英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编13
(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)
一、填空题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)
1.Such errors as "teached" and "womans" are caused by 1.
（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：second language learners）
解析：解析：（这些错误一般是第二语言习得者犯的。)
2. 1is a method of foreign or second language teaching which makes use of translation and grammar study as the main teaching and learning activities.
（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Grammar-translation Method）
解析：解析：（语法翻译法即在外语教学中主要运用翻译和语法学习为教学活动的方法。)
3. 1 is a grammar-based language teaching method in which principles of grammatical and lexical gradation are used and new teaching points presented and practiced through situations.
（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Situational language teaching）
解析：解析：（情景教学法基于语法的教学方法，强调在情境中呈现语法规则和词汇级别等教学点。) 4.There are three principles of language testing: 1, 2and 3.
（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Validity：reliability；practicality）
解析：解析：（语言测试的三个原则：效度原则、信度原则及实用性原则。)
二、单项选择题(总题数：21，分数：42.00)
5.Which of the following statement is NOT true?(大连外国语学院2008研)
（分数：2.00）
https://www.doczj.com/doc/6518847730.html,nguage is a means of vocal communication.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/6518847730.html,nguage is instrumental. √
https://www.doczj.com/doc/6518847730.html,nguage is social and conventional.
解析：解析：（语言不是机械的工具的，而是一种交流方式。)
6.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature?(大连外国语学院2008研) （分数：2.00）
A.Arbitrariness
B.Convention √
C.Duality
解析：解析：（语言的区别性特征主要是指任意性，双重性，创造性和移位性。)
7.By______we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and recursiveness.(西安外国语学院2006研)
（分数：2.00）
A.arbitrariness
B.duality
C.creativity √
D.displacement
解析：解析：（创造性指语言的能产性，它能够使人造出和理解无穷的长句，其中很多句子是以前从未听过的。)
8.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?(西安交大2008研)
（分数：2.00）
A.tree √
B.crash
C.typewriter
D.bang
解析：解析：（crash是一个缩略语，typewriter是复合词，bang是拟声词，所以只有tree的形成是完全任意的。)
9.The functions of language do NOT include______.(大连外国语学院2008研)
（分数：2.00）
https://www.doczj.com/doc/6518847730.html,rmative function
B.interpersonal function
C.metacognitive function √
解析：解析：（语言的主要功能包括寒暄功能、指示功能、信息功能、疑问功能、表达功能、施为功能和劝说功能。)
10.The most important sociological use of language is the______function, by which people establish and maintain their status in a society.(西安外国语学院2006研)
（分数：2.00）
A.performative
B.interpersonal √
C.phatic
D.metalingual
解析：解析：（语言最重要的社会功能是人际功能。)
11.Saussure took a(n)______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a______point of view.(西安交大2008研)
（分数：2.00）
A.sociological... psychological √
B.psychological. . . sociological
C.applied. . . pragmatic
D.semantic. . . linguistic
解析：解析：（索绪尔的语言指语言社团中的语言，所以是从社会的角度研究语言。乔姆斯基是从使用者本身掌握的语言知识研究语言，是从心理角度研究语言。)
12.According to F.de Saussure, ______refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.(西安交大2008研)
（分数：2.00）
A.parole
B.performance
https://www.doczj.com/doc/6518847730.html,ngue √
https://www.doczj.com/doc/6518847730.html,nguage
解析：解析：（索绪尔的语言指语言社团中的语言。)
13.The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely connected with______.(大连外国语学院2008研)
（分数：2.00）
A.articulatory phonetics
B.acoustic phonetics √
C.auditory phonetics
解析：解析：（声学语音学研究语音的物质特征。)
14.Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language? —A nice day, isn"t it? —Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.
（分数：2.00）
A.Emotive.
B.Phatic. √
C.Performative.
D.Interpersonal.
解析：解析：（谈论天气的问候语体现了语言的寒暄功能。)
15.______deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.
（分数：2.00）
A.Linguistic geography
B.Sociolinguistics
C.Applied linguistics √
https://www.doczj.com/doc/6518847730.html,parative linguistics
解析：解析：（应用语言学为语言在其他领域的使用，尤其是教育方面。)
16.Verbal dueling, the use of language for the sheer joy of using it, is mainly to do with the ______, function of language.(武汉大学2011研)
（分数：2.00）
A.performative
B.interpersonal
https://www.doczj.com/doc/6518847730.html,rmative
D.recreational √
解析：解析：（如果运用语言仅仅是为了开心好玩，那就是运用了语言的娱乐功能。)
17.All syllables contain a______.(北二外2004研)
（分数：2.00）
A.nucleus √
B.coda
C.onset
解析：解析：（一般的音节由节首、节核和节尾构成，一个音节中可以没有节首或节尾，但一定有节核。)
18.Of the three cavities.______is the most variable and active in amplifying and modifying speech sounds.(北二外2004研)
（分数：2.00）
A.nasal cavity
B.pharynx cavity
C.oral cavity √
解析：解析：（在三大发音器官中，气流在口腔中受挤或转向从而产生不同的声音。)
19.Of the consonants / p/, / t/, / k/, / f/, / m/, / z/ and / g/, which has the features of voiceless and velar?(对外经贸2005研)
（分数：2.00）
A./k/ √
B./p/
C./g/
D./t/
解析：解析：（／k／是清音，软腭音，爆破音；／t／是齿龈音，爆破音，清音；／g／是浊音，软腭音，爆破音，／p／是双唇音，爆破音，轻音。)
20.The consonant(s)in the word "smile" can be described as:(对外经贸2006研)
（分数：2.00）
A.voiceless oral alveolar fricative √
B.voiceless nasal bilabial liquid
C.voiced oral alveolar plosive
D.voiced oral bilabial fricative
解析：解析：（／s／是清音，摩擦音，齿龈音。)
21.The vowel______is a low back vowel.(西安外国语学院2006研)
（分数：2.00）
A./i:/
B./u/
C./e/
D./a:/ √
解析：解析：（／a／是低元音，后元音，紧音。)
22.The categories of consonant are NOT established on the basis of______.(大连外国语学院2008研)
（分数：2.00）
A.manners of articulation
B.place of articulation
C.narrow transcription √
解析：解析：（划分辅音的两个根据是发音位置和发音方式。)
23.Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest, and explain the reason in ONE sentence.（Focus on manner of articulation)(南京大学2008研)
（分数：2.00）
A./f/
B./z/
C./?/
D./k/ √
解析：解析：（A、B、C都是摩擦音，但D是爆破音。)
24.Which of the following is not a minimal pair?(对外经贸2006研)
（分数：2.00）
A.(li:f)(fi:l) √
B.(sip)(zip)
C.(sai)(sei)
D.(keit)(feit)
解析：解析：（能够用一个音区别意义的两个词叫做最小的对立体。A需要两个音来区分，不是最小对立体。)
25.In a syllable, a vowel often serves as______.(大连外国语学院2008研)
（分数：2.00）
A.Peak or Nucleus √
B.Onset
C.Coda
解析：解析：（在音节中，节核通常由元音来担当。)
Chapter 1 三、问答题 1.what are major branches of linguistics? what does each study? Phonetics----it’s defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, it’s concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s lang uages. Phonology---the study of sounds systems—the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall. Morphology---It’s a branch of a grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Syntax-------it's a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language. Semantics---It’s simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction. Pragmatics---the study of meaning in context of words. Sociolinguistics—the study of language with reference to society. Psycholinguistics---the study of language with reference to the working of the mind. Applied linguistics---the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning. 2.why do we say language is arbitrary? Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language, it’s only our tacit agreement of utterance and concept at work and not any innate relationship bound up in the utterance. A typical example to illustrate the ‘arbitrariness’ of language is ‘a rose by any other name would smell as sweet’. 3.what makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? Modern linguistics is descriptive, its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language date.现代语言学是描述性的，其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。 traditional grammar is prescriptive. it is based on’ high’ written language. 传统语法是规定性的，研究‘高级’书面语。 4.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? why Modern linguistics is mainly synchronic, focusing on the present-day language. unless the various states of a language are successfully studied, it will not be possible to describe language from a diachronic point of view. 现代语言学主要是共时性的，重点研究现代语言。除非对语言的各种状态都进行成功的研究，否则很难从历时性角度对语言进行描述。 5.which enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writings? Speech enjoys for the following reasons: ⑴Speech precedes writing in terms of evolution.
英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.
2011年7月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 英语（二）试卷 I. Vocabulary and. Structure (10 points, 1 point each) 从下列各句四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题卡上将相应的字母涂黑。 1 .Students should_____their own interests as well as do their schoolwork. A. persuade B .pursue C. persist 2. I'd like to remind you that there is no_____on the part of suspects to answer questions. A. obligation 3. He blamed his poor performance_____jet lag. B .for 4 .We_____knowledge from our families,schools,jobs,and the mass media. 5. Not until recently_____that Thompson had ben telling the truth all along. realized I realize did realize I 6. I don’t need any help at the moment,but I_____your offer. 7 .The sad condition of women working as house servants around the world received much media_____early this year. A .importance B. attention 8 .She has no hostility to us, _____can be judged from her eyes. A. that 9 .When you're_____ a crisis, it often helps to talk to someone. through in for after over on whether the message is right or wrong should at least come after _____what the message is. out out out out II. Cloze Test (10 points,1 point each) 下列短文中有十个空白，每个空白有四个选项。根据上下文要求选出最佳答案，并在答题卡上将相应的字母涂黑。 People in all parts of the world are observing "No Tobacco Day". It is the day 11 the World Health Organization (WHO) appeals to people to stop using tobacco products. WHO hopes if people stop smoking cigarettes or 12 tobacco for one day, they will stop permanently. Health experts have warned for years that smoking can lead to heart disease, cancer and other 13 ．WHO says diseases linked to smoking kill 14 2,500,000 persons each year. Still, many people find it 15 stopping smoking. One reason is nicotine, a substance found in cigarettes. Nicotine is a drug. Its effects are 16 those of cocaine and heroin. "No Tobacco Day" is intended for smokers and 17 who earn money from tobacco sales. So businesses are urged to stop selling tobacco products for twenty-four hours. 18 are urged not to carry advertisements for cigarettes. WHO has approved plans to help reach its 19 of a "smoke-free" world. They urge governments to take action to help 20 make money by growing other crops. They also call for improved public information campaigns about the risks of smoking. 11. A. whether B. which C. when D. what
英语专业考研语言学复习题附答案 Chapter I Introduction I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. 3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. 5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. 6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. 7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. 9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. 10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. 11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. 12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. 14. Social changes can often bring about language changes. 15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society. 16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar. 18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time. 19 Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language. 20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure. II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 21. Ch omsky defines “ competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language. https://www.doczj.com/doc/6518847730.html,ngue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules. 23.D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless
山东省2006年7月高等教育自学考试 英语（二）试卷【14学分】 （课程代码：0015 考试时间：150分钟） PART ONE (50 POINTS) I. V ocabulary and Structure (10points, 1 point for each item) 从下列各句四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题纸上将相应的字母填在题号后括号内。 1. Kate is a good student, . A. her math probems are always rewritten to ensure clearnness B. her math problems are always rewriting to ensure cleanness C. her math problems always rewritten to ensure cleanness D. her math problems always rewriting to ensure cleanness 2. you are to accept these facts, you’ll be. A. The better able… the less angry B. The best able… the least angry C. Better able… less angry D. Best able… least angry 3.To stay there wating was they could only do. A. how B. what C. / D. that 4. Not only rising, but unemployment was on the increase. A. the inflation rate was B. was the inflation rate C. the inflation rate is D. is the inflation rate 5. The working conditions in this factory are so terrible that the workers can no longer them. A. come up with B. put up with C. take on with D. put on with 6. When attending a formal dinner, you should look your to show your respect others. A. good … for B. best … for C. good … to D. best … to 7. He me two yuan for repairing the bicycle. A. charged B. spent C. took D. cost 8. At last, justice has and the guilty man has been punished. A. prevailed B. delivered C. endured D. faded 9. He is a(n) teacher and can teach almost all the courses of the courses of the English Department. A. stern B. potential C.objective D. versatile 10.These figures are not with the results obtained in previous experiments. A. conservative B. considerate C. consistent D. constant II. Cloze Test (10points, 1 point for each item) 下面短文中有十个空白，每个空白有四个选项。根据上下文要求选出最佳答案，并在答题纸上将相应的字母填在题号后括号内。 In the United States, a university 11 from a college, but they share similarities at the same time. A university is 12 larger than a college, and a university program for undergraduates usually 13 four years. College students usually 14 four years in school, too. In this way, a university and a college are 15 . A college, 16 , usually has only one or two kinds of programs. A college does not have graduate or
1.Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but the detail of language have to be taught and learned. 2.Displacement means that language can be used to refer to thing which present or not present, real or imagined matter in the past, present or future or in far-away places. https://www.doczj.com/doc/6518847730.html,nguage is a system considering of two sets of structures, or two levels. https://www.doczj.com/doc/6518847730.html,nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 5.Chomsky defined competence as the ideal speaker’s knowledge of the rules of his language. 6.Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. 7.Modern linguistics gives priority to the spoken from of language. 8.The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. 9.Psycholinguistic relates the study of language to psychology. 10.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 11.Of the two media of language, speech is more basic than writing. 12.vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing 13.of all the speech organs , the tongue is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other. 14.when the obstruction is partial and the air if forced through a narrow passage in the mouth so as to cause definite local friction at the point ,the speech sound thus produced is a fricative in the production of
语言学的资料很少，看完书后想找些习题或往年试题做做，可以起到练兵，巩固所看书本知识的作用。我收集了一些高校语言学的往年试题供大家参考，讨论，交流一下做题的感受，也希望大家可以把自己所考学校的往年试题发表在上面，给大家一起讨论。 1 One of the main features of our human language is arbitrariness .Can you briefly explain what is this feature refers to ? Give examples if necessary(10 points). < 北师大2003年试题） 2 In english we can describe a story as "a successful story" or "a success story ".Do you think they mean the same ? Please explain and give your reasons(10 points) ,< 同上》 3 Expain the following terms ,giving examples where necessary.(50 points) <中山2003》 design feature macrolinguistics vowel minimal pair folk etymology aspect anopho r error analysisr metaphor 4 Language can change through blending ,metanalysis ,back-formation, analogical creation and borrowing.Give two english words for each of them ( 5 points) 清华 2000年试题 5 Answer the following question briefly.clearly,grammatically and correctly.(10 Points ) 湖南师大2003年 What is it wrong to assume that the meaning of a sentence is the sum of the meaning of the words which compose it ? 7 Define the following terms.(10 points) 中国海洋大学1999 Phoneme ,consonant,morpheme,lexicon,syntax,endocentric construction,semantics,hyponymy ,language ,design feature 8 Define the following terms .(20 points) 苏州大学1997 allophone morpheme assimilation internal authority interlanguage phatic communion closed-class word government semantica triangic lingua franca
英语语言学 Ⅰ.Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully，Decide which of the four choices completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets. 1.There are ( )main areas of phonetic study. A.2 B.3 C.4 D.5 ANSWER:B 2.The term( )linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. A.synchronic B.diachronic https://www.doczj.com/doc/6518847730.html,parative D.historical comparative ANSWER:B 3.Foreign language learning always contain ( ) A language historical process learning B.input and language learning C inter language in language learning D.grammar and language learning ANSWER:BCD 4.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+ last name, ( )and kin term. A title+ first name B title+ title
2019年10月髙等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 英语(二）试卷（课程代码：00015） 本试卷共8页，满分100分，考试时间150分钟。 考生答卷前必须将自己的姓名和准考证号写在答题卡上。 必须在答题卡上答题，写在试卷上的答案无效。 第一部分：阅读判断（第1?10题，每题1分，共10分） 下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。在答题卡相应位置上将答案选项涂黑。 To Lease(租赁) or Not to Lease Planning to lease a car because you don't think you can afford to buy? Think again. Leasing can end up being just as expensive as buying. Most people think about leasing because they believe it will cost them less money. They're right-it is cheaper, but only in the short term. For example, if you were to lease anew Subaru Forester, you might pay $300 per month for the car. If you were to buy the same car, you would pay about $400 per month. Over a three-year, you would save $3600-a big savings. But after your lease is over, you have to give the car back. Many people want to lease because they can drive a more expensive car than they might otherwise be able to afford. For example, if you spend $300 monthly on a car, you might be able to lease a new Ford Explorer. For the same price, you might have to buy a used Explorer, or buy a new but much less expensive model. A lease，therefore，allows you to drive the latest models of more expensive cars. However, whatever car you can afford to buy you get to keep it, and it will always have a resell or trade-in(以新旧换)value if you want to upgrade to a new car later. Furthermore, people who lease cars are often shocked by how much they must pay when the lease is over . Most leases limit you to a certain number of miles. If you go over that, you must pay for each mile. As a result, you may end up paying thousands of dollars in mileage(里程) fees. In addition, when you lease ,you have to pay for regular maintenance and repairs to the vehicle. Since you must return the car finally, you are paying to repair someone else's car.
Chapter 4 Phonology(音位学) 4.1 phonetics and phonology:语音学与音位学的区分 Both phonetics and phonology are concerned with speech.语音学和音位学都士对语音的研究。 定义区别 -Phonetics is a study of the production, perception and physical properties of speech sounds. 语音学是研究语音的生产、感知和物理性质的。 -Phonology studies how speech sounds are combined，organized，and convey meanings in particular languages.研究语音如何在在特定的语言中结合、组织和表达含义。 ---Phonology is language-specific.it is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages.音位学是特定于语言的。它的研究对象是自然语言中的声音是如何组织和使用的。 ---Phonetics is a study of speech sounds while phonology is a study of the sound syst em of a language.语音学是一个研究语音的然后音位学是研究一种语言的声音系统的学科。 4.2 Phonemes，phones and allophones 音位、音子、音位变体 Different languages have different phonological systems.不同的语言有不同的语音系统。 定义： ①Phones are the smallest identifiable phonetic unit or segment found in a stream of speech. 音子就是在连续的发音中可辨认的最小语音单位或片段。 ②Allophones are the phones which represent a phoneme in a language and cannot change word meaning by substituting any of the set for another.音位变体是指代表语言中音位的音子，即使以一个取代另一个也不改变词义。 ③Phonemes are the minimal distinctive units in the sound system of a language.音位是语言系统中最小的独特的单位。 Allophones are the realization of a particular phoneme while phones are the realizatio n of phonemes in general.音位变体是一个特定音素的认知而音子则是一般的音素。 4.3Minimal pairs 最小对立体 The phonologist is concerned with what difference are significant or technically speaki ng, distinctive. Minimal pair---a pair of words which differ from each other by one sound. Three conditions（情况）: 1）the two froms are different in meaning意义不同 2）the two forms are different in one sound segment声音片段不同 3）the different sounds occur in the same position of the two words.不同声音发生在两个单词的相同位置 Minimal set: a group of words can satisfy（满足）the three conditions . Minimal pairs help determine phonemes. 最小对立体用来定义音位。 4.4 identifying phonemes 识别音素 4.4.1 contrastive distribution，complementary distribution and free variation 对比分布，互补分布和自由变异 The distribution of a sound refers to the collective environments in which the sound concerned may appear.一个声音的分布是指其有关的声音可能出现的集体环境。 1）contrastive distribution对比分布 If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of on