，普遍认为4%--5%的坡度对小客车的影响不大或没有影响，除非是重量与功率比比较高的车，例如那些小型车和微型车。○2当坡度大于5%时，客车在上坡时速度进一步降低在下坡时进一步增加，坡度对卡车的影响大于对客车的影响，广泛的研究结果表明，卡车在下坡时速度增加5%，而在上坡时减小接近7%，这取决于坡度比例和坡长。最大坡度的确立依据是高速公路上的设计车辆的操作性能，最大坡度的变化范围从设计时速70英里时的5%到设计时速为30英里时的7%-12%,这取决于高速公路的类型。另一方面，当坡长不足500英尺时，且下坡方向为单向路线时，最大纵坡或许可以提高1%-2%，特别是在交通量较低的乡村道路。 最小纵坡取决于排水条件，零坡度的道路被用在有足够横坡足以排尽路表水的路段，当路面有限定时，纵坡应能排尽纵向流动的路表水，在这种情况下习惯上选用最小0.5%的坡度，有时，在有合适路拱和硬地的高等级路面建设中，这个坡度可能会被减小到0.3%。 竖曲线通常用于直线纵坡间的逐渐过渡以利于车辆平顺的通过高速路，这些竖曲线通常是抛物线形的，竖曲线的最小长度的选定取决于所选抛物线的特性，竖曲线分凸形和凹形竖曲线。 竖曲线的设计应满足的主要标准有：能提供最小的停车视距，要有充足的排水，行车舒适，外观良好。凸形竖曲线仅需满足第一条标准，而凹形竖曲线四条标准都要满足。 水平线形有直线和平曲线组成，平曲线通常是被分割的圆曲线，他有一定的半径可使车辆平顺的通过。 因此，水平线性的设计必须确定最小半径，曲线长度，以及计算从切线到曲线的平面支距，以有助于曲线的定线，○4在有些情况下，为了避免直线段的曲率半径无限大到圆曲线段曲率半径为一定值之间的突变，通常需要在他们之间插入一段曲率半径逐渐变化的曲线，这种曲线称之为回旋线或缓和曲线。 有四种类型的水平曲线：简单曲线，复曲线，反向曲线，回旋线。 简单曲线是圆弧的一段,然而复曲线由两条或两条以上的转向相同的连续曲线组成，任何两条曲线都有一个相同的切点，，这些曲线可用来获取较理想的水平线形，特别是在立体交叉处，交叉匝道，特殊地形区情况下的高速公路，为了避免线形的突变，任何两条依次相连的简单曲线组成的复曲线半径不宜相差过大，。美国公路学会建议，在交叉路口复曲线半径的最大半径和最小半径之比不能超过2：1，在这里司机可以适应曲率和速度的突变,让人满意的立体交叉道的最大比率为1.75:1.虽然2:1也被使用。 为使大曲率曲线与急弯曲线间平缓过度，并使曲线半径的减小有一个合理的渐变率，每条曲线的长度不能太短。 反向曲线通常是由两条半径相等且具有同一切点转向相反的简单曲线组成，他们经常用于高速路的线形改变。 反向曲线很少被推荐使用是因为突变的线形是司机感到很难在同一车到驾驶，如果有必要设计反向线形，合理的设计是由简单曲线组成，中间插入一段有足够长度的直线以达到全超高。○5作为一种选择，简单曲线或许被等效长度的回旋线隔开。 缓和曲线设置在直线段与圆曲线段之间或两个不同半径的圆曲线之间，缓和曲线的作用是在车辆进入或离开圆曲线时为车辆提供一个逐渐增加或降低的向心力，设置直线段与圆曲线之间的缓和曲线的曲率由直线段末端的