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有关于月球或太空的科幻故事作文英语It was the year 2050 and humanity had finally achieved its long-held dream of establishing a permanent human settlement on the Moon. The lunar colony, known as Artemis, had grown steadily over the past decade, with a population of over 1,000 scientists, engineers, and support staff living and working on the lunar surface.The journey to this milestone had not been an easy one. There were countless technical and logistical challenges that had to be overcome - from the development of reliable life support systems capable of sustaining human life in the harsh lunar environment, to the complex task of transporting all the necessary equipment, supplies, and personnel to the Moon. But through determination, innovation, and a relentless pioneering spirit, the world's space agencies had persevered, turning the dream of a lunar settlement into a reality.For Lena, a young astrophysicist who had been part of the Artemis project since the beginning, this was the fulfillment of a lifelong ambition. As she gazed out of the pressurized observation dome at the desolate lunar landscape, she couldn't help but feel a profoundsense of wonder and accomplishment. After so many years of planning and preparation, she was now living and working on another world - a truly remarkable achievement.Lena's primary role was to help monitor and maintain the various scientific instruments and experiments that were being conducted on the lunar surface. This included remote-operated telescopes, geologic survey equipment, and specialized laboratories for studying the unique properties of the lunar environment. The data gathered from these experiments was then transmitted back to research centers on Earth, where it was analyzed by teams of scientists working to expand our understanding of the Moon and the solar system.One of Lena's favorite tasks was operating the lunar rover, a highly advanced and versatile vehicle that allowed the Artemis crew to explore the surrounding region in greater detail. The rover was equipped with a range of scientific instruments, including ground-penetrating radar, seismic sensors, and a suite of spectrometers for analyzing the chemical composition of the lunar soil and rocks. During her excursions, Lena would often stop to collect samples, taking great care to document their location and characteristics.But it wasn't just the scientific work that captivated Lena - it was the sheer beauty and majesty of the lunar environment itself. The vast,barren landscape, sculpted by billions of years of meteorite impacts, was a sight to behold. And the low-gravity conditions, which allowed her to bound effortlessly across the surface, never ceased to fill her with a sense of wonder and freedom.Perhaps most remarkable of all, though, were the views of Earth, visible as a magnificent blue-and-white orb hanging in the blackness of space. Lena never tired of gazing at her home planet, marveling at the fragility of the life that it sustained and the extraordinary journey that had brought humanity to this point.One day, as Lena was conducting a routine survey of the lunar surface, she noticed something unusual. Using the rover's high-resolution cameras, she observed what appeared to be a small, artificial structure nestled in a shallow crater near the colony's outskirts. Intrigued, she quickly reported her findings to the Artemis command center, and a team of engineers and scientists was dispatched to investigate further.As they approached the site, it became clear that the structure was not of human origin. It was a compact, angular device, seemingly constructed from a strange, metal-like material that Lena had never seen before. Scans revealed that it was powered by an unknown energy source and appeared to be transmitting a faint, pulsing signal.The team carefully examined the device, running a series of tests and analyses to determine its purpose and origin. After weeks of intensive study, they made a startling discovery: the structure was, in fact, an advanced alien communications relay, left behind by an extraterrestrial civilization that had visited the Moon centuries ago.The implications of this discovery were profound. It meant that humanity was not alone in the universe, and that there were other intelligent beings out there, with technologies and capabilities that far surpassed our own. It also raised a host of questions about the nature of this alien civilization, their intentions, and the extent of their presence in the solar system.As news of the discovery spread back to Earth, the world was gripped by a mixture of excitement, wonder, and trepidation. Some hailed it as the most significant scientific and technological breakthrough in human history, while others expressed concerns about the potential risks and challenges of making contact with an extraterrestrial civilization.For Lena and the rest of the Artemis crew, the discovery was both thrilling and humbling. It underscored the vastness of the universe and the possibility that humanity's place in it was just a small part of a much larger cosmic story. As they continued their work on the lunar surface, they couldn't help but wonder what other secrets theMoon might hold, and what other wonders and mysteries the cosmos might have in store.。
高三英语天文观测设备单选题50题1. An ______ is a building or place equipped with telescopes and other instruments for observing astronomical objects.A. observatoryB. laboratoryC. factoryD. library答案：A。
解析：本题考查名词词义辨析。
observatory意为天文台，是配备望远镜等仪器用于观测天文物体的建筑或场所，符合题意。
laboratory是实验室，主要用于科学实验；factory是工厂，用于生产制造；library是图书馆，用于藏书和供人阅读学习，这三个选项均不符合天文观测场景的描述。
2. The ______ is an important tool for astronomers to observe the stars and galaxies far away.A. microscopeB. telescopeC. magnifierD. binoculars答案：B。
解析：本题考查天文观测工具相关的名词。
telescope望远镜是天文学家观测遥远恒星和星系的重要工具。
microscope是显微镜，用于观察微小的物体，如细胞等；magnifier是放大镜，主要用于放大近距离的小物体；binoculars是双筒望远镜，虽然也可用于观测，但在天文观测中telescope更为专业和常用。
3. In the observatory, the ______ of the telescope needs to be adjusted precisely to get a clear view of the celestial bodies.A. lensB. buttonC. handleD. box答案：A。
解析：本题考查名词在天文观测设备中的部件。
现代无人机对现代农业的影响英语作文Modern agricultural drones have had a significant impact on modern agriculture, revolutionizing the way farmers manage their crops and increasing efficiency and productivity. There are several key ways in which agricultural drones have influenced modern agriculture.Firstly, agricultural drones have improved crop monitoring and management. With the help of advanced sensors and imaging technology, drones can capture high-resolution images of the entire field, allowing farmers to identify areas of stress or disease in the crops. This enables farmers to take targeted and timely action to address any issues, ultimately leading to higher crop yields and better quality produce.Secondly, agricultural drones have transformed the way farmers apply fertilizers and pesticides. Drones equipped with precision spraying systems can accurately and efficiently apply these chemicals to crops, reducing waste and minimizing environmental impact. This precise application also reduces the exposure of farm workers toharmful chemicals, improving overall safety in agricultural operations.Furthermore, agricultural drones have enhancedirrigation management. By using thermal and multispectral imaging, drones can assess the moisture levels of soil and crop health, enabling farmers to optimize their irrigation practices. This not only conserves water but also ensures that crops receive the right amount of water, leading to improved growth and yield.In addition, agricultural drones have streamlined the process of crop scouting and field mapping. Drones can quickly and easily survey large areas of land, providing farmers with detailed maps and data on crop health, soil conditions, and topography. This information is invaluable for making informed decisions about planting, harvesting, and land management.Moreover, agricultural drones have improved labor efficiency and reduced operational costs. Drones can cover large areas of farmland in a fraction of the time it would take for traditional methods, saving farmers time andresources. This allows farmers to focus on other important tasks and ultimately increases their overall productivity.Overall, the impact of modern agricultural drones on modern agriculture has been overwhelmingly positive. They have revolutionized the way farmers monitor and managetheir crops, leading to increased efficiency, productivity, and sustainability in agricultural practices.现代农业无人机对现代农业产生了重大影响，彻底改变了农民管理作物的方式，提高了效率和生产力。
浦东新区 2019 学年度第二学期后续教学质量检测高三英语试卷说明:(1)本场考试时间为 120 分钟，总分 140 分；(2)请认真答卷，并用规范文字书写。
I. Listening Comprehension(满分 25 分)Section A(共 10 题，每小题 1 分，满分 10 分)Directions:In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1.A. A teacher.B. A salesman.C. A hotel manager.D. A policeman.【答案】D【解析】【原文】M: Could you still remember the exact time when the theft happened?W: Yes, of course.Q: What is probably the man?2.A. July 10.B. July 27.C. July 13.D. July 30. 【答案】B【解析】【原文】W: We had planned to set out for New York on July 13 but the weatherman said there would be a heavy rain on that day.M: Well, let’s delay the trip to July 30. But we have to book the air t icket three days in advance.Q: When does man propose to book the air ticket?3.A. He does not want any mixed grill.B. There is no more mixed grill left.C. Mixed grill is his favorite food.D. He orders the mixed grill for the woman.【答案】A【解析】【原文】W: Are you going to try some of the mixed grill?M: Well, to be honest, I have never been a big fan of meat.Q: What does the man imply?4.A. To appreciate famous sculptures.B. To learn skills of paintings.C. To look after her sister.D. To visit the modern art exhibition.【答案】C【解析】【原文】M: News comes that a modern art exhibition is being held and a variety of famous paintings and sculptures is on display. Would you like to go with me tomorrow? W: I’d love to, but I have to take care of my sister who is il l.Q: What is woman probably going to do tomorrow?5.A. The man should get up early in the morning.B. The man can find the time if he makes up his mind.C. It is a bad habit to learn English late in the evening.D. It really takes time to have a good command of English.【答案】B【解析】【原文】M: I want to practise my oral English but never seem to have the time. W: Why don’t you do i t the first thing in the morning?Q: What does the woman mean?6.A. Asking Simon and Sally for help.B. Decorating the house.C. Preparing for a party.D. Purchasing the food.【答案】C【解析】【原文】M: Have you got fully prepared for the party to celebrate your parents’ 20th wedding anniversary?W: Not yet. But everything is going on smoothly. Simon offers to help me with the decoration and Sally will care for the purchase of food.Q: What are the speakers talking about?7.A. 10.B. 11.C. 12.D. 13.【答案】B【解析】【原文】W: We had expected a dozen of guests to attend the lecture but Johnson called just now that he and his wife could not make it.M: All right. I’m just going to tell you I have invited Franklin.Q: How many guests are going to attend the lecture?8.A. She refuses to give free admission to the man.B. She asks the man to bring her some coins.C. She hesitates to give the man free admission.D. She thinks working in a bank has great benefits.【答案】A【解析】【详解】W: Now that you’ve got a job in the Disney Resort, can’t you bring me afree admission now and then?M: Certainly, if you bring me a few coins now and then from the bank where you work! Q: What does the man mean?9.A. The woman broke her arm while doing the project.B. The man expect the woman to go on with the project.C. It takes the doctor a month to cure the woman’s broken leg.D. The woman can now come back to do her unfinished project .【答案】B【解析】【原文】W: What bad news! The doctor says my broken leg has to be secured with bandage for another month.M: I am sorry to hear that. How I wish you could recover soon and continue the project with us.Q: What can you learn from the conversion?10.A. He has totally no idea of how to play games.B. He thinks the team has already been eliminated.C. He finds it hard to believe the team will enter the national game.D. He does not know whether the team enter the national game or not.【答案】D【解析】【原文】W: Did you hear if our school football team is going on to the national game or did they get eliminated halfway?M: To tell the truth, I haven’t been following their progress for years.Q: What does the man imply?Section B(共 10 题，每小题 1.5 分，满分 15 分)Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and a longer conversation,and you will be asked some questions on the passages and the conversation. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. Questions are based on the following passage.11. A. 8:30. B. 9:00. C. 8:45. D. 9:15.12.A. When the interview begins, you should shake hands with the interviewer first.B. If you don’t understand a question, you should answ er it as quickly as possible.C. Your answer should contain all the skills you have to convince the interviewer.D. A good response can help you sell the interviewer on yourself as the best candidate.13.A. Ask the next step in the hiring process.B. Offer to shake hands with the interviewer again.C. Ask more questions about the position and the salary.D. Take the opportunity to catch your breath and stay calm.【答案】11. C 12. D 13. A【解析】【原文】As an HR manager who has been engaged in recruitment for 30 years, I would like to give you some tips on how to perform better in a job interview. First and foremost, arrive 15 minutes early prior to your interview. An interview is even more stressful than normal if you’re rushing to get there on time. Second, send a positive message through your body language. Shake hands firmly, but only if a hand is offered to you first. Always maintain eye contact and listen carefully. If you do not understand a question, ask the interviewer to either repeat or clarify the questions for you. Give honest, direct answers. However, be sure that your responses are focused on the questions and highlight the skills related to the job. Keep in mind that your responses are your sales pitch. You’re selling the interviewer on yourself as the best candidate for a second interview and for the job, so be sure you focus on yourrelevancy. Last but not least, towards the end of the interview, let the hiring manager know that you think the job is an excellent fit and that you are very interested in the job. It’s appropriate to ask what the next step in the hiring process will be and when you might expect to hear.Questions:If you have an interview at 9:00, when should you arrive according to the speaker’s advice?Which one of the following is TRUE according to the speaker’s advice? If you are the interviewee, what should you do towards the end of the interview according to the speaker’s advice?Questions are based on the following passage.14.A. Drinking a lot of alcohol.B. Going shopping in stores.C. Gathering around tables for hotpot.D. Eating fried food and barbecued meat.15.A. Movies are available to people in Shanghai at midnight.B. People in Hangzhou attach great importance to dinner.C. A total of nine online platforms provide data for the report.D. People in Beijing are most likely to order Starbucks in the afternoon.16.A. People’s eating habits in d ifferent regions of China.B. Th e impact of mobile payment on Chinese people’s lifestyle.C. The difference of nightlife among residents in Chinese cities.D. The pressure of urban life brought by the nightlife activities.【答案】14. D 15. A 16. C【解析】【原文】A new report driven by what people in eight Chinese cities buy on their phonesafter the night falls reveals just how different the nightlife is among Chinese urban dwellers. According to data gathered from Alibaba Group on payment services across eight platforms－including Alipay, food delivery unit Ele.me, as well as the video-streaming site Youku－Chinese people go to bed at 1 a.m. on average. Additionally, it also shows Beijingers order Starbucks after 6 p.m. the most, go to bed late and rise at the earliest times. Residents in Shanghai purchase movie tickets and pay the most hospital visits at midnight, and East China’s Nanjing city has the most bookstore visits. As for the night food orders, they start coming in at 9 p.m. with orders for fried chicke n and barbecued sticks of meat ranking as people’s favorites. Down southwest in Chengdu, people spend the most on dinner, gathering around tables for hotpot. Citizens in Hangzhou City in eastern China prefer drinks over food, with its highest sales of alcohol at night. Mobile payment has been an integrated part of people’s lives in China, as consumers can place a food order, shop online and also pay utility bills on their smartphone screens－no matter what time it is. However, the active nightlife also reflects the pressure of urban life. Questions:What is the favorite nightlife activity of people in Nanjing?Which of the following can be inferred from the report?What is the report mainly about?Questions are based on the following passage.17.A. People can drive their cars at a high speed on the PRT system.B. Each car on the PRT system can carry 300 passengers at a time.C. The cars running on the PRT system can be controlled by a wire.D. The power that sets the cars on the PRT system running comes from the sun.18.A. The traffic jam in Masdar City.B. Building more roads with wider lanes.C. Solutions to traffic jams.D. Encouraging people to cycle more.19.A. Taxi drivers.B. Shop assistants.C. Teachers and students.D. The elderly and the sick.20.A. The benefit of cycling lies in that more people can travel at the same time.B. The man thinks that building more roads with wider lanes is not a perfect solution.C. The woman disagrees with the second expert because riding is practical on rainy days.D. The woman agrees with the first expert because it is very expensive to build more roads.【答案】17. D 18. C 19. A 20. B【解析】【原文】M: The Nightly News made a special program on how to deal with traffic jams in big cities. Did you watch it?W: Not yet. Would you please tell me something about it?M: Certainly. The program began with an introduction of the PRT system in Masdar City. Controlled wirelessly and powered by solar energy, 300 highspeed driverless cars each carrying three passengers were running on it. Then, three experts were invited to work out a few possible solutions.W: Really? What are those solutions?M: Well, the solution proposed by the first expert involves engineering. This means building more roads with wider lanes so that more cars can travel at the same time. W: Hmm, don’t you think more roads may actually encourage more traffic? Besides, the cost is so high.M: You hit the point. The second expert criticized that solution and proposed that the government should encourage people to cycle more because this mode of transport has obvious health benefits and helps to reduce air pollution.W: Yeah. But is it practical in every climate? What’s more, riding can prove dangerous in heavy traffic.M: I agree with you. The solution put forward by the last expert is to increase taxon fuel so that people are more likely to think carefully about using cars. Do you think it really works?W: Not exactly. It can discourage people from driving to work to some extent. But how about people “driving for work” ? They will lose their jobs.M: All right. It seems that each of the solutions has its own advantages and disadvantages.Questions:Which one of following statements is TRUE about the PRT system in Masdar City? What did the experts in the TV program mainly discuss about ?If the government increases the tax on fuel, who will directly fall victim to it? According to the dialogue, which one of following statements is TRUE? II Grammar and Vocabulary(满分 20 分) Section A(共 10 题，每小题 1 分，满分 10 分) Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passagescoherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.The rapid spread of new technology in Africa is changing the way people receive news and entertainment. Traditionally, vast numbers of Africans relied on radio to keep ___21___ (inform). So how is this medium coping ___22___the face of fast growing competition from mobile phone, Internet and television?If you want to get a sense of ___23___Africa is listening to, come with me to Kenya’s capital Nairobi. Over the past 20 years, the number of radio stations in Kenya ___24___ (grow) from 10 to more than 130. It’s a trend ___25___has been mirrored across Africa. Economic growth paired with ___26___new generation that’s more connected to the outside world and more diverse. Stations have become incredibly local producing programs in dozens of indigenous( 当地的)languages and increasingly global playing western music. Africa’s passion for radio remains insatiable(未被满足)___27___the growth of television. As not many of them ___28___afford a TV, thisrise in TV sales or TV numbers will never compare to radio at least for the next maybe decade or two.Commercial radio stations are what most people listen to. In Nairobi, I have interviewed a lot of people about their attitude towards radio. “Yeah, I love to listen to news. I like to hear what’s happening in people’s lives.” “Radio is much ___29___(cheap). I like listening to the music station.” “It’s so convenient. You can choose as many stations ___30___you like.” “It tells us the news of what is happening all over the world.” Therefore, it seems tha t radio is here to stay for a while.【答案】21. informed22. in 23. what24. has grown25. that/which26. a 27. despite28. can 29. cheaper30. as【解析】这是一篇说明文。
增加使用无人机的利弊英语作文The Pros and Cons of Increasing Drone UsageDrones, also known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), have gained significant popularity in recent years due to their versatility and accessibility. However, like any technology, the increasing use of drones comes with both advantages and disadvantages.On the positive side, drones offer efficient and cost-effective solutions for various applications. In agriculture, for example, drones equipped with sensors and cameras can monitor crop health, detect diseases, and even spray pesticides, significantly reducing labor costs and increasing efficiency. In the field of photography and videography, drones provide a unique perspective that was previously inaccessible or extremely difficult to capture. Furthermore, drones are invaluable in search and rescue missions, able to quickly survey large areas and locate missing persons or assess damage after natural disasters.However, the rise of drones also brings challenges. One significant concern is privacy. Drones equipped with high-resolution cameras can potentially invade people's privacy, especially in residential areas. Additionally, the noise generated by drones can be a nuisance, particularly in urban environments. There are also safety concerns, as drones have the potential to collide with manned aircraft or cause accidents if not operated properly.Moreover, the misuse of drones for illegal activities such as smuggling or spying is another worrying aspect. Regulatory frameworks are still evolving to address these issues, but it remains a challenge to enforce these regulations effectively.In conclusion, while drones offer remarkable benefits in various fields, their increasing use also poses significant challenges that need to be carefully managed. Balancing the benefits of drone technology with the potential risks it poses is crucial to ensure their safe and responsible integration into society.增加使用无人机的利弊近年来，无人机（也称为无人驾驶飞行器UAVs）由于其多功能性和易获取性而越来越受欢迎。
黑龙江省哈尔滨三中2024届高考最后冲刺模拟（二）英语试题请考生注意：1．请用2B铅笔将选择题答案涂填在答题纸相应位置上，请用0．5毫米及以上黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔将主观题的答案写在答题纸相应的答题区内。
写在试题卷、草稿纸上均无效。
2．答题前，认真阅读答题纸上的《注意事项》，按规定答题。
第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．We ______ be careful with the words we say when we are angry.A．may B．can C．might D．should2．To tell the truth, I would rather I ________ the pain instead of you. You don’t know how worried I was.A．took B．had takenC．have taken D．should have taken3．Along with the email was my brother’s promise ______ I came first in the competitio n, he would buy me an MP4. A．what B．that C．that if D．whether4．According to the school rule, no child be allowed out of the school, unless accompanied by his or her own parents.A．should B．mustC．shall D．can5．_______child will find his own personal road to success.A．Each B．The otherC．Either D．Another6．—What did you say you were reluctant to risk just now?—_________ to high levels of radiation.A．Being exposed B．Having been exposedC．To be exposed D．Exposed7．The climate conference was attended by 11,000 people, it the largest UN gathering ever held.A．making B．to make C．made D．to be making8．He works very hard in order to get himself ______ into a key university.A．accepted B．received C．announced D．admitted9．---.We didn’t find t he Blacks during the lecture.--- No one had told them about _____ a lecture.A．there to be B．there being C．there be D．there was10．It is sometimes said that a society can be judged ____the way it cares ____its weakest members.A．on; about B．by; for C．under; with D．with; on11．The party last month really gave me a lot of fun. So can we have this month,Mr.James?A．any B．one C．another D．the other12．Mary_______ to writing classes every night since June and the course will end this week.A．had gone B．has been goingC．is going D．went13．Tom is proud and ________, never admitting he is wrong and always looking for someone else to blame.A．strict B．stubbornC．sympathetic D．sensitive14．The government has taken some measures to solve the shortage of electricity, but it will be some time_________ the situation improves.A．since B．whenC．unless D．before15．She then took the little key, and opened it, trembling, but could not at first see anything ________, because the windows were shut.A．plainly B．closely C．firmly D．frequently16．He messed the project up, but he behaved as if nothing ______.A．had happened B．happenedC．would happen D．would have happened17．Laughter produces short-term changes in the function of the heart and blood circulation,_________heart rate and oxygen consumption.A．increasing B．to increase C．having increased D．being increased18．--Can’t you stay a little longer? I really want to talk more with you.--Me, too. ________ I have to get home before 10 at night.A．But B．Since C．And D．For19．Linda realized she was in the wrong and promised to ________ a new leaf.A．take over B．turn over C．get over D．go over20．Nowadays, more and more young ladies, figures most are fine enough, are going on a diet.A．who B．whoseC．of whose D．of whom第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
嫦娥一号发射视频英语作文As the world watched with keen interest, China made a significant stride in its space exploration history with the launch of Chang'e 1, its first lunar orbiter. The event marked a new chapter in China's ambitious space program and was a source of national pride.On October 24, 2007, the Chang'e 1 spacecraft was launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center in Sichuan province. The launch was meticulously planned and executed, showcasing the country's advanced technological capabilities. The rocket carrying the spacecraft soared into the sky, leaving a trail of smoke and a thunderous roar that echoed across the launch site.The mission of Chang'e 1 was multifaceted. It aimed to map the lunar surface in detail, detect the elements and materials on the Moon, and provide valuable data for future lunar missions, including potential landing sites. The spacecraft was equipped with a suite of scientific instruments, including a high-resolution camera and a neutron spectrometer.The journey of Chang'e 1 to the Moon was not without its challenges. The spacecraft had to navigate the vast expanse of space, enduring the harsh conditions of the void. However, the team of scientists and engineers back on Earth worked tirelessly, guiding the spacecraft through its complextrajectory.Upon reaching the Moon, Chang'e 1 entered into a polar orbit, allowing it to survey the lunar surface comprehensively. The data sent back to Earth provided scientists with a wealth of information that has contributed to our understanding of the Moon's geology and composition.The success of the Chang'e 1 mission was a testament toChina's growing expertise in space technology. It not only positioned China as a key player in space exploration alongside the United States and Russia but also inspired a new generation of scientists and engineers to pursue careers in space research.In conclusion, the launch of Chang'e 1 was a historic moment for China and for the global space community. It signified a new era of lunar exploration and set the stage for further advancements in space technology. The images and data collected by Chang'e 1 have enriched our knowledge of the Moon and have paved the way for future missions that will delve even deeper into the mysteries of our nearest celestial neighbor.。
高三英语公众意识单选题50题1. In many cities, people are encouraged to use public transportation instead of private cars to reduce _____.A. air pollutionB. water pollutionC. noise pollutionD. soil pollution答案：A。
解析：本题考查名词短语的辨析以及公众的环保意识。
句中提到鼓励人们使用公共交通代替私家车，这一举措主要是为了减少空气污染。
选项A“air pollution”表示空气污染，符合题意。
选项B“water pollution”是水污染，与使用交通工具关系不大。
选项C“noise pollution”是噪音污染，虽然私家车也会产生噪音污染，但这里主要强调的是与公共交通相对比下对空气的影响。
选项D“soil pollution”是土壤污染，也与使用交通工具的关联较小。
2. Recycling is an important part of resource conservation. Which of the following items is the most difficult to recycle?A. Glass bottlesB. Plastic bagsC. NewspapersD. Aluminum cans答案：B。
解析：本题考查公众对不同物品可回收性的了解以及相关词汇。
在这四个选项中，塑料袋子是最难回收的。
选项A“Glassbottles”玻璃瓶相对容易回收利用。
选项C“Newspapers”报纸也是可回收材料。
选项D“Aluminum cans”铝罐也比较容易回收。
而塑料袋子由于材质薄、易破损、分类难等问题，导致其回收难度较大，这也体现了公众在资源保护方面需要意识到正确处理塑料袋子的重要性。
3. Many forests are being cut down for various reasons. What can ordinary people do to help protect the forests?A. Buy more wooden furnitureB. Use disposable chopsticksC. Support forest conservation organizationsD. Ignore the problem答案：C。
调查客人对酒店体验的四个方面英语作文回答1:Title: A Survey on Four Aspects of Guest Experience at HotelsIntroduction:The hospitality industry has always placed a lot of emphasis on guest satisfaction. In order to understand and improve the guest experience, it is important to conduct regular surveys. This article aims to present the findings of a recent survey that focused on four key aspects of guest experience at hotels.Findings from the Survey:The survey collected responses from a diverse group of guests who had recently stayed at various hotels. The four aspects of the guest experience that were explored are the check-in process, room cleanliness, amenities, and overall customer service.Check-in Process:The check-in process plays a crucial role in shaping the initial impression of a hotel. According to the survey, themajority of guests expressed satisfaction with the check-in process. They highlighted the importance of a smooth and efficient check-in, especially after long travels. However, some guests also pointed out the need for more personalized and welcoming check-in experiences.Room Cleanliness:When it comes to room cleanliness, the survey revealed that most guests expected a high standard of hygiene. The respondents emphasized the importance of spotless bathrooms, fresh linens, and tidy living spaces. Any shortcomings in this aspect were considered highly detrimental to the overall guest experience.Amenities:The availability and quality of amenities also featured prominently in the survey. Guests appreciated well-maintained facilities such as swimming pools, fitness centers, and spas. Several respondents also stressed the importance of complimentary items, including toiletries, Wi-Fi, and in-room entertainment options.Overall Customer Service:The final aspect of the survey focused on the overall customer service provided by hotel staff. This encompasses interactions with front desk personnel, housekeeping, dining staff, and other hotel employees. The responses indicated that friendly, attentive, and responsive customer service significantly enhanced the guest experience. On the other hand, any perceived rudeness or unprofessional behavior left a lasting negative impression.中文回答：引言：酒店业一直都非常重视客人的满意度。
2024武汉三调作文英语English:In 2024, the results of the third national land survey in Wuhan were released, providing updated information and data about the city's land utilization, land ownership, and natural resources. This survey had a digital and intelligent approach, using advanced technology such as unmanned aerial vehicles, high-resolution satellite imagery, and Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. As a result, the data collected was more accurate and comprehensive, which would help to optimize the urban planning and development of Wuhan.With the results of the third national land survey in Wuhan, the city was able to better allocate its land resources and optimize land use efficiency. Additionally, the data provided could be used to support the development of a green and sustainable city in Wuhan. This survey also highlighted the importance of digital technology in urban planning and development, which had become an essential tool in the face of rapid urbanization and environmental challenges.Moreover, the third national land survey in Wuhan provided valuable information for decision-makers and investors, offering insights into the development potential and opportunities in the city. It also enhanced the transparency and openness of land-related information, promoting fair competition in the market and preventing corruption.In conclusion, the third national land survey in Wuhan was a significant milestone in the city's development. It brought updated and accurate data that could support sound urban planning and sustainable development, as well as enhance transparency and fairness in the land market. With the advancement of digital technology, such surveys would continue to play a vital role in addressing the challenges and opportunities of urbanization and environmental sustainability in Wuhan.中文翻译:在2024年，武汉进行了第三次国土调查，并公布了该市土地利用、土地所有权和自然资源的最新信息和数据。
河南省郑州市宇华实验学校2024-2025学年高二上学期9月月考英语试题一、阅读理解For many people, childhood is the best time of their lives. Children’s Day is celebrated by different countries on different days of the year. It is a holiday that celebrates the happiness, healthy growth, and bright future of children.ChinaChildren’s Day is on June 1st. On this day, pupils go to school as usual, but often for only half of the day. The school day tends to involve various Children’s Day activities instead of regular classes. The celebration doesn’t end at school. After school, parents usually take their children out to play. They often celebrate by having a picnic in the park or by going to an amusement park, the cinema, or the zoo. Many tourist attractions, including the Forbidden City, have discounts on admission or are completely free for children on this day.JapanThe Japanese people celebrate Children’s Day on the fifth day of the fifth month every year. Families fly colorful carp flags (鲤鱼旗) from their homes, as carps represent determination and vigor in Japanese folklore (民间传说). They display figurines of Samurai Warriors in their homes to symbolize strength and bravery. Children enjoy sticky rice cakes in Quercus dentata leaves and participate in events around the country like traditional Japanese plays.IndiaChildren’s Day is celebrated on November14 every year. This date marks the birth anniversary of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of independent India. Nehru was very fond of children and so, to honor him and acknowledge his work for children, the 14th of every November is set as Children’s Day. On this occasion, children of India usually get gifts from their parents. Many schools allow students to attend their classes in colored dresses. Special programs are held by the children themselves. Many schools hold activities such as camping trips or free movies on Children’s Day to allow students to have fun.New ZealandIn New Zealand, Children’s Day is celebrated on the first Sunday of March each year. Fun community events are held throughout the country and include games, carnival, food, traditional haka dancing, and more.1．What do Chinese do on Children’s Day?A．Pupils go to school as usualB．The celebration end at school.C．Parents usually take children out to playD．Many tourist attractions have no discounts2．When is the Children’s Day in Japan?A．June 1st B．May 5thC．November14D．The first Sunday of March3．Where can you probably find the passage?A．Tourist brochure B．Book review C．Science report D．News reportNowadays, we can read almost all "truths" on social media sites. But are they really reliable? Sites such as the micro-messaging service, the social networking site and the photo-sharing app Instagram might "misrepresent the real world", according to a study by computer scientists from McGill University and Carnegie Mellon University.The scientists warn that gathering information about public views and trends from these sites is unwise. There are still large parts of the population who do not take part in social media activities. Also, there's a risk that many social media users are under-represented. Instagram, for example, appeals to younger adults in urban areas while Pinterest is used mainly by females aged 25 to 34. And only 5 percent of the micro-messaging service users are over 65 years old, according to the study. However, this is not the only issue, according to the scientific team. The design of a website can influence how people behave online, creating what the researchers call "Internet bias". For example, micro-blogging sites such as Weibo promote "popular" stories. It saves time for some but it also limits readers' choice of what they see. In the end, many people open those stories and make them more "popular". But it's not because they choose those stories. Rather, it is because the content is right in front of them.Besides, it's possible that not everyone on your social networks is real. There might actuallybe a few fake accounts among them. Fake "bots" pretend to be humans and are often included when measuring or predicting human behaviors online.The findings might be more important than you would think, since many social media studies are used to inform and justify decisions and investments among the public and in industry and government, according to Derek Ruths, an assistant professor of Computer Science at Mc Gill University.If the team is right, you might have to think carefully next time you say, "It's true, you know;I read it on Weibo."4．Why does the author mention the micro-messaging and Instagram?A．Because they are the best social media sites today.B．Because they are not in favor of the current study.C．Because the public are sharing truths on these sites.D．Because information on these sites may not be reliable.5．How is the passage developed?A．By giving examples.B．By making comparisons.C．By dividing into groups.D．By analyzing causes.6．Which word can best describe the author's attitude toward information on social media sites?A．Ambiguous.B．Favorable.C．Disagreeable.D．Cautious.7．What's the author's main purpose in writing the passage?A．To analyze why information gathered from social media sites may not be trustworthy.B．To remind readers of things they should watch out for when using social media.C．To point out the advantages and disadvantages of social media.D．To recommend popular social networking sites for readers.Around seven out of every ten Americans who work in offices do their work in an open environment, defined as at desks without meaningful partitions (隔板), according to an International Facility Management Association survey. That is, if they even have a desk- workers may be assigned only a few feet of a communal (共用的) table. The open-plan office space trend, popularized by creative agencies and technology start-ups, went mainstream because of the belief that open-space environments support innovation. More nearness between employees, the thinkingwent, would create more interaction and teamwork, promote social interaction and urge productivity.But in fact, purely open-plan offices have been shown to have the opposite effects, creating so much distraction (分心) that employees stayed away from each other. A study funded by Harvard Business Sehaol, the results of which were published last year, tracked what happened when a British company moved its employees from traditional office space, with offices with walls, to an open office. Face-to-face interaction became less — employees spent 72 percent less time interacting with their colleagues. Instead of talking more with each other, the employees put on headphones and began communicating by text and email. As digital communication channels surged, productivity declined.Neuroscience also holds some clues as to why the tight quarters in communal work spaces-where workers are only given about half the space they were given a decade ago- are so hard to work in. “The human voice sets off the most powerful emotional response in our auditory (听觉的) experience. Voice above 55 decibels (分贝) — roughly the sound of a loud phone call-causes measurable stress, ” according to a Wall Street Journal article,“The Neuroscience-Optimized Office”. “Even more troublesome are overheard ‘halfversations’, in which the listener only knows about one side of a dialogue; our brains automatically imagine the other, ” wrote authors John Medina and Ryan Mullenix.But the solution, say experts including Newport, isn’t to go back to putting everyone into offices with walls.8．What can we learn about the open office trend according to paragraph 1?A．It allows 10 people at most to work together.B．It is believed to stimulate workers’ creativity.C．It is only popular with new technology companies.D．It is aimed at promoting workers’ social interaction.9．What does the underlined word “surged” in paragraph 2 probably mean?A．Suspended timely.B．Became useless.C．Cost less.D．Increased quickly.10．What makes an open office hard to work in?A．Hearing endless noisy phone calls.B．Showing real emotions publicly.C．Facing communication barriers at work.D．Hearing part of a dialogue between colleagues.11．What will probably be discussed in the following paragraph?A．What are benefits of the open offices with walls.B．Why the open office makes workers distracted.C．How to deal with the disadvantages of the open office.D．How to draw workers’ attention to their colleagues nearby.Record sea ice loss caused a mass die-off of emperor penguin chicks in part of Antarctica last year, strengthening predictions that the world’s largest penguin will soon be in danger of extinction.Unlike other penguins, emperors breed (繁殖) on sea ice rather than land.Male emperor penguins hatch the eggs during the Antarctic winter. The furry grey chicks need stable sea ice until December to grow their black waterproof feathers and gain enough muscle to swim. If they go into the water before they develop feathers, chicks can drown or freeze to death.In February, the area of sea ice around Antarctica reached the lowest extent ever observed. After much of the ice began breaking up late last year, four out of five habitats in the hard-bit central and eastern Bellingshausen Sea suffered a total breeding failure, with no chicks surviving to the feather growing period. In mid-November, the sea ice there broke up, forcing the penguins to abandon the habitat and most if not all of their chicks.A research team from Oxford Brookes University monitored populations by spotting penguin faeces (排泄物) in satellite photos. Emperor penguins tend to stay close, walking in a tight group to stay warm in temperatures as low as -60°C．The buildup of the habitat’s faeces stains the ice so brown that it can be seen from space. Once a habitat has been identified, researchers can count the individual penguins in very high-resolution satellite images.The observations add weight to modelling predictions that 90 percent of emperor penguin habitats could be extinct or past the point of no return by 2100 if current rates of warming continue. While habitats can lose chicks in heavy storms or when severe winds break up the sea ice, this is the first-time widespread breeding failure has been linked to disappearing ice.“Failure is the norm, but complete failure across a whole region, that’s not normal,” says Tim at Oxford Brookes University. “Will this impact the population? It really depends on how often it happens.”12．What was the result of the ice breaking last year?A．The area of the sea reached the lowest point ever.B．Emperor penguins left the habitats with their chicks.C．Emperor penguins had to search for food themselves.D．Most emperor penguins chicks studied failed to survive.13．How did the team identify a habitat in satellite images?A．By counting the penguins.B．By making the images clearer.C．By spotting brown stained ice.D．By collecting penguins’ faeces.14．What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs?A．The area suffered breeding failure for the first time.B．Severe storms caused the extensive breeding failure.C．The total failure has made emperor penguins extinct.D．The frequency of ice breaking needs to be controlled.15．What is the passage mainly about?A．The main causes of global warming.B．The exlinet emperor penguin habitats.C．Emperor penguins’ severe breeding failure.D．Health problems of emperor penguin chicks.The Importance of Learning a Second LanguageIn today’s globalized world, learning a second language has become an essential skill. It offers numerous benefits that can enhance both personal and professional aspects of life.16 Through the process of learning a new language, one can gain a deeper understanding of different cultures and traditions. This can lead to greater empathy and appreciation for diversity.Additionally, bilingual (双语的) individuals often have better cognitive abilities. 17 Studies have shown that they are better at multitasking, problem-solving, and decision-making compared to monolinguals (单语的). This is because the brain is constantly engaged in managing two languages, which strengthens its overall function.18 In many professional fields, being proficient in more than one language can open up job opportunities that would otherwise be unavailable. Many companies prefer to hire candidates who can communicate with international clients or partners.Moreover, learning a second language can significantly enhance travel experiences. 19 Communicating in the local language can lead to more meaningful interactions and a deeper connection with the place and its people.Finally, the process of learning a new language itself can be incredibly (不可置信地) rewarding. 20 This sense of achievement can boost confidence and motivate individuals to tackle other challenges in life.Overall, the advantages of learning a second language are clear. It not only broadens one’s horizons but also equips them with skills that are valuable in an increasingly interconnected world.A．It allows travelers to guide new environments with ease and enjoy genuine cultural experiences.B．The effort and devotion required to master a new language can get a strong sense of accomplishment.C．Bilingualism can delay the onset of dementia (痴呆症) and other age-related cognitive declines.D．One of the most significant advantages is the ability to connect with people from different backgrounds.E．Fluency in multiple languages is often associated with higher salaries and better career prospects.F．They tend to have improved memory, attention span, and analytical skills.G．Another major benefit is the improvement in job prospects and career advancement.二、完形填空Ashoka, an association founded by Bill Drayton, has fought to end poverty (贫困) and sickness, promoted education and encouraged small businesses. To support these worthy 21 , Ashoka provides money to solve urgent problems worldwide.Drayton emphasizes the important thing is to simply give yourself 22 . If you see a problem, you can help solve it. The young 23 are willing to 24 this concept because at heart every child wants to grow into a happy, healthy and 25 adult. In fact, it is many young people’s 26 to set up programmes or businesses that improve social conditions. An excellent example is an Ashoka project started in 1995 in Dhaka, which effectively handled the 27 problem the city encountered, and provided an income for local farmers there.When Masqsood and Iftekhar from Ashoka began to study the problem of all the uncollected rubbish that lay in Dhaka’s streets, 28 rats and disease, they discovered that 80% of it was natural waste. So they educated the poor there to 29 methods to compost (堆肥) this waste. They knew that they would have a 30 for the end product because local farmers were struggling with 31 chemical fertilisers (化肥). At first, they were 32 , but once they were able to 33 them that there was money to be made, the project 34 . In 2009 sales were $14,000.Drayton is 35 that in ten years Ashoka will be making really serious, practical progress in bringing about social change by changing the way we look at economic development. 21．A．plans B．causes C．attempts D．events 22．A．right B．confidence C．permission D．praise23．A．in particular B．in fact C．on purpose D．in turn 24．A．avoid B．decline C．accept D．appreciate 25．A．professional B．generous C．contributing D．innocent 26．A．ambition B．definition C．advice D．purpose 27．A．water B．resource C．rubbish D．traffic 28．A．attacking B．charging C．counting D．inviting 29．A．employ B．create C．leave D．send30．A．hope B．market C．desire D．way 31．A．expensive B．effective C．affordable D．profitable 32．A．refused B．recognised C．confused D．surprised 33．A．permit B．order C．advise D．persuade 34．A．set off B．took off C．picked up D．put up 35．A．uncertain B．doubtful C．pessimistic D．optimistic三、语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
2024年教师资格（中学）-英语学科知识与教学能力（初中）考试历年真题摘选附带答案第1卷一.全考点押密题库(共100题)1.(单项选择题)(每题2.00 分) Don't be afraid of asking for help→ ←it is needed.A. unlessB. sinceC. althoughD. when2.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Do you want to see the effects of global warming? Then head north. Will Steger is going to take all of us there. Steger, 64, the first person to make a dogsled trip to the Noah Pole, is a very famous and admired polar explorer. He's at home in frozen parts of the world where few humans ever step on. Steger is also a devoted environmentalist who was early to ring the alarm bell on global warming. He saw its effects firsthand in frequent polar expeditions to the Arctic and Antarctica.Steger is about to lead a team of six young adventurers on a 1,400-mile,60-day-long dogsled trip across Ellesmere Island, in the Canadian Arctic. The sea ice in that region should still be frozen. "We want to take our audience to the front lines of global warming, "says Steget. The team will be uploading videos, stories and photos to the website global-warming, com as they march along, allowing armchair adventurer's and kids in classrooms to follow their progress day to day. "We can actually bring the audience up there," Steger says.Steger's team will include some already-famous young explorers. Sam Branson, the 22- year-old son of British airline tycoon(大亨)Richard Branson, is an experienced Arctic traveler. Also on the journey will be 27-year-old Norwegian Sigrid Ekran. Last year, Ekran became only the second woman in history to win Rookie(新秀)of the Year for the Iditarod Sled Dog Race. What they will see may be surprising. Even Steger doesn't know exactly what to expect. Climate change has already reshaped the geography of the Arctic, "Within a decade or less, it's goingto be impossible to reach the North Pole by dog team, without flotation (漂流),"says Steger. Climate change is happening, but people can change too. Their willingness to change will determine the shape of Earth's future. Steger is about to organize the adventure to the Arctic in order to→ ←.A. let more people enjoy its natural beautyB. collect evidence for his scientific researchC. let people realize the bad effects of global warmingD. develop the young people's adventurous and brave spirit3.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following sets of English sounds differs only in one distinctive feature?→ ←A. [v][e][i:][e]B. [f][z][?][i]C. [i:][i][e][?]D. [p][i][e][s]4.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following sets of English sounds differs only in one distinctive feature?_A. [v][e][i:][e]B. [f][z][?][i]C. [i:][i][e][?]D. [p][i][e][s]5.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) There are two factors which determine an individual’s intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is bom with. Human brains differ considerably, some being more capable than others. But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what happens to the individual——the sort of environment in which he is brought up. if an individual is handicappedenvironmentally, it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will never attain the level of intelligence of which he is capable.The importance of environment in determining an individual’s intelligence can be demonstrated by the ease history of the identical twins, Peter and Mark. Being identical, the twins had identical brains at birth, and their growth processes were the same. When the twins were three months old, their parents died, and they were placed in separate foster homes. Peter was raised by parents of low intelligence in an isolated community with poor educational opportunities. Mark was reared in the home of well-to-do parents who had been to college. He was read to as a child, sent to good schools, and given every opportunity to be stimulated intellectually. This environmental difference continued until the twins were in their late teens, when they were given tests to me asure their intelligence. Mark’s I.Q. was 125, twenty-five points higher than the average and fully forty points higher than his identical brother. Given equal opportunities, the twins, having identical brains, would have tested at roughly the same level. The case history of the twins appears to support the conclusion that→ ←A. individuals with identical brains seldom test at the same levelB. an individual’s intelligence is determined only by his environmentC. lack of opportunity blocks the growth of intelligenceD. changes of environment produce changes in the structure of the brain6.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Passage TwoRespect is not included in the marriage vows. No illustrated books show how to achieve it. And yet it is central to a lasting, satisfying marriage.What is this thing called respect? It is not the same as admiration. "When you fall in love, you admire the other, "says Dr. Alexandra Symonds, associate clinical professor of psychiatry at the New York University, School of Medicine.” You look up to someone-much the way a child idealizes a parent.”Such romantic admiration thrives and even depends on the illusion that he or she is "perfect for you.95 Thafs why it doesnt last. "You come to see that the person you married isnt exactly what you expected.", says Francine Klagsbrun. "There are differences of personality, of approaches to life, different ways of doing things. ”You can try to change your mate back into your fantasy. But for the marriage to last and grow its better to →agree to disagree←, to learn to let each other be. Only by taking this path can you begin to develop real respect toward each other.“I have one patient whose husband loves sports，especially tennis，”says Dr. Symonds.” She would prefer to go to the theatre, or to stay at home and read. She could simply say, ‘We have different tastes.’ Instead, she says, How can he waste his time and money that way? She puts him down."The put-down is the chief symptom and weapon of lack of respect or contempt. "Contempt is the w orst kind of emotion.” says Symonds. "You feel the other person has no worth.’ We’ve all seen marriages in which one or both partners attack the other quite savagely in the guise of Its for your own good. Any "good" is→ undone ←by the hostile tone. A wife nags her husband to be more ambitious and makes him feel like a failure because he prefers craftsman- ship or community projects to the competitive business world. Or a husband accuses his wife of wasting time whenever she gets together with a friend. "Why isnt she doing something productive?"In good marriage partners nurture each others self-esteem. They may express humorous incomprehension of one anothers preferences, but they never make the other person feel like an idiot. "Martyrs idea of a vacation is to go down to the basement on a sunny day and spend time woodworking, "says Dr. Alexandra Symonds of her husband, psychiatrist and surgeon Martin Symond.But theres fondness in the gibes and firm support for the others right to be himself. Respect is expressed in words like. ul dont want to go to the concert, but you have a great And occasionally, "Sure, III come with you. Just dont him angry if I fall asleep. " Respect, then is appreciation of the separateness of the other person, of the ways in which he or she is unique. These things take time to discover and accept.Thats the paradox of a good marriage: only by respecting each other as you are do you open the door to change. The root meaning of the word respect is "to look at". Respect is a clear yet loving eye. It sees what is really there, but it also sees what is potentially there and helps bring it to fruition. Respect is the art of love by which married couples honorwhat is unique and best in each other.The underlined phrase "→agree to disagree”←in Paragraph 4 means that____.A. one should realize that no two people are the sameB. one should be keen to find out his or her partners meritsC. one should face the reality that his or her partner is not a perfect personD. one should realize that he or she should appreciate differences on the part of his or her partner7.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following activities can be used to check students’ understanding of difficult sentences in the text? ( )A. ParaphrasingB. Blank-fillingC. Story—tellingD. Summarizing8.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) I could speak→ ←Japanese→ ←Chinese, soI had to talk with him in English.A. not only; but alsoB. both; andC. neither; norD. either; or9.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) When a teacher says “Next, please pay attention to the time of arrival and departure of the planes in the recording”，he/she intends to develop the students’ skill of______.A. predictingB. getting the general picturesC. distinguishing soundsD. getting specific information10.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Allen placed too much→ ←on sports and not enough on his studies.A. agitationB. emphasisC. hesitationD. interest11.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) We went right round to the west coast by→ ←sea instead of driving across→ ←continent.A. the; theB. /; theC. the; /D. /;/12.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) In which of the following situations is the teacher playing the role of observer?→ ←A. Giving feedback and dealing with errors.B. Organizing students to do activities by giving instructions.C. Walking around to see how each student performs in group work.D. Offering help to those who need it both in ideas and language.13.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following teacher' s instructions could serve purpose of eliciting ideas?A. Shall we move on?B. Read after me everyoneC. What can you see in this picture?D. What does the word “quickly” mean?14.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Mr. Wang gave all the textbooks to all the students,except→ ←who had already taken them.A. theseB. thatC. the onesD. the others15.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Some farmers saw→ ←in the sky.A. strange somethingB. something strangeC. strange anythingD. anything strange16.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) "Now, did the questions help you understand the text better?" What is the teacher doing by saying this in terms of instruction?→ ←A. observing the activityB. evaluating the activityC. monitoring the activityD. controlling the activity17.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) "There is a senseless notion that children grow up and leave home when theyre 18, and the truth is far from that," says sociologist Larry Bumpass of the University of Wisconsin. Today, unexpected numbers of young adults are living with their parents, "there is a major shift in the middle class," declares sociologist Allan Schnaibergof Northwestern University, whose son, 19, moved back in after an absence of eight months.Analysts cite a variety of reasons for this return to the nest. The marriage age is rising,a condition that makes home and its pleasantness particularly attractive to young people.A high divorce rate and a declining remarriage rate are sending economically pressed and emotionally hurt survivors back to parental shelters. For some, the expense of anaway-from-home college education has become so excessively great that many students now attend local schools. Even after graduation, young people find their wings clipped by skyrocketing housing costs.Living at home, says Knighton, a school teacher, continues to give her security and moral support. Her mother agreed, "Its ridiculous for the kids to pay all that money for rent.It makes sense for kids to stay at home. " But sharing the family home requires adjustmentsfor all. There are the hassles over bathrooms, telephones and privacy. Some families, however, manage the delicate balancing act. But for others, it proves too difficult. Michelle Del Turco,24, has been home three times and left three times. "What I considered a social drink,my dad considered an alcohol problem," she explains. "He never liked anyone I dated, so I either had to hide away or meet them at friends house.Just how long should adult children live with their parents before moving on? Mostpsychologists feel lengthy home comings are a mistake. Children, struggling to establish separate identities, can end up with "a sense of inadequacy, defeat and failure." And aging parents, who should be enjoying some financial and personal freedom, find themselves stuckwith responsibilities. Many agree that brief visits, however, can work beneficially.According to the author, there was once a trend in the U. S.→←.A. for young adults to leave their parents and live independentlyB. for middle class young adults to stay with their parentsC. for married young adults to move back home after a lengthy absenceD. for young adults to get jobs nearby in order to live with their parents18.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following belongs to the communicativeapproach?→ ←A. Focus on accuracyB. Focus on fluencyC. Focus on strategiesD. Focus on comprehension19.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Who is the author of The Scarlet Letter?→ ←.A. Ralph Waldo EmersonB. Henry DavidC. Washington IrvingD. Nathaniel Hawthorne20.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) If a teacher asks students to concentrate on such featuresas structure, coherence and cohesion of a test he/she aims at developing students’→ ←.A. strategic competenceB. cultural awarenessC. communicative competenceD. discourse awareness21.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Dr.Smith was always→ ←the poor and the sick,often providing them with free medical care.A. reminded ofB. absorbed inC. tended byD. concerned about22.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Would you like→ ←music?A. to listen toB. to listeningC. listeningD. listening to23.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Jimmy asked Mary to lend him some money, which she agreed to,→ ←that he paid her back the following month.A. on occasionB. in caseC. under circumstanceD. on condition24.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) It was with great joy______ he knew that his GMAT score as 670, high enough to apply to a top university of business.A. whenB. withC. whatD. that25.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) What is the teacher doing by saying this in terms of instruction? "Now, did the questions h elp you understand the text better?”→ ←A. observing the activityB. evaluating the activityC. monitoring the activityD. controlling the activity26.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Scholastic thinkers held a wide variety of doctrines in both philosophy and theology, the study of religion. What gives unity to the whole Scholastic movement, the academic practice in Europe from the 9th to the 17th centuries, are the common aims, attitudes, and methods, generally accepted by all its members. The chief concern of the Scholastics was not to discover new facts but to integrate the knowledge already acquired separately by Greek reasoning and Christian revelation. This concern is one of the most characteristic differences between Scholasticism and modem thought since the Renaissance. The basic aim of the Scholastics determined certain common attitudes, the most important of which was their conviction of the fundamental harmony between reason and revelation. The Scholastics maintained that because the same God was the source of both types of knowledge and truth was one of his chief attributes, he could not contradict himself in these two ways of speaking. Any apparent opposition between revelation and reason could be traced either to an incorrect use of reason or to an inaccurate interpretation of the words of revelation. Because the Scholastics believed that revelation was the direct teaching of God, it possessed for them a higher degree of truth and certainty than did natural reason. In apparent conflicts between religious faith and philosophic reasoning, faith was thus always the supreme arbiter; the theologian’s decision overruled that of the philosopher. After the early 13th century, Scholastic thought emphasized more the independence of philosophy within its own domain. Nonetheless, throughout the Scholastic period, philosophy was called the servant of theology, not only because the truth of philosophy was subordinated to that of theology, but also because the theologian used philosophy to understand and explain revelation.This attitude of Scholasticism stands in sharp contrast to the so-called double-truth theory of the Spanish-Arab philosopher and physician Averroes. His theory assumed that truth was accsssible to both philosophy and Islamic theology but that only philosophy could attain it perfectly. The so-called truths of theology served, hence, as imperfect imaginative expressions for the common people of the authentic truth accessible only to philosophy. Averroes maintained that philosophic truth could even contradict, at least verbally，the teachings of Islamic theology.As a result of their belief in the harmony between faith and reason, the scholastics attempted to determine the precise scope and competence of each of these faculties. Many early Scholastics，such as the Italian ecclesiastic and philosopher Stanselm, did not clearly distinguish the two and were overconfident that reason could prove certain doctrines of revelation. Later, at the height of the mature period of Scholasticism, the Italian theologian and philosopher St. Thomas Aquinas worked out a balance between reason and revelation. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 of the text that→ ←.A. the position of philosophy as a humble servant was acceptedB. religion had turned into a hamper to the functioning of philosophyC. philosophers often quoted revelation to support themselvesD. philosophers were sometimes referred to in religious practice27.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Language is a tool of communication. The symbol “Highway Closed” on a highway serves→ ←.A. an expressive functionB. an informative functionC. a performative functionD. a persuasive function28.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Just recently the trustees of Social Security and Medicare issued their annual reports on the programs futures. Heres one startling fact: By 2030 the projected costs of Social Security and Medicare could easily consume via higher taxes-a third of workers future wage and salary increases. Were mortgaging workers future pay gains for baby boomers retirement benefits.This matters because Social Security and Medicare are pay-as-you-go programs. Current taxpayers pay current benefits. Future taxpayers will pay future benefits. Baby boomers retirement benefits will come mostly from their children and grandchildren, who will be tomorrow’s workers. Consequently, baby boomers children and grandchildren face massive tax increases. Social Security and Medicare spending now equals 14 percent of wage and salary income, reports Elizabeth Bell, a research assistant to Eugene Steuerle of the Urban Institute, Washington, D. C. By 2030, using the trustees various projections, that jumps to 26 percent. Of course, payroll taxes dont cover all the costs of Social Security and Medicare. Still, these figures provide a crude indicator of the economic burden, because costs are imposed heavily on workers via some tax, government borrowing and cuts in other government programs.It can be argued that the costs are bearable. The wage gains in the trustees reports could prove too pessimistic. Like all forecasts, theyre subject to errors. Even if they come true, they assume that tomorrow’s wages will be higher than today’s. Productivity increases; wages rise. In 2030, under the trustees "intermediate" assumptions, workers before tax incomes would be about a third higher than now, says Tom Saving of Texas A&M University. Whats the complaint if workers lost through steeper taxes-some of that? Why shouldnt they generously support parents and grandparents? Well, maybe they will. But there are at least two possible flaws in this logic.The first is that, on a year-to-year basis, wage gains would be tiny-less than 1 percent. When theyve gotten that low before, people have complained that theyre "on a treadmill" and that the American dream has been withdrawn. Even these gains might be diluted by further tax increases to trim today’s already swollen budget deficits. The second and more serious threat is that higher taxes would harm the economy. They might dull economic vitality by reducing investment and the rewards for work and risk-taking. Productivity and wage gains might be smaller than predicted. Then we’d flirt with that death spiral: Wed need still higher taxes to pay benefits, but those taxes might depress economic growth more.One way or another, workers may get fed up with paying so much of their paychecks to supportretirees, many of whom were living quite comfortably. So we ought to redefine the generational compact to lighten the burden of an aging population on workers. The needed steps are clear:to acknowledge longer life expectancies by slowly raising eligibility ages for Social Security and Medicare; to limit future spending by curbing retirement benefits for thebetter-off; to keep people in the productive economy longer by encouraging jobs that mix "work” and "retirement".The main tax base for Social Security and Medicare is→←.A. retirement benefitsB. the wage and salaryC. governments budgetD. trustee fund29.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) When a teacher teaches young learners English pronunciation,he should→ ←.A. Listen as much as possibleB. input regardless of students' abilityC. tolerate small errors in continuous speechD. read more English materials30.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Total physical response as a TEFL which is more aften usedfor teaching________.A. childrenB. adultsC. ESP courseD. GE course31.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following correctly describes the word stress?→ ←A. accelerate, accelerated, acceleration, acceleratingB. AcceLerate, accelerated, acceLeration, acceleratingC. accelerate, Accelerated, acceleration, acceleratingD. accelerate, accelerated, acceleration, Accelerating32.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Being a direct relative of the deceased, her claim to the estate was_____.A. optionalB. compulsoryC. legitimateD. prominent33.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following activities does not belong topre-reading activities?→ ←A. scanningB. setting the sceneC. skimmingD. paraphrasing34.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Where is Love? How can we find Love?The past ages of man have all been carefully labeled by anthropologists. Descriptions like "Paleolithic Man", "Neolithic Man", etc., neatly sum up the whole periods. When the timecomes for anthropologists to turn their attention to the twentieth century, they will surely choose the label "Legless Man". Histories of the time will go something like this. "In the twentieth century, people forgot how to use their legs. Men and women moved about in cars, buses and trains from a very early age. There were lifts and escalators in all large buildings to prevent people from walking. This situation was forced upon earth dwellers of that time because of miles each day. But the surprising thing is that they didn't use their legs even when they went on holiday. They built cable railways, ski lifts and roads to the top of every huge mountain. All the beauty spots on earth were marred by the presence of large car parks." The future history books might also record that we were deprived of the use of our eyes. In our hurry to get from one place to another，we failed to see anything on the way. Air travel gives you a bird's eye view of the world-or even less if the wing of the aircraft happens to get in your way. When you travel by car or train a blurred image of the countryside constantly smears the windows. Car drivers, in particular, are forever obsessed with the urge to go on and on: they never want to stop. Is it the lure of the great motorways, or what? And as for sea travel, it hardly deserves mention. It is perfectly summed up in the words of the old song: "I joined the navy to see the world, and what did I see? I saw the sea". The typical twentieth century traveler is the man who always says, "I've been there. " You mention the remotest, most evocative place names in the world like E1 Dorado, Kabul, Irkutsk and someone is bound to say, "I've been there meaning" I drove through it at 100 miles an hour on the way to somewhere else ".When you travel at high speed, the present means nothing; you live mainly in the future because you spend most of your time looking forward to arriving at some other place. But actual arrival, when it is achieved, is meaningless. You want to move on again. By traveling like this, you suspend all experience; the present ceases to be a reality: you might just as well be dead. The traveler on foot, on the other hand, lives constantly in the present. For him traveling and arriving is one and the same thing: he arrives somewhere with every step be makes. He experiences the present moment with his eyes, his ears and the whole of his body. At the end of his journey he feels a delicious physical weariness. He knows that sound satisfying sleep will be just the reward of all true travelers. Traveling at high speed means→←.A. people's focus on the futureB. a pleasureC. satisfying drivers' great thrillD. a necessity of life35.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Passage TwoThere was a time in my life when beauty meant something special to .me. I guess that would have been when I was about six or seven years old，just several weeks or maybe a month before the orphanage (孤儿院)turned me into an old man.I would get up every morning at the orphanage, make my bed just like the little soldier that I had become and then I would get into one of the two straight lines and march to breakfast with the other twenty or thirty boys who also lived inmy dormitory.After breakfast one Saturday morning I returned to the dormitory and saw the house parent chasing the beautiful monarch butterflies who lived by the hundreds in the bushes scattered around the orphanage.I carefully watched as he caught these beautiful creatures, one after another, and then took them from the net and then stuck straight pins through their head and wings, pinning them onto a heavy cardboard sheet.How cruel it was to kill something of such beauty. I had walked many times out into the bushes, all by myself, just so the butterflies could land on my head, face and hands so I could look at them up close.When the telephone rang the house parent laid the large cardboard paper down on the back cement (水泥) step and went inside to answer the phone. I walked up to the cardboard and looked at the one butterfly who he had just pinned to the large paper. It was still moving about so I reached down and touched it on the wing causing one of the pins to fall out. It started flying around and around trying to get away but it was still pinned by the one wing with the other straight pin. Finally its wing broke off and the butterfly fell to the ground and just trembled.I picked up the tom wing and the butterfly and I spat on its wing and tried to get it to stick back on so it could fly away and be free before the house parent came back. But it would not stay on him. The author set the living butterfly free because______ .A. he liked it very muchB. he had sympathy for the beautiful butterflyC. he couldn't bear a butterfly dying in his favorite bushesD. its wing broke off36.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) The machine looked like a large，old-fashioned→←typewriter.A. forcefulB. clumsyC. intenseD. tricky37.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) → ←is the home of golf.A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. WalesD. Ireland38.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Last Friday a storm swept through two villages in the New Territories, destroying fourteen homes. Seven others were so badly damaged that their owners had to leave them, and fifteen others had broken windows or broken roofs. One person was killed, several were badly hurt and taken to hospital, and a number of other people received smaller hurt. Altogether over two hundred people were homeless after the storm.A farmer, Mr.Tan, said that the storm began early in the morning and lasted for over an hour. "I was eating with my wife and children, "he said, "When we heard a loud noise. A few minutes later our house fell down on top of US. We tried our best to climb out but then I saw that one of my children was missing. I went back inside and found him. safe but very frightened."Mr s. Woo Mei Fong said that her husband had just left for work when she felt that her house was moving. She ran outside at once with her children ."There was no time to take anything,"she said, "A few minutes later, the roof came down."Soldiers helped to take people out of the flooded area and the welfare department brought them food, clothes and shelter.Which of the following may be the best title for this passage?→←。
英语培优题 4.26一、单项选择1.Dashan was born in Canada, but Beijing has become hissecond .A. homeB.familyC.houseD.country2. Whites were watching TV when telephone rang.A. A; aB.A;theC.The;theD./;a3.The pears in this basket are smaller than in that basket.A.itB.thatC.onesD.those4.—Wow! You’ve got so many skirts.—But of them are in fashion now.A.allB.bothC.neitherD.none5.—Which room are you staying in?—In on the third floor.A.Room 303B.303 RoomC.room 303D.303 room6.It’s very nice you to give me the chance.A.ofB.forC.onD.at7.—What did Jim say in the letter?—He said Pair was a good place.A.thatB.whenC.howD.if8.These story books for children are awfully written.They are interesting exciting.A.either;orB.neither; norC.both;andD.not only;but also9.—Mum,could you buy me a dress like this?—Of course. We can buy one than this, but it.A.a better; better thanB.a popular; as good asC.a more popular; not as good asD.a cheaper;as good as10.Everyone of you should be careful enough to keep yourselfwhen doing chemistry experiment.A.clearB.safeC.safelyD.clearly11.—Is Paul coming by train?—He should, but he . He likes driving his car.A.can’tB.needn’tC. may notD.mustn’t12.One of my friends moved to America. I miss her so much.A.hasB.haveC.isD.are13.—I forgot my mother’s birthday!—You’d better keep it in mind next year.A.You did?B. I don’t mind.C.I’m afraid so.D.No problem.14.—Have you read a book called J ane Eyre?—Who it？A.writesB.has writtenC.was writingD.wrote15.Necessary action so that students can be safe at school.A.can be takenB.may be takenC.must be takenD.might be taken16.We have two rooms ,but I can’t decided .A.to live; to choose which oneB.lived;choose which oneC.to live in;which one to chooseD.live in;which one17.You’ve just finished your listening exam. Please get yourself readyfor the next part, ?A.shall weB.will youC.do youD.are you18.—Listen! Someone is playing the piano.—Wow! beautiful music! I like it very much.A. WhatB.What aC.HowD.How a19. Exercising, and you’ll be healthier.A.KeepB.To keepC.KeepingD.Kept20.Can you lend me the book the other day?A.about which you talkedB.which you talkedC.about that you talkedD. that you talked二、完型填空According to a survey, students’ safety has become a big problem. Many students injured or killed in 1. kinds of accidents.Here is some advice for young students to 2. Danger.If you are robed(被抢劫), keep 3. . I you can not cry for help or run away, give the robber your money. Try to remember what the robber looks like and tell the 4. Later.Suppose you are in a traffic accident. If a car 5. you, you should remember the car number. If it is a bicycle, try to call your parents before you let the rider go. This is 6. You don’t know how seriously you are hurt.If it is raining hard and there is lightning, don’t 7. In high places and stay away from trees.When there is a fire in a building,get away as fast as you 8. .Put wet things on your body and try to find an exit.Do not take the 9. .If someone is drowning（溺水)and you can’t swim, don’t get into the water.Try your best to ask for help.Remember that danger is 10. So far away as you think. Take care of yourself at all times!1.A.difficult B.different C.terrible D.unusual2.A.talk about B.think about C.deal with D.meet with3.A.calm B.wild C.quiet D.patient4.A.classmates B.teachers C.parents D.police5.A.hits B.wins C.kills D.misses6.A.unless B.why C.because D.before7.A.live B.stay C.walk D.keep8.A.can B.may C.must D.need9.A.bus B.entrance(入口) C.lift D.exit10.A.sometimes B.always C.hardly D.never三、阅读理解A篇What's going to happen in the future? Will robots control our planet? Will computers become smarter than us? Not likely. But here are some thingsthat scientists say are most likely to happen in 10 to 30 years from now, according to the BBC.Digital moneyWe used to pay with cash(现金) for everything we bought. Now whenwe use a credit card(信用卡) to shop online, money is spent without us seeing it. That means we are already using digital money. Using a card is much easier than searching our pockets for change. It is also safer than carrying a lot of cash.When ATM cards were first introduced, they were not accepted everywhere. But now it's hard to live without them. It's reported that people in Sweden completely stopped using cash last year, and the US might be next.Bionic(仿生的) eyeIt's no longer something only in a science fiction movie. People who are blind may have a chance to get their sight back—by wearing bionic eyes.A blind eye can no longer sense light, but a bionic eye can use a camera to “see” the environment and send data(数据) to the mind. Now the bionic eye only allows patients to see lights and unclear shapes. A high resolution(高清的) image could be just a few years away.Self－driving carsUnlike a human driver, a self－driving car won't get distracted(分钟) by phone call, the radio or something outside the window. Sensors(探测器) and cameras on the car would allow it to stick reduce the number of road accidents. You could even take a nap while the car driver itself. In the future, driverless cars would be widely accepted.1. ________ has stopped using cash completely.A. SwedenB. ATMC. BBCD. America2. What does the writer mainly tell us about digital money?A. We use digital money to shop online without paying money.B. Digital money is most likely to be used instead of cash.C. Using cash is easier and safer than a credit card.D. ATM cards are always popular.3. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A. Bionic eyes only appear in the science fiction film.B. Human drivers won't get distracted by something outside.C. The blind wearing bionic eyes may see clearly in the future.D. There will be no road accidents at all if self－driving cars are used.4. From the report, we can learn some information about ________．A. culture and artB. industry and farmingC. science and technologyD. traffic and journey5. Which of the following can be predicted(预测) from the passage?A. There would be a number of self-drivingB. The blind could use cameras to see things around.C. We would live a hard life with digital money.D. Robots would control the world.B篇Chinese writer Mo Yan won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2012.Mo, who was born in 1955 into a farmer’s family in GaomiCounty in Shandong Province, is the first Chinese national to winthe Nobel Prize in Literature. In his early years, life was not easyand he experienced hunger（饥饿）. These things have influencedMo Yan’s later writings.60-year-old Park Geun-hye(朴槿惠)was elected（选举）the newPresident of South Korea in December, 2012. She becomes thecount ry’s first female head of state and her term will last five yearsfrom 2013. “I will become a president who puts people’s livingbefore anything else,” she told the cheering Peopl in central Seoulas she accepted her win. “I will keep my premises.”Barack Obama ( born in Hopolulu, Hawaii in 1961), who waselected the 44th President of the United States in 2008, has beenelected again to a second term, fighting against Republicanchllenger Mitt Romney. Obama is a graduate of ColumbiaUniversity and Harvard Law School. His father was from Kenya.And his mother was born in Wichits, Kansas.6. When Mo Yan was young, his family might be .A. bigB. poorC. richD. small7. When was Park Geun-hye born?A. In 1952.B. In 1955.C. In 1961.D. In 1987.8. Where was Barack Obama born?A. In Kansas.B. In Kenya.C. In Columbia.D. In Hawaii.9. Which of the following is NOT true about the passages?A. The writer Mo Yan lived in a big city before he got the prize.B. Park Geun-hye will lead South Korea till the year 2018.C. Obama fought against his challenger Mitt Romney in the election.D. Among the three persons, Park Geun-hye is the oldest.10. The three passages may be from .A. an emailB. a letterC. newsD. an adC任务型阅读阅读短文，按要求完成各题。
2024届高考英语时文阅读之语法填空专项训练专题07宇宙探秘【原创题】【基础篇】NASA is making last attempts 1 (communicate) with Opportunity rover on Mars, said a NASA release on Tuesday. The agency will update Opportunity's status at 11 a.m. PST (2 p.m. EST) on Wednesday at2 press conference in the agency's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California. The briefing3 (attend) by NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine, associate4 (administrate) of NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Thomas Zurbuchen, acting director of NASA's Planetary Science Division Lori Glaze and JPL director Michael Watkins.If there is no response by Wednesday – 5 NASA suspects will be the case – Opportunity might be declared 6 (die) , 15 years after arriving at the red planet, according to media reports. The rover has not been heard from for eight months since a planet-wide dust storm on Mars in June last year. 7the storm eventually abated and the Martian skies cleared, the rover has not communicated with Earth since then. Mission team members have been trying to rouse the rover ever since, and they've been listening for any possible8 (signal) from Opportunity as well.In late January, NASA has developed a new, more powerful collection of commands to try to force the rover to resume operations. 9 , nothing was heard from Opportunity so far. Opportunity landed on Mars on January 24, 2004. The golf-cart-sized rover was designed to travel 1,006 meters and operate on the Red Planet for 90 Martian days. It had traveled over 45 km and 10 (log) its 5,000th Martian day back in February 2018.【答案】1.to communicate2.a3.will be attended4.administrator5.which6.dead7.Although8.signals9.However 10.logged【巩固篇】China is currently developing a large-scale space-surveytelescope that is expected 1 (bring)pioneering scientific results after it is placed 2orbit alongside the country's space station, a spokesperson ofthe China Manned Space Agency said Friday. Lin Xiqiang,also deputy director of the agency, said at a press conference3 the Chinese Survey Space Telescope, also known4 the Chinese Space Station Telescope (CSST) and Xuntian Space Telescope,5 (expect) to make breakthroughs in cosmology, dark matter and dark energy, galaxies and active galactic nuclei, Milky Way and neighboring galaxies, star formation and evolution, and exoplanets. Lin said the high-resolution telescope will take deep-field survey6 (observe) with an area of 17,500 square degrees, as well as fine observations of different types of celestial bodies. He said that the telescope,7 important part of the China Space Station, can obtain high-definition panoramic views of the universe. It has8 (rough) the same spatial resolution as the Hubble Space Telescope,9 its field of view is more than 300 times larger than the Hubble's. The telescope will stay in the same orbit as the space station for long-term independent flight and observations, and 10 (dock) with the space station temporally for supply, maintenance and upgrading, Lin added.【答案】1.to bring2.in3.that4.as5.is expected6.observations7.an8.roughly9.but 10.will dock【提高篇】Half of the 11 farthest known stars in our galaxy thatare located about 300,000 light-years from Earth might1 (rip) from another galaxy, US researchers saidWednesday. Researchers at the Harvard-Smithsonian Centerfor Astrophysics used computer models 2(simulate) how the Sagittarius dwarf, one of dozens ofmini-galaxies that surround our galaxy, might move over the past eight billion years, by varying 3 (it) initial velocity and angle of approach to the Milky Way. The study showed the Sagittarius dwarf started with a4 (weigh) of about 10 billion times the mass of our Sun, or about one percent of the Milky Way's mass.However, over the age of the universe, it made several loops around our galaxy, and on each passage, the Milky Way's gravitational tides tugged on the smaller galaxy, 5 (pull) it apart like taffy. "Five of the 11 most distant stars in our galaxy have positions and velocities that match 6 you would expect of stars stripped from the Sagittarius dwarf," they said in 7 statement. "The other six do not appear to be from Sagittarius, but might have been removed from a different dwarf galaxy." Overall, the hapless dwarf might have lost about a third of its stars and a full nine-tenths of its dark matter.This resulted 8 three distinct streams of stars that reach as far as one million light-years from the Milky Way's center. Mapping projects like the Sloan Digital Sky Survey have charted one of the three streams9 (predict) by these simulations, but not to the full extent that the models suggest, the researchers said. Future instruments like the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, which will detect much fainter stars across the sky, should be able to identify the other streams, they added. "The star streams 10 have been mapped so far are like creeks compared to the giant river of stars we predict will be observed eventually," said lead author Marion Dierickx of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. "More interlopers from Sagittarius are out there just waiting to be found."【答案】1.have been ripped2.to simulate3.its4.weight5.pulling6.what7.a8.in9.predicted 10.that【专项微练：连词】1．I set my own pace, ________ I decided to take my time. （用适当的词填空）【答案】and【详解】考查连词。
初二英语作文范文20篇英语范文阅读量的增加，写作素材就会增多。
下面是店铺给大家整理的初二英语作文范文，供大家参阅!初二英语作文范文1Last day off , I had a great time, In the morning, I got up very early, after eating breakfast,I went to Wenzhou Zoo and saw some seals , sharks and dolphin’s show. I bought some souvenirs. Then I went out playing basketball with my good friend Jim for one hour, then we swam at the pool , We had some hambergars and coke for lunch at KFC. We also had some fruit ice-cream.We had a rest for one and a half hours, then we went to Xinhua bookshop and read some books.we went to Zhongshan Park , we bought some souvenirs,and the park is very beautiful, we took lots of photos there. We enjoyed ourselves very much.初二英语作文范文2Deng Yaping was born on the 2nd of June,1973. She started to play table tennis in 1978. And in 1983, she joined the Henan table tennis team. In 1988,she joined the national table tennis team. She went to Tsinghua University , majoring in English and management at 1997.And she was the number 1 women's single player in the ITTF at 1993-1998.初二英语作文范文3I have two best friends. They're Julie and Ken. One day, we talk about we new year's resolution. I'm going to be a singer. So, I'm going to take singing lessons .In next year, I'm going to learn to play the piano. Julie is going to be a soccer ball player. So, she is going to play soccer every day.初二英语作文范文4Dear Gina,Next week, my parents and I are going on vacation. So, could you please help me to take care of my dog? Could you do these things every day? Feed him some pet food and give him water. Then, take him for a walk. Play with him as often as possible. Don't forget to clean his bed. Have fun!Thanks，初二英语作文范文5The best Name Reason Radio station Easy Listening 97.9 FM Playing the most interesting music Supermarket Jason's Having the best quality Movie theater People's Theater Having the most comfortable seats The worst Name Reason Radio station Oldies 102.1 FM Playing the loudest music Movie theater Town Cinema Having the most unfriendly service We did a survey of our classmates and this is what we learned. The best radio station is Easy Listening 97.9 FM, because it plays the most interesting music. The best supermarket is Jason's, because it has the best quality. As for theaters, the best one is People's Theater, because it has the most comfortable seats. The worst radio station is Oldies 102.1 FM, because it plays the loudest music. The worst movie theater is Town Cinema, because it has the most unfriendly service.初二英语作文范文6My Vacation T o BeijingLast summer I went to Beijing on vacation with my family.The weather was sunny and hot. We visited the Great Wall on the first day. There were many people on theGreat Wall. The next day, we visited the Palace Museum and Tian’an Men Square.We took many photos there. We also visited some other interesting place—Beijing Hutong. For dinner, we ate somethingspecial—Beijing duck. It was delicious. We had great fun there. I hope to go there again.初二英语作文范文7My best friend and I Every one needs friends, so do I. I have many friends, but Mary is my best friend. Let me tell you somethingabout her. She is 14 years old. She is tall and thin. She has two big eyes. She is smart. And she is very funny. She likes telling jokes, and she often makes me laugh. We have many things in common. We are both outgoing in our class. We both like sports and math. And we both enjoyPlaying computer games. However, we also have some differences. She is good at playing Tennis, so she always wins in tennis. I am smarter than her, so I always get better grades than her. I think friends are like books, you don’t need a lot of them as long as they are good. So I hope we can be friends forever.初二英语作文范文8Kate’s habitsKate is my best friend. She studies hard at school, and she likes reading very much. She often reads some useful and interesting books at home. Sometimes she uses the Internet.She can listen to music on the Internet. It’s relaxing. She is pretty healthy. She exercises three or four times a week. She walks to school every day.She has good eating habits, too. She eats vegetables and fruit every day.初二英语作文范文9My favorite TV show my favorite TV show is China’s Got Talent. The talent show tries to look for the best singers, the most exciting magicians, the funniest actors and so on. All kinds ofPeople join the show to show their talents. Some people are truly talented. When you watch the shows, you can play a role in deciding the winner. The winner usually gets a good prize.I like it because it gives people a way to make their dreams come true.初二英语作文范文10When I grow up, I'm going to be a journalist. Next year, I'm going to write articles for magazines and newspapers. I'm going to a university in Beijing after high school. Maybe I'm going to find a part-time job and save some money. Next, I’m going to work for a TV station as a journalist. Then I am going to travel all over the world.初二英语作文范文11School life in the future I think school life in the future will be more colorful and interesting. We students will have classes only in the morning. We won’thave homework after school. We will have more free time to take part in all kinds of activities in the afternoon. For example, wewill play sports, visit the museums and go to the movies. If we are ill, we will study at home. We will listen to the teacher on the Internet.初二英语作文范文12My life in the future In ten years, I think I will be a teacher. I will live in Beijing, because I love it. I will work with children and make friends with (和...做朋友)them. I love children, so I’ll be happy every day. I will live in an apartment(公寓) with my parents, because IDon’t like living alone. I like pets very much, so I will have many different pets, maybe a lovely dog. Every day I will go out for a walk with it. In my holiday I will go to visit some famousplaces. In the future I think my life will be more interesting and our world will become more beautiful.初二英语作文范文13I like popcorn very much. I learned from my mother how to make popcorn. Now let me show you the ways.First you put the popcorn into the popcorn machine. Next, turn on the machine. Wait for several minutes. Then pour the popcorn into the bowl. And put some salt on the popcorn. Finally you can eat the popcorn.初二英语作文范文14Dear Tom,Thank you very much for inviting me to your birthday party. I'd love to go,but I can't. My parents are out on business. They are coming back next month. And now I have to look after my grandma because she is ill in bed. And I also need to study for my coming English exam. I'm very sorry but I can't go to your party. Thank you for asking me. I hope you can have a good time.Li Ping初二英语作文范文15I want to be a teacher when I grow up. If I become a teacher, I'll try my best to teach my students well. In the class, I'll be strict with(对...) them. After class, I'll play with them. If they are in need, I'll help them. I'm sure I'll be a good friend of them and a good teacher. I hope I'll be a teacher when I grow up. I believe there is nothing difficult in the world if you put your heart into it. Do you believe me?初二英语作文范文16Here are the results of the student activity survey in Class 8, Grade 8.Ninety percent of the students do homework every day , onlyten percent of the students do homework once or twice a week. Eighty percent of the students use the Internet every day. The other twenty percent of the students use it at least three or four times a week. Most students use it for fun not for homework. The results about playing sports are very interesting .Thirty percent of the students play sports every day. Twenty percent of the students play sports once or twice a week. Fifty percent of the students do it three or four times a week.Old habits die hard. We should start exercising before it’s too late.初二英语作文范文17Last summer, I went to Beijing on vacation with my family .The weather was sunny and hot. First we visited the Great Wall. There were a lot of people on the Great Wall. It was fantastic. The next day , we visited the Palace Museum and Tian’anmen Square. We took many photos there.We also visited Beijing hutong . We had a great time there. I hope to go there again.初二英语作文范文18I have a good friend .Her name is Alice. We are in the same class. In some ways , we’re the same ,but in some ways ,we’re different . I am as tall as Alice. But she is heavier than me .We both have black hair. But my hair is longer than hers. Alice is more outgoing than me .She likes sports. But I like music. She exercises every day and she is stronger than me . I am smarter than she . I am better at English than she. I don’t think differences are important in a friendship.初二英语作文范文19There are three restaurants near our school. Of the three restaurants, I like Ham’s best. Because it has the best food. And it has the friendliest service of the three. However, people don’teat there because the food there is the most expensive.I also like Miller’s . The food there is cheaper than Ham’s. And it has better food than Jason’s. It also has the friendly service. It is the most popular restaurant near our school.I don’t like Jason’s. Though it is the cheapest ,it has the worst food in town. And the service there is not friendly at all.Maria and I are good friends. We both like watching TV after school. I love sitcoms .I think they are fun . But Maria can’t stand them .She thinks they are boring .She likes sports shows. She thinks they are exciting . But I don’t mi nd sports shows. And I don’t like talk shows ,because I think they are boring . Maria doesn’t like it ,either. I like news. I think it’s educational and I can expect to learn a lot from it . Maria likes it ,too.初二英语作文范文20When I grow up, I am going to be a tour guide. Why do I want to be a tour guide? First of all, I'm an outgoing girl, and I like doing some exciting things. Maybe being a tour guide is the best choice. If I become a tour guide, I can travel all around China, and know more about our country. Then I will tell the foreign tourists about our colorful history. I like making friends. If I work as a tour guide, I can make a lot of friends all over the world. Now, I am still a middle school student. I am going to study really hard. Then I’ll go to university to learn something about being a tour guide. I’m sure I can be a great tour guide in the future.。
a r X i v :a s t r o -p h /9807125v 1 13 J u l 1998A high-resolution radio survey of the Vela supernova remnant(To appear in The Astronomical Journal )D.C.-J.BockRadio Astronomy Laboratory,University of California,Berkeley,CA 94720;and School ofPhysics,University of Sydney,NSW 2006,Australia;dbock@and A.J.Turtle and A.J.Green School of Physics,University of Sydney,NSW 2006,Australia;turtle@.au,agreen@.au ABSTRACT This paper presents a high-resolution radio continuum (843MHz)survey of the Vela supernova remnant.The contrast between the structures in the central pulsar-powered nebula of the remnant and the synchrotron radiation shell allows the remnant to be identified morphologically as a member of the composite class.The data are the first of a composite remnant at spatial scales comparable with those available for the Cygnus Loop and the Crab Nebula,and make possible a comparison of radio,optical and soft X-ray emission from the resolved shell filaments.The survey,made with the Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope,covers an area of 50square degrees at a resolution of 43′′×60′′,while imaging structures on scales up to 30′.Subject headings:ISM:individual (Vela SNR,Vela X)—supernova remnants —pulsars:individual (PSR B0833-45)1.IntroductionThe Vela supernova remnant (G263.9−3.3)is one of the closest and brightest supernova remnants.Recent measurements support a distance of about 350pc (Dubner et al.1998and references therein).Estimates of its age range from a few thousand years (Stothers 1980)to 29,000yr (Aschenbach,Egger,&Tr¨u mper 1995)with a widely used value being that given by the characteristic age of its pulsar,11,400yr (Reichley,Downs &Morris 1970).Its brightness and large angular size (∼8◦)have made possible its study at many wavelengths.Yet it has been less intensively studied than other close remnants such as the plerionic Crab Nebula and the shell-type Cygnus Loop,although it is arguably the closest and a key member of the third major class of SNRs,the composite remnants.Among many controversies surrounding its nature hasbeen that of whether it is a shell or a composite remnant.This paper aims to show that the Vela SNR definitely can be seen as a composite remnant on morphological grounds and ought to be considered the Galactic archetype.Previous radio studies of the Vela SNR region have mainly used lower resolution single dish images over a frequency range from408MHz to8.4GHz(Milne1968a;Day,Caswell,&Cooke 1972,Milne1980;Milne1995;Duncan et al.1996).The earliest observations showed the Vela SNR to comprise three main areas of radio emission,called Vela X,Y,and Z,within a diameter of 5◦,corresponding roughly with the bright,filamentary structure of the nebula Stromlo16(Gum 1955;Milne1968b).Until recently,this5◦diameter was thought to indicate the extent of the remnant,with the nebula Vela X containing the pulsar(PSR B0833–45),offset to one side.This pulsar,discovered in1968,was immediately associated with the Vela supernova remnant(Large et al.1968).Calculations by Bailes et al.(1989)indicate that there is only a0.1%probability that the pulsar and the supernova remnant are in chance superposition.Kundt(1988)deduced from the408MHz survey of Haslam et al.(1982)that the Vela SNR might be much larger,in fact about8◦across,with the pulsar approximately at the center.ROSAT and radio observations (Aschenbach1992;Duncan et al.1996)reinforced this model.The discovery that the speed and direction of the pulsar’s proper motion indicates that it was born near the center of the8◦Vela SNR shell(Aschenbach et al.1995)solves the offset problem.This is one of only a few reliable SNR/pulsar associations(Kaspi1996).The most recent single-dish observations(Milne1980; Milne1995)began to resolve Vela X at higher frequencies(5–8.4GHz)and uncovered strongly linearly polarized structure.Higher resolution observations at327MHz with the Very Large Array (VLA)by Frail et al.(1997)showed a brightfilament near the center of Vela X,near the X-ray feature called a‘jet’by Markwardt&¨Ogelman(1995).This feature extends southwards from the pulsar,which is offset to the north of Vela X.The radio spectral index of Vela X isflatter than that of the rest of the remnant,leading to the remnant’s classification as a composite,with the Vela X nebula directly powered by the Vela pulsar(Dwarakanath1991;Weiler&Sramek1988).This conclusion has been controversial(Weiler &Panagia1980;Milne&Manchester1986;Weiler&Sramek1988).The Vela SNR lies closeto the Galactic Plane,leading to difficulties in estimating the baselevel both in single-dish and interferometer images.To provide thefirst evidence supporting the classification as a composite on morphological grounds,radio observations are presented in this paper at the highest resolution yet used to image the Vela X region.A subsequent paper will present a multi-wavelength study of Vela X and consider the nature of the central plerion in detail.These are thefirst high-resolution radio observations to cover a large fraction of the entire Vela SNR,and are thefirst radio observations of the Vela shell at a resolution compatible with currently available optical and X-ray images.Radio observations of the Vela shell published before the present work have been at relatively low resolution.For example,the observations of Duncan et al.(1996)have a resolution of10′,making them difficult to correlate with high resolution data in other spectral regimes.In this paper it is possible for thefirst time to present a multi-wavelengthstudy of part of a composite remnant’s shell at scales a small fraction of a parsec.2.ObservationsThe Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope(MOST)is an east-west multi-element interferometer located in New South Wales,Australia(Robertson1991).It consists of twoco-linear cylindrical parabolas,each11.6m by778m.In a twelve-hour synthesis observation it images an ellipticalfield of size70′×70′cosec|δ|.1Sixty-three of these synthesis observations covering an area of almost50square degrees comprise this survey.The survey includes the regions of brightest radio emission from the Vela SNR and covers the majority of the X-ray remnant as seen by Aschenbach et al.(1995).The area close to the strong H ii region RCW38has been avoided,due to imaging artefacts.Each observation was made at a frequency of843MHz and a resolution of43′′×43′′cosec|δ|,receiving right-handed circular polarization in a bandwidthof3MHz.The observations were made over the period1984February3to1996February3. Complete coverage with the ellipticalfield shape necessitates substantial overlaps in the survey which have been used to refine the relative calibration betweenfields,based on the unresolved sources common to more than onefield.Twenty-seven of the earlier observations were made for the First Epoch Molonglo Galactic Plane Survey(Whiteoak et al.1989;Green,Cram,&Large 1998)and some of these data appear in the MOST supernova remnant catalogue(Whiteoak& Green1996).The remaining observations,which maintained the same basic grid separation of0.◦9, commenced on1992January17.Those observations initially made in the vicinity(within about1◦)of the Vela pulsar were severely limited in dynamic range by the presence of the pulsar in the primary beam.The pulsar is a strong,unresolved continuum source and is variable over time scales of seconds to hours. Its integrated pulsed emission in ungated observations was2.2±0.4Jy,averaged over the entire pulsar period.A source will appear in a MOST image with a symmetric point-spread function only if its intensity remains constant throughout the observation.Any time-dependent variation compromises sidelobe cancellation during synthesis,producing rays within the image emanating from the source,and confusing nearby faint features.To improve the imaging of this region a method of pulsar gating was used which was originally developed by J.E.Reynolds(personal communication,1996)for an observation in1986.To make the observations,a predicted pulse arrival time was used to generate a gating signal of width20ms in each pulsar period(∼89ms).2This was displayed on an oscilloscope simultaneously with the actual detected total power signal of the pulsar.The half-power pulsewidth of the pulsar signal was4.5ms,larger than the observed half-power width of2.3ms at 632MHz(McCulloch et al.1978)due to the dispersion(2ms)over the MOST’s bandwidth (following Komesaroff,Hamilton,&Ables1972)and to the effect of an integrating low passfilter present in the signal path before the detection point.The gating signal was adjusted to suppress data acquisition from5ms before until15ms after the peak of the pulse,to allow removal of almost all of the variable pulsed emission.Four observations were made,each with the pulsar near the edge of thefield to the north,south,east and west.These observations were incorporated in the complete mosaic in place of the non-gated data,for this part of the survey.The observations made with this procedure contain only a40mJy(2%)residual of the pulsed emission,sufficient to preclude associated imaging artefacts.However,some artefacts are present in more remote fields,mainly due to the grating response of the MOST to the pulsar.Further details of the pulsar gating procedure are given by Bock(1997).3.ImagingIndividual images were synthesized from each of the63(12hour)observations using the back-projection algorithm(Perley1979;Crawford1984)as implemented in the standard MOST reduction software.To provide initial calibration for the reduction process,several strong unresolved sources were observed briefly before and after each target observation.These provide a preliminary gain,phase and beamshape calibration.The images were deconvolved using the H¨o gbom CLEAN algorithm.Some images containing stronger sources were adaptively deconvolved as described by Cram&Ye(1995).This method is similar to self-calibration,but with a reduced set of free parameters.The residual images had pixel rms in the range1–6mJy beam−1.This range reflects the variation betweenfields which were essentially noise-limited and those which were dynamic-range limited.Preliminary position andflux calibration used short observations of a number(typically eight)of unresolved calibration sources before and after each Vela targetfield.These sources are a subset of the MOST calibrators from Campbell-Wilson&Hunstead(1994).A refined calibration was achieved using unresolved surveyfield sources which are located in the overlapped regions. Measurement of these sources produced small corrections that result in positions mostly consistent to better than1′′in right ascension and2′′in declination andflux densities accurate to within5%.3 The refining corrections could not be applied to somefields which had too few unresolved sources in common with nearbyfields(for example,those at the edge of the mosaic).The individualfields were mosaiced into ARC projection(Greisen&Calabretta1995),to facilitate comparison with optical surveys.The MOST is a redundant array sensitive to the full range of spatial frequencies within the limits set by its extreme spacings.The minimum geometric spacing(42.85λ),implies a maximum detectable angular scale of about1.3◦.However,it has been found empirically that the actual synthesized beam of the MOST is bestfit with a model including a effective minimum spacing of about70λ.This parameter varies between and during observations.Typically,angular scales less than about30′are well imaged.The MOST’s synthesized beam can also vary significantly during an observation due to environmental effects and minor telescope performance variations with the result that the theoretical beam used for deconvolution sometimes does not model well the actual beam of an observation.A combination of these effects produces a negative bowl artefact around bright extended sources.In the MOST Vela SNR survey,this effect causes a background level of about−10mJy beam−1around Vela X and Puppis A.Extended structure at levels as low as6mJy beam−1is clear in the images.Although the rms in individual pixels is around2mJy beam−1,typical extended structure covers many pixels and is reliably detected at lower levels than would usually be accepted for point sources.The confirmation of this low level structure in a VLA image of Vela X made at1.4GHz(Bock et al. 1998)validates similar emission seen at843MHz elsewhere in the survey.The most common artefacts present in the image are grating rings,which are due to the periodic nature of the MOST.They are sections of ellipses of dimension1.◦15×1.◦15cosec|δ|with a width dependent on the source producing them and are,in general,of variable amplitude since they pass through several individualfields where the grating rings have different relative gains. The morphology of these artefacts makes them easily distinguishable from the sky emission.Much of the survey is dynamic-range limited;in the less complicated regions the rms noise is of order 1–2mJy beam−1.An additional non-ideality comes from the mosaicing:the image from each of the63individual observations was deconvolved separately,yet structure outside a givenfield can contribute to sidelobes in thatfield.This manifests itself as discontinuities in the survey image,at the edges of component images or where regions containing artifacts have been masked.4.ResultsAn image of the complete MOST survey of the Vela SNR is shown infigure1.To assist in identifying the various objects and emission regions within the survey,a cartoon covering the same area is presented infigure2.Key characteristics of the survey are summarized in Table1.Morphologically,there are several distinct regions apparent in the image.Near the center is the bright nebula known as Vela X,which is thought to be powered by the Vela pulsar (PSR B0833−45:Large,Vaughan,&Mills1968).The nebula is composed of a network of complex filaments.Significant extended structure is also present but not detected by the MOST.This region is seen more clearly in subsequent images.Table1:Key parameters of the MOST Vela SNR surveyParameter ValueIn the north and east of the image there are severalfilaments from the shell of the Vela supernova remnant and at least one unrelated H ii region,RCW32(Rodgers,Campbell,& Whiteoak1960).There are also partial elliptical artefacts due to strong H ii regions outside the survey area.Broadly speaking,we can categorize the extended structure in this area on morphological grounds.To the north-east of the Galactic Plane,much of the structure is diffuse and randomly oriented and may be Galactic emission unrelated to the Vela SNR.Most of the extended emission between the Galactic Plane and the Vela X nebula is due to the Vela supernova event.Thesefilamentary features have some correspondence with opticalfilaments and X-ray emission in the area(§4.1).They are generally perpendicular to the direction to the center of the SNR and are presumably related to the shell.This is the area known in the literature as Vela Y(Dwarakanath1991;Milne1968a).Directly to the east of Vela X is the radio peak known as Vela Z.This area is confused by the elliptical sidelobe from the bright H ii region RCW38 (Rodgers et al.1960),which is not included in the survey.The area around RCW38is included in the First Epoch Molonglo Galactic Plane Survey(Green et al.1998).On the southern side of the central nebula,another region of shell-like emission(08h32h−49◦00′)is probably also part of the Vela SNR.This coincides approximately with the southern boundary of the8◦remnant (Aschenbach1992;Duncan et al.1996).The survey contains many unresolved and barely resolved sources,most of which are presumably background sources.4However,some may be density enhancements in the Vela emission or other Galactic objects,such as compact H ii regions,planetary nebulae,pulsars or small-diameter SNRs.Several of these sources have unusual coincidences with extended structures. From the survey it is unclear whether they are in fact background sources,or whether they are ‘knots’in the SNR emission.Follow-up VLA observations(Bock et al.1998)of four of these sources have not found evidence for a Galactic origin.The unrelated supernova remnant Puppis A is also contained within the survey.It is an oxygen-rich SNR of age about3700yr(Winkler et al.1988)at an accepted distance of2kpc (Arendt et al.1990).Puppis A has previously been imaged separately with the MOST(Kesteven &Caswell1987;Arendt et al.1990).It falls approximately on the8◦X-ray boundary of the Vela SNR.However,no Vela radio emission is obvious in the vicinity.4.1.The northern shellThe present survey of the Vela SNR covers much of the brightest region of the Vela shell. The image infigure3is part of the survey showing the northern section of the Vela SNR shell. The following discussion focuses on this area,where the radio emission from the shell is most prominent and not confused by emission from unrelated Galactic objects or by artefacts.The extended structure in this image is in a series offilamentary arcs across the image at position angles ranging from70◦to170◦.The structure is generally concave towards the center of the SNR:there are no significant radialfilaments.The majority of thefilaments are resolved by the MOST,with widths ranging from1′to6′and peak surface brightnesses up to20mJy beam−1. Thesefilaments generally have a sharp edge on the side away from the center of the remnant, while towards the remnant center they may fade over several arcminutes.The sharper outside profile is consistent with the‘projected sheet’picture offilamentary emission(Hester1987).The effect may also indicate that thefilaments are in fact edges,spatiallyfiltered by the MOST so that only the sharp transitions appear.4.1.1.A multi-wavelength comparisonThe availability of three datasets of comparable resolution at widely spaced wavelengths gives us an opportunity to understand the spatial relationship between the underlying physical processes.In addition to the843MHz survey with the MOST,Hαand soft X-ray data are available.The radio image shows primarily the non-thermal synchrotron emission,the optical filaments are line emission resulting from recombination in cooling processes,while the X-rays are shock heated thermal radiation.An Hαimage of the northern Vela shell is shown infigure4(a),overlaid with a contour(at approximately the3σlevel)from the radio image offigure3.This image is from a test observation (kindly made and reduced by M.S.Bessell)for the MSSSO Wide Field CCD HαImaging Survey (Buxton,Bessell,&Watson1998).The observation was made using a2048×204824µm pixel CCD through a400mm,f/4.5Nikkor-Q lens,at the16-inch(0.4m)telescope facility at Siding Springs Observatory.Pixel spacing in the image is12′′,giving afield size of7◦square.The portion of this image presented here is taken from the central(5◦×5◦)region,where vignetting in the1.5nmfilter is not significant.The image has been derived from two frames with a totalexposure time of1400s,which were bias-subtracted andflat-field corrected before averaging.No correction has been made for the effect of cosmic rays.No continuum observation was made for subtraction.Consequently,the image presented here contains stars and a continuum component in the extended emission.A coordinate system was applied to the image by comparison with a Digital Sky Survey image(Morrison1995)using the KARMA package(Gooch1996).The registration is within the resolution of the radio data.The Vela SNR was observed as part of the ROSAT All-sky Survey between1990October and1991January.An image of the Vela SNR(0.1–2.4keV,with angular resolution1′)from the survey has been presented by Aschenbach et al.(1995),and part is reproduced infigure4(b), overlaid with the same radio contour as infigure4(a).In thefigure,the top section of the X-ray image(black)is the Galactic background.The surface brightness at the edge of the SNR shell is 7×10−15erg cm−2s−1arcmin−2(Aschenbach et al.1995).To the south,the surface brightness increases by a factor of500to the brightest part(white),which is the most intense X-ray emission region in the entire SNR.Thefirst grey area(δ=−41◦40′)marks the edge of the main shock, seen in projection.4.1.2.Morphological analysisBy considering only the radio and Hαimages(figure4(a)),it is possible to see immediately the most striking aspect of the comparison,namely the contrast between the optical and radio emission regions.As will be discussed below,this has a simple theoretical basis,but is contrary to the picture seen in other SNRs in those cases where optical emission has been compared with well-resolved radio shell structure.The brightest radiofilaments are(as noted earlier) generally oriented perpendicularly to the direction to the SNR center and are without optical counterparts.Likewise,many of the opticalfilaments are without radio counterparts.However, one of the brightest opticalfilaments(with orientation similar to the radio structures),centered on08h36m−42◦50′,does have a faint radio counterpart.By contrast,the equally bright optical filaments in the south-west corner of the image are without radio counterparts in the MOST image.Thesefilaments are generally not oriented perpendicularly to the direction to the SNR center in the same way as the radiofilaments.In addition to the opticalfilamentary structure,diffuse optical emission is also present.This is concentrated to the eastern side of the image,in the general area of the strong radiofilaments, but there is no obvious correlation between the diffuse optical emission and the radiofilaments. No direct measure of the effect of extinction on the Hαimage is available.The complete X-ray image(Aschenbach et al.1995)shows by its near-circular shape that it delineates the projected edge of those parts of the main shock that are still expanding into a relatively homogeneous medium.The regions of optical and radio emission described so far are interior to this main X-ray shell.At the western side of the main X-ray boundary infigure4(b),we see significant optical and radio emission clearly present close to the X-ray edge.Here the radio and optical emission agree quite well,in an arc with apex at08h35m−42◦10′,just behind the outer edge of the X-ray emission.The X-ray emission is quite different in form to the emission we see in the optical and radio regimes.Apart from the main edge,it is relatively diffuse and smooth.By contrast,the radio and optical images are dominated byfilamentary structure.However,we note that the radio image has reduced sensitivity to smooth structure,due to the MOST’s spatial response.The bright opticalfilament at08h36m−42◦50′traces the exterior(with respect to the remnant expansion)of the brightest peaks of the X-ray emission.Yet not all the opticalfilaments exhibit this relationship.The diffuse optical component has no obvious X-ray counterpart and is strongest where the X-ray emission is not quite so bright,to the east.The radiofilaments are also partially correlated with the X-ray emission.Several follow changes in X-ray brightness.However,the most centralfilament(08h39m−43◦10′)is less well correlated:it crosses a bright region of X-ray emission.4.1.3.Radiation mechanismsIn SNRs,optical and X-ray emission are both typically due to thermal processes.However, quite different physical conditions are involved.Thermal X-ray emission is the result of fast shocks propagating through a rarefied medium,with density0.1–1cm−3,shocked to temperatures of 106–107K(Lozinskaya1992).The optical emission typically observed is produced by hydrogen recombination of cooling shocked gas at about104K,with density a few times102cm−3.One model which has had success explaining optical and X-ray observations of the Cygnus Loop(Hester&Cox1986;Graham et al.1995;Levenson et al.1996)invokes large(∼>1014m) molecular clouds with which the expanding shock is interacting.The optical emission comes from the shocked cloud,where the dense material is not heated to temperatures as high as those which are maintained in the less dense X-ray emitting regions.This emission is due to recombinative cooling after the passage of the shock.Behind the optical emission,the X-ray emission is further brightened by the passage of a reflected(or reverse)shock due to the density contrast between the cloud and the less dense inter-cloud material.Where the main shock does not encounter molecular clouds,we do not expect to see recombinative cooling.Instead the non-radiative shock may be traced by fainter Balmerfilaments(Hester,Raymond,&Blair1994).The present observations of the northern Vela shellfit nicely into this picture.If the majority of optical emission was from the main shock interacting with a relatively uniform medium,but seen here in projection,we would expect also to see it along the entire edge of the X-ray shell,where accentuation of sheet-like emission in projection would be strongest.This is not observed,implying the emission is localized and due to some interaction in density inhomogeneities with afilling factor much less than unity.The cloud interaction model is further supported by the presence ofX-ray brightened regions(figure4(b))immediately behind the bright opticalfilamentary structure centered on08h36m−42◦50′infigure4(a).We might be seeing this emission in projection, significantly in front of or behind the plane of the explosion center transverse to the line of sight. This would indicate local density enhancements very close to the main shock.Alternatively,it could be nearly in the plane of the explosion center,with a shock velocity significantly reduced by interactions with more dense material.Some of the emission could be from regions already passed and energized by the main shock.The digital60µm images in the IRAS Sky Survey Atlas(Wheelock et al.1994)support the thermal emission model for the X-ray emission.Much of the X-ray structure does have an infra-red counterpart.However,infra-red images are generally less useful thermal diagnostics than X-ray images near the Galactic Plane,since the infra-red observations are dominated by diffuse Galactic emission and confusion from other sources(White&Long1991).An alternative model for SNR optical/X-ray emission(McKee&Cowie1975),explains SNRs with centrally-peaked X-ray emission(White&Long1991).In this model cold dense clouds with a smallfilling factor have been passed by the main shock and are evaporating by conductive heating from the postshock gas.Both these models rely on molecular clouds to explain the observed features.Molecular clouds have been detected in the direction of the Vela SNR(May,Murphy,&Thaddeus1988).The initial survey was of12CO and13CO J=1→0line emission with a resolution of0.◦5.Higher resolution follow-up observations(Murphy&May1991)covered only the eastern part of the Vela SNR shell.A cloud with a barely resolved peak at08h41m−41◦20′is seen,with a distance estimated to be0.5–2.0kpc,i.e.immediately behind the Vela SNR.However,this cloud appears coincident with a bright H ii region seen optically to the north offigure4(a),and might not be responsible for the observed optical features in the Vela shell.H i may be a better tracer of density in the Vela shell region.Dubner et al.(1998)find a near-circular shell of H i surrounding the northern edge of the remnant,with column densities up to1021cm−2,and estimate the pre-shock gas to have had a density of1–2cm−3.The H i shell traces the X-ray edge of the remnant,enclosing the radio and opticalfilaments.In the simple radio emission model for the interaction of supernova explosions with the ISM (Woltjer1972),Vela is in the radiative or snowplow phase of evolution,having swept up significant matter and dissipated much of the original kinetic energy of the explosion.A cool dense shell surrounds a hot interior.This model can account for the faint radio emission seen just behind the X-ray edge,which indicates the presence of compressed magneticfields and accelerated particles, probably from the diffusive shock mechanism(Fulbright&Reynolds1990).It does not account for the brighter localizedfilaments apparently well behind the main shock.Duin&Van Der Laan(1975)present a consistent picture for the coincidence of radio and optical emission which is observed in“middle-aged”shell remnants.This model,based on observations of IC443,proposes that the magneticfield required for synchrotron emission is frozen。
