机械密封（机封）的基本概念
[1]机械密封(mechanical seal)是指由至少一对垂直于旋转轴线的端面在流体压
力和补偿机构弹力（或磁力）的作用下以及辅助密封的配合下保持贴合并相对滑动而构成的防止流体泄漏的装置。弹力加载机构与辅助密封是金属性纹管的机械密封我们称为金属波纹管密封。在轻型密封中，还有使用橡胶波纹管作辅助密封的，橡胶波纹管弹力有限，一般需要辅以弹簧来满足加载弹力。
“机械密封”通常被人们简称为“机封”。
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机械密封的组成（重点是以下四类部件）
主要部件
动环和静环。
辅助密封件
密封圈（有O形、X形、U型、楔形、矩形柔性石墨、PTFE包覆橡胶O圈等）。弹力补偿机构
弹簧、推环。
传动件
弹簧座及键或各种螺钉。
集装式机械密封
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什么是机械密封
机械密封是一种旋转机械的油封装置。比如离心泵、离心机、反应釜和压缩机等设备。由于传动轴贯穿在设备内外，这样，轴与设备之间存在一个圆周间隙，设备中的介质通过该间隙向外泄露，如果设备内压力低于大气压，则空气向设备内泄露，因此必须有一个阻止泄露的轴封装置。轴封的种类很多，由于机械密封具有泄漏量少和寿命长等优点，所以当今世界上机械密封是在这些设备最主要的轴密封方式。机械密封又叫端面密封，在国家有关标准中是这样定义的：“由至少一对垂直于旋转轴线的端面在流体压力和补偿机构弹力（或磁力）的作用以及辅助密封的配合下保持贴合并相对滑动而构成的防止流体泄漏的装置。”
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对机械密封的密封环有哪些要求
密封环是动环和静环的总称(下同)，是构成机械密封最主要的元件。密封环在很大程度上决定了机械密封的使用性能和寿命，因此，对它提出了一些要求。
有足够的强度和刚度
在工作条件下(如压力、温度和滑动速度等)不损坏，变形应尽量的小，工作条件波动时仍能保持密封性。
密封端面应有足够的硬度和耐腐蚀性
以保证工作条件下有满意的使用寿命。
密封环应有良好的耐热冲击能力
为此，要求材料有较高的导热系数和较小的线膨胀系数，承受热冲击时不至于开裂。
应有较小的摩擦系数和良好的自润滑性
密封环匹配应有较小的摩擦系数和良好的自润滑性，密封环材料与密封流体还要有很好的浸润性。工作中如发生短时间的干摩擦，不损伤密封端面。
应力求简单对称并优先考虑用整体型结构
也可采用组合式(如镶装式)密封环，尽量避免用密封端面喷涂式结构。
密封环要容易加工制造
安装和维修要方便，价格要低廉。
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机封工作应注意问题
安装时注意事项
a.要十分注意避免安装中所产生的安装偏差
（1）上紧压盖应在联轴器找正后进行，螺栓应均匀上支，防止压盖端面偏斜，用塞尺检查各点，其误差不大于0.05毫米。
（2）检查压盖与轴或轴套外径的配合间隙（即同心度），四周要均匀，用塞尺检查各点允差不大于0.01毫米。
b.弹簧压缩量要按规定进行，不允许有过大或过小现象，要求误差2.00毫米。过大会增加端面比压，加速端面磨损。过小会造成比压不足而不能起到密封作用。
c.动环安装后，将动环压向弹簧后应能自动弹回来。
拆卸时注意事项
a.在安装、拆卸机械密封时要仔细，严禁动用手锤和扁铲，以免损坏密封元件。如果结垢拆卸不下时，应清洗干净后再进行拆卸。
b.如果在泵两端都用机械密封时，在装配，拆卸过程中互相照顾，防止顾此失彼。
c.对运行过的机械密封，凡有压盖松动使密封发生移动的情况，则动静环零件必须更换，不应重新上紧继续使用。因为松动后摩擦副原来运转轨迹会发生变动，接触面的密封性就很容易遭到破坏。
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机封正常运行和维护问题
启动前的准备工作及注意事项
a.全面检查机械密封，以及附属装置和管线安装是否齐全，是否符合技术要求。
b.机械密封启动前进行静压试验，检查机械密封是否有泄漏现象。若泄漏较多，应查清原因设法消除。如仍无效，则应拆卸检查并重新安装。一般静压试验压力用2 ~3公斤/平方厘米。
c.按泵旋向盘车，检查是否轻快均匀。如盘车吃力或不动时，则应检查装配尺寸是否错误，安装是否合理。
安装与停运
a.启动前应保持密封腔内充满液体。对于输送凝固的介质时，应用蒸气将密封腔加热使介质熔化。启动前必须盘车，以防止突然启动而造成软环碎裂。
b.对于利用泵外封油系统的机械密封，应先启动封油系统。停车后最后停止封油系统。
c.热油泵停运后不能马上停止封油腔及端面密封的冷却水，应待端面密封处油温降到80度以下时，才可以停止冷却水，以免损坏密封零件。
运转
a.泵启动后若有轻微泄漏现象，应观察一段时间。如连续运行4小时，泄漏量仍不减小，则应停泵检查。
b.泵的操作压力应平稳，压力波动不大于1公斤/平方厘米。
c.泵在运转中，应避免发生抽空现象，以免造成密封面干摩擦及密封破坏。
d.密封情况要经常检查。运转中，当其泄漏超过标准时，重质油不大于5滴/分，轻质油不大于10滴/分，如2-3日内仍无好转趋势，则应停泵栓查密封装置。[编辑本段]
机封的精致产品类型
HU1型机械密封
HU1型号机械密封
结构特点
HU1型机械密封符合ISO3096DIN24960和GB6556标准。辅助密封卷根据工况要求可选用同规格橡胶“O”圈PTFE“V”圈。单弹簧、非平衡型拨叉传动、补偿能力强，安装时与轴旋向无关。
磨擦副材质与辅助密封材质可根据实际工况选用。
适用范围
被密封介质：油水、结晶性强碱、盐、高溶度流体、浆料、有机溶剂及其他弱腐蚀溶液。
密封腔压力：≤1Mpa
密封腔温度：-20℃~220℃
线速度：≤15m/s
HU3型机械密封
HU3型机械密封
结构特点：
HU3型机械密封符合DIN24960及GB/T6556-94标准，可替代116U、59U型机封、为非平衡型、单端面结构、任意旋向。各种污水泵、化工泵、热循环泵均适用。弹簧选择有：蝶形弹簧、多弹簧等。
磨擦副材质与辅助密封材质请根据实际工况选用。
适用范围：
被密封介质：油、水、酸、碱、盐等一般腐蚀性介质。
密封腔压力：≤1 .6Mpa
密封腔温度：-50℃~220℃
线速度：≤20m/s
HU5型机械密封
HU5型机械密封
结构特点：
HU5型机械密封符合DIN24960标准，背靠背安装亦符合DIN24960标准双端面机械密封，属于部分平衡型、橡胶波纹管，单弹簧、单端面结构，动环靠橡胶波纹管的过盈量驱动，浮动性好，弹簧也起传递扭矩作用。
磨擦副材质与辅助密封材质请根据实际工况选用。
适用范围：
被密封介质：含颗粒的废水、油、污水。
密封腔压力：≤1.6Mpa
密封腔温度：-20℃~140℃
线速度：≤10m/s
HU7型机械密封
结构特点：
HU7型机械密封符合DIN24960及GB/T6556-94标准，可替代108U型机封，非平衡、圆锥形弹簧结构，弹簧的旋向与轴旋向有关。
磨擦副材质与辅助密封材质可根据实际工况选用。
适用范围：
被密封介质：污水泵、潜水泵、化工泵、循环泵、清水泵和加热系统。
密封腔压力：≤1Mpa
密封腔温度：-20℃~180℃
线速度：≤15m/s
HUU803型机械密封
结构特点：
HUU803型机械密封符合DIN24960及GB/T6556-94标准，为非平衡型，多弹簧结构双端面，传动套传动。密封腔压力必须高于介质压力0.1-0.2Mpa。
磨擦副材质与辅助密封材质请根据实际工况选用。
适用范围：
被密封介质：酸、碱、盐、海水、汽体易燃易爆有毒介质
密封腔压力：≤1.6Mpa
密封腔温度：-50℃~150℃
线速度：≤20m/s
HBM1型机械密封
结构特点：
HBM1型机械密封符合DIN24960标准，为单端面、平衡型、任意旋向金属波纹管式密封，动环O形圈、柔性石墨圈不起补偿作用，因此波纹管移动没有阻力，适用于高温、高粘度介质。
磨擦副材质与辅助密封材质请根据实际工况选用。
适用范围：
被密封介质：油、酸、碱等一般腐蚀液体。
密封腔压力：当波纹管受外压时≤2.5Mpa
当波纹管受内压时≤1.5Mpa
密封腔温度：-20℃~400℃
线速度：≤15m/s
HBM5型机械密封
结构特点：
HBM5型机械密封属单端面、平衡型、旋转式金属波纹管机械密封，动环部分与轴套连为一整体，整套机械密封集装化，简化了安装工艺，泵外调整，使得安装机械密封更为简单。在化工、造纸、污水等行业中广泛使用。
磨擦副材质与辅助密封材质请根据实际工况选用。
适用范围：
被密封介质：油、水、污水、弱酸、弱碱及含少量微颗粒的溶液等。
密封腔压力：≤2Mpa
密封腔温度：-30℃~200℃
线速度：≤25m/s
HQ901型机械密封
结构特点：
HQ901型机械密封属外装式、单端面、多弹簧、静止式、平衡型结构、弹簧与介质不接触，轴向尺寸较短。可代替骨架油封，集装化设计，简化安装工艺，安装更为简单方便。
磨擦副材质与辅助密封材质请根据实际工况选用。
适用范围：
被密封介质：油、水等液体。
密封腔压力：≤1.6Mpa
密封腔温度：-20℃~160℃
线速度：≤20m/s
HQ902型机械密封
结构特点：
HQ902型机械密封为单端面、平衡型、多弹簧、静止式机械密封。弹簧与介质不接触，集装化设计，使得安装更为简单。
磨擦副材质与辅助密封材质请根据实际工况选用。
适用范围：
被密封介质：油、水、污水、酸、碱溶液。
密封腔压力：≤1.6Mpa
密封腔温度：-20℃~160℃
线速度：≤20m/s
HG9型机械密封
结构特点：
HG9型机械密封属于单端面，非平衡橡胶波纹管结构，HG9型机械密封其G60符合DIN24960标准、G50符合欧洲标准，G55符合美国标准，其浮动调节性能好，
可以增强或减少弹簧的圈数，来适应轴向安装要求，结构简单，安装方便，工作性能良好，被国际权威水泵厂认可，深受用户的欢迎。
磨擦副材质与辅助密封材质请根据实际工况条件进行选用。
适用范围：
被密封介质：冷水、热水、饮料、弱酸弱碱、含颗粒物的各种介质。
密封腔压力：≤0.8Mpa
密封腔温度：-20℃~140℃
线速度：≤10m/s
HU21型机械密封
结构特点：
HU21型机械密封，主要面对各种管道泵、污水泵、清水泵、潜水泵等工况下很恶劣的介质，其安装尺寸短，平衡系数高，可代替多种轻型机械密封：克兰502、21 00，博格曼MG1，国产109，BIA、FBD等机械密封，其传动依靠橡胶带动卡片，拨叉传动，有效避免了橡胶波纹管的失效及老化速度。
适用范围：
被密封介质：油、水、等一般腐蚀性液体。
密封腔压力：≤0.6Mpa
密封腔温度：-40℃~120℃
线速度：≤15m/s
HQ3272型机械密封
结构特点：
HQ3272型机械密封主要用于各种进口多级泵,用于各种水处理工况,其紧密的设计和短小的外观尺寸使其可以使用在任何工况,并且安装方便,操作简单。
适用范围：
被密封介质：油、水、污水、酸、碱溶液。
密封腔压力：≤1.6Mpa
密封腔温度：-20℃~160℃
线速度：≤20m/s
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机械密封与软填料密封比较，有如下优点：
①密封可靠在长周期的运行中，密封状态很稳定，泄漏量很小，按粗略统计，其泄漏量一般仅为软填料密封的1/100；
②使用寿命长在油、水类介质中一般可达1～2年或更长时间，在化工介质中通常也能达半年以上；
③摩擦功率消耗小机械密封的摩擦功率仅为软填料密封的10%～50%；
④轴或轴套基本上不受摩损；
⑤维修周期长端面磨损后可自动补偿，一般情况下，毋需经常性的维修；
⑥抗振性好对旋转轴的振动、偏摆以及轴对密封腔的偏斜不敏感；
⑦适用范围广机械密封能用于低温、高温、真空、高压、不同转速，以及各种腐蚀性介质和含磨粒介质等的密封。
⑧对现今许多工厂的“零泄漏”需要，盘根无法达到此要求；根本适应范围广，随意性更大，但对于在工厂，经常更换或维护将对工厂造成很大损失。
但其缺点有：
①结构较复杂，对制造加工要求高；
②安装与更换比较麻烦，并要求工人有一定的安装技术水平；
③发生偶然性事故时，处理较困难；
④一次性投资高。
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机械密封行业常用英语汇总
1 . sealing ring --密封环
2. seal face--密封端面
3. seal interface--密封界面
4. rotating ring--动环/旋转环
5. stationary ring--静环/静止环
6. compensated ring--补偿环
7. un-compensated ring--非补偿环
8. seal head--补偿环组件
9. primary seal--主密封
10. secondary seal--副密封
11. auxiliary seal--辅助密封
12. auxiliary seal ring--辅助密封圈
13. bellows--波纹管
14. pushing out ring--撑环
15. back-up ring--挡圈
16. compensated ring adaptor--补偿环座
17. un-compensated ring adaptor--非补偿环座
18. spring adaptor--弹簧座
19. seal adaptor--波纹管座
20. retainer--传动座
21. driving screw--传动螺钉
22. set screw--紧定螺钉
23. snap ring--卡环
24. clamp ring--夹紧环
25. anti-rotating pin--防转销
26. annular seal space--密封腔
27. seal chamber--密封腔体
28. end cover--密封端盖
29. elastic component--弹性元件
30. a pair of friction components--摩擦副
31. inner circulation--内循环
32. outer circulation--外循环
33, self circulation--自循环
34. flush--冲洗
35. flush fluid--冲洗流体
36. quench--阻封
37. quench fluid--阻封流体
38 . buffer fluid--隔离流体
39 . temperature adjustable fluid--调温流体
40. coolant--冷却流体
41. heating fluid--加热流体
42. sealed medium--被密封介质
43. sealant--密封流体
44. pv --pv值(密封流体压力P与密封端面平均滑动速度V的乘积)
45 . limiting pv --密封达到失效时的PV值.它表示密封的水平
46. working pv --极限PV值除以安全系数
47. PcV--端面比压Pc与密封端面平均滑动速度V的乘积
48. limiting PcV --密封达到失效时的PcV值.它表示密封材料的工作能力
49. working PcV --许用PcV值.极限PcV值除以安全系数
50 .leakage rate-- 泄漏量
51 .run out--跳动
52. wear rate--磨损率
53. operating life--工作寿命
54. operating period--使用期
55 .abortive failure--早期失效
56. Operating limits:工作参数
57. Speed/velocity:转速
58. Combination of material:材料组合
59. Halted ring:弹簧挡圈
60. Bellows:波纹管
61. Retainer:传动套，传动座
62. Drive ring:压圈
63. Cup gasket:静环套
64. Spring retainer:弹簧座
65. O-ring: O形圈
66. Tension spring:拉簧
67. Stationary seat:静环形式/静环基座
68. Rotary seat:动环座
69. Drive screw:传动螺钉
70. Wave spring/Bellow spring:波形弹簧
71. Rotary o-ring:动环O形圈
72. Stationary o-ring:静环O形圈
73. Collar:定位套
74. Snap ring/clamp ring:卡环
75. Disc/thrust ring:止推环
76. Wedge ring:楔形环
77. Mating ring:静止环/静环
78. Primary ring:动止环/动环
79. Inventory:存货
80. Agitator:搅拌器
81. Cryogenics:低温学
82. Mixer:搅拌机
83. Refinery:炼油
84. Petrochemical:石化
85. Pulp:纸浆
86. Paramecia:配药
87. Desalination:脱盐
88. Wastewater:污水
89. Impeller:叶轮
90. Fit:安装
91. Lead:石墨，铅
92. Edge:边缘
93. Grade:等级
94. Secondary sealing element:辅助密封材质
95. Hydrostatic:流体静力学的
96. Cross-section:横截面
97. Material code:材料代码
98. Seal size:密封轴径尺寸
99. Assembly number:装配代码
100. Sulphuric:硫酸
101. Nitric acid:销酸
102. Phosphoric acid:磷酸
103. Hydrochloric:盐酸
104. PV—pressure/velocity:压力与转速105. RS—rotating seat:动环座
106. Multiplier:增效器
107. TC—tungsten carbide:硬质合金108. Pin:销
109. Engage:接合,啮合
110. Pro剖面/侧面
111. Adapter:适配器
新概念英语第四册第八单元介副词和词组 Lesson 8 Trading standards 贸易标准Chickens slaughtered in the United States, claim officials in Brussels, are not fit to grace European tables. No, say the Americans: our fowl are fine, we simply clean them in a different way. These days, it is differences in national regulations, far more than tariffs, that put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries. It is not just fanners who are complaining. An electric razor that meets the European Union’s safety standards must be approved by American testers before it can be sold in the United States, and an American-made dialysis machine needs the EU’s okay before it hits the market in Europe. As it happens, a razor that is safe in Europe is unlikely to electrocute Americans. So, ask businesses on both sides-of the Atlantic, why have two lots of tests where one would do? Politicians agree, in principles, so America and the EU have been trying to reach a deal which would eliminate the need to double-test many Products. They hope to finish in time for a trade summit between America and the EU on May 28th.Although negotiators are optimistic, the details are complex enough that they may be hard-pressed to get a deal at all. Why? One difficulty is to construct the agreements. The Americans would happily reach one accord on standards for medical devices and then hammer out different pacts covering, say, electronic goods and drug manufacturing. The EU---following fine continental traditions-wants agreement on general principles, which could be applied to many types of products and perhaps extended to other countries.
英语分类词汇大全 新概念英语分类词汇大全 分类记忆，针对重点 运筹帷幄，决胜千里 （来源网络，并非原创）
英语分类词汇大全报刊常用词汇 accredited journalist n.特派记者advertisement n.广告cut n.插图vat.删减（字数）cut line n.插图说明 advance n.预发消息；预写消息affair（e）n.桃色新闻；绯闻anecdote n.趣闻轶事daily n．日报dateline n．新闻电头deadline n．截稿时间 assignment n.采写任务dig vat．深入采访；追踪(新闻线索)；"挖"(新闻) digest n．文摘 attribution n.消息出处，消息来源 back alley news n.小道消息 back grounding n.新闻背景 Bad news travels quickly.坏事传千里banner n.通栏标题editorial n．社论editorial office编辑部editor’s notes编者按exclusive n．独家新闻 beat n.采写范围expose n．揭丑新闻；新闻曝光 extra n．号外 blank vat. "开天窗" body n.新闻正文eye-account n．目击记;记者见闻 faxed photo传真照片 boil vat.压缩（篇幅） box n.花边新闻feature n．特写；专稿 brief n.简讯feedback n．信息反馈 bulletin n.新闻简报file n．发送消息；发稿 filler n．补白 byline n.署名文章 caption n.图片说明First Amendment (美国宪法)第一修正案(内容有关新 闻、出版自由等) caricature n.漫画 carry vat.刊登five "W’s" of news新闻五要素 flag n．报头;报名 cartoon n.漫画 censor vat.审查（新闻稿件），新闻审查chart n.每周流行音乐排行版 clipping n.剪报fool (=follow-up) n．连续报道 Fourth Estate第四等级(新闻界的别称) freedom of the Press新闻自由 free-lancer n．自由撰稿人 full position醒目位置 column n.专栏；栏目columnist n.专栏作家 continued story n.连载故事；连载小说contributing editor n.特约编辑contribution n.（投给报刊的）稿件；投稿contributor n.投稿人Good news comes on crutches.好事不出门。grapevine n．小道消息 gutter n．中缝 hard news硬新闻;纯消息 headline n．新闻标题；内容提要 hearsay n．小道消息 copy desk n.新闻编辑部copy editor n.文字编辑 correction n.更正（启事）correspondence column n.读者来信专栏correspondent n.驻外记者；常驻外埠记者cover vat.采访；采写highlights n.要闻 hot news热点新闻 human interest人情味 in-depth reporting深度报道 insert n.& vt．插补段落;插稿interpretative reporting解释性报道invasion of privacy侵犯隐私(权) inverted pyramid倒金字塔(写作结构) cover girl n.封面女郎 covert coverage n.隐性采访；秘密采访crop vat.剪辑（图片） crusade n.宣传攻势
新概念英语第二册综合水平测试题 一、根据音标写单词（10分） 1. [r?'mɑ?k]? 2. [r?'ma?nd] 3. [gl?m(p)s] 4. [fla?t]? 5. ['f?r?st] 6. ['v?l?d??] 7. [d?'sk?v?] 8. [s?'d?est] 9. [k?'lekt]10. [swi?p]11. [r?'w??d]12. [spe?s] 13. [k??z]14. ['f??g?]15. ['k?nf?d(?)nt]? 16. [?k'spl???(?)n] 17. [sm??k]18. [?n'kri?s]19. ['eksp??t]20. ['fju?t??]? 二、单项填空（20分） 21. It’s interesting, but ________ difficult for me. A. little B. a little C. a few D. few 22. Everyone ______ here last Monday. A. were B. is C. are D. was 23. Did Julie study _______ exams? A. to B. for C. have D. at 24. It was a _________ day yesterday. A. rain B. raining C. rainy D. to rain 25. There are also many fast food restaurants in _________ parts of our city. A. other B. others C. another D. the others 26. You needn’t _________ your English. I will help you. A. worry B. worried C. worry about D. worried about 27. —_________ does you mother go to the supermarket? —By bus. A. Where B. When C. How D. What 28. It’s time ___________class. A. for have B. have C. to have D. to having 29. He helped his mother clean the rooms and then ________ his homework yesterday afternoon. A. do B. doing C. does D. did 30. —Is that ________ interesting book? —Yes, but it is ___________ difficult. A. an, a little B. a, a bit C. a, a little D. an, little 31. —When did you see the film? —__________. A. Two hours ago. B. In an hour C. Two hours D. In two hours ago 32. How about _________ the supermarket? A. to go to B. going C. to go D. going to 33. I’d like ________ TV, but my father enjoys _________ newspapers. A. watching, reading B. seeing, see C. to see, see D. to watch, reading 34. His __________ says it’s 7:00 pm. A. belt B. wallet C. watch D. ring 35. I think the TV show is interesting. Do you ________ me? A. like B. agree C. agree to D. agree with 36. —I love Sports News. What about you? —__________. did, too do, either do, too D. I love to
新概念英语第四册惯用语整理Lesson13 【课文】 First listen and then answer the following question. 听录音，然后回答以下问题。 What do oilmen want to achieve as soon as they strike oil? The deepest holes of all are made for oil, and they go down to as much as 25,0000 feet. But we do not need to send men down to get the oil out, as we must with other mineral deposits. The holes are only borings, less than a foot in diameter. My particular experience is largely in oil, and the search for oil has done more to improve deep drilling than any other mining activity. When it has been decided where we are going to drill, we put up at the surface an oil derrick. It has to be tall because it is like a giant block and tackle, and we have to lower into the ground and haul out of the ground great lengths of drill pipe which are rotated by an engine at the top and are fitted with a cutting bit at the bottom. The geologist needs to know what rocks the drill has reached, so every so often a sample is obtained with a coring bit. It cuts a clean cylinder of rock, from which can be seen the strata the drill has been cutting through. Once we get down to the oil, it usually flows to the surface because great pressure, either from gas or water, is pushing it. This pressure must be under control, and we control it by means of the mud which we circulate down the drill pipe. We endeavour
AMA– ask me anything 随便问。 BRB– be right back 马上回来。 BTW– by the way 顺便问一下。 FYI – for your information 仅供参考。 GG– good game 认输退出。 ICYMI– in case you missed it 万一你错过了。 IDC–I don’t care 无所谓。 IDK–I don’t know 不知道。 IKR– I know right? (This is an emphatic expression of agreement.) 同意，中枪。 ILY– I love you 我爱你！ IMO– in my opinion 我认为。 JK – just kidding 开个玩笑。 LOL – laugh out loud 大声笑。
LMAO – Laugh my ass off 笑死我了！ OMG – oh my god 哦，我的天！ PPL– people 人们。 TGIF–thank God it’s Friday 感谢老天，总算到星期五了！ THX – thanks 谢谢！ TBH – to be honest 老实说。 WTF– what the f*ck (This is an emphatic expression of surprise or anger.) 这TMD怎么回事！ YOLO– you only live once 你只活一次，想做什么就做什么吧。 Well, now that you have had a look at these common English acronyms. Keep in mind, these are not examples of spoken conversations, they are all written electronic conversations. 好了，现在你已经了解了这些常见的英文缩略语了。记住，这些不是口语对话，它们都是电子书面对话。
英语初阶 Lesson 1 e x c u s e[i k’s kju:z]v.原谅me [m i:m i]p ro n.我(宾格) ye s[j e s] ad v.是的 thi s[ei s]p ro n.这 you r[j?:r]你的；你们的 h an db ag['h?n db?g]n.(女用)手提包pardo n['pɑ:d?n]i n t.原谅，请再说一遍it[i t] pr o n.它 thank y ou 感谢你(们) very much 非常地 Lesson 2 pen[pen]n.钢笔pen c il ['p en s l]n.铅笔boo k [bu k]n.书w at c h[w?t?] n.手表 c o at[k?u t]n.上衣，外衣 dre ss[dre s]n.连衣裙s kirt[sk?:t] n.裙子 s h i rt[??:t]n.衬衣c ar[kɑ:] n.小汽车h o u s e[h aus] n.房子 Lesson 3 u m bre ll a [?m'b re l?]n.伞 pl e as e[p li:z]i n t.请h e re[hi?] ad v.这里 my[m ai]我的 tic ke t['t ikit]n.票 nu m ber['n?mb?]n.号码 fi ve[fai v]n u m.五 s o rr y['s?ri]a dj.对不起的s i r[s?:] n.先生 c l o ak roo m['k l?u kr u:m]n.衣帽存放处 Lesson 4 s u i t[s u:t,s j u:t]n.一套衣服 s c h oo l[s ku:l]n.学校te ach e r ['t i:t??]n.老师s o n[s?n]n.儿子 dau g h te r['d?:t?]n.女儿Lesson 5 Mr.['m i s t?]先生 good[g u d]a dj.好 m o rni n g['m?:n i?]n.早晨 M i ss[m i s]小姐 n e w[n j u:]a d j.新的s tuden t ['s tju:d?n t]n.学生 Fre n c h[fre n t?]a dj.&n.法国人G e rm an ['d??:m?n]a dj.&n.德国人n i c e['n ai s]a dj. 美好的 m ee t[m i:t]v.遇见 J apan e s e[?d??p?'n i:z]a dj.&n.日本人 Ko re an[k?'r i?n]a dj.&n.韩国人Ch i n e s e [?t?ai'n i:z]a d j.&n.中国人 too[tu:]a dv.也 Lesson 6 m ak e[m e i k]n.(产品的)牌号 S w e dis h['s w i:di?]a d j.瑞典的 E n gl i s h ['i?g li?]a dj.英国的A m e ric a n [?'m e rik?n]a d j.美国的I ta li a n[i't?li?n] a dj.意大利的V o l v o['v?lv??]n.沃尔 沃Peug e o t n.标致 M e rcedes['m?:s i d i:z]n.梅赛德斯 T o y o ta['t??j??t?]n.丰田D ae w oo n. 大宇 M i n i['m i n i]n.迷你 Fo rd[f?:d]n.福特 Fi at['f ai?t,-?t]n.菲亚特 Lesson 7 I[ai]p ro n.我 am[m,?m,?m]v.b e动词现在时第一人称单数ar e[ɑ:]v.b e动词现在时复数 n am e['n e i m]n.名字 w h at[w?t,wɑ:t]adj.&pr o n.什么 n at i o n a li ty[?n???'n?li t i]n.国籍j ob [d??b]n.工作 ke ybo ar d['k i:b?:d]n.电脑键盘 o per at o r['?p?re i t?]n.操作人员 e n gi n ee r[?e n d?i'n i?]n.工程师 Lesson 8 po li c e m a n[p?'l i:s m?n]n.警察 po li c e w o m an[p?'l i:s,w u m?n]n.女警察 ta x i d r i ver出租汽车司机
新概念英语1 完形填空和阅读理解 Look at the picture. There is a family in this__1_ .This man is the father .He is a _2__in a factory. That woman is the_3___ .She is a teacher. She teachers in a__4_ .The girl is the daughter. She is very pretty. She is a__5__ in a school .She studies hard .They are happy. ( )1.A.picture B. house C. room D. photo ( )2.A. doctor B. student C. teacher D. worker ( )3.A. mother B. daughter C. niece D. student ( )4.A. hospital B. home C. school D. house ( )5.A. teacher B. doctor C. worker D. student There are many things on the desk. There is a pen, a pencil, a schoolbag and an umbrella. This pen is Tom`s .That pencil is Xiao Hong`s .The schoolbag is beautiful but it is not my schoolbag. It is Mary`s schoolbag. That umbrella is mine .It is very useful on a rainy day. 根据短文内容回答问题 1.What is on the desk? 2.Whose schoolbag is it? 3.Whose pen is it? 4.Whose pencil is it? 5.Whose umbrella is that? I am Jun Li. I am Chinese. I am in Grade Three. This is Ming Zhang. And this is Nan Li .They are students, too. They are my classmates. We are all good students. That is Mr.Wang. He is an old Chinese teachers. That is Miss. Ann. She is an English teacher. Miss.Ann is young. They are both our good teachers. 根据短文内容，判断句子正误，正确的写“T”,错误的写“F” ( )1.Jun Li ,Ming Zhang and Nan Li are all in the same class. ( )2.Jun Li, Ming Zhang are good students. Nan .Li is not. ( )3.Mr. Wang is a teacher of English. ( )4.Miss. Ann teaches us Chinese. ( )5.Mr. Wang is old, but Miss. Ann is young. Come and look at the picture .It is a picture of an American family. The man in the hat is Mr. Smith .He is a teacher. He teaches English in a middle school in China. You can see Mrs. Smith, too. She is Mary Smith. She is from Canada. She is also a teacher. Mr. and Mrs. Smith have three children. Peter, Helen and Dan. Peter is fifteen. Helen is thirteen and Dan is ten. They are at Mr.and Mrs.Smith`s school. 根据短文内容，判断句子正误，正确的写“T”,错误的写“F” ( )1.Peter`s father in the picture ( )2. Mary`s father is Canadian and her mother is American. ( )3. Mrs. Smith is a teacher ,too. ( )4.Peter, Helen and Dan and their father and mother are in the same school. ( )5Their school is in Canada. Hello, I am Tom. I study in a junior school. I have three men teachers. They are Mr. Carter. Mr. Green and Mr Black .Mr. Carter is a new teacher. He comes from the UK and teaches us math. His class is so funny that we all like him very much. Mr. Green is our art teacher. He is strict but he is so smart. He is our English teacher. He speaks well. They are all nice. We all like them.
新概念英语1－4课 一、单词： 我（宾格）原谅是的是 这（个）原谅你（们）的它 感谢手提包钢笔铅笔书 手表外衣连衣裙裙子衬衣小汽车房子这里我的票 一二三四五 六七八九十 十一十二十三十四十五十六十七十八十九请 伞号码对不起的先生一套衣服学校老师儿子女儿 衣帽存放处先生小姐好和新的 学生遇见美好的也他她 它他的 她的 新概念英语5－6课 早晨国籍西班牙人瑞典人 美国人英国人意大利人法国人德国人日本人韩国人中国人牌号瑞典的英国的美国的意大利的迷你 一、下列单词只要求会读 沃尔沃Volvo 标致Peugeot 丰田Toyota 大宇Daewoo 福特Ford 菲亚特Fiat 梅赛德斯Mercedes 新概念英语7－8课 一、单词： 我是（与我连用）是（复数）名字什么工作 护士电脑键盘操作人员工程师警察 女警察空中小姐邮递员机械师理发师家庭妇女送牛奶的人出租车司机 二、代词：
新概念英语9－10课 一、单词： 喂（打招呼）怎样今天好（身体）美好的见谢谢非常再见胖的瘦的高的矮的脏的干净的热的冷的老的年青的忙的懒的男人女人 新概念英语11－12课 一、单词： 谁的大概白色的蓝色的父亲母亲姐妹兄弟领带女衬衫外套长裙短裙套装抓住那个书包雨伞 新概念英语13－14课 一、单词： 颜色绿色灰色红色黄色桔黄色黑色帽子衬衫相同的可爱的时髦的箱子地毯楼上小轿车美好的狗 看见看来 三、常用表达： 1、过来看一看！ 2、同样的颜色 3、在这儿。 新概念英语15－16课 一、单词： 官员海关女孩朋友我们 他们护照箱子票这些 套装二十三十四十五十 六十七十八十九十一百 旅游者丹麦人俄罗斯人荷兰人挪威人海关官员 新概念英语17－18课 一、单词： 男人雇员工作懒惰的那些助手非常繁忙的办公室推销员勤奋
Lesson 1 1 private ['praivit] a.私人的 2 conversation [k?nv?'sei??n] n.谈话 3 theatre ['θi?t?] n.剧场，戏院 4 seat [si:t] n.座位 5 play [plei] n.戏 6 loudly ['laudli] ad.大声地 7 angry ['??gri] a.生气的 8 angrily ['??grili] ad.生气地 9 attention [?'ten??n] n.注意 10 bear [be?] v.容忍 11 business ['biznis] n.事 12 rudely ['ru:dli] ad.无礼地，粗鲁地 Lesson 2 1 until [?n'til, ?n'til] prep.直到 2 outside [aut'said] ad.外面 3 ring [ri?] v.(铃、电话等)响 4 aunt [ɑ:nt] n.姑，姨，婶，舅妈 5 repeat [ri'pi:t] v.重复 Lesson 3 1 send [send] v.寄，送 2 postcard ['p?ustkɑ:d] n.明信片 3 spoil [sp?il] v.使索然无味，损坏 4 museum [mju:'zi?m] n.博物馆 5 public ['p?blik] a.公共的 6 friendly ['frendli] a.友好的 7 waiter ['weit?] n.服务员，招待员 8 lend [lend] v.借给 9 decision [di'si??n] n.决定 10 whole [h?ul] a.整个的 11 single ['si?g?l] a.唯一的，单一的 Lesson 4 1 exciting [ik'saiti?] a.令人兴奋的 2 receive [ri'si:v] v.接受，收到 3 firm [f?:m] n.商行，公司 4 different ['difr?nt] a.不同的 5 centre ['sent?] n.中心 6 abroad [?'br?:d] ad.在国外 Lesson 5 1 pigeon [pid?in] n.鸽子 2 message ['mesid?] n.信息 3 over ['?uv?] v.越过 4 distance ['dist?ns] n.距离 5 request [ri'kwest] n.要求，请求 6 spare [spe?] 备件 7 service ['s?:vis] n.业务，服务 Lesson 6 1 beggar ['beg?] n.乞丐 2 food [fu:d] n.食物 3 pocket ['p?kit] n.衣服口袋 4 call [k?:l] v.拜访，光顾 Lesson 7 1 detective [di'tektiv] n.侦探 2 airport ['e?p?:t] n.机场 3 expect [ik'spekt] v.期待，等待 4 valuable ['v?lju?b?l, -jub?l] a.贵重的 5 parcel ['pɑ:sl] n.包裹 6 diamond ['dai?m?nd] n.钻石 7 steal [sti:l] v.偷 8 main [mein] a.主要的 9 airfield ['e?fi:ld] n.飞机起落的场地 10 guard [gɑ:d] n.警戒，守卫 11 precious ['pre??s] a.珍贵的 12 stone [st?un] n.石子 13 sand [s?nd] n.沙子
Step 1 阅读短文 Good morning, class. Sit down, please. My name is Yang Hui. I'm your English teacher. I'm fine.1 This is Tom Green. Tom Green is new（新来的）. Step 2 根据短文内容，判断下列句子正（T）误（F）。 1. Tom Green is your English teacher. 2. Yang Hui is an English teacher. 3. Tom Green is Chinese（中国人）. 4. This is an afternoon class. 5. Miss Yang is not fine. Step 1 阅读对话 Are you a New Student? S: Good morning, Miss Hu. T: Good morning. Are you a new student? S: Yes, I am. T: What's your name, please? S: My name is Li Dong. T: Li Dong? Who's Li ming? S: He's my brother.
T: How old are you? S: I'm twelve. How are you, Miss Hu? T: I'm fine, thank you. And you? S: I'm fine, too. Excuse me, is this Class Three, Grade One? T: No, that is. S: Thank you. Goodbye. T: Goodbye. Step 2 根据对话内容，在每个空白处填写一个适当的词（词首字母已给出）。 1. Li Dong is a s . 2. Li Dong knows Miss H . 3. Li Dong is Li Ming's b . 4. Li Dong is t . 5. Li Dong in Class T . Step 1 阅读对话 We're All Friends Jim: How do you do? Ann: How do you do? Jim: I'm Jim Hyde. What's your name, please?
新概念英语第四册第二十三单元课文词组拓展 No two sorts of birds practise quite the same sort of flight; the varieties are infinite, but two classes may be roughly seen. Any ship that crosses the pacific is accompanied for many days by the smaller albatross, which may keep company with the vessel for an hour without visible or more than occasional movement of wing. The currents of air that the walls of the ship direct upwards, as well as in the line of its course are enough to give the great bird with its immense wings sufficient sustenance and progress. The albatross is the king of the gliders, the class of fliers which harness the air to their purpose, but must yield to its opposition. In the contrary school the duck is supreme. It comes nearer to the engines with which man has 'conquered' the air, as he boasts. Duck, and like them the pigeons, are endowed with steel-like muscles, that are a good part of the weight of the bird, and these will ply the short wings with irresistible power that they can bore for long distances through an opposite gale before exhaustion follows. Their humbler followers, such as partridges, have a like power of strong propulsion, but soon tire. You may pick them up in utter exhaustion, if wind over the sea has driven them to a long journey. The swallow shares the virtues of both schools in highest measure. It tires not nor does it boast of its power; but belongs to the air, traveling it may be six thousand miles to and from its northern nesting home feeding its flown young as it flies and slipping through a medium that seems to help its passage even when the wind is adverse. Such birds do us good, though we no longer take omens from their flight on this side and that, and even the most superstitious villagers no longer take off their hats to the magpie and wish it good-morning. (NCE Book Four) 【含有单词keep的词组】 keep abreast of 与…齐头并进，了解…的最新情况 keep one’s own counsel将意见（或计划）保密 keep at a distance对…冷淡，同…疏远 keep an eye on 照看，留神，密切注意 keep one’s fingers crossed 祈求成功 keep sb’s head保持镇静 keep house管理家务 keep at 继续做 keep back 1.阻止，抑制；2.隐瞒，保留 keep down 1.压制，镇压；2.使处于低水平，控制 keep from 防止，抑制 keep off （使）让开，（使）不接近 keep on 继续进行，继续下去 keep to 1.遵守，信守；2.坚持 keep up 1.（使）继续下去，保持；2.使居高不下 keep up with 跟上. bear / keep in mind记住 keep pace（with ）（与…）齐步前进，（与…）并驾齐驱 keep track of 与…保持联系
新概念英语分类词汇大全 分类记忆，针对重点 运筹帷幄，决胜千里 （来源网络，并非原创）
报刊常用词汇 accredited journalist n. 特派记者advertisement n.广告 advance n.预发消息；预写消息 affair（e） n.桃色新闻；绯闻anecdote n.趣闻轶事 assignment n.采写任务 attribution n. 消息出处，消息来源 back alley news n. 小道消息 back grounding n.新闻背景 Bad news travels quickly.坏事传千里banner n.通栏标题 beat n.采写范围 blank vat. "开天窗" body n. 新闻正文 boil vat.压缩（篇幅） box n. 花边新闻 brief n. 简讯 bulletin n.新闻简报 byline n. 署名文章 caption n.图片说明 caricature n.漫画 carry vat.刊登 cartoon n.漫画 censor vat. 审查（新闻稿件），新闻审查chart n.每周流行音乐排行版 clipping n.剪报 column n.专栏；栏目 columnist n.专栏作家 continued story n.连载故事；连载小说contributing editor n.特约编辑contribution n.（投给报刊的）稿件；投稿contributor n.投稿人 copy desk n.新闻编辑部 copy editor n.文字编辑 correction n.更正（启事）correspondence column n.读者来信专栏correspondent n.驻外记者；常驻外埠记者cover vat.采访；采写 cover girl n. 封面女郎 covert coverage n.隐性采访；秘密采访crop vat.剪辑（图片） crusade n.宣传攻势cut n.插图 vat.删减（字数） cut line n.插图说明 daily n．日报 dateline n．新闻电头 deadline n．截稿时间 dig vat．深入采访；追踪(新闻线索)；"挖"(新闻) digest n．文摘 editorial n．社论 editorial office 编辑部 editor’s notes 编者按 exclusive n．独家新闻 expose n．揭丑新闻；新闻曝光 extra n．号外 eye-account n．目击记;记者见闻 faxed photo 传真照片 feature n．特写；专稿 feedback n．信息反馈 file n．发送消息；发稿 filler n．补白 First Amendment (美国宪法)第一修正案(内容有关新闻、出版自由等) five "W’s" of news 新闻五要素 flag n．报头;报名 fool (=follow-up) n．连续报道 Fourth Estate 第四等级(新闻界的别称) freedom of the Press 新闻自由 free-lancer n．自由撰稿人 full position 醒目位置 Good news comes on crutches. 好事不出门。grapevine n．小道消息 gutter n．中缝 hard news 硬新闻;纯消息 headline n．新闻标题；内容提要 hearsay n．小道消息 highlights n. 要闻 hot news 热点新闻 human interest 人情味 in-depth reporting 深度报道 insert n.& vt．插补段落;插稿 interpretative reporting 解释性报道 invasion of privacy 侵犯隐私(权) inverted pyramid 倒金字塔(写作结构)