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高一英语语法复习_必修三

高一英语语法复习必修三

Unit1~2.情态动词

一．分类

情态动词有四类：

①只做情态动词：must,can(could),may(might),

②可做情态动词又可做实义动词：need,dare

③可做情态动词又可做助动词：shall(should),will(would) ,ought to

④具有情态动词特征：have(had,has) to,used to

⑤情态动词表猜测

二．位置

情态动词有一定的词义，但并不完整，必须与动词原形一起构成谓语。

I can see you. Come here. 我能看见你，过来吧。

He must have been away. 他一定走了。

What can I do for you? 我能帮你吗？

How dare you treat us like that！你怎能那样对待我们！

三．特点

情态动词无人称和数的变化, 情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加"not"。个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式, 过去式用来表达更加客气, 委婉的语气,

时态性不强, 可用于过去，现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词，故没有被动语态。

He could be here soon. 他很快就来。

We can't carry the heavy box. 我们搬不动那箱子。

I'm sorry I can't help you. 对不起，我帮不上你。

基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是，基本助动词本身没有词义，而情态助动词则有自己的词义，能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法，或表示主观设想：

What have you been doing since? （构成完成进行体，本身无词义）

I am afraid I must be going. （一定要）

You may have read some account of the matter. （或许已经）

除此之外，情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征：

1）除ought和used以外，其他情态动词后面只能接不带to的不定式。如果我们把ough t to和used to看做是固定词组的话，那么，所有情态动词无一例外地只能接不带to的不定式：We used to grow beautiful roses.

I asked if he would come and repair my television set.

2）情态助动词在限定动词词组总是位居第一：

They need not have been punished so severely.

3）情态助动词用于第三人称单数现在时的时候，没有词形变化，即其词尾无-s形式：

She dare not say what she thinks.

4）情态动词没有非限定形式，即没有不定式和分词形式，也没有相应的动名词：

Still, she needn't have run away.

5）情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志。在不少场合，情态助动词的现在时和过去时形式都可以表示现在、过去或将来时间：

Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something?

She told him he ought not to have done it.

6）情态助动词之间是相互排斥的，即在一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词，但有时却可以与have和be基本助动词连用：

You should have washed the wound.

Well, you shouldn't be reading a novel.

四．用法

首先它是动词，而且不同于行为动词，行为动词表示的是可以通过行为来表达的动作（如写，读，跑），而情态动词只是表达的一种想法（如能，也许，敢）。

用法是：情态动词+行为动词原形

例句：I can read this sentence in English.

我能用英语读这句话。

情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪,态度或语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语,只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。

We can be there on time tomorrow.我们明天能按时去那儿。

May I have your name? 我能知道你的名字吗？

Shall we begin now?我们现在就开始吗？

You must obey the school rules.你必须遵守校规。

情态动词数量不多,但用途广泛,主要有下列:

can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (w ould),have (to) ,had better.

情态动词还有一个很重要的用法，即情态动词表推测——

情态动词表推测的用法小结

（一）情态动词表推测的三种句式

1.在肯定句中一般用must (一定)，may（可能），might / could（也许，或许）。

（1）He must/may/might know the answer to this question?

他一定/可能/也许知道这个问题的答案。

（2）It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating.

屋里很冷，他们肯定把暖气关了。

2.否定句中用can’t / couldn’t(不可能), may not/might not(可能不)。

（1）It can’t/couldn’t be the head master. He has gone to America.

这不可能是校长，他去美国了。

（2）He may not/might not know the scientist. 他也许不认识那位科学家。

3.疑问句中用can/could (能……?)。

（1）Could he have finished the task? 他可能把任务完成了吗？

（2）Can he be at home now? 他现在能在家吗？

注：以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的。Might, could并非may, can的过去式，而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。

（二）情态动词表推测的三种时态

1.对将来情况的推测，用“情态动词+ 动词原形”。

（1）She must / may / might / could arrive before 5.

5:00前她一定/可能/也许到。

（2）She must/may/might/could walk miles and miles among the hills without meetin g anyone.

她一定/可能/也许会在山里一连走好几英里而遇不到一个人。

2.对现在或一般情况的推测，用“情态动词+ be”，“情态动词+be doing”或“情态动词+ 动词原形”。

（1）He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now.

他一定/可能/也许正在听收音机。

（2）He can’t ( couldn’t ) / may ( might ) not be at home at this ti me.

这个时候他不可能/可能不在家。

（3）Mr. Bush is on time for everything .How can ( could ) he be late for the open ing ceremony ?

布什先生一向准时，这次开幕式他怎么可能迟到呢？

3.对过去情况的推测，用“情态动词+ have +过去分词”。

（1）It must / may / might / could have rained last night .The ground is wet.

地湿了，昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了。

（2）The door was locked. He can ( could ) not / may ( might ) not have been at home .

门锁着，他不可能/可能不在家。

（3）Can / Could he have gotten the book？

难道他找到书了吗？

注：情态动词should /ought to表推测时，意为“想必会，理应……”但与“have +过去分词”连用时，则又可构成虚拟语气意为“本应该做某事却没做”。例如：

（4）It’s seven o’clock. Jack should/ought to be here at any moment.

现在七点钟了，杰克理应随时到达。（推测）

（5）She should / ought to have attended your birthday party, but she had to look after her mother in hospital. （虚拟）

她本该出席你的生日晚会的，可是她得在医院照顾她妈妈。

（6）Tom should not /ought not to have told me your secret, but he meant no har m. （虚拟）

汤姆本不该告诉我你的秘密，可是他并无恶意。

五．功能

助动词(auxiliary)主要有两类：基本助动词(primary auxiliary)和情态助动词(modal auxiliar y)。基本助动词有三个：do, have和be；情态助动词基本的有十四个：may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to.had better 上述两类助动词的共同特征是，在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时，具有作用词的功能：

1）构成否定式：

He didn't go and neither did she.

The meeting might not start until 5 o'clock.

2）构成疑问式或附加疑问式：

Must you leave right now?

You have been learning French for 5 years, haven't you?

3）构成修辞倒装：

Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister.

Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.

4）代替限定动词词组：

A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle?

B: Tom can.

A: Shall I write to him?

B: Yes, do.

can和could的用法

1. 表示能力或客观可能性，还可以表示请求和允许。如：

Can you finish this work tonight?

Man can not live without air.

—Can I go now? —Yes, you can.

注意：①could也可表示请求，语气委婉，主要用于疑问句，不可用于肯定句，答语应用can （即could不能用于现在时态的简略答语中）。如：

Could I come to see you tomorrow?

Yes, you can. （否定答语可用No, I'm afraid not.）

②can表示能力时，还可用be able to代替。如：

I'll not be able to come this afternoon.

2. 表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度。（主要用在否定句、疑问句或惊叹句中）

Can this be true?

How can you be so careless!

This can not be done by him.

3. “can(could) + have + 过去分词”的疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的行为怀疑或不肯定。如：

He can not have been to that town.

Can he have got the book?

4. 用在疑问句及否定句中,表示惊讶,不相信等.

5. can not```too\enough表示"无论怎样``````也不过分","越``````越好"

6.can 可以表示体力活脑力方面的能力，能够，能，会

Can you finish the work in such a short time ?

7. can 表示许可、允许，在疑问句中表示要求，在否定句中表示不许，此时可以和may 通用。

may和might的用法

1. 表示许可。

表示请求、允许时，might比may的语气更委婉一些，否定回答时(口语中常用) no , you c an't . or , yes, please 用mustn't表示“不可以”、“禁止”、“阻止”之意(具有强烈禁止的意思)如：

You may drive the car.

—Might I use your pen? —No, you mustn't.

用May I ... 征询对方许可在文体上比较正式，在口气上比较客气。在日常口语中，用Can

I ... 征询对方意见在现代口语中更为常见。

2. 用于祈使句中表示祝愿。如：May you succeed!

3. 表示推测、可能（疑问句不能用于此意）。He may be very busy now.

4. “may(might) + have + 过去分词”表示对过去发生的行为的推测。如：

He may not have finished the work.

must和have to的用法

1. 表示必须、必要。（must表示主观多一些而have to则表示客观多一些）如：

You must come in time.

回答must引出的问句时，如果是否定的回答，不能用mustn't，而要用needn't或don't hav e to。

—Must we hand in our exercise books today?

—Yes, you must. (No, you don’t have to.)

2. “must be + 表语”的结构表示推测，它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。

This must be your pen.

3. “must + have + 过去分词”的结构常用在肯定句中，表示对过去发生的行为的推测。它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。

He must have been to Shanghai.

4. have to的含义与must相似，两者往往可以互换使用，但have to有各种形式，随hav e的变化而定。must与have to有下列几点不同：

①must表示的是说话人的主观看法，而have to则往往强调客观需要。如：

The play is not interesting. I really must go now.

I had to work when I was your age.

②must一般只表现在，have则有更多的时态形式。

③二者的否定意义不大相同。如：

You mustn't go. 你可不要去。

You don't have to go. 你不必去。

④询问对方的意愿时应用must。如：Must I clean all the room?

注意：have to也可拼做have got to。

5. 表示一种与说话人愿望相反、不耐烦的感情色彩，偏偏、非要。

Why must you always bother me ?

dare和need的用法

1. need表示“需要”或“必须”，作情态动词时，仅用于否定句或疑问句中，在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to,或should代替。如：

You needn’t come so early.

—Need I finish the work today?

—Yes, you must.

注意：needn't + 不定式的完成式“表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事”。如：

You needn't have waited for me.

2. Dare作情态动词时，主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中，一般不用在肯定句中。如：

How dare you say I'm unfair.

He daren't speak English before such a crowd, dare he?

3. Dare和need常用作实义动词，有时态、人称和数的变化，所不同的是，作实义动词时，在肯定句中，dare后面通常接带to的不定式，在否定和疑问句中，dare后面可接带to或不带to 的不定式。如：

I dare to swim across this river.

He does not dare (to) answer.

Don't you dare (to) touch it!

I wondered he dare (to) say that.

He needs to finish it this evening.

shall和should的用法

一.Shall的用法：

1. Shall用于第一人称，表示征求对方的意愿。如：

What shall we do this evening?

2. Shall用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。如：

Shall we begin our lesson?

When shall he be able to leave the hospital?

3. Shall用于第二、第三人称，表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。如：

You shall fail if you don't work harder. （警告）

He shall have the book when I finish reading. （允诺）

He shall be punished. （威胁）

二.Should的用法：

1. Should表示劝告、建议、命令，其同义词是ought to；在疑问句中，通常用should代替ought to。如：

You should go to class right away.

Should I open the window?

Should的含义较多，用法较活，现介绍三种其特殊用法。请看下面的句子：

①I should think it would be better to try it again. 我倒是认为最好再试一试。

②You are mistaken, I should say. 依我看，你是搞错了。

③I should advise you not to do that. 我倒是劝你别这样做。

④This is something I should have liked to ask you. 这是我本来想问你的。

从以上例句可以看出：情态动词should用于第一人称时可以表示说话人的一种谦逊、客气、委婉的语气。

Should还可以用在if引导的条件从句，表示一件事听起来可能性很小，但也不是完全没有可能。相当于“万一”的意思。从句谓语由should加动词原形构成，主句谓语却不一定用虚拟语气。如：⑤Ask her to ring me up if you should see her. 你万一见到她，请让她给我打个电话。

⑥If you should change your mind, please let us know. 万一你改变主意，请通知我们。

⑦Should I (If I should) be free tomorrow I will come. 万一我明天有时间，我就来。

此外，Why(or How) + should结构表示说话人对某事不能理解，感到意外、惊异等意思。意为“竟会”。如：

⑧Why should you be so late today? 你几天怎么来得这么晚？

⑨—Where is Betty living? —贝蒂住在哪里？

—How should I know? —我怎么会知道呢？

⑩I don't know why you should think that I did it. 我真不知道你凭什么认为这件事是我干的。

2. “should + have + 过去分词”结构一般表示义务，表示应该做到而实际上没有做到，并包含一种埋怨、责备的口气。如：She should have finished it.

I should have helped her, but I never could.

You should have started earlier.

will和would的用法

1. 表示请求、建议等，would比will委婉客气。如：

Would you pass me the book?

2. 表示意志、愿望和决心。如：

I will never do that again.

They asked if we would do that again.

The door won't open

3. 用“will be”和“will(would) + have + 过去分词”的结构表示推测，主要用于第二、三人称。前者表示对目前情况的推测，后者表示对已经完成的动作或事态的推测。如：This will be the book you want.

He will have arrived by now.

The guests would have arrived by that time.

I thought you would have finished this by now.

4. Would可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。Would表过去习惯时比used to正式，并没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。如：

The wound would not heal.

During the vacation he would visit me every week.

5. 表料想或猜想。如：

It would be about ten when he left home.

What would she be doing there?

I thought he would have told you all about it.

ought to的用法

1. Ought to表示应该。如：

You ought to take care of him.

2. 表示推测。注意与must表示推测时的区别：

He must be at home by now. （断定他已到家）

He ought to be home by now. （不十分肯定）

This is where the oil must be. （比较直率）

This is where the oil ought to be. （比较含蓄）

3. “ought to + have + 过去分词”表示过去应做某事而实际未做。如：

You ought to have asked him (but you didn't).

这时，ought to和should可以互相换用。

注意：在美国英语中，ought to用于否定句和疑问句时，to可以省略。如：

Ought you smoke so much?

You oughtn't smoke so much.

ought和should的区别：

1.ought语气略强。

2.should较常用。

3.ought在美国英语中用的很少，而should却相当常用。

4.ought属正式用语。

used to，had better，would rather的用法

1. Used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在已不存在，在间接引语中，其形式可不变。如：

He told us he used to play football when he was young.

在疑问句、否定句、否定疑问句或强调句中，可有两种形式：

疑问句

Did you use to go to the same school as your brother?

Used you to go to the same school as your brother?

否定句

I usedn't to go there.

I didn't use to go there.

Usedn't 亦可拼作usen't，但发音皆为['ju:snt]。

否定疑问句

Usen't you to be interested in the theatre?

Didn't you use to be interested in the theatre?

强调句

I certainly used to smoke, but it was a long time ago.

I certainly did use to smoke, but it was a long time ago.

其反意疑问句或简略回答中，也有两种形式：

She used to be very fat, didn't she? （口语+常用）/ use(d)n't she? （正式+过时）Did you use to play chess? Yes, I did.

Used you to get up early in the morning? Yes, I did. (Yes, I used to.)

2. Had better意为“最好”，后接不带to的不定式。如：

—We had better go now.

—Yes, we had (we'd better / we had better).

Hadn't we better stop now? (Had we better not stop now?)

I think I'd better be going. （用于进行时态，表“最好立即”）

You had better have done that. （用于完成时态，表未完成动作）

注：①had best与had better同意，但较少用。②You had better … 用于同辈或小辈，对长辈不可用。

3. Would rather意为“宁愿”，表选择，后接不带to的不定式。如：

I'd rather not say anything.

Would you rather work on a farm?

—Wouldn't you rather stay here?

—No, I would not. I'd rather go there.

由于would rather表选择，因而后可接than。如：

I would rather work on a farm than in a factory.

I would rather watch TV than go to see the film.

I would rather lose a dozen cherry trees than that you should tell me one lie.

I'd rather you didn't talk about this to anyone. （句中的'd rather不是情态动词，would 在此是表愿望的实义动词）

can (could), may (might)的用法

can (could) 表示说话人能,可以,同意,准许,以及客观条件许可,could 为can 的过去式。

Can you pass me the books? 你能给我递一下书吗?

Could you help me, please? 请问,你能帮助我吗?

What can you do? 你能干点什么呢?

Can you be sure? 你有把握吗?

can 和could 只能用于现在式和过去式两种时态,将来时态用be able to 来表示。

He could help us at all. 他完全可以帮助我们。

With the teacher's help,I shall be able to speak English correctly.

由于老师的帮助,我将能准确地讲英语。

may (might) 可以, 表示说话人同意,许可或请求对方许可。

You may take the book home. 你可以把书带回家去.

May I come in? 我可以进来吗?

May I use your dictionary? 我可以用你的词典吗?

You may put on more clothes. 你可以多穿点衣服.

He said he might lend us some money. 他说他可以借给我们一些钱。

may 否定式为may not, 缩写形式是mayn't.

might 是may 的过去式, 有两种用法, 一种表示过去式，一种表示虚拟语气, 使语气更加委婉, 客气或对可能性的怀疑。

He told me he might be here on time. 他说他能按时间来。

Might I borrow some money now. 我可以借点钱吗?

He might be alive. 他可能还活着。

must, need, ought to, dare (dared)用法

Must 必须,应该,一定,准是, 表示说话人认为有必要做某事, 命令, 要求别人做某事以及对事物的推测。

must 用来指一般现在时和一般将来时, 过去式可用have to 的过去式代替。

I must finish my work today. 我今天必须完成我的工作。

You mustn't work all the time. 你不能老是工作。

Must I return the book tomorrow? 我必须明天还书吗?

After such a long walk, you must be tired. 走了这么长的路,你一定困了。

He must be the man I am looking for. 他一定是我要找的人。

He had to go because of somebody's calling him that day. 那天他要走是因为有人叫他。

must + have + 过去分词,表示现在对过去事物的推测。

He must have told my parents about it. 他一定把这件事情告诉我父母亲了。

He must have received my letter now. 他现在一定收到我的信了。

It's six o'clock already, we must have been late again.

已经六点钟了，我们一定又迟到了。

must 和have to 的区别: must 表示说话人的主观思想, have to 表示客观需要。

You must do it now. 你必需现在就干。(说话人认为必须现在干)

I have to go now. 我得走了。(客观条件必须现在走)

need 需要多用在否定式或疑问句中.

Need I attend the meeting tomorrow? 我需要明天参加会议吗?

You need not hand in the paper this week. 这一周你不必交论文。

need 是一个情态动词, 他的用法完全和其他情态动词一样, 但need 还可当作实义动词使用, 这时need 就象其他动词一样,有第三人称,单复数, 后面加带to 的动词等特性。

I need a bike to go to school. 我上学需要一辆自行车。

Do you need a dictionary? 你需要词典吗?

She needs a necklace. 她需要一条项链。

needn't + have + 过去分词表示过去做了没必要做的事情。

You needn't have taken it seriously. 这件事情你不必太认真。

dare 敢多用在否定或疑问句中。

The little girl dare not speak in public. 小女孩不敢在公众面前说话。

Dare you catch the little cat? 你敢抓小猫吗?

dare 除用作情态动词外,更多的是当实义动词使用, 用法同实义动词一样,要考虑人称,单复数,时态等。

Do you dare to walk in the dark? 你敢黑夜走路吗？

He doesn't dare to tell the teacher what happened that day.

他不敢告诉老师那天发生的事。

have to , ought ，will ，Shall , should .

ought 应当,应该后面跟带有to 的动词不定式。

You ought to read these books if you want to know how to repair the motorcar.

如果你想知道如何修理汽车,你应该读这些书。

You ought to bring the child here. 你应该把孩子带来。

ought + to have done 句型。指过去动作,表示一件事情该做而未做。

You ought to have been here yesterday. 你昨天就应该来。

ought not to have done 句型。表示一件不该做的事情却做了。

You ought not to have taken the book out of the reading-room.

你不应该把书带出阅览室。

will (would)决心,愿望。would 为will 的过去式, 可用于各人称。

I'll do my best to catch up with them. 我要尽全力赶上他们。

I'll never do it again, that's the last time. 我再不会做那件事情了,这是最后一次。

He said he would help me. 他说他会帮助我。

will, would用于疑问句表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问,用would 比will 更婉转,客气。

It's hot. Will you open the windows? 天气太热了,你能打开窗户吗?

Will you help me to work it out? 你能帮我解这道题吗?

Would you like some coffee？给你来点咖啡怎样？

Shall, should表示命令,警告,允诺,征求,劝告,建议惊奇。

You should hand in the exercise book. 你应该交作业本了。

This should be no problem. 这应该没问题。

Shall we go now. 我们现在可以走了吗?

Why should I meet him？为什么我要见他?

have to,不得不,必须,表示客观条件只能如此, 而must 则表示主观思想必须。

I have to go now. 我现在得走了。

I have to cook for my child. 我得给孩子做饭。

You must be here on time next time. 你下次一定要按时来。

We must go to get the timetable ourselves. 我们一定要自己去拿时刻表。

Unit3. 表语从句和宾语从句

一．表语从句

表语从句

一定义：

A 表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。

The problem is puzzling.

主语连系动词形容词作表语

The problem is when we can get a pay rise.

主语连系动词一个句子作表语---表语从句

B 连接表语从句的连接词有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why,

whether,how.

He has become a teacher.

He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago.

She has remained there for an hour.

She has remained where I stood yesterday for an hour.

His suggestion is good.

His suggestion is that we should stay calm.

The question is confusing.

The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.

who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.

why he cried yesterday.

how I can persuade her to join us in the party.

whether the enemy is marching towards us.

二注意：

A 表语从句一定要用陈述语序。

False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel.

Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.

B 不可以用if，而用whether 连接表语从句(as if 例外）。

False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us.

Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.

Right: It looked as if he had understood this question.

C 不像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。

Right: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.

Right: The question is why he cried yesterday.

D that在表语从句中不可以省掉。

表语从句只能置于主句之后，而主句的动词只能是联系动词。一表语从句的定义：

表语从句放在连系动词之后，充当复合句中的表语。

二、表语从句的构成：

关联词+简单句

三、引导表语从句的关联词的种类：

1. 可接表语从句的连系动词有be，look，seem，sound，appear等。

China is no longer what she used to be.

今日的中国不再是过去的中国了。

The question remains whether they will be able to help us.

问题还是他们能否帮我们。

At that time，it seemed as if I couldn't think of the right word.

当时，我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。

2. 从属连词whether，as，as if / though引导的表语从句。

He looked just as he had looked ten years before.

他看起来还与十年前一样。

It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door.

听起来好像有人在敲门。

3. because，why引导的表语从句。

That's because he didn't understand me.

那是因为他没有理解我。（That's because…强调原因）

That's why he got angry with me.

那正是他对我生气的原因。（That's why…强调结果）

what引导的主语从句表示结果或名词reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，不宜用because.

The reason why I was sad was that he didn't understand me.

我难过的原因是他没有理解我。

4. 连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever

连接副词where，when，how，why

The problem is who we can get to replace her.

问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。

The question is how he did it.

问题是他是如何做此事的。

That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic.

那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。

5. 从属连词that

The trouble is that I have lost his address.

麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。

6. 使用虚拟语气的表语从句

在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句，谓语动词需用“should+动词原形”表示，should

可省略。常见的词有：advice，suggestion，order，proposal，plan，idea等。

My suggestion is that we （should）start early tomorrow.

我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。

四、应注意的问题：

1. 连系动词be，appear，seem，look等之后可以跟表语从句。

It was because he didn't pass the exam. 那是因为他没有通过考试。

It seems（that）he was late for the train. 看来他没搭上火车。

It appears that she was wrong. 看来她错了。

It seems to me that we should answer for this. 在我看来，我们似乎应该对此事负责。

It appears to her that he wants to teach us all he has. 在她看来，他似乎要把他所会的都教给我们。

2. 引导表语从句的引导词有以下几类。

1）wh-疑问词

My question is who left.

我想问的是谁离开了。

What I wonder is when he left.

我想知道他是何时离开的。

That's what he wants.

那是他想要的。

This is where they once lived.

这就是他们曾经住过的地方。

That is why he didn't come here. 这就是他为何没到这儿来的原因。

2）whether

My question is whether he left（or not）。我的问题是他是否离开了。

注：if不能引导表语从句。

3）that

The fact is that he left. 事实是他离开了。

注：引导表语从句的连词that间或可以省略。

The truth is（that）I didn't go there. 事实是我没去那儿。

4）because，as，as if，as though

It's just because he doesn't know her. 这是仅仅因为他不认识她。

Things are not always as they seem to be. 事物并不总是如其表象。

He looks as if he's tired. 他好像累了。7. 由because引导

It is because I love you too much. 那是因为我太爱你了。

That’s because you can’t appreciate music. 这是因为你不能欣赏音乐。

It's because I passed a slip of paper for John to Helen in class. 这是因为我在上课中替约翰传纸条给海伦。一、表语从句的引导词

引导表语从句的词有连词that, whether，连接代词和连接副词，关系代词型what，以及as if, as though, because 等连词。

1. 由that引导

The fact is that he doesn’t really try. 事实是他没有做真正的努力。

The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦的是我把他的地址丢了。

My suggestion is that we should tell him. 我的建议是我们应该告诉他。

His sole requirement was (is) that the system work. 他唯一的要求是这个制度能起作用。

My idea is that we should start making preparations right now. 我的意见是我们马上就开始做准备工作。

2. 由whether引导

The question is whether the film is worth seeing. 问题是这部电影是否值得看。

【注意】whether 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。

3. 由连接代词引导

You are not who I thought you were. 你已不是我过去所想像的人。

The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。

The question is who (m) we should trust. 问题是我们应当相信谁。

What I want to know is which road we should take. 我想知道的是我们应走哪条路。

4. 由连接副词引导

The problem is how we can find him. 问题是我们如何找到他。

That was when I was fifteen. 这是我15岁时发生的事。

That’s where I first met her. 那就是我第一次遇见她的地方。

That’s why he didn’t come. 这就是他没有来的缘故。

That’s why I object to the plan. 这就是我反对这个计划的原因。

That’s where you are wrong. 这就是你不对的地方。

5. 由关系代词型what引导

That’s what I want to stress. 这是我想强调的。

That’s what we are here for. 我们来这里就为了这个。

Fame and personal gain is what they’re after. 他们追求的是名利。

He is no longer what he was. 他已经不是以前的他了。

6. 由as if / as though引导

It isn’t as if you were going away for ever. 又不是你离开不回来了。

Now it was as though she had known Millie for years. 现在好像她认识米莉已有好多年了似的。

It is not as though we were poor. 又不是我们家里穷。

【注意】because 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的since, as, for等也不用于引导表语从句。

二、连词that的省略问题

引导表语从句的that通常不省略，但在口语或非正式文体中有时也可省略：

My idea is (that) we should do it right away. 我的意见是我们应该马上干。

The trouble is (that) he is ill. 糟糕的是他病。

Unit。4主语从句

主语从句可以按其引导词的不同分为三类：

第一类，用从属连词that引导的主语从句，例如：

That we shall be late is certain.

That the driver could not control his car was obvious.

这种结构主要是对that从句的内容进行强调，属正式文体，连词that不可以省略；但是在一般情况下，往往使用先行it结构，即用it作形式主语，而把that从句放到后面，这时，在口语中，连词that有时则可以省略。所以上述两句可以改为：

It is certain that we shall be late.

It was obvious that the driver could not control his car.

如果整个句子是疑问形式，就只能用先行it结构，例如：

Is it true that he would take the risk？

Is it possible that they will come tomorrow？

常使用先行it结构，用that从句作主语的句子有下列几个句型：

1、It + be + 形容词 + that从句：

It is clear that he was telling the truth.

It’s probable that we’ll be a little late.

2、It + be + 名词词组 + that从句：

It’s a pity that you can’t go with us.

3、It + 及物动词 + 宾语 + that从句：

It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey.

It shocked me that Peter didn’t tell anybody where he was.

4、It + be + 过去分词 + that从句：

It is said that he has been there many times.

5、It + seem/happen/appear等不及物动词 + that从句：

It seems that he has lost something.

注意：

在上述第1和第2两种句型中，that从句前置与使用先行it，that从句后置在意义上没有什么差异；但使用先行it结构较为常见。

在第3种句型中，that从句前置在语法上是可能的，但实际上并不常见，通常总是使用先行it结构 .

第4种句型实质上是被动结构，由于that从句不可以位于句首作被动句的主语，所以只能使用先行it 结构。

第5种句型已经形成了固定的搭配关系，that从句不能前置，只能使用先行it结构，不过，这种结构可以转换为带有不定式的简单句，例如：

It happened that I had no money with me that day.

→ I happened to have no money with me that day.

第二类，用连接代词who、whose、which、what，连接副词when、where、how、why，以及连词whether（或if）引导的主语从句，例如：

Who was responsible for the accident is not yet clear.

→ It is not yet clear who was responsible for the accident.

What he did is not yet known.

→ It is not yet known what he did.

Whether it is true remains a problem.

→ It remains a problem whether / if it is true.

从以上例句可以看出，这类主语从句可以直接放在句首作主语，也可以使用先行it结构，把主语从句放在后面，两种结构可以互换，意义上无差异，但用if 引导主语从句时，只能采取先行it结构，也就是说if不可以引导置于句首的主语从句。

第三类，用what、whatever、where、wherever、whoever、whichever等代词引导的主语从句，例如： What he said at the meeting encouraged everyone.

Whoever fails to see this will make a big blunder.

这类从句一般相当于带有定语从句所修饰的名词词组，即在结构上相当于一个名词加上一个定语从句，例如：

What he wants to buy is a ten-speed bicycle.

→ The thing that he wants to buy is a ten-speed bicycle.

Whoever breaks the law is sure to be punished.

→ Anyone who breaks the law is sure to be punished.

切记，这类主语从句不可以使用先行it结构。

上述第二类主语从句与第三类主语从句尽管在形式上十分相似，但实际上是不同的。第二类结构中用连接代/副词引导的从句系由特殊疑问句转化而来，以whether/if引导的从句系由一般疑问句转化而来，自然

含有疑问的意味，例如：

When they will have the sports meet is still a question.

→ When will they have the sports meet？

Who he is doesn’t concern me.

→ Who is he？

Whether he will join us won’t make too much difference.

→ Will he join us？

而第三类结构中的主语从句则没有疑问的意味。

试比较下列各句：

① What caused the accident is a complete mystery.

② What caused the accident was a broken bottle.

③ What she looks like doesn’t matter.

④ What she’d like is a digital watch.

上述各句中尽管都有一个以what引导的主语从句，但其意义不尽相同；第①和③句中的主语从句系由“What caused the accident？”和“What does she look like？”转化而来，所以可以改成：

It is a complete mystery what caused the accident.

It doesn’t matter what she looks like.

第②④句中的主语从句含义分别为“The thing that caused the accident”和“The thing which she’d like”，所以不含疑问意味，因此不可以说：

It was a broken bottle what caused the accident.

It is a digital watch what she’d like.

但是可以说：

It was a broken bottle that caused the accident.

It is a digital watch that she’d like.

不过，这已不是主语从句，而是强调结构了。

名词性从句通常以“引导词＋正常陈述句语序”的基本形式出现，有时会省略引导词，例如：

Where the meeting is to be held has not been decided. 在哪里开会还没决定。(引导词where 在正常陈述句语序的主语从句中作地点状语)

Whether he will attend the party is not known.他是否要来参加聚会还不知道。(引导词whether 在正常的陈述句语序的主语从句中不充当任何具体成分，只起引导作用)

考点87：名词性从句引导词的基本用法

下表对高考中常见的名词性从句的引导词进行了总结：

名词性从句的引导词引导词是否在名词性从句中充当成分的情况

连接代词： what, which, who, whom, whose

连接副词： when, where, why, how

what, which在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语； who在从句中作主语、表语； whom在从句中作宾语； whose在从句中作定语； when, where, why, how在从句中分别作时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、方式状语

连词that否

连词whether, if否

名词性从句的引导词在高考中的基本用法详见下面的总结：

1. 引导特殊疑问句的疑问词在转为引导名词性从句时，即成为连接代词(主要包括what, which, who, whom, whose)或者连接副词(主要包括when, where, why, how)。注意体会如下例句： Choose which you like best. 选你最喜欢的。// Who has taken away my bag is unknown. 谁拿走了我的包还不知道。// Have

you decided whom you are to nominate as your candidate? 你们是否已经决定提名谁做候选人了?// He asked when Mr. Gilbert would be allowed to go home. 他问什么时候可以允许吉尔伯特先生回家。// Where we can look up his address is still a problem. 我们在哪儿可以查到他的地址还是个难题。// Why he did that wasn’t quite clear. 他为什么做那件事还不十分清楚。// How they will solve the serious problem has not been decided. 他们将怎样解决这个严重问题还没有决定。

以下两种特殊情况要给予特别关注：

(1) what作连接代词引导的名词性从句既可以表示一个问“什么……？”的问题，也可以表示相当于“名词/代词＋关系代词引导的定语从句”结构的意思，这种特殊用法在语法上被称作“关系代词型的what”，注意体会如下例句：He is not what (=the person that) he was a few years ago. 他不是几年前的他了。// This is what (=the place that) they call Salt Lake City. 这就是他们称作盐湖城的地方。// What (=the place that) is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world. 现在的北部撒哈拉沙漠曾是一个文明世界。// Our income is now double what (=the income that) it was ten years ago. 我们现在的收入是十年前的两倍。// The color of the flower is different from what (=the color that) it was in the morning. 花朵(现在的)颜色与它早上的颜色不同。

(2) 带’ever后缀的疑问词除引导让步状语从句之外，还可以引导名词性从句(“no matter＋疑问词”的结构只能引导让步状语从句，不可以引导名词性从句)，注意体会以下例句： Whoever wants to see this film can go with us tonight.无论谁想看这部电影，今晚都可以和我们一起去。// You can give the ticket to whomever you like. 你可以把票给任何你想给的人。// All the books are here. You may borrow whichever (book) you like. 所有的书都在这儿，你愿借哪本就借哪本。// I’ll do whatever you ask me to do. 你叫我做什么，我就做什么。

2. that引导名词性从句时后面接完整的陈述句， that只起引导名词性从句的作用而不充当该名词性从句中的具体成分；引导宾语从句时that常可省略，但引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时that通常不被省略。例如：

She hoped (that) he would arrive on time. 她希望他按时到达。(宾语从句)

That she was chosen made us very happy. 她被选中了让我们很开心。(主语从句)

I have the belief that I will succeed. 我怀有必胜的信念。(同位语从句)

that， what引导名词性从句的区别在于： that在其引导的名词性从句中不充当任何成分，在有的情况下可以省略； what需要在其引导的名词性从句中充当主语、宾语、表语或者定语，而且引导名词性从句的what在任何情况下都不能省略。例如：

That he will succeed is obvious. 显然，他会成功。(引导主语从句的that不在其中充当具体的句子成分)

What she told me is not true. 她所告诉我的都不是真的。(what在其引导的主语从句中作宾语)

3. whether与if均可以引导表示“是否”之意的名词性从句，且whether与if均不在这种名词性从句中充当具体的句子成分。在引导宾语从句时whether与if一般可以互换，但在引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、介词后的宾语从句、放于句首的宾语从句或者名词性从句中包含or (not) 时通常只能用whether作引导词。注意体会下列例句： I don’t know if/whether I can help you. 我不知道我能否帮助你。(宾语从句)// Whether we can really help you, I don’t know yet. 我们是否真的能帮助你，我还不知道。(位于句首的宾语从句)// The teacher worried about whether he had hurt the girl’s feelings. 老师为是否伤害了那女孩的感情而担心。(介词后的宾语从句)// The question is whether they can cooperate with us. 问题是他们能否与我们合作。(表语从句)// The question whether he should come himself or send a substitute must be decided upon. 他该亲自来还是派人替他来，这个问题必须定下来。(同位语从句)// The little girl asked her father whether she should go to the party or not. 那女孩问她的父亲她应不应该参加这个晚会。(包含or not的宾语从句) 注意：肯定形式的doubt后面通常接whether/if引导的宾语从句，否定形式的doubt后面通常接

that引导的宾语从句，例如： I doubt whether it’s true. 我怀疑它是否是真实的。// I doubt if that was what he wanted. 我怀疑那是否是他所想要的。// I don’t doubt that you are honest. 我不怀疑你的诚实。// She never doubted for a moment that she was right. 她对自己是正确的这一点从不怀疑。

考点88：主语从句的基本用法

在句中作主语的名词性从句称为主语从句，主语从句所对应的谓语动词通常用第三人称单数的形式。为了整个句子的平衡，主语从句经常后置，并用it充当形式主语(此时， that引导的主语从句若不放在句首，可以省略引导词that)。例如： What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。// Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。// It is a pity (that) we haven’t contacted for ages. 很遗憾，我们几年没联系了。// It has not been decided where the meeting is to be held. 在哪里开会还没决定。// It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。

注意：不要混淆it 作形式主语指代主语从句与it引导强调句型的情况：

it作形式主语代替主语从句主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化； it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that(被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom) // 区分it 作形式主语指代主语从句与it引导强调句型的有效技巧是：将“It be ... that ...”中的it be和that去掉后，句子仍然成立的是强调句，句子不能成立的是that引导的主语从句。例如：It was my suggestion that made him confident of success. 正是我的建议使他对成功有了自信。去掉it be和that后可以构成完整的强调句型的原型“My suggestion made him confident of success.”，因此本句属于强调句。

It is my suggestion that he needs more practice. 他需要更多的练习是我的建议。去掉it be和that后本句讲不通，因此本句属于主语从句。

1.定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。

2.构成：关联词+简单句

3.引导主语从句的关联词有三类：

(1)从属连词that。如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.

很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。

(2)从属连词whether。如：

Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。

(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever

连接副词 where, when, how, why。如：

What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。

How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。

Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。

Wherever you are is my home ---- my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。

解释：

1.主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有：

A.It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。如：

It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。

It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。

B.It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that从句。如：It’s a pity that we can’t go. 很遗憾我们不能去。

It’s no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我们没赢这场比赛真意外。

C.It+be+过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.)+that 从句。如：

It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。

It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.

据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。

D.It+seem, happen等不及物动词及短语+that从句。如：

It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不来参加晚会。

It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。

E.It+doesn’t matter (makes no difference, etc.)+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。如：

It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。

It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会毫无区别。

F.当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：

Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 下周那位科学家将给我们作报告是真的吗？

Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他们明天不来很要紧吗？

G.当主语从句出现在感叹句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：

How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子们这么安静真奇怪！

2．注意连接代词whoever, whatever, whichever等引导主语从句的含义

Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=the person who) 来的人将受到欢迎。

Whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that) 他所做的事情是正确的。

Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. (whichever=anyone of you who) 你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到奖励。

主语从句主语从句(Subject Clause)

定义:在复合句中充当主语的句子叫做主语从句.

第一部分：常规主语从句，即句子在复合句中充当一个主语

主语从句的时态：不受主句的时态影响和限制。

（1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.

（2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.

（3）Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.

（4） Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.

（5）What caused the accident remains unknown.

（6）Whatever you did is right.

（7）Whose watch was lost is unknown.

（8）What we need is time.

（9）What we need are good doctors.

小结:

（1)引导主语从句连词有that,whether,who,what,whatever等

（2)连词位于句首不能省略

（3)主语从句大多数情况下视为三单,但也有例外,如例9

第二部分：为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语it放在主语位置，真正主语搁置于句末

（1）It is certain that he will win the match.

（2）It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry.

（3）It is very likely that they will hold a meeting.

（4）It is strange that he should do that.

高一下学期英语语法总复习

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2019人教版高中英语必修3电子课本 word版

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Unit 1 Festivals around the world FESTIVALS AND CELEBRATIONS Festivals and celebrations of all kinds have been held everywhere since ancient times. Most ancient festivals would celebrate the end of cold weather, planting in spring and harvest in autumn. Sometimes celebrations would be held after hunters had caught animals. At that time people would starve if food was difficult to find, especially during the cold winter months. Today’s festivals have many origins, some religious, some seasonal, and some for special people or events. Festivals of the dead Some festivals are held to honour the dead or to satisfy the ancestors, who might return either to help or to do harm. For the Japanese festival Obon, people should go to clean graves and light incense in memory of their ancestors. They also light lamps and play music because they think that will lead the ancestors back to earth. In Mexico, people celebrate the Day of the Dead in early November. On this important feast day, people eat food in the shape of skulls and cakes with “bones” on them. They offer food, flowers and gifts to the dead. The Western holiday Halloween also had its origin in old beliefs about the return of the spirits of dead people. It is now a children’s festival, when they can dress up and go to their neighbours’ homes to ask for sweets. If the neighbours do not give any sweets, the children might play a trick on them. Festivals to Honour People Festivals can also be held to honour famous people. The Dragon Boat Festival in China honours the famous ancient poet, Qu Y uan. In the USA, Columbus Day is in memory of the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the New World. India has a national festival on October 2 to honour Mohandas Gandhi, the leader who helped gain India’s independence from Britain. Harvest Festivals Harvest and Thanksgiving festivals can be very happy events. People are grateful because their food is gathered for the winter and the agricultural work is over. In European countries, people will usually decorate churches and town halls with flowers and fruit, and will get together to have meals. Some people might win awards for their farm produce, like the biggest watermelon or the most handsome rooster. China and Japan have mid-autumn festivals when people admire the moon and in China enjoy moon-cakes. Spring Festivals The most energetic and important festivals are the ones that look forward to the end of winter and to the coming of spring. At the Spring Festival in China, people eat dumplings, fish and meat and may give children lucky money in red paper. There are dragon dances and carnivals, and families celebrate the Lunar New Year together. Some Western countries have very exciting carnivals, which take place forty days before Easter, usually in February. These carnivals might include parades, dancing in the streets day and night, loud music and colourful clothing of al kinds. Easter is an important religious and social festival for Christians around the world. It celebrates the return of Jesus from the dead and the coming of spring and new life. Japan’s Cherry Blossom Festival happens a little later. The country, covered with cherry tree flowers, looks as though it is covered with pink snow. People love to get together to eat, drink and have fun with each other. Festivals let us enjoy life, be proud of our customs and forget our work for a little while.

人教版高一英语必修三必背句型汇总

人教版高一英语必修三必背句型汇总 1) It was the first time in a year and a half that I had seen the night face to face. (从句时态用完成时) 这是我一年半以来第一次目睹夜晚。 2) I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature.(强调句) 我不知道这是不是因为我长久无法出门的缘故，我变得对一切与大自然有关的事物都无比狂热。 3) I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven one evening in order to have a good look at the moon for once by myself. 有一天晚上，我熬到11点半故意不睡觉，为的是独自好好看看月亮一次。 4) Your friend, who doesn’t wor k hard, asks you to help him cheat in the end-of-term exam.(非限制性定语从句) 你的一个朋友叫你在期末考试中帮他作弊，这个朋友平常不认真学习。 5) If you have some trouble (in) getting along with your friends, you can write to the editor and ask for advice. 如果你在和朋友的相处上有问题，你可以写信给编辑向他征求建议。 6) Add up your score and see how many points you can get. 把你的得分加起来，看看得了多少。 7) What he did has added to our difficulties. 他的所作所为增加了我们的困难。 8) His income adds up to $1000 a month. 他每月的收入共计1000美元。 9) It's no pleasure looking through these any longer because nature is one thing that really must be experienced. 观看这些已不再是乐趣，因为大自然是你必须体验的。 10) Why is she so concerned about his attitude to her work? 她为什么那么关注他对她的工作的看法? 11) The police asked him to set down what he had seen in a report. 警察让他在报告中写下他所看见的事情。 12) As I was about to go out and search for him, he happened to come in. 正当我打算出去找他时，他恰巧进来。 13) Mr. Jones lives alone and often feels lonely. 琼斯先生单独一人生活，常常感到孤独。 14) We tried to calm him down, but he kept crying. 我们试图让他平静下来，但他仍不停地哭着。 15) Does he dare (to) go out at night in such stormy weather? 他敢在这样一个暴风雨夜外出吗? 16) The man insisted that he didn’t steal anything and he (shouldbe set free at once. (陈述语气、虚拟语气这男人坚持自己没有偷东西，他坚持说他应该立刻被释放。 17) She gave me a determined look ?C the kind that said she wouldn’t change h er mind. 她给了我一个坚定的眼神——这种眼神表明她是不会改变主意的。 18) He is so stubborn that no one can persuade him to do anything. 他是如此的固执以致没有人能说服他做任何事。 19) My sister doesn’t care about details. 我的姐姐是不会考虑细节的。 20) She is a determined woman. Once she determines to do something, she will do it well. 她是个意志坚强的人。如果她下决心做什么事，就一定要做好。 21) He recorded the important events ad his afterthoughts in his travel journal. 在旅行日记中，他记下了重大的事件及自己的想法。 22) I am not familiar with this city, because this is my first visit. 我对这个城市不熟悉，因为这是我的第一次来访。

高中英语必修三知识点总结

高中英语必修三知识点总结 Final approval draft on November 22, 2020

必修三u n i t1 1.take place / happen / break out 无被动 2.starve to death 饿死 starve to do渴望做.. starve for 渴望得到.. 3.in memory of 纪念 4.dress up 穿上盛装，打扮 5. play a trick / tricks on play a joke / jokes on 6.award sb. sth.=award sth. to sb.授予某人某物 reward sb. for sth. 因... 而报答，奖赏某人 reward sb. with sth. 用...报答，酬谢某人 7.look forward to doing *以介词to结尾的短语 pay attention to (doing) devote… to (doing) attach… to (doing) attach great importance to... 认为...很重要 8.without permission.未经许可 permit doing sth. permit sb.to do sb be permitted to do 9.turn up 出现,调高 turn down 拒绝，调低 turn out (to be ) 结果是 turn to sb (for help) 求助 10 keep one’s word守信用；履行诺言hold one’s breath屏息；屏气 11.apologize to sb for sth make an apology to sb for sth 11.set off （for...) = set out（for...) 动身，出发 12.remind sb. of sth. /sb.使某人想起… remind sb. to do sth. 提醒某人做某事 14.mean to do打算做 mean doing 意味着 15 be satisfied with 对…感到满意 satisfying 令人满意的 16lead to 导致；通向，通往 17. It is/was obvious that。。。很明显…… 18.get/be married to U2 1. have / keep a healthy diet

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