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语言学论述题答案

语言学论述题答案
语言学论述题答案

1、How is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance?

Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar in that they both think that language can be divided into two levels, one level is abstract (e.g. langue; competence) and the other concrete (e.g. parole; performance). And they also think that what linguists should deal with is the abstract level which can reveal the real nature of language. At the same time, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of language is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.

2、What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How are allophones related to a phoneme?

A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during communication are all phones.A phoneme is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, the phoneme /p/ in English can be realized as [p] and [ph], which are allophones of the phoneme /p/.

3、What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?

(1) The naming theory proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for. So words are just names or labels for things.

(2) The conceptualist view has been held by some philosophers and linguists from ancient times. This view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (i. e., between language and the real world); rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.

(3) The contextualist view held that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context ––elements closely linked with language behaviour. The representative of this approach was J.R. Firth, famous British linguist.

(4) Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.”This theory, somewhat close to contextualism, is linked with psychological interest.

4、What are the five types of illocutionary speech acts Searle has specified? What is the illocutionary point of each type?

(1) representatives: stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true

(2) directives: trying to get the hearer to do something

(3) commissives: committing the speaker himself to some future course of action

(4) expressives: expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing

(5) declarations: bringing about immediate changes by saying something

The illocutionary point of the representatives is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said, in other words, when performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to be true. Stating, believing, sweating, hypothesizing are among the most typical of the representatives.

Directives ate attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do some- thing. Inviting, suggesting, requesting, advising, wanting, threatening and ordering are all specific instances of this class.

Commissives are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action, i.e. when speaking the speaker puts himself under a certain obligation. Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical ones.

The illocutionary point of expressives is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance. The speaker is expressing his feelings or attitudes towards an existing state of affairs, e.g. apologizing, thanking, congratulating.

The last class “declarations”has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this type brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.

5、How do bilingualism and diglossia differ, and what do they have in common?

The language acquisition theories mentioned in this chapter have different emphasis on different aspects. Behaviorists view sounds reasonable in explaining the routine aspects, the innatist accounts most plausible in explaining children's acquiring complex system, and the interactive description convincing in understanding how children learn and use the language appropriately from their environment. In my opinion, behaviorists view is more reasonable and convincing

because language acquisition is a process of enforcing and reinforcing. Only through this process can a person learn a language well. Bilingualism refers to the situation that in some speech communities, two languages are used side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes. But instead of two different languages, in a diglossic situation, two varieties of a language exit side by side through out the community, with each having a definite role to play.

The two languages of bilingualism and the two varieties of diglossic each has different role to play as situation changes.

6、Based on your own learning experiences, please illustrate how important it is to learn its culture when learning a foreign language?

Based on my own learning experiences, I find it is very important to learn its culture when learning a foreign language, A typical example of these is that when greeting acquaintances, we tend to say "Have you eaten?", which will cause misunderstanding to a foreigner.

7、Among the language acquisition theories mentioned in this chapter, which one do you think is more reasonable and convincing? Explain why.

The language acquisition theories mentioned in this chapter have different emphasis on different aspects. Behaviorists view sounds reasonable in explaining the routine aspects, the innatist accounts most plausible in explaining children's acquiring complex system, and the interactive description convincing in understanding how children learn and use the language appropriately from their environment. In my opinion, behaviorists view is more reasonable and convincing because language acquisition is a process of enforcing and reinforcing. Only through this process can a person learn a language well.

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Chapter One Language 1. Define the following terms 1) discreteness 2) design features 3) arbitrariness 4) duality 5) displacement 6) cultural transmission 7) the imaginative function of language 8) the personal function of language 9) the heuristic function of language 10) language 2. Multiple Choice Directions: In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question or to complete the sentence best. 1) Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang 2) The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ________. A. interrogative B. directive C. informative D. performative 3) In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy) as a means of controlling the forces which the believers feel might affect their lives. Which function does it perform? A. Interpersonal. B. Emotive. C Performative. D. Recreational. 4) Which of the following properties of language enables language users to overcome the barriers causedby time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. interchangeability. B. Duality. C. Displacement. D. Arbitrariness. 5) Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language? —A nice day, isn’t it? —Right! I really enjoy the sunlight. A. Emotive B. Phatic. C. Peformative. D. Interpersonal. 6) Unlike animal communication systems, human language is . A. stimulus free B. stimulus bound C. under immediate stimulus control D. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest. 7) Which of the following is the most important function of language? A. interpersonal function B. performative function C. informative function D. recreational function 8) In different languages, different terms are used to express the animal “狗”, this shows the nature of --- of human language. A arbitrariness B cultural transmission C displacement D discreteness 9) Which of the following disciplines are related to applied linguistics? A. statistics B. psycholinguistics C. physics D. philosophy 10) has been widely accepted as the father of modem linguistics.

英语语言学复习资料 简答题

1.1. What is language? “Language is system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a system, since linguistic elements are arranged systematically, rather than randomly. Arbitrary, in the sense that there is usually no intrins ic connection between a work (like “book”) and the object it refers to. This explains and is explained by the fact that different languages have different “books”: “book” in English, “livre” in French, in Japanese, in Chinese, “check” in Korean. It is symb olic, because words are associated with objects, actions, ideas etc. by nothing but convention. Namely, people use the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to. It is vocal, because sound or speech is the primary medium for all human l anguages, developed or “new”. Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms. The fact that small children learn and can only learn to speak (and listen) before they write (and read) also indicates that language is primarily vocal, rather than writt en. The term “human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human specific. 1.2. What are design features of language? “Design features” here refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability 1.3. What is arbitrariness? By “arbitrariness”, we mean there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds (see I .1). A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. Language is therefore largely arbitrary. But language is not absolutely seem to be some sound-meaning association, if we think of echo words, like “bang”, “crash”, “roar”, which are motivated in a certain sense. Secondly, some compounds (words compounded to be one word) are not entirely arbitrary either. “Type” and “write” are opaque or unmotivated words, while “type-writer” is less so, or more transparent or motivated than the words that make it. So we can say “arbitrariness” is a matter of degree. 1.4.What is duality? Linguists refer “duality” (of structure) to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. According to Hu Zhanglin et al. (p.6), language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is important for the workings of language. A small number of semantic units (words), and these units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences (note that we have dictionaries of words, but no dictionary of sentences!). Duality makes it possible for a person to talk about anything within his knowledge. No animal communication system enjoys this duality, or even approaches this honor. 1.5.What is productivity? Productivity refers to the ability to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native langua ge, including those that has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation. No one has ever said or heard “A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the small hotel bed with an African gibbon”, but he can say it when necessary, and he can understand it in right register. Different from artistic creativity, though, productivity never goes outside the language, thus also

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