QED and Electroweak Corrections to Deep Inelastic Scattering

验证摩擦起电的英文作文Frictional electrification is a phenomenon in which two objects come into contact with each other and generate electric charge. This process occurs when the surface of one object, which may be a solid, liquid, or gas, is rubbed against another surface. The friction between the two surfaces causes the transfer of electrons, resulting in one object becoming positively charged and the other becoming negatively charged.The concept of frictional electrification has been known for centuries. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Thales of Miletus and Pliny the Elder observed that amber, when rubbed with fur, would attract light objects such as feathers. This early observation marked the beginning of the study of electrostatics, which is the branch of physics that deals with the behavior of electric charges at rest.In order to understand how frictional electrification works, it is important to examine the nature of electric charge. Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter, and it can exist in two forms: positive and negative. Like charges repel each other, while opposite charges attract each other. When two objects with different electrical properties come into contact with each other, the transfer of electrons occurs, leading to the generation of electric charge on the surfaces of the objects.There are several factors that influence the extent of frictional electrification. The type of materials involved, the amount of force applied during the rubbing process, and environmental conditions such as humidity and temperature can all affect the degree of charge transfer. Different materials have different tendencies to gain or lose electrons when they come into contact with each other. For example, materials such as rubber, glass, and plastic tend to gain electrons andbecome negatively charged, while materials such as silk, wool, and fur tend to lose electrons and become positively charged.Frictional electrification has practical applications in various fields. For example, it plays a crucial role in the function of everyday items such as photocopiers, laser printers, and air purifiers. In photocopiers and laser printers, the process of charging a photoconductive drum with a corona wire involves the use of frictional electrificationto create an electrostatic charge pattern that attracts toner particles to the paper. In air purifiers, the process of ionization involves creating charged particles that attract and remove airborne contaminants.In conclusion, frictional electrification is afundamental aspect of the behavior of electric charges andhas been recognized and studied for centuries. This phenomenon is important in various scientific andtechnological applications and continues to be a subject ofresearch and exploration in the field of physics. Understanding the principles of frictional electrification is essential for developing new technologies and advancing our knowledge of the natural world.。

a r X i v :h e p -t h /9906141v 2 19 O c t 1999UPR-0849-T hep-th/9906141One-loop effective potential of N=1supersymmetrictheory and decoupling effectsI.L.Buchbinder ∗,M.Cvetiˇc +and A.Yu.Petrov ∗∗Department of Theoretical Physics,Tomsk State Pedagogical University634041Tomsk,Russia+Department of Physics and Astronomy,University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia,PA 19104–6396,USAAbstractWe study the decoupling effects in N =1(global)supersymmetric theories with chiral superfields at the one-loop level.Examples of gauge neutral chiral superfields with minimal (renormalizable)as well as non-minimal (non-renormalizable)couplings are considered,and decoupling in gauge theories with U (1)gauge superfields that cou-ple to heavy chiral matter is studied.We calculate the one-loop corrected effective Lagrangians that involve light fields and heavy fields with mass of order M .Elimina-tion of heavy fields by equations of motion leads to decoupling effects with terms that grow logarithmically with M .These corrections renormalize light fields and couplings in the theory (in accordance with the “decoupling theorem”).When the field theory is an effective theory of the underlying fundamental theory,like superstring theory,where the couplings are calculable,such decoupling effects modify the low energy predictions for the effective couplings of light fields.In particular,for the class of string vacua with an “anomalous”U (1),the vacuum restabilization triggers decoupling effects,which can significantly modify the low energy predictions for couplings of the surviving light fields.We also demonstrate that quantum corrections to the chiral potential depend-ing on massive background superfields and corresponding to supergraphs with internal massless lines and external massive lines can also arise at the two-loop level.Contents1Introduction22Effective action in the model of interacting light and heavy superfields42.1General structure of the effective action ......................52.2The effective equations of motion .........................82.3Calculation of the one-loop k¨a hlerian effective potential .............93One-loop effective action for minimal models133.1Calculation of the effective action (13)3.1.1The one-loop k¨a hlerian effective potential (13)3.1.2Corrections to the chiral potential (14)3.2The effective action for light superfields (18)3.2.1Contribution of the self-interaction of the light superfield (20)3.2.2Absence of the self-interaction of the light superfield (23)4One-loop effective action for non-minimal models244.1The model with heavy quantum superfields and external light superfields (25)4.1.1Calculation of the effective action (25)4.1.2Solving the effective equations of motion (27)4.2The model with light and heavy quantum superfields and light and heavyexternal superfields (29)4.2.1Calculation of the effective action (29)4.2.2Solution of the effective equations of motion (32)5Quantum corrections to the effective action in gauge theories335.1Gauge invariant model of massive chiral superfields (33)5.2One-loop k¨a hlerian potential in supersymmetric gauge theory (35)5.3Chiral potential corrections (40)5.4Strength depending contributions in the effective action (41)6Summary45 Appendix A47 Appendix B49 Appendix C52 1IntroductionThis paper is devoted to the calculation of the one-loop effective action for several models of the global N=1supersymmetric theory with chiral superfields and a subsequent study of some of their phenomenologically interesting aspects.In particular,we investigate in detail the decoupling effects due to the couplings of heavy and light chiral superfields in the theory and subsequent implications for the low energy effective action of light superfields.In principle the decoupling effects of heavyfields infield theory are well understood. According to the decoupling theorem[1,2](for additional references see,e.g.,[3])in thefield theory of interacting light(with masses m)and heavyfields(with masses M)the heavyfields decouple;the effective Lagrangian of the lightfields can be written in terms of the original classical Lagrangian of lightfields with loop effects of heavyfields absorbed into redefinitionsof new lightfields,masses and couplings,and the only new terms in this effective Lagrangianare non-renormalizable,proportional to inverse powers of M(both at tree-and loop-levels).In afield theory as an effective description of phenomena at certain energies,the rescaling of thefields and couplings due to heavyfields does not affect the structure of the couplings,since those are free parameters whose values are determined by experiments.On the other hand if thefield theory is describing an effective theory of an underlying fundamental theory,like superstring theory,where the couplings at the string scale are calculable,the decouplingeffects of the heavyfield can be important and can significantly affect the low energy pre-dictions for the couplings of lightfields at low energies.Therefore the quantitative study ofdecoupling effects at the loop-level in effective supersymmetric theories is important;it should improve our understanding of such effects for the effective Lagrangians from superstring the-ory and provide us with calculable corrections for the low energy predictions of the theory.We also note that as the decoupling theorem is based onfinite renormalization offields and parameters as all parameters in the effective theory(fields,masses,couplings)are determinedfrom the corresponding string theory and hence cannot be renormalized.Therefore we willuse consistence with the decoupling theorem only to check the results.Effective theories of N=1supersymmetric four-dimensional perturbative string vacuacan be obtained by employing techniques of two-dimensional conformalfield theory[4].In particular the k¨a hlerian and the chiral(super-)potential can be calculated explicitly at thetree level.While the chiral potential terms calculated at the string tree-level are protectedfrom higher genus corrections(for a representative work on the subject see,e.g.,[5,6],and references therein),the k¨a hlerian potential is not.Such higher genus corrections to thek¨a hlerian potential could be significant;however,their structure has not been studied verymuch.In this paper we shall not address these issues and assume that the string theory calculation provides us with a(reliable,calculable)form of the effective theory at M string,which would in turn serve as a starting point of our study.One of the compelling motivations for a detailed study of decoupling effects is the phe-nomenon of vacuum restabilization[7]for a class of four-dimensional(quasi-realistic)heteroticsuperstring vacua with an“anomalous”U(1).(On the open Type I string side these effects are closely related to the blowing-up procedure of Type I orientifolds and were recently stud-ied in[8].)For such string vacua of perturbative heterotic string theory,the Fayet-Iliopoulos (FI)D-term is generated at genus-one[9],thus triggering certainfields to acquire vacuumexpectation values(VEV’s)of order M String∼g gauge M P lanck∼5×1017GeV along D-and F-flat directions of the effective N=1supersymmetric theory.(Here g gauge is the gauge coupling and M P lanck the Planck scale.)Due to these large string-scale VEV’s a numberof additionalfields obtain large string-scale masses.Some of them in turn couple through(renormalizable)interactions to the remaining lightfields,and thus through decoupling ef-fects affect the effective theory of lightfields at low energies.(For the study of the effective Lagrangians and their phenomenological implications for a class of such four-dimensional string vacua see,e.g.,[10]–[12]and references therein.)The tree level decoupling effects within N=1supersymmetric theories,were studiedwithin an effective string theory in[13].In a related work[14]it was shown that the lead-ing order corrections of order1important next order effects in the effective chiral potential[15].In addition,in[15]the nonrenormalizable modifications of the k¨a hlerian potential(as was also pointed out in[16]) were systematically studied.These tree level decoupling effects(as triggered by,e.g.,vac-uum restabilization for a class of string vacua)lead to new nonrenormalizable interactions which are competitive with the nonrenormalizable terms that are calculated directly in the superstring theory.In this paper we consider one-loop decoupling effects in N=1supersymmetric theory. We study both the effects on chiral(gauge neutral)superfields and on the effects of gauge superfields.(In another context see[17].)It turns out that an essential modification of low energy predictions takes place not only for chiral superfields[18]but also for gauge superfields. As stated earlier such effective Lagrangians arise naturally due to the vacuum restabilization for a class of supersymmetric string vacua and trigger couplings between heavyfields with mass scale M∼1017GeV and the light(massless)fields[19].(Note however,that we do not include supergravity effects which could also be significant.)As a result wefind that the one-loop effective action after a redefinition offields,masses and couplings coincides with the one-loop effective action of the corresponding theory where heavy superfields are completely absent,in accordance with the decoupling theorem.How-ever,since the masses and the couplings of thefields are calculable in string theory(at the mass scale M string),the decoupling effects add additional corrections to the effective action of the light superfields.These corrections grow logarithmically with M(mass of the heavy superfields)and modify the effective couplings in an essential way,which for a class of string vacua under consideration can be significant.Another interesting result presented in this paper pertains to the chiral effective potential. When the chiral potential depends on massive superfields,quantum corrections due to these fields appear earlier than in the case when one considers lightfields only.This paper is organized as follows.In Section2the general structure of the effective action studied is given and the general approach to addressing the decoupling effects is presented. Section3is devoted to the study of the effective action for the“minimal”model with one heavy and one light(gauge neutral)chiral superfield.In Section4the leading order decou-pling corrections to the effective action for non-minimal models(with more general couplings) are considered.Section5is devoted to the investigation of the one-loop decoupling effects in N=1supersymmetric theory with U(1)gauge vector superfields and chiral superfields charged under U(1).A summary and discussion of the obtained results are given in Section 6.In Appendix A details of the calculation of the one-loop k¨a hlerian effective potential for the minimal model are presented,in Appendix B the calculation of the one-loop k¨a hlerian effective action via diagram technique for the minimal model is described,and in Appendix C details of the calculation for the effective action of non-minimal models are given.2Effective action in the model of interacting light and heavy superfields2.1General structure of the effective actionN=1supersymmetric actions with chiral supermultiplets arise as a subsector of an effective theory of N=1supersymmetric string vacua.Such calculations are carried out for per-turbative string vacua primarily by employing conformalfield theory techniques.(Though less powerful techniques,e.g.,sigma-model approach,in which the integration over massivestring modes is carried out in the the background of the ten-dimensional manifold with thestructure M4×K where M4is a four-dimensional Minkowski space and K is a suitable six-dimensional compact(Calabi-Yau)manifold,can also be employed.)The resulting effectivetheories contain as an ingredient N=1chiral superfieldsΦi with actionS[Φ,¯Φ]= d8zK(¯Φi,Φi)+( d6zW(Φi)+h.c.)(2.1) HereΦi=Φi(z),z A≡(x a,θα,¯θ˙α);a=0,1,2,3;α=1,2,˙α=˙1,˙2,d8z=d4xd2θd2¯θ. Real function K(¯Φi,Φi)is called the k¨a hlerian potential,the holomorphic function W(Φi)is called the chiral potential[20].Expression(2.1)represents the most general action of gauge neutral chiral superfields which does not contain higher derivatives at a component level[20]. We refer to this action as the chiral superfield model of a general form.In a special case K(¯Φi,Φi)=Φ¯Φ,W(Φi)∼Φ3we obtain the well-known Wess-Zumino model.For W(Φi)=0 the present theory represents itself as a N=1supersymmetric four-dimensional sigma-model (see,e.g.,[6]).The action(2.1),which originates from superstring theory,can be treated as a classical effective action of the fundamental theory,suitable for description of phenomena at energies much less than the Planck scale.Such models of chiral superfields are widely used for the study of possible phenomenological implications of superstring theories(see,e.g.,recent papers[8,10,11,12,18]and references therein).One of the most important aspects of the study of these models pertains to the investigation of the decoupling effects,which is the main subject of the present paper.The starting point in the study of the decoupling effects is the model with the classicalaction(2.1)and,for the sake of simplicity,two chiral superfields:a light one,φ,and a heavyone,Φ,i.e.Φi={Φ,φ}.The aim is to to calculate the low-energy effective action in the one-loop approximation and to compute the one-loop corrected effective action of light superfield, only.We refer to the model in which the k¨a hlerian potential is of the canonical(minimal)form:K(Φ,¯Φ,φ,¯φ)=Φ¯Φ+φ¯φ(2.2) as the minimal model,and the model in whichK(Φ,¯Φ,φ,¯φ)=Φ¯Φ+φ¯φ+˜K(Φ,¯Φ,φ,¯φ)(2.3) with˜K=0–as the non-minimal one(in analogy with[10]).We assume that the function ˜K(Φ,¯Φ,φ,¯φ)can be expanded into power series in superfieldsΦ,¯Φ,φ,¯φwhere the leading order term is at least of the third order in the chiral superfields(and thus proportional to at least one inverse power of M)˜K(Φ,¯Φ,φ,¯φ)=φ¯Φ2M...(2.4)The chiral potential M is taken to be of the form:W=MM+...(2.6) with M as a massive parameter.Hence the possible vertices of interaction of superfields havethe formφΦ2,Φφ2,Φ¯φ2M...The effective actionΓ[Φ,¯Φ,φ,¯φ]is defined as the Legendre transform from the generating functional of connected Green functions[21]W[J,¯J]:exp(i¯h(S[Ψ,¯Ψ,ϕ,¯ϕ]++( d6z(JΨ+jϕ)+h.c.)))(2.7)Γ[Φ,¯Φ,φ,¯φ]=W[J,¯J]−( d6z(JΦ+jφ)+h.c.)Γ[Φ,¯Φ,φ,¯φ]can be calculated using the loop-expansion method.This method employs the splitting of all the chiral superfields into a sum of the background superfieldsΦ,φand the quantum onesΦq,φq,using the ruleΦ→Φ+√¯hφqAs a result the action(2.1)after such changes can be written asS q= d8zK(Φ+√¯h¯Φq,φ+√¯h¯φq)++[ d6zW(Φ+√¯hφq)+h.c.](2.9) and the effective action takes the form:exp(i¯hS[Φ+√¯h¯Φq,φ+√¯h¯φq]−−√δΦ(z)Φq(z)+δΓ(for details see[20,21]).The effective action(2.10)can be cast in the formΓ[Φ,¯Φ,φ,¯φ]= S[Φ,¯Φ,φ,¯φ]+˜Γ[Φ,¯Φ,φ,¯φ].Here˜Γ[Φ,¯Φ,φ,¯φ]is a quantum correction in effective action which can be expanded into power series in¯h as˜Γ[Φ,¯Φ,φ,¯φ]=∞ n=1¯h nΓ(n)[Φ,¯Φ,φ,¯φ](2.11) The one-loop quantum correctionΓ(1)to the effective action is defined through the fol-lowing expression[21]:e iΓ(1)= DΦq D¯Φq Dφq D¯φq exp(iS(2)q)(2.12) Here S(2)q corresponds to the part of S q(2.9)which is quadratic in quantum superfields.It is of the formS(2)q= d8z(KΦ¯ΦΦq¯Φq+Kφ¯Φφq¯Φq+KΦ¯φΦq¯φq+Kφ¯φφq¯φq)++[ d6zWΦΦΦ2q+WφΦΦqφq+Wφφφ2q+h.c.](2.13) As a result we arrive at the one-loop effective action of the formΓ[Φ,¯Φ,φ,¯φ]=S+¯hΓ(1)= d8zK(Φ,¯Φ,φ,¯φ)+[ d6zW(Φ,φ)+h.c.]++¯h( d8zK(1)(Φ,¯Φ,φ,¯φ)+( d6zW(1)(Φ,φ)+h.c.))(2.14)Here we suppose that the one-loop correction in the effective actionΓ(1)can be represented in the formΓ(1)= d8zK(1)(Φ,¯Φ,φ,¯φ)+( d6zW(1)(Φ,φ)+h.c.)+...(2.15) Dots denote terms that depend on the supercovariant derivatives of the chiral superfields.The loop corrected effective action has the following structureΓ[Φ,¯Φ,φ,¯φ]= d8zL eff(Φ,D AΦ,D A D BΦ,¯Φ,D A¯Φ,D A D B¯Φ,φ,D Aφ,D A D Bφ,¯φ,D A¯φ,D A D B¯φ)+( d6zL(c)eff(Φ,φ)+h.c.)+...(2.16)Here D A are supercovariant derivatives,D A=(∂a,Dα,¯D˙α).L eff is the effective super-Lagrangian that we write in the formL eff=K eff(Φ,¯Φ,φ,¯φ)+...K=K(Φ,¯Φ,φ,¯φ)+∞n=1¯h n K(n)(2.17)and L(c)is the effective chiral LagrangianL(c)=W eff(Φ,φ)+...(2.18)K eff is the k¨a hlerian effective potential that depends only on the chiral superfieldsΦ,¯Φ,φ,¯φbut not on their(covariant)derivatives.W eff is the chiral effective potential that depends on on(holomorphic)chiral superfields{Φ,φ},only.Dots denote the terms that depend on the the space-time derivatives of chiral superfields only.Furthermore,one can prove that the one-loop correction to the chiral potential is zero(for the N=1supersymmetric theory which does not include gauge superfields).However,higher corrections can exist(cf.[22]–[24]),i.e.W eff(Φ,φ)=W(Φ,¯φ)+∞n=2¯h n W(n)(Φ,φ)(2.19)Here K(n)and W(n)are loop corrections to the k¨a hlerian and chiral potential,respectively.Since in this paper we concentrate on the one-loop corrected effective action only,we are mainly interested in the correction to the k¨a hlerian potential which is the leading term in the one-loop corrected low-energy effective action.(At low energies(E≪M)higher derivative terms are suppressed.)Our ultimate goal is to obtain the effective action for light superfields,only.For that purpose one must eliminate heavy superfields from the one-loop effective actionΓ[Φ,¯Φ,φ,¯φ] (2.14)by means of the effective equations of motion.These equations can be solved by an iterative method up to a certain order in the inverse mass M of heavy superfield.Substituting a solution of these equations into the effective action(2.14)we then obtain the one-loop corrected effective action of light superfields only.In the following subsection we shall describe the procedure in detail.2.2The effective equations of motionThe effective equations of motion for heavy superfields in the model with the effective action (2.14,2.15)are of the formδΓ4¯D2(∂K∂Φ)+∂Wδ¯Φ=0:−1∂¯Φ+∂K(1)∂¯Φ=0(2.20)The effective equations of motion for light superfields have an analogous form.We consider the case when the interactions with the gauge superfields are absent(see however Section5) and W(1)=0(which is absent at one-loop level(cf.,discussion above)).The equations(2.20)can be solved via an iterative method,described below.We can represent the heavy superfieldΦin the formΦ=Φ0+Φ1+...+Φn+...(2.21) whereΦ0is zeroth-order approximation,Φ1isfirst-order one,etc..We assume that|D2Φ|≪M¯Φsince the superfieldΦis heavy,and thus the assumption is valid.The zeroth-order approximationΦ0can be found from the condition∂WAfter a substitution of the expansion(2.21)into equations(2.20)we arrive at the following equation for the(n+1)-th-order solution for¯Φn+1(∂¯W∂¯Φ)|Φ=Φ0+...+Φn=(2.22)=¯D2∂Φ|Φ=Φ0+...+Φn−∂K∂Φ|Φ=Φ0+...+Φn−∂K(1)2Φ2+˜W(see eqs.(2.5-2.6),eq.(2.23))can be rewritten in the formM¯Φn+1+(∂¯˜W∂¯Φ)|Φ=Φ0+...+Φn=(2.23)=¯D2∂Φ|Φ=Φ0+...+Φn−∂K∂Φ|Φ=Φ0+...+Φn−∂K(1)which represents itself as a column q =uv.The action for q reads asS 0q =−14¯D 2q −ψand ¯χ[q ]=14D 2q −¯ψ)δ(14¯D2−1214D 2q −¯ψ)δ(12T r log ∆(2.32)Here T r is a functional supertrace,andS [q ]=116(K ψ¯ψ−1){D 2,¯D2}−14¯W′′D 2(2.34)The terms proportional to the supercovariant derivatives of K ψ¯ψ,W ′′and ¯W′′are omitted since the one-loop k¨a hlerian effective potential by definition does not depend on the deriva-tives of superfields.In order to determine T r log ∆we use the Schwinger representationT r log ∆=trds∂sΩ=Ω˜∆(2.35)Here ˜∆is a matrix operator of the form ˜∆=−14W ′′¯D2−116A (s )D 2¯D2+18B α(s )D α¯D2+14C (s )D 2+1i˙A=F +AF 2−CW ′′(2.38)1i˙C=−¯W ′′−A ¯W ′′2+CF 2and an analogous system of equations for ˜A,˜B,˜C ,which can be obtained from this one by changing W ′′into ¯W ′′and vice versa.Here F =1−K ψ¯ψ.Since the initial condition for ΩisΩ|s =0=1the initial conditions for A,˜A,B,˜B,C,˜C )are A |s =0=˜A |s =0=C |s =0=˜C |s =0=0.The solution for B α,˜B ˙αevidently has the form B α=˜B ˙α=0.The manifest form of thematrices A,˜AC,˜C ,necessary for exact calculations,is of the form A =A 11A 12A 21A 22;C =C 11C 12C 21C 22(2.39)Here index 1denotes the sector of heavy superfield Φand 2the sector of light superfield φ.Now let us solve the system for matrices A,C .The solution for ˜A,˜C can be easily obtained in an analogous way since the system with B α=˜B ˙α=0is invariant under the change A →˜A,C →˜C.Let us study the solution for A,C which should be chosen in the formA =A i +A 0(2.40)C =C i +C 0Here A i ,C i is a partial solution of the inhomogeneous system,and A 0,C 0is a general solution of the homogeneous system.It is straightforward to see that A i =−12−1,C i =0.And A 0,C 0should satisfy the system of equations1i˙C0=A 0¯G 2+C 0F 2A 0,C 0should be chosen to be of the form A 0=a 0exp(iωs ),C 0=c 0exp(iωs )where a 0,c 0,ωare some functions of the background superfields and the d’Alembertian operator,but are independent of s .As a result we arrive at the equations for a 0,c 0:a 0(ω1−F 2)+c 0W ′′=0(2.42)c 0(ω1−F 2)+a 0¯W′′2=0This system of equations has a non-trivial solution atdetω12−F 2W′′¯W ′′2ω12−F 2=0(2.43)In principle,parameters ωcan be found from this equation.Their exact form is determined by the structure of the matrix W ′′and F .It turns out that for the specific cases studied in detail the subsequent sections (minimal (Section 3)and non-minimal (Section 4)cases)these parameters are different.As a result the final solution can be cast in the form:A =ka 0k exp(iωk s )−12∞dsi∂16π2(is )2.A ,and ˜Aare functions of 2.Hence in order to calculate the one-loop k¨a hlerian effective potential it is necessary to find A and ˜Aand to expand them into a power series in 2.In this section we addressed in detail the techniques needed to calculate the one-loop corrected effective action,to eliminate the heavyfields and to obtain the effective action of lightfields only.In the subsequent sections these techniques will be applied to obtain the explicit form of the one-loop corrected actions for specific models.In Section5we shall also include interactions with the U(1)vector superfields and modify the procedure accordingly. 3One-loop effective action for minimal modelsIn this section we study decoupling effects for the model with minimal k¨a hlerian potential (2.2)K=Φ¯Φ+φ¯φ.Thefirst part consists of calculating the one-loop correction to the k¨a hlerian effective potential.In the second part we solve the effective equations of motion for the heavy superfields.As a result we arrive at the effective action of the light superfields.3.1Calculation of the effective action3.1.1The one-loop k¨a hlerian effective potentialHere we are going to calculate the one-loop contribution to k¨a hlerian effective potential by means of the effective equations of motion.We study the minimal model with the chiral potential in the formW=13!gφ3(3.1)with the corresponding functions in W′′(see eq.(2.25))Wφφ=λΦ+gφWφΦ=λφWΦΦ=M(3.2) The total classical action with the chiral potential(3.1)is of the formS= d8z(φ¯φ+Φ¯Φ)+[ d6z(13!gφ3)+h.c.](3.3)Note that the chiral potential used is of the“minimal”form:it involves the renormalizable terms only and the renormalizable coupling between the light and heavy superfields is linear in the heavyfields,which yields a dominant contribution in the study of the decoupling effects.These types of couplings are typical for a class of effective string models after the vacuum restabilization was taken into account,and thus this minimal model provides a prototype example for the study of decoupling effects in N=1supersymmetric theories. (The results for this model and the physics consequences were presented in[18].For the sake of completeness we present here the intermediate steps in the derivation.)In order tofind the one-loop k¨a hlerian effective potential we should determine the operator Ω(s)that satisfies the equation(2.35).For the case of this minimal model this equation leads to the following system of equations for matrices A,C:1i˙C=−¯W′′−A¯W′′2with the analogous equations for˜A,˜C.Initial conditions are A|s=0=˜A|s=0=C|s=0=˜C|s=0=0.Calculations described in Appendix A show that the one-loop contribution to k¨a hlerian effective potential is of the form:K(1)=−1(|λΦ+gφ|2−M2)2+4|λ2Φ¯φ+λMφ+λg|φ|2)|2)××log(|λΦ+gφ|2+2λ2φ¯φ+M2+ µ2+ +(|λΦ+gφ|2+2λ2φ¯φ+M2− (|λΦ+gφ|2−M2)2+4|λ2Φ¯φ+λMφ+λg|φ|2|2)2MΦ2+Φφ2)+h.c.)−1(|λΦ+gφ|2−M2)2+4|λ2Φ¯φ+λMφ+λg|φ|2)|2)××log(|λΦ+gφ|2+2λ2φ¯φ+M2+ µ2+ +(|λΦ+gφ|2+2λ2φ¯φ+M2− (|λΦ+gφ|2−M2)2+4|λ2Φ¯φ+λMφ+λg|φ|2|2)corrections to the chiral effective potential one must set¯Φ=¯φ=0.Possible vertices contributing to one-loop effective potential should be quadratic in quantum superfields[21]. They have the formK¯φ¯φ¯φ2,Kφφφ2,(Kφ¯φ−1)φ¯φ,12WΦφΦφ,K¯Φ¯Φ¯Φ2,KΦΦΦ2,(KΦ¯Φ−1)Φ¯Φ,142)g(Φ)(3.6)Namely,after a transformation to an integral over the chiral superspace by the ruled8zF(Φ,¯Φ)= d6z(−¯D24(2−m2))g(Φ)(3.8) A transformation to the form of an integral over the chiral superspace leads tod6zf(Φ)(2(2π)4f(Φ)(p2decreases a number of D,¯D-factors by4and the corresponding scaling dimension by2.Each propagator of a massless superfield gives no contribution(scaling dimension0)since it has the form(cf.[20])G(z1,z2)=−D21¯D2216δ12=0.Hence a contribution of such a diagram is equal to zero,and a one-loop contribution to the chiral effective potential is absent:W(1)(Φ)=0.We note that this situation is analogous to the general model of one chiral superfield studied in[27].However,higher order(loop)corrections to the chiral effective potential can arise not only for diagrams with external massless lines but also for those with heavy external lines, in spite of the fact that it was commonly believed that quantum corrections to the chiral effective potential for massive superfields are absent.For example,consider the supergraph|¯D 2||¯D 2¯D2D 2D 2D 2D 2−−−−Here a double line denotes the external superfield Φ,and a single line corresponds to thepropagator <φ¯φ>of the massless superfield φ.A contribution of such a supergraph is of the form I =d 4p 1d 4p 2(2π)8d 4θ1d 4θ2d 4θ3d 4θ4d 4θ5(gk 2l 2(k+p 1)2(l +p 2)2(l +k )2(l +k +p 1+p 2)2××δ13¯D 2316δ14δ42D 21¯D 253!)2λ3d 4p 1d 4p 2(2π)8d 2θΦ(−p 1,θ)Φ(−p 2,θ)Φ(p 1+p 2,θ)××k 2p 21+l 2p 22+2(kl )(p 1p 2)3!)2λ3d 2θd 4p 1d 4p 2(2π)8k 2p 21+l 2p 22+2(kl )(p 1p 2)3!)2λ3d 2θd 4x 1d 4x 2d 4x 3d 4p 1d 4p 2。

a r X i v :h e p -p h /9711228v 1 4 N o v 1997hep-ph/9711228October 1997O (α)QED Corrections to Polarized Elastic µe and Deep Inelastic lN ScatteringDima Bardin a,b,c ,Johannes Bl¨u mlein a ,Penka Christova a,d ,and Lida Kalinovskaya a,caDESY–Zeuthen,Platanenallee 6,D–15735Zeuthen,GermanybINFN,Sezione di Torino,Torino,ItalycJINR,ul.Joliot-Curie 6,RU–141980Dubna,RussiadBishop Konstantin Preslavsky University of Shoumen,9700Shoumen,BulgariaAbstractTwo computer codes relevant for the description of deep inelastic scattering offpolarized targets are discussed.The code µe la deals with radiative corrections to elastic µe scattering,one method applied for muon beam polarimetry.The code HECTOR allows to calculate both the radiative corrections for unpolarized and polarized deep inelastic scattering,including higher order QED corrections.1IntroductionThe exact knowledge of QED,QCD,and electroweak (EW)radiative corrections (RC)to the deep inelastic scattering (DIS)processes is necessary for a precise determination of the nucleon structure functions.The present and forthcoming high statistics measurements of polarized structure functions in the SLAC experiments,by HERMES,and later by COMPASS require the knowledge of the RC to the DIS polarized cross-sections at the percent level.Several codes based on different approaches for the calculation of the RC to DIS experiments,mainly for non-polarized DIS,were developped and thoroughly compared in the past,cf.[1].Later on the radiative corrections for a vast amount of experimentally relevant sets of kinematic variables were calculated [2],including also semi-inclusive situations as the RC’s in the case of tagged photons [3].Furthermore the radiative corrections to elastic µ-e scattering,a process to monitor (polarized)muon beams,were calculated [4].The corresponding codes are :•HECTOR 1.00,(1994-1995)[5],by the Dubna-Zeuthen Group.It calculates QED,QCD and EW corrections for variety of measuremets for unpolarized DIS.•µe la 1.00,(March 1996)[4],calculates O (α)QED correction for polarized µe elastic scattering.•HECTOR1.11,(1996)extends HECTOR1.00including the radiative corrections for polarized DIS[6],and for DIS with tagged photons[3].The beta-version of the code is available from http://www.ifh.de/.2The Programµe laMuon beams may be monitored using the processes ofµdecay andµe scattering in case of atomic targets.Both processes were used by the SMC experiment.Similar techniques will be used by the COMPASS experiment.For the cross section measurement the radiative corrections to these processes have to be known at high precision.For this purpose a renewed calculation of the radiative corrections toσ(µe→µe)was performed[4].The differential cross-section of polarized elasticµe scattering in the Born approximation reads,cf.[7],dσBORNm e Eµ (Y−y)2(1−P e Pµ) ,(1)where y=yµ=1−E′µ/Eµ=E′e/Eµ=y e,Y=(1+mµ/2/Eµ)−1=y max,mµ,m e–muon and electron masses,Eµ,E′µ,E′e the energies of the incoming and outgoing muon,and outgoing electron respectively,in the laboratory frame.Pµand P e denote the longitudinal polarizations of muon beam and electron target.At Born level yµand y e agree.However,both quantities are different under inclusion of radiative corrections due to bremsstrahlung.The correction factors may be rather different depending on which variables(yµor y e)are used.In the SMC analysis the yµ-distribution was used to measure the electron spin-flip asymmetry A expµe.Since previous calculations,[8,9],referred to y e,and only ref.[9]took polarizations into account,a new calculation was performed,including the complete O(α)QED correction for the yµ-distribution,longitudinal polarizations for both leptons,theµ-mass effects,and neglecting m e wherever possible.Furthermore the present calculation allows for cuts on the electron re-coil energy(35GeV),the energy balance(40GeV),and angular cuts for both outgoing leptons (1mrad).The default values are given in parentheses.Up to order O(α3),14Feynman graphs contribute to the cross-section forµ-e scattering, which may be subdivided into12=2×6pieces,which are separately gauge invariantdσQEDdyµ.(2) One may express(2)also asdσQEDdyµ+P e Pµdσpol kk=1−Born cross-section,k=b;2−RC for the muonic current:vertex+bremsstrahlung,k=µµ;3−amm contribution from muonic current,k=amm;4−RC for the electronic current:vertex+bremsstrahlung,k=ee;5−µe interference:two-photon exchange+muon-electron bremsstrahlung interference,k=µe;6−vacuum polarization correction,runningα,k=vp.The FORTRAN code for the scattering cross section(2)µe la was used in a recent analysis of the SMC collaboration.The RC,δA yµ,to the asymmetry A QEDµeshown infigures1and2is defined asδA yµ=A QEDµedσunpol.(4)The results may be summarized as follows.The O(α)QED RC to polarized elasticµe scattering were calculated for thefirst time using the variable yµ.A rather general FORTRAN codeµe la for this process was created allowing for the inclusion of kinematic cuts.Since under the conditions of the SMC experiment the corrections turn out to be small our calculation justifies their neglection. 3Program HECTOR3.1Different approaches to RC for DISThe radiative corrections to deep inelastic scattering are treated using two basic approaches. One possibility consists in generating events on the basis of matrix elements including the RC’s. This approach is suited for detector simulations,but requests a very hughe number of events to obtain the corrections at a high precision.Alternatively,semi-analytic codes allow a fast and very precise evaluation,even including a series of basic cuts andflexible adjustment to specific phase space requirements,which may be caused by the way kinematic variables are experimentally measured,cf.[2,5].Recently,a third approach,the so-called deterministic approach,was followed,cf.[10].It treats the RC’s completely exclusively combining features of fast computing with the possibility to apply any cuts.Some elements of this approach were used inµe la and in the branch of HECTOR1.11,in which DIS with tagged photons is calculated.Concerning the theoretical treatment three approaches are in use to calculate the radiative corrections:1)the model-independent approach(MI);2)the leading-log approximation(LLA); and3)an approach based on the quark-parton model(QPM)in evaluating the radiative correc-tions to the scattering cross-section.In the model-independent approach the QED corrections are only evaluated for the leptonic tensor.Strictly it applies only for neutral current processes.The hadronic tensor can be dealt with in its most general form on the Lorentz-level.Both lepton-hadron corrections as well as pure hadronic corrections are neglected.This is justified in a series of cases in which these corrections turn out to be very small.The leading logarithmic approximation is one of the semi-analytic treatments in which the different collinear singularities of O((αln(Q2/m2l))n)are evaluated and other corrections are neglected.The QPM-approach deals with the full set of diagrams on the quark level.Within this method,any corrections(lepton-hadron interference, EW)can be included.However,it has limited precision too,now due to use of QPM-model itself. Details on the realization of these approaches within the code HECTOR are given in ref.[5,11].3.2O (α)QED Corrections for Polarized Deep Inelastic ScatteringTo introduce basic notation,we show the Born diagramr rr r j r r r r l ∓( k 1,m )l ∓( k 2,m )X ( p ′,M h )p ( p ,M )γ,Z ¨¨¨¨B ¨¨¨¨£¢ ¡£¢ ¡£¢ ¡£¢ ¡£¢ ¡£¢ ¡£¢ ¡£¢ ¡£¢ ¡£¢ ¡z r r r r r r r r r r r r r rr ¨¨¨¨B ¨¨¨¨r r r r j r r r r and the Born cross-section,which is presented as the product of the leptonic and hadronic tensordσBorn =2πα2p.k 1,x =Q 2q 2F 1(x,Q 2)+p µ p ν2p.qF 3(x,Q 2)+ie µνλσq λs σ(p.q )2G 2(x,Q 2)+p µ s ν+ s µ p νp.q1(p.q )2G 4(x,Q 2)+−g µν+q µq νp.qG 5(x,Q 2),(8)wherep µ=p µ−p.qq 2q µ,and s is the four vector of nucleon polarization,which is given by s =λp M (0, n )in the nucleonrest frame.The combined structure functions in eq.(8)F1,2(x,Q2)=Q2e Fγγ1,2(x,Q2)+2|Q e|(v l−p eλl a l)χ(Q2)FγZ1,2(x,Q2)+ v2l+a2l−2p eλl v l a l χ2(Q2)F ZZ1,2(x,Q2),F3(x,Q2)=2|Q e|(p e a l−λl v l)χ(Q2)FγZ3(x,Q2),+ 2p e v l a l−λl v2l+a2l χ2(Q2)F ZZ3(x,Q2),G1,2(x,Q2)=−Q2eλl gγγ1,2(x,Q2)+2|Q e|(p e a l−λl v l)χ(Q2)gγZ1,2(x,Q2),+ 2p e v l a l−λl v2l+a2l χ2(Q2)g ZZ1,2(x,Q2),G3,4,5(x,Q2)=2|Q e|(v l−p eλl a l)χ(Q2)gγZ3,4,5(x,Q2),+ v2l+a2l−2p eλl v l a l χ2(Q2)g ZZ3,4,5(x,Q2),(9) are expressed via the hadronic structure functions,the Z-boson-lepton couplings v l,a l,and the ratio of the propagators for the photon and Z-bosonχ(Q2)=Gµ2M2ZQ2+M2Z.(10)Furthermore we use the parameter p e for which p e=1for a scattered lepton and p e=−1for a scattered antilepton.The hadronic structure functions can be expressed in terms of parton densities accounting for the twist-2contributions only,see[12].Here,a series of relations between the different structure functions are used in leading order QCD.The DIS cross-section on the Born-leveld2σBorndxdy +d2σpol Borndxdy =2πα2S ,S U3(y,Q2)=x 1−(1−y)2 ,(13) and the polarized partdσpol BornQ4λp N f p S5i=1S p gi(x,y)G i(x,Q2).(14)Here,S p gi(x,y)are functions,similar to(13),and may be found in[6].Furthermore we used the abbrevationsf L=1, n L=λp N k 12πSy 1−y−M2xy2π1−yThe O(α)DIS cross-section readsd2σQED,1πδVRd2σBorndx l dy l=d2σunpolQED,1dx l dy l.(16)All partial cross-sections have a form similar to the Born cross-section and are expressed in terms of kinematic functions and combinations of structure functions.In the O(α)approximation the measured cross-section,σrad,is define asd2σraddx l dy l +d2σQED,1dx l dy l+d2σpol radd2σBorn−1.(18)The radiative corrections calculated for leptonic variables grow towards high y and smaller values of x.Thefigures compare the results obtained in LLA,accounting for initial(i)andfinal state (f)radiation,as well as the Compton contribution(c2)with the result of the complete calculation of the leptonic corrections.In most of the phase space the LLA correction provides an excellent description,except of extreme kinematic ranges.A comparison of the radiative corrections for polarized deep inelastic scattering between the codes HECTOR and POLRAD[17]was carried out.It had to be performed under simplified conditions due to the restrictions of POLRAD.Corresponding results may be found in[11,13,14].3.3ConclusionsFor the evaluation of the QED radiative corrections to deep inelastic scattering of polarized targets two codes HECTOR and POLRAD exist.The code HECTOR allows a completely general study of the radiative corrections in the model independent approach in O(α)for neutral current reac-tions including Z-boson exchange.Furthermore,the LLA corrections are available in1st and2nd order,including soft-photon resummation and for charged current reactions.POLRAD contains a branch which may be used for some semi-inclusive DIS processes.The initial state radia-tive corrections(to2nd order in LLA+soft photon exponentiation)to these(and many more processes)can be calculated in detail with the code HECTOR,if the corresponding user-supplied routine USRBRN is used together with this package.This applies both for neutral and charged current processes as well as a large variety of different measurements of kinematic variables. Aside the leptonic corrections,which were studied in detail already,further investigations may concern QED corrections to the hadronic tensor as well as the interference terms. References[1]Proceedings of the Workshop on Physics at HERA,1991Hamburg(DESY,Hamburg,1992),W.Buchm¨u ller and G.Ingelman(eds.).[2]J.Bl¨u mlein,Z.Phys.C65(1995)293.[3]D.Bardin,L.Kalinovskaya and T.Riemann,DESY96–213,Z.Phys.C in print.[4]D.Bardin and L.Kalinovskaya,µe la,version1.00,March1996.The source code is availablefrom http://www.ifh.de/~bardin.[5]A.Arbuzov,D.Bardin,J.Bl¨u mlein,L.Kalinovskaya and T.Riemann,Comput.Phys.Commun.94(1996)128,hep-ph/9510410[6]D.Bardin,J.Bl¨u mlein,P.Christova and L.Kalinovskaya,DESY96–189,hep-ph/9612435,Nucl.Phys.B in print.[7]SMC collaboration,D.Adams et al.,Phys.Lett.B396(1997)338;Phys.Rev.D56(1997)5330,and references therein.[8]A.I.Nikischov,Sov.J.Exp.Theor.Phys.Lett.9(1960)757;P.van Nieuwenhuizen,Nucl.Phys.B28(1971)429;D.Bardin and N.Shumeiko,Nucl.Phys.B127(1977)242.[9]T.V.Kukhto,N.M.Shumeiko and S.I.Timoshin,J.Phys.G13(1987)725.[10]G.Passarino,mun.97(1996)261.[11]D.Bardin,J.Bl¨u mlein,P.Christova,L.Kalinovskaya,and T.Riemann,Acta Phys.PolonicaB28(1997)511.[12]J.Bl¨u mlein and N.Kochelev,Phys.Lett.B381(1996)296;Nucl.Phys.B498(1997)285.[13]D.Bardin,J.Bl¨u mlein,P.Christova and L.Kalinovskaya,Preprint DESY96–198,hep-ph/9609399,in:Proceedings of the Workshop‘Future Physics at HERA’,G.Ingelman,A.De Roeck,R.Klanner(eds.),Vol.1,p.13;hep-ph/9609399.[14]D.Bardin,Contribution to the Proceedings of the International Conference on High EnergyPhysics,Warsaw,August1996.[15]M.Gl¨u ck,E.Reya,M.Stratmann and W.Vogelsang,Phys.Rev.D53(1996)4775.[16]S.Wandzura and F.Wilczek,Phys.Lett.B72(1977)195.[17]I.Akushevich,A.Il’ichev,N.Shumeiko,A.Soroko and A.Tolkachev,hep-ph/9706516.-20-18-16-14-12-10-8-6-4-200.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91elaFigure 1:The QED radiative corrections to asymmetry without experimental cuts.-1-0.8-0.6-0.4-0.200.20.40.60.810.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91elaFigure 2:The QED radiative corrections to asymmetry with experimental cuts.-50-40-30-20-100102030405000.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91HectorFigure 3:A comparison of complete and LLA RC’s in the kinematic regime of HERMES for neutral current longitudinally polarized DIS in leptonic variables.The polarized parton densities [15]are used.The structure function g 2is calculated using the Wandzura–Wilczek relation.c 2stands for the Compton contribution,see [6]for details.-20-100102030405000.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91HectorFigure 4:The same as in fig.3,but for energies in the range of the SMC-experiment.-20-10010203040500.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91HectorFigure 5:The same as in fig.4for x =10−3.-200-150-100-5005010015020000.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91HectorFigure 6:A comparison of complete and LLA RC’s at HERA collider kinematic regime for neutral current deep inelastic scattering offa longitudinally polarized target measuring the kinematic variables at the leptonic vertex.。

高三英语材料科学单选题60题1. In the field of materials science, the "atom" is considered as the basic ______.A. unitB. elementC. particleD. molecule答案：A。

本题考查名词词义辨析。

选项A“unit”有“单位；单元”的意思，“atom”（ 原子）被视为材料科学中的基本“单位”，符合语境。

选项B“element”指化学元素；选项C“particle”侧重于粒子；选项D“molecule”指分子。

在材料科学中，原子通常被描述为基本单位，其他选项不符合。

2. The study of materials science often involves the analysis of various ______.A. substancesB. compoundsC. mixturesD. materials答案：D。

此题考查名词的含义。

选项A“substances”指物质；选项B“compounds”指化合物；选项C“mixtures”指混合物；选项D“materials”指材料。

材料科学的研究对象主要是各种“材料”，其他选项虽然也与物质相关，但不如“materials”直接和准确。

3. When testing the properties of a new material, the ______ of heat transfer is an important factor.A. processB. methodC. wayD. means答案：A。

本题考查名词的用法。

选项A“process”强调过程；选项B“method”侧重方法；选项C“way”比较常用，指方式、道路；选项D“means”意为手段、工具。

在测试新材料性能时，热传递的“过程”是重要因素，A 选项最符合题意。

传送两原子直积态的腔qed方案(英文)Quantum electrodynamics (QED) is a theory of how electromagnetic interactions occur between particles at the microscopic level. It is one of the most successful theories in modern physics and plays an important role in understanding the behavior of atomic and molecular systems. In particular, QED has been used to explain many phenomena, such as the energy levels of atoms, the Zeeman effect and the Stark effect. Recently, it has been proposed that two-atom QED could be used to generate entangled states, which could have a wide range of applications in quantum information processing.Two-atom QED is a cavity version of the traditional QED system, in which two atoms interact with each other in a common electromagnetic field. In this system, the two atoms are positioned close to each other, and the electromagnetic field is confined to the space within the cavity. This allows the two atoms to interact more strongly than in the open space, leading to new and interesting effects. One of the most intriguing effects of two-atom QED is that it can create entangled states, which can then be used for a variety of applications.For instance, entangled states can be used for quantum computing, where information is encoded in the states of two or more qubits. Entangled states are also useful for quantum cryptography, where the state of two qubits is used to securely transmit sensitive information. Finally, entangled states can be used to measure quantum effects such as spincorrelations between two particles, which could be useful for understanding the behavior of complex quantum systems.In addition to these applications, two-atom QED may also be useful for sensitizing scanning tunneling microscopes or improving atom-based magnetometers. In general, two-atom QED is a promising opportunity for exploring the fascinating world of entanglement and quantum information processing. With further development, two-atom QED could potentially revolutionize our understanding of the fundamentals of quantum physics.。

1. 在电子检测中，以下哪种设备常用于测量电压？A. 万用表B. 示波器C. 频谱分析仪D. 信号发生器2. 质量控制中的“六西格玛”是指？A. 每百万次操作中的错误率不超过3.4次B. 每百万次操作中的错误率不超过6次C. 每百万次操作中的错误率不超过60次D. 每百万次操作中的错误率不超过600次3. 以下哪种测试方法用于检测电子元件的可靠性？A. 高温测试B. 低温测试C. 湿热测试D. 以上都是4. 在质量控制中，PDCA循环的四个步骤是？A. Plan, Do, Check, ActB. Plan, Design, Check, ActC. Plan, Do, Control, ActD. Plan, Design, Control, Act5. 以下哪种工具用于分析和改进生产过程中的问题？A. 5SB. 鱼骨图C. 流程图D. 直方图6. 在电子检测中，以下哪种设备用于检测电磁干扰？A. 频谱分析仪B. 网络分析仪C. 信号发生器D. 功率计7. 质量控制中的“零缺陷”理念是由谁提出的？A. 菲利普·克罗斯比B. 沃尔特·休哈特C. 爱德华兹·戴明D. 约瑟夫·朱兰8. 以下哪种测试用于评估电子产品的环境适应性？A. 振动测试B. 冲击测试C. 温度循环测试D. 以上都是9. 在质量控制中，以下哪种图表用于显示数据随时间的变化趋势？A. 控制图B. 散点图C. 柱状图D. 饼图10. 以下哪种设备用于测量电子元件的电阻？A. 万用表B. 示波器C. 频谱分析仪D. 信号发生器11. 在电子检测中，以下哪种测试用于检测电路板的焊接质量？A. 视觉检测B. X射线检测C. 红外检测D. 超声波检测12. 质量控制中的“持续改进”理念强调的是？A. 一次性改进B. 周期性改进C. 不断改进D. 不改进13. 以下哪种工具用于识别生产过程中的关键控制点？A. 流程图B. 鱼骨图C. 控制图D. 直方图14. 在电子检测中，以下哪种设备用于测量信号的频率？A. 万用表B. 示波器C. 频谱分析仪D. 信号发生器15. 质量控制中的“质量功能展开”（QFD）主要用于？A. 产品设计B. 生产过程C. 质量检测D. 市场分析16. 以下哪种测试用于评估电子产品的耐久性？A. 老化测试B. 疲劳测试C. 振动测试D. 以上都是17. 在质量控制中，以下哪种图表用于显示数据的分布情况？A. 控制图B. 散点图C. 柱状图D. 直方图18. 以下哪种设备用于测量电子元件的电容？A. 万用表B. 示波器C. 频谱分析仪D. 信号发生器19. 在电子检测中，以下哪种测试用于检测电路板的短路和开路？A. 视觉检测B. X射线检测C. 红外检测D. 电阻测试20. 质量控制中的“全面质量管理”（TQM）强调的是？A. 局部管理B. 全面管理C. 个别管理D. 不管理21. 以下哪种工具用于分析生产过程中的因果关系？A. 流程图B. 鱼骨图C. 控制图D. 直方图22. 在电子检测中，以下哪种设备用于测量信号的幅度？A. 万用表B. 示波器C. 频谱分析仪D. 信号发生器23. 质量控制中的“质量保证”（QA）与“质量控制”（QC）的主要区别在于？A. QA侧重预防，QC侧重检测B. QA侧重检测，QC侧重预防C. QA和QC都侧重检测D. QA和QC都侧重预防24. 以下哪种测试用于评估电子产品的安全性？A. 电气安全测试B. 电磁兼容性测试C. 环境适应性测试D. 以上都是25. 在质量控制中，以下哪种图表用于显示数据的中心趋势和离散程度？A. 控制图B. 散点图C. 柱状图D. 箱线图26. 以下哪种设备用于测量电子元件的电流？A. 万用表B. 示波器C. 频谱分析仪D. 信号发生器27. 在电子检测中，以下哪种测试用于检测电路板的元件布局？A. 视觉检测B. X射线检测C. 红外检测D. 超声波检测28. 质量控制中的“质量成本”包括哪些方面？A. 预防成本B. 鉴定成本C. 内部和外部失败成本D. 以上都是29. 以下哪种工具用于识别生产过程中的潜在问题？A. 流程图B. 鱼骨图C. 控制图D. 直方图30. 在电子检测中，以下哪种设备用于测量信号的相位？A. 万用表B. 示波器C. 频谱分析仪D. 信号发生器31. 质量控制中的“质量计划”主要用于？A. 产品设计B. 生产过程C. 质量检测D. 市场分析32. 以下哪种测试用于评估电子产品的性能？A. 功能测试B. 性能测试C. 可靠性测试D. 以上都是33. 在质量控制中，以下哪种图表用于显示数据的异常值？A. 控制图B. 散点图C. 柱状图D. 箱线图34. 以下哪种设备用于测量电子元件的功率？A. 万用表B. 示波器C. 频谱分析仪D. 功率计35. 在电子检测中，以下哪种测试用于检测电路板的连接可靠性？A. 视觉检测B. X射线检测C. 红外检测D. 拉力测试36. 质量控制中的“质量改进”强调的是？A. 一次性改进B. 周期性改进C. 不断改进D. 不改进37. 以下哪种工具用于分析生产过程中的数据分布？A. 流程图B. 鱼骨图C. 控制图D. 直方图38. 在电子检测中，以下哪种设备用于测量信号的波形？A. 万用表B. 示波器C. 频谱分析仪D. 信号发生器39. 质量控制中的“质量目标”主要用于？A. 产品设计B. 生产过程C. 质量检测D. 市场分析40. 以下哪种测试用于评估电子产品的兼容性？A. 电气安全测试B. 电磁兼容性测试C. 环境适应性测试D. 以上都是41. 在质量控制中，以下哪种图表用于显示数据的变异情况？A. 控制图B. 散点图C. 柱状图D. 箱线图42. 以下哪种设备用于测量电子元件的频率响应？A. 万用表B. 示波器C. 频谱分析仪D. 网络分析仪43. 在电子检测中，以下哪种测试用于检测电路板的电磁兼容性？A. 视觉检测B. X射线检测C. 红外检测D. 电磁干扰测试44. 质量控制中的“质量文化”强调的是？A. 局部文化B. 全面文化C. 个别文化D. 不文化45. 以下哪种工具用于分析生产过程中的数据趋势？A. 流程图B. 鱼骨图C. 控制图D. 直方图46. 在电子检测中，以下哪种设备用于测量信号的失真？B. 示波器C. 频谱分析仪D. 信号发生器47. 质量控制中的“质量标准”主要用于？A. 产品设计B. 生产过程C. 质量检测D. 市场分析48. 以下哪种测试用于评估电子产品的可靠性？A. 功能测试B. 性能测试C. 可靠性测试D. 以上都是49. 在质量控制中，以下哪种图表用于显示数据的分布范围？A. 控制图B. 散点图C. 柱状图D. 箱线图50. 以下哪种设备用于测量电子元件的温度？A. 万用表B. 示波器C. 频谱分析仪D. 温度计51. 在电子检测中，以下哪种测试用于检测电路板的电磁辐射？A. 视觉检测B. X射线检测C. 红外检测D. 电磁辐射测试52. 质量控制中的“质量政策”主要用于？A. 产品设计B. 生产过程C. 质量检测D. 市场分析53. 以下哪种工具用于分析生产过程中的数据关系？A. 流程图B. 鱼骨图C. 控制图54. 在电子检测中，以下哪种设备用于测量信号的频率响应？A. 万用表B. 示波器C. 频谱分析仪D. 网络分析仪55. 质量控制中的“质量审核”主要用于？A. 产品设计B. 生产过程C. 质量检测D. 市场分析56. 以下哪种测试用于评估电子产品的环境适应性？A. 电气安全测试B. 电磁兼容性测试C. 环境适应性测试D. 以上都是57. 在质量控制中，以下哪种图表用于显示数据的分布形态？A. 控制图B. 散点图C. 柱状图D. 直方图58. 以下哪种设备用于测量电子元件的电感？A. 万用表B. 示波器C. 频谱分析仪D. 信号发生器59. 在电子检测中，以下哪种测试用于检测电路板的电磁屏蔽效果？A. 视觉检测B. X射线检测C. 红外检测D. 电磁屏蔽测试60. 质量控制中的“质量培训”主要用于？A. 产品设计B. 生产过程C. 质量检测D. 市场分析61. 以下哪种工具用于分析生产过程中的数据模式？B. 鱼骨图C. 控制图D. 散点图62. 在电子检测中，以下哪种设备用于测量信号的频率稳定度？A. 万用表B. 示波器C. 频谱分析仪D. 信号发生器63. 质量控制中的“质量反馈”主要用于？A. 产品设计B. 生产过程C. 质量检测D. 市场分析64. 以下哪种测试用于评估电子产品的用户体验？A. 功能测试B. 性能测试C. 可靠性测试D. 用户体验测试答案：1. A2. A3. D4. A5. B6. A7. A8. D9. A10. A11. B12. C13. A14. C15. A16. D17. D18. A19. D20. B21. B22. B23. A24. D25. D26. A27. A28. D29. B30. B31. A32. D33. D34. D35. D36. C37. D38. B39. A40. B41. D42. D43. D44. B45. C46. B47. A48. C49. D50. D51. D52. A53. D54. D55. C56. C57. D58. A59. D60. C61. D62. C63. D64. D。

高一英语大学实验室安全规范严格练习题20题含答案解析1.In the laboratory, you need to use a device to measure temperature. Which one is it?A.microscopeB.thermometerC.beakerD.flask答案解析：B。

A 选项microscope 是显微镜，不能测量温度；C 选项beaker 是烧杯，也不能测量温度；D 选项flask 是烧瓶，同样不能测量温度。

只有B 选项thermometer 是温度计，可以测量温度。

2.When using an electrical appliance in the laboratory, what should you pay attention to?A.Keep it wetB.Connect it to multiple power sourcesC.Check for damage before useD.Leave it unattended答案解析：C。

A 选项让电器保持潮湿是非常危险的，可能会导致触电等事故；B 选项连接到多个电源也不安全，可能会引起过载等问题；D 选项让电器无人看管也不安全，可能会发生意外。

只有 C 选项在使用电器前检查是否有损坏是正确的安全规范。

3.What is the English name for the device used to hold chemicals for heating?A.test tubeB.buretteC.crucibleD.evaporating dish答案解析：A。

B 选项burette 是滴定管；C 选项crucible 是坩埚；D 选项evaporating dish 是蒸发皿。

只有 A 选项test tube 是试管，可以用来装化学药品进行加热。

4.Which of the following is not a safety rule when using a gas burner in the laboratory?A.Open the gas valve fullyB.Light the burner with a match or lighterC.Make sure there is proper ventilationD.Keep flammable materials away答案解析：A。

The Properties and Uses ofElectrolytesElectrolytes are substances that can conduct electricity when dissolved in water or melted. They are important for many everyday uses, ranging from batteries to medical treatments. In this article, we will explore the properties and uses of electrolytes in more detail.1. Properties of ElectrolytesElectrolytes are substances that can ionize when dissolved in water or melted. This means that they can break down into charged particles, such as cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negatively charged ions). Some examples of electrolytes include salt (sodium chloride), potassium chloride, and magnesium sulfate.One key property of electrolytes is their ability to conduct electricity. When they dissociate into ions, these charged particles can move freely in the solution or melt, and can carry an electric current. This property is important for many applications, such as in batteries, electroplating, and electrochemical cells.Another important property of electrolytes is their effect on the boiling and freezing points of water. When an electrolyte is dissolved in water, it can lower the freezing point and raise the boiling point of the solution. This is due to the interactions between the ions and water molecules, which affect the properties of the solution as a whole.2. Uses of ElectrolytesElectrolytes have many practical uses in various fields, including medicine, chemistry, and industry. Here are some examples:Medicine: Electrolytes are essential for the proper functioning of our bodies. They help regulate the balance of fluids and ions in our cells, and play a key role in processes such as nerve signaling, muscle contraction, and acid-base balance. Medical treatmentsoften involve the administration of electrolytes, either orally or intravenously, to restore or maintain the body's electrolyte balance.Chemistry: Electrolysis is a process that involves the use of electrolytes to conduct electricity and produce chemical reactions. This technique is used in many industrial and laboratory applications, such as electroplating, metal extraction, and the synthesis of chemicals and materials.Industry: Many industrial processes rely on the use of electrolytes to carry out electrical and chemical reactions. For example, batteries and fuel cells use electrolytes to generate and store electrical energy. Electrolytes are also used in electroplating, where a metal is deposited onto a surface by means of an electric current.In addition, electrolytes have applications in other areas such as agriculture, food processing, and environmental remediation. For example, they can be used to enhance plant growth, preserve food quality, and remove contaminants from wastewater.3. ConclusionOverall, electrolytes are an important class of substances with a wide range of properties and uses. Their ability to conduct electricity and interact with water molecules makes them essential for many technological and biological processes, and their applications are diverse and wide-ranging. As our understanding of electrolytes and their properties continues to deepen, we can expect to see even more innovative applications in the future.。

温州2024年05版小学五年级英语第3单元综合卷[有答案]考试时间：90分钟（总分:110）A卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题)1、听力题：An example of a noble gas is _______.2、What is the color of an emerald?A. RedB. BlueC. GreenD. Yellow答案:C3、听力题：The __________ is the process of a liquid turning into a solid.4、填空题：The __________ is a region known for its cultural diversity. (南亚)5、填空题：My grandma loves to __________ (照顾) her pets.6、填空题：A _______ is used to observe chemical reactions closely. (显微镜)7、选择题：What do you call the sound a duck makes?A. QuackB. MooC. BaaD. Roar8、填空题：A bear's claws are perfect for digging and ________________ (抓捕).The antelope gracefully moves through the grasslands, a testament to speed and ____.10、填空题：My grandma has many beautiful ________ in her garden.11、填空题：The _____ (植物生长条件) must be monitored for success.12、听力题：The dog is ______ (wagging) its tail happily.13、填空题：The __________ (历史的动态) highlight change over time.14、听力题：My cousin is a ______. She enjoys solving problems.15、What do we call the liquid that we drink?A. WaterB. SandC. AirD. Food16、填空题：I can build a _________ (玩具飞机) that really flies.17、填空题：The invention of ________ has transformed daily life.18、What is the name of the largest volcano in the solar system?A. Olympus MonsB. Mount EverestC. Mauna KeaD. Kilauea19、填空题：We should ________ (保护) the environment.20、填空题：The ________ (文化价值观) shape societies.21、填空题：A butterfly goes through a ______ (生命周期).I want to ________ a new toy.23、听力题：The turtle is very ___ (slow).24、填空题：The __________ (传统习俗) are passed down through generations.25、听力题：The chemical symbol for carbon is ______.26、填空题：A lobster's claws are powerful tools for catching ________________ (食物).27、听力题：The ______ teaches us about scientific discoveries.28、What is the capital of the Republic of the Congo?A. BrazzavilleB. KinshasaC. Pointe-NoireD. Ouesso答案:A. Brazzaville29、填空题：The __________ (历史的感知) affects how we view the past.30、What is the color of the sun?A. BlueB. YellowC. RedD. Green答案:B31、选择题：Which of these is a cold drink?A. CoffeeB. JuiceC. TeaD. Hot chocolate32、听力题：The _______ can be very large or very small.The __________ was a time of great scientific advancement. (启蒙时代)34、ts can grow in __________ (贫瘠的土壤). 填空题：Some pla35、填空题：The ________ was a significant event in the history of the United States.36、填空题：A wildcat is a small ________________ (猫).37、What do you call the place where you go to borrow books?A. SchoolB. LibraryC. StoreD. Park答案:B38、ssance was a period of great __________ (文化) and art development in Europe. 填空题：The Rena39、听力题：She enjoys ________ (mentoring) younger students.40、填空题：I love the feeling of unboxing a new ________ (玩具名) and discovering all its features.41、听力题：I enjoy _______ (drawing) in my sketchbook.42、填空题：The _____ (小鹦鹉) imitates sounds and dances. 小鹦鹉模仿声音并跳舞。