PROGRESS REPORT No 1
Contribution to the Task Force on Financing Water
chaired by Angel Gurria
and submitted to the 4th World Water Forum,
Mexico, March 2006
March 2006
FINANCING WATER FOR AGRICULTURE
Prepared by the
Working Group on Financing Water for Agriculture
Financing Water for Agriculture
Progress Report No 1
Outline of contents
Acronyms 4 Acknowledgements 4 Executive summary 5 Preface 12
I. Setting the scene
1. Overview & Scope of Work 13
1.1. Overview 13
1.2 Origins of Working Group 14
1.3. Scope of work 15
1.4. Distinctive features of financing water for agriculture 16
2. Financing water for agriculture: the starting point 18
2.1 Size of financing needs 18
2.2. Current sources of finance 19
2.3. Profitability of investments 19
2.4. Public and private boundaries 20
2.5. Pricing and cost recovery 21
2.6. Attitudes of international agencies 22
2.7. Governance reforms needed 22
II. Feedback from the Consultations
3. Views from the Regions 24
3.1. Sub-Saharan Africa 24
3.2 Asia 27
3.3 Middle East and North Africa 30
4. Themes and Issues 32
4.1. Diversity and complexity 32
4.2. changing social and economic roles of agriculture 32
4.3. market distortions 34
4.4. Externalities & public goods 35
4.5. Good and bad regulation 36
III. A Future Agenda
5. Transformation: new roles for old institutions 37
5.1. The changing environment 37
5.2. Realism in reforms 38
5.3.Transforming irrigation agencies and water providers 39
5.4.Empowerment of Water User Associations 40
5.5 Capacity building to support reform 42
6. Adapting conventional sources of finance 43
6.1. More effective Government budgets 43
6.2. New roles for aid 43
6.3. IFI lending 44
6.4. Cost recovery from users 46
7. Mitigating Specific Risks: the key to attracting new funding sources 48
7.1. Sector-specific risks 48
7.2. Co-financing solutions for infrastructure 51
7.3. Public-Private Partnerships 53
7.4. Term finance for agriculture 56
7.5. Microfinance 57
8. Summary of key points and agenda items 60 Annexes
1.Bibliography of key literature and works cited 62
https://www.doczj.com/doc/604980998.html,position of Working Group, modalities and participation 64
Acronyms & abbreviations
AfDB African Development Bank
AsDB Asian Development Bank
DFI Decentralised financing institution
FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation (of the United Nations)
GWP Global Water Partnership
IADB Inter-American Development Bank
IsDB Islamic Development Bank
IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development
IFC International Finance Corporation
IFI International Financial Institution
IPTRID International Programme for Tropical Research on Irrigation & Drainage IWMI International Water Management Institute
MFI Microfinance institution
PPP Public-Private Partnership
WTO World Trade Organisation
WWC World Water Council
Acknowledgements
The sponsors of the Working Group would like to thank the many organisations and individuals whose material support made this venture possible. This is a Progress Report prepared for the 4th World Water Forum in Mexico, March 2006. Further work will be carried out after the Forum taking into account the views expressed at that event. The report has been prepared by Jim Winpenny with contributions from Alan Hall (GWP) and Paul van Hofwegan (WWC).
This Progress Report does not necessarily reflect the official position of each of the sponsors in every respect. It is offered as a distillation of information received, and as a contribution to future policy-making on this topic.
Executive Summary
The Working Group on Financing Water for Agriculture was convened by a number of international sponsors1 to consider the specific problems of financing water for agriculture and to make proposals to improve its funding prospects. Water for agriculture is significantly different from water for household use, and deserves separate consideration and its own solutions.
The WG took a broad view of agriculture, including related rural sectors and communities and households using water for productive purposes. The topic includes public irrigation schemes, groundwater development, use of catchments, improvements of rainfed systems, processing, aquaculture, and other rural activities involving the use of water.
The Broad Picture
In the coming decades feeding the growing world population and satisfying its need for raw materials will call for increased output from both irrigated and rainfed agriculture. Some of this will come from an increase in the irrigated acreage, though the scope for this will be much more limited than in the past. The larger part of extra output will have to come from the more efficient use of water resources already being exploited, epitomised in the slogan more crop per drop.
Agriculture is by far the largest user of the world’s water and can expect growing competition at the margin from other sectors for its use, particularly from the encroachment of growing cities onto farmland. More crop per drop implies the reduction of losses from the transport and distribution of irrigation water, and its more efficient application to crops. The more efficient use of water in rainfed systems will have a major part to play, in some cases supplemented by irrigation water. Communities and households will need to capture more water through catchments for local productive purposes.
These developments call for major changes in the way in which water is used in agriculture and rural activities, and have major cost and financing implications. It has been estimated that the annual costs of managing water resources to meet the MDG Hunger goals could lie in the region of $45-50 billion over the next ten years, rising to $65-70 billion thereafter. These costs relate to conventional irrigation, upgrading rainfed systems, and complementary investments in soil and water management, research, extension, etc. Investment is needed in the rehabilitation and adaptation of present infrastructure as well as the creation of new structures and systems. Some investment, especially in major infrastructure, will fall to governments and public agencies. Much, however, will be undertaken by private farmers at all scales and of varying types. Water for agriculture is currently financed from a mixture of sources.The prospects for a major expansion of government subsidies or guarantees are not bright, given fiscal
1 GWP, WWC, World Bank, FAO, IFAD and IWMI.
constraints and the many competing claims on the public purse. However, other potential sources – ODA, MFI loans, commercial bank loans, small-scale informal sources, etc –are likely to be in more elastic supply. Finance of all kinds will, however, be conditional on supportive policies, reformed institutions, sound projects and creditworthy borrowers. In order to attract the required amount and types of funds the sector as a whole will need drastic reform.
One of the fundamental obstacles the sector faces in attracting finance is the universal fact that irrigation water provided from public schemes is either free or massively under-priced. Free or cheap water for farmers is an ingrained habit which in many countries is seen as a necessary part of national policies of cheap food and food self-sufficiency. Such policies have a strong emotional and political appeal, but the use of cheap water in their pursuit may be unsustainable and could produce distortions which become self-destructive. The Aral Sea is an extreme example of the social and environmental results of the reckless use of water for irrigation.
Food security, which is an understandable concern of governments, entails universal access and entitlement to food, a good national system of storage and transport, and purchasing power to make imports as required. Barriers to trade in foodstuffs threaten food security and induce governments to follow policies of self-sufficiency which lead to an unsustainable and uneconomical use of water. As a step in the right direction the UN should take the lead in excluding staple foodstuffs from any future cases where economic sanctions were imposed on a country.
In most cases irrigation water prices are well below the cost even of operating and maintaining the infrastructure, and make no contribution to recovering capital costs. This does not discourage farmers from investing in facilities for their own private use, but does explain why there has been so little commercial finance for the supply of irrigation water for sale. Many public irrigation agencies are effectively bankrupt and have difficulty attracting finance without large public subsidies. In this situation not enough new and replacement investment takes place and the infrastructure is condemned to a lingering death.
Financing prospects also depend on forces outside the control of farmers and their national governments. The prices of internationally-traded crops are set in world markets, and even domestically-consumed products are influenced by external trading conditions. International trade is not a level playing field: countries use a combination of import and export barriers, export subsidies and exchange rate practices to influence the terms of trade in their favour. Developing countries often complain about the trading practices of others, though some of them gain from preferential access to important markets. Complexity: no “one size fits all” solutions
Water is used in agriculture in a great variety of situations: the popular image of rice farmers working in paddy fields in large public irrigation command areas only focuses on part of a large mosaic, each component of which needs to be properly funded. Aside from large public irrigation schemes, a major part of this sector consists of privately-financed tubewells using groundwater. Commercial farms and estates often have their own
diversion and storage structures. At the other extreme are small farmers and rural households using various sources including catchments, some temporary, or in combination. The sector is complex, and proposals should avoid “one size fits all” solutions. One example is the growing importance of women farmers, who represent a specific target group for finance.
Financing also needs to recognise the many different functions entailed in water for agriculture. Apart from providing water from surface or underground sources for irrigating crops and watering livestock, the topic includes drainage, water quality management, the enhancement of rainfed farming, aquaculture, multipurpose projects including flood control and hydropower, and water supply to rural households for productive use, amongst other aspects. Agriculture also performs social functions which may justify public subsidy. Farming is a social safety net, sustaining both dependent families and returning migrant workers in their retirement, sickness or unem ployment. The links and synergies between these different aspects are stressed in the Integrated Water Resource Management approach which is rapidly gaining ground among policymakers. The creation of IWRM data, plans and coordination capacity itself needs proper funding. Some of the abovementioned functions are easier to finance than others, and for certain of them (e.g. provision of “public goods” such a s flood control and data collection) public funding will be necessary. The various constituent parts of water for agriculture should hang together financially.
Change is urgent and unavoidable
The future shape of water supply for irrigation will be determined by a growing scarcity of water and competition for its use. Given the high degree of physical and economic water scarcity and the growing demands and competition for water from other sectors, there are fewer opportunities to expand irrigated areas. The emphasis must therefore shift to improving the productivity of water, and access to water by poor people, within the overall framework of an integrated, holistic, approach to water resources management. The next generation of investments will be different from the last. On present trends there will be few new publicly financed irrigation schemes involving surface water systems, due to the high and rising cost of new schemes, low agricultural commodity prices which depresses economic returns, environmental costs of water demand on rivers and aquifers, severe pollution from poorly managed irrigation schemes, and the fiscal constraints on continued public funding. Instead, the keynote actions are modernisation & rehabilitation of current systems, improved operation and management and a review of the roles of institutions involved in irrigation.
Urbanisation is changing the economic and social environment of agriculture. On the one hand it creates a growing demand for crops and products produced on a commercial scale and to the standards expected by a sophisticated urban market. This is increasingly the domain of highly capitalised and commercially-oriented farmers, well able to afford the necessary water infrastructure. But there is another side to urbanisation, where workers (usually male) migrate to the cities in search of jobs, leaving their dependent families behind on farms to survive on remittances, supplemented by subsistence farming.
Transformation of institutions: new wine in new bottles
Existing irrigation agencies and other supply-side agencies will need to change to adapt to these new demands. They also have historical legacies of failure and inefficiency to recoup. Reform programmes should be sufficiently ambitious and challenging, but also realistic, and it is na?ve to expect the reform agenda to be driven exclusively by the state or existing vested interests. The reform movement needs to involve stakeholders from many walks of society, and be eclectic in its choice of pathways and models, choosing what works, even if it is not ideal.
Irrigation and other supply-side agencies need to critically review what they are there to do (their “mission statement”) in the light of changing demands on their services, and the growth of broader concerns for poverty-reduction, environmental sustainability and other factors. They should look more broadly at who their stakeholders are, listen to their core clientele - the farmers - and become more responsive to these various demands. They should be willing to take account of criticisms made and to make appropriate changes, which is the essence of accountability. Finance of all kinds will, however, be conditional on supportive policies, reformed institutions, sound projects and creditworthy borrowers. In order to attract the required amount and types of funds the sector as a whole will need drastic reform.
As for Water User Associations, the trend to give them more delegated responsibilities needs to be accompanied by sufficient delegation of powers (“voice and choice”) to enable the WUAs to function effectively in the new environment.
If serious changes and reforms are to be made in agricultural water institutions, a strong focus will be required on capacity development, including participation, empowerment, technical assistance and organisational development. The re-education and training of staff is an important part of this. Staff exchanges, benchmarking, “south-south” cooperation, twinning, and other kinds of technical assistance all have a potential role to play.
Adapting conventional sources of funds
Much of the current flow of finance for investment in water for agriculture comes from governments and parastatals, donor agencies and IFIs. Recurrent costs (O&M) are covered by government subsidies and user charges. These will remain the first recourse of the sector in future. However, future flows even at current volumes, let alone increased amounts, cannot be taken for granted without changes in the way the sector is operated. The funding sources themselves will need to review the way they work in this area in order to play their part in supporting the needed changes.
Revenue raised from users is a grossly under-tapped source of finance with great potential, and is the only really sustainable source of finance for recurrent operations. However, service agencies will need to be more customer-oriented and provide a better service if this potential is to be realised. Increased revenues from users will be a measure of the reforms, as well as a contributor to them.
The re-evaluation could appropriately start with governments. Their budgets for this sector are often underspent, and tend to be largely spent on wages and salaries at the expense of materials and replacement items. Future spending should be more functional to support necessary reforms. Departments should examine the reasons for any underspending that occurs and take action to remove administrative blockages. External aid will continue to be needed in this sector, though on a more selective basis than in the past. Donor and lending agencies have much to learn from the past disappointing performance of many agricultural projects. Aid is likely to be appropriate in the following roles: support for research and the collection and dissemination of information; facilitation rather than direct provision; leverage and catalysis rather than blanket funding; training and capacity building; providing initial equity & “seed” capital; dialogue & advice on improving the enabling environment, etc.
IFIs are re-positioning themselves for lending to the improvement and modernisation of existing irrigation systems, rather than creating new ones. So far, experience in this new style of operation is limited. Although surface irrigation is likely the be the largest component of IFI lending for water management, there are also major financing needs for groundwater development, drainage and water quality management, rainfed agriculture and multi-purpose operations.
The appraisal, planning and implementation of dams and other major works financed by IFIs and other lenders now has to conform with much more comprehensive and rigorous standards, involving a wider range of stakeholders, and more lengthy consultation, than previously. Projects that emerge from this process are likely to be more sustainable and acceptable than an earlier generation of schemes. However, there is a risk that “the best is the enemy of the good” insofar as lending agencies, banks and private investors are deterred from lending by “reputational risk”. For their part, some borrowing countries despair of the delays and uncertainties imposed by the new procedures, and either go it alone without IFI support, or fail to implement urgently-needed projects.
In order to secure finance for essential major infrastructure from IFIs and commercial lenders, working arrangements are required which take account of key elements of the World Commission on Dams report. However these should avoid unnecessarily complex and time-consuming procedures which deter both financiers and borrowers and work against the needs of the poor. There should be a specific study of the experience of financing dams and other major hydraulic projects concluded since 2000 with IFI involvement.
Water charges raise essential funds for the operation and maintenance of systems, and turn passive recipients of water into paying customers, potentially with an important voice in how services are provided. Recently the case for raising irrigation charges has been clouded by a controversy ov er how far tariffs can influence farmer’s use of water. It is argued that for charges to alter farmers’ behaviour they would need to be very much higher than at present, which would run into stiff resistance. There would also have to be some credible system of measuring water use and an effective collection system.
However, accepting the argument that charges may not greatly influence farmers’ use of water in no way weakens the case for recovering more costs from users to raise essential funds for O&M and eventually capital costs of systems. But the timing and context of raising such charges are crucial.
Farmers are more likely to acquiesce in paying higher charges if there is a good prospect of improved service. This is unlikely where such revenues flow back to the Treasury and the irrigation agency has no control over their use. The success of a more active charging policy depends on either giving the irrigation authority financial autonomy, so that farmers would see direct benefit from higher charges, or enabling farmers’ organisations to hire irrigation services on their own account. In either type of regime, farmers would be transformed into clients who “owned” the process of reform, and would be able to exert pressure on the authority to make its operations efficient in order to keep costs down.
Further study is desirable of cases where irrigation tariff reform has been successfully introduced, and their lessons for implementation
Developing innovative solutions
The key to involving a wider range of financial sources in water for agriculture is to identify the specific risks of this sector to investors and lenders, and to address these risks through financing structures. There is scope for co-financing from various sources, with each funder assuming appropriate parts of the risk.
Lenders and investors in agriculture expose themselves to a variety of risks. Some of these are generic and not specific to this sector, though they may apply with greater force in agriculture than elsewhere. Some risks affect individual producers, others concern the whole sector. The main risks to note are: project profile & cash flow; production, client & credit; market; environmental; climatic; foreign exchange; sub-sovereign; political, contractual & regulatory.
These risks can be addressed and mitigated by a mixture of measures. In some cases this entails designing the project to make it more risk-proof. In other cases the provision of complementary infrastructure would reduce risk. In the realm of financial engineering the options include: structuring the project finance package; insurance, guarantees, choice of suitable loan terms, use of derivatives; adequate capitalization and liquidity of the borrower; collective security; Central Bank action to refinance illiquid loans, etc.
There are innumerable examples of private investors in groundwater development for their own use, and – in South Asia- for sale to neighbouring farmers. But private finance of irrigation water for sale on a commercial basis is less common. There are now a number of private companies with service and management contracts with public irrigation agencies, and a smaller number of private contracts involving commercial risk on investment, with costs recovered from users. In most cases the motive for seeking private sector participation has been a desire by governments to reduce the level of subsidies going to operate and maintain irrigation and drainage systems. Where PPPs have happened, farmers tend to be organised into groups or associations.
Al though farmers’ needs for seasonal credit are widely catered for from a variety of sources, the situation for term finance is very different. In developing countries there is frequently a shortage of institutions offering term finance to farmers, apart from large commercial operators such as plantations and agro-business ventures.
This is a serious brake on rural development, which reflects the financial markets’ view of the risks in agricultural term lending, compared to financing other sectors. These risks are of different types, and are very situation-specific. Irrigation and storage facilities may actually reduce a farmer’s risk, while financing tree crop plantations is risky. Loans to experienced farmers for machinery and equipment are not necessarily more risky than seasonal credit. Financing the expansion of existing activities is less risky than funding start-ups or diversification into new occupations. Successful providers of term finance tend to operate in areas with good infrastructure (including irrigation) and proximity to markets or processing companies.
Despite its spread into other sectors, microfinance has made limited penetration into agriculture. One reason is that some governments cap interest rates that can be charged to small farmers, which makes such loans unprofitable to commercial lenders given the high transaction costs typical of this sector. Another reason is the lack of a sufficient density of clientele, especially those needing credit for non-farm activities. Countries where microfinance has been successful in rural areas, such as Bangladesh, Bolivia and Indonesia, have allowed “policy space” to decentralised finance, have an adequate legal and regulatory framework, and possess the necessary density of market for its services. Public authorities and agencies have an important role in the promotion of MFIs and DFIs but this is often most usefully exercised in indirect ways, such as created an enabling environment. Well-meaning interventions should avoid the risk of crowding out local players and thereby suppressing the growth of local capital markets. Governments, donors, and IFIs, with the support of international networks and other stakeholders, should develop appropriate fora (e.g.Round Tables) involving local financial service providers to identify ways of promoting microfinance in water for agriculture. Governments should also review the impact of existing credit and capital market controls on the potential development of a microfinance market.
Preface
When we try and set the context for the problem of financing water for agriculture over the next two decades or so we find ourselves juggling with many major imponderables. Among the factors that will affect agriculture and investment in water services are population growth, climatic changes and variability, changes in material living standards, advances in agricultural science and technology, global health status, changes in lifestyle, the continued march of urbanisation, the growing competition for water resources, etc. To take just one factor, the global trade and macro-economic environment has a major impact on agriculture. In recent decades major countries such as India and China have largely achieved food self sufficiency but with the prospect of their rapid economic growth and urbanisation, not to mention growing water stresses, it is not out of the question that they will sooner or later become major food importers again. This would transform the market prospects for food products.
In the same vein, observers have been examining the impact of the present Doha round of trade negotiations, which are likely to bring modest benefits to agricultural trade over the next ten years. However, the main beneficiaries are likely to be a few middle income countries rather than the poor, and farmers may benefit while food importing countries may suffer overall. The future pattern of trade will impose its water “footprint” on exporting and importing countries according to the water content of their trade.
We are not soothsayers and cannot predict how the Big Picture will evolve in all its complex detail. Our modest aim is to bring some suggestions forward to governments and stakeholders so that the pot of investment for water for agriculture can be expanded.
Our main concern has been finance for water as a productive input used by farmers, rural households and others. But it is relevant to consider the interests of consumers of food and other farm products. The very first Millennium Development Goal addresses poverty and hunger. Of the 1.2 billion living below the poverty line, the largest number – 900 billion - live in rural areas. Not all of these are farmers - many are landless, and rely on wage employment or products obtained from the local environment. The remaining 300 million of the world’s poor currently living in urban areas also have a stake in agriculture, depending as they do on access to plentiful and affordable food.
There are many preconceptions of farmers, which regularly need to be challenged. Farmers are a diverse group, operating in very different environments. They tend to be misunderstood, ignored or patronised by officialdom, banks, lending agencies and their political representatives. I hope that our report helps to convince readers of the variety and complexity of this sector, its different needs, and how all parties can contribute.
The Working Group’s regional Consultations held so far have raised a number of key issues. The consultation process will continue after the Mexico Forum to further address these points and follow up on promising approaches. Its eventual aim is to contribute to an agenda for further action by members of the international community in its many constituents.
I. Setting the scene
1.Overview & Scope of Work
1.1. Overview
In the coming decades feeding the growing world population and satisfying its need for raw materials will call for increased out put from irrigated agriculture. Some of this [FAO estimates…] will come from an increase in the irrigated acreage, though the scope for this will be much more limited than in the past. The larger part of extra output will have to come from the more efficient use of water resources already being exploited, epitomised in the slogan more crop per drop.
Agriculture is by far the largest user of the world’s water and can expect growing competition at the margin from other sectors for its use2, particularly from the encroachment of growing cities onto farmland. More crop per drop implies the reduction of losses from the transport and distribution of irrigation water, and its more efficient application to crops through more widespread use of sprinkler and drip irrigation methods. The more efficient use of water in rainfed systems will also have a part to play, in some cases supplemented by irrigation water. Communities and households will also need to capture more water through catchments, for local productive purposes.
These developments call for major changes in the way in which water is used in agriculture and rural activities. They also have major cost and financing implications. It has been estimated that the annual costs of managing water resources to meet the MDG Hunger goals could lie in the region of $45-50 billion over the next ten years, rising to $65-70 billion thereafter. These costs relate to conventional irrigation, upgrading rainfed systems, and complementary investments in soil and water management, research, extension, etc. Investment is needed in the rehabilitation and adaptation of present infrastructure as well as the creation of new structures and systems. Some investment, especially in major infrastructure, will fall to governments and public agencies. Much, however, will be undertaken by private farmers at all scales and of varying types.
All farmers are water users in various forms, hence the potential scope of the enquiry is very broad.
Water for agriculture is a diverse and complicated topic and it is not sensible to over-generalise about it. It is currently financed from a mixture of sources, and this is likely to continue. The prospects for a major expansion of government subsidies or guarantees are not bright, given fiscal constraints and the many competing claims on the public purse. However, other potential sources – oda, MFI loans, commercial bank loans, small-scale informal sources, etc – are likely to be in more elastic supply. Finance of all kinds will, however, be conditional - on supportive policies, reformed institutions, sound projects and creditworthy borrowers. In order to attract the required amount and types of funds the sector as a whole will need drastic reform.
2 Molle & Berkoff, 2006
One of the fundamental obstacles the sector faces in attracting finance is the universal fact that irrigation water provided from public schemes is either free or massively under-priced. In most cases prices are well below the cost even of operating and maintaining the infrastructure, and make no contribution to recovering capital costs. This does not discourage farmers from investing in facilities for their own private use, but does explain why there has been so little private equity investment in the supply of irrigation water, and why public agencies have difficulty attracting finance without large public subsidies. Free or cheap water for farmers is an ingrained habit which in many countries is seen as a necessary part of national policies of cheap food and food self-sufficiency. Such policies have a strong emotional and political appeal, but the use of cheap water in their pursuit may be unsustainable and could produce distortions which become self-destructive. Financing prospects also depend on forces outside the control of farmers and their national governments. The prices of internationally-traded crops are set in world markets, and even domestically-consumed products are influenced by external trading conditions. International trade is not, of course, a level playing field: other countries use a combination of import and export barriers, and export subsidies, to distort the terms of trade in their favour (as they perceive it). Developing countries often complain about these trading practices, though they may equally gain from preferential access to certain markets.
The Working Group has broached issues such as these, drawing on the resources of its sponsoring institutions and the views of stakeholders at three regional consultations. The subject is broad and complex, the issues are knotty, and solutions often difficult, requiring great political will. Consequently, this report does not make categorical recommendations, nor offer specific proposals tested for their feasibility.
Its purpose instead is to flag a number of key issues in this area, raise questions that need to be further addressed, and indicate some promising lines of approach. In this way the Report aims to contribute to an agenda for further action by members of the international community – including national governments, UN agencies, trade and cooperation ministries, financial agencies, NGOs, bankers, farmers’ representatives and other stakeholders in this vital topic.
1.2. Origins of the Enquiry
The Working Group (WG) has been sponsored by the Global Water Partnership (GWP) and the World Water Council (WWC), and is also supported by the World Bank, FAO, IFAD and IWMI. Dr Ismael Serageldin, President of the Biblioteca Alexandrina in Egypt and former Vice-President of the World Bank, has chaired the Group. Annex 1 provides information on the composition and working modalities of the Working Group.
The purpose of the WG has been to continue and extend the work of the World Panel on Financing Water Infrastructure3 by considering in greater depth the specific problems of financing water in agriculture and related rural activities and livelihoods. References to this topic made by the World Panel appear in Box 1.
Box 1. Extracts from “Financing Water for All”(pp. 38-39)
The panel’s intention has been to attempt a balance between the needs of different water sub-sectors. This has not been easy. Inevitably, because of the prominence given to
reducing the service deficits of the poor in the MDG and Earth Summit, the needs of poor households have absorbed much of the panel’s time. Each sub-sector requires its own
distinctive approach, and many solutions are sector-specific. In particular, the financing
needs of irrigation is a complicated and stubborn problem. With these reservations, the
panel believes that its proposals would have financial benefits for each of the main
branches of the water sector, and are summarised below…..
Irrigation
The reengagement of MFIs and donors with dams and other major hydraulic works
would improve water and food security for many farmers, especially in Africa. Public
irrigation agencies are one type of sub-sovereign entity that could benefit from more
financial autonomy, though major reforms are going to be needed to improve their
creditworthiness. In selected schemes where conditions are favourable, private
concessions are feasible (and are being invited); these would benefit from the extended
use of insurance and guarantee instruments, and from the proposed liquidity facility.
Small-scale farmer-financed schemes would benefit from the proposals to develop local
capital markets, micro-credit and development finance institutions…..
Hydropower
Most large hydro schemes are in the public sector and dependent on public investment,
supplemented by foreign aid and international/national borrowing. A minority of
projects, mainly small, run-of-the-river schemes, are private investments. The proposal
on dams would encourage more MFI and donor support. Commercial bank lending
would benefit from the wider use of insurance and guarantee products, and from wider
use of the MFIs’ B-loan and Preferred Creditor Status products. Bond issues for hydro
would also gain from more use of Partial Credit Guarantees, which would extend
maturities and lower rates…..
1.3. Scope of work
The broad aim of the Working Group has been to consider and recommend ways of increasing the flow of finance, and access to it on acceptable terms, for water users in agriculture, related rural sectors, and communities or households using water for directly productive and livelihood purposes. Addressing the Millennium Development Goals for poverty or hunger hinges to a large degree on tackling the issues involved in financing water development and reforming water governance.
The Group has taken a broad view of the sector, following the Integrated Water Resource Management approach, taking on board the financial needs of the whole water cycle as it 3 Popularly known as the Camd essus Panel, which issued its report, “Financing Water for All” in 2003, presented to the Kyoto 3rd World Water Forum.
affects agriculture. This includes upstream and watershed interventions and problems caused by downstream effluent, such as drainage and pollution abatement. Its Consultations focussed in practice on the following major issues:
?Financing needs, sources and future options for investment in the infrastructure of water resource management (e.g. storage & transfer) and agricultural irrigation
(large and small).
?Funding needs at local, community and household levels for productive water use, and livelihood & food security purposes
?Specific examples and case studies deemed to be of wider interest. Particular attention was paid to innovative financing methods, the use of unconventional
sources, and ways of combining different types of funds.
In principle, the scope of work includes funding for the infrastructure, institutions and services involved in water management for agriculture, related rural activities, and the use of productive water for rural livelihoods. This includes:
?Finance for both public and private parties, from any source
?Capital expenditure in new schemes; modernisation, rehabilitation, adaptation of existing projects; installation of new management systems; generating sufficient
revenues to operate and maintain schemes efficiently.
?Financial needs of the whole water cycle as it affects agriculture, including upstream and watershed interventions and problems caused by downstream
effluent (drainage and pollution abatement).
?Funding interventions at various scales (international, transboundary, national, regional/district, municipal/local, household), depending on the level of
management involved (basins/catchments, farm level, small and large scale
irrigation systems, household yards and subsistence plots, etc.)
?On-farm and village-level agricultural processing, where these have important water implications
?Water-intensive rural activities such as aquaculture, which are closely related to agriculture
?The “productive” use of water by rural hou seholds for livelihood purposes and finance for the management of water for the benefit of the rural poor, in their
various roles.
In practice, the Group has only been able to touch on some of these topics.
1.4. Distinctive features of Financing Water for Agriculture
From the viewpoint of financing, water for agriculture has certain distinctive features compared with water and sanitation (W&S) for household use.
Magnitude. The amount of water involved is very much larger and, on a per head basis, the infrastructure necessary for supply and distribution (plus drainage and disposal) is more expensive.
A productive input. T he water is supplied for productive, rather than “basic needs” or lifestyle purposes. This means that it can have important repercussions on local economic
and social development. It also implies that the users of the water – overwhelmingly private farmers and other rural enterprises – see water as a productive input and (at least potentially) as a cost of production. This should create the basis for economic water charging, but this has been widely undermined by use of irrigation water for the production of low-value foodgrains and the politicisation of water and energy prices in many countries (see next point).
Financial versus economic returns. There is commonly a discrepancy between the financial performance of irrigation agencies (usually very poor) and their economic rates of return taking account of all benefits and costs, reflecting their social values. This also applies to many W&S cases, but for different reasons. In irrigation, the situation arises from various causes. The supply of water free or at sub-economic cost may be seen as a means of promoting food self sufficiency, settling newly developed areas, appeasing a farming lobby, etc. Or it may be a way of compensating for food prices that are kept low for social reasons, or which are squeezed by “unfair” foreign imports.
Unattractive to private finance. Private finance has been more wary of investment in selling water to agriculturalists than in the case of W&S. The subsidy mentality is more pervasive, and very few public irrigation schemes are fit for privatisation (though there are many cases of PPP involving the supply of services for a fee).
Farmers’ own investments. On the other hand, there has been widespread investment by farmers themselves in water for their own use (particularly groundwater and small diversion and storage schemes). Notwithstanding this point, this option depends on local circumstances, and not all farmers are able to take these matters into their own hands –sometimes water can only be obtained by collective or public action.
Involvement of water users. Agricultural water users need to be much more closely involved in decisions about water allocations and the operation and maintenance of their systems than is the case for W&S. There is an important role for farmers’ associations, and specifically Water User Associations with some delegated powers, which might include revenue collection and discretion over some expenditures.
Specific risks. Supplying water for agriculture has its own set of risks. The water resource itself is at the mercy of climatic fluctuations and, in the event of scarcity, other sectors may take priority. Irrigation clients are farmers whose incomes are often affected by natural forces beyond their control. These specific risks are further discussed in section 7.1.
2.Financing Water for Agriculture: the starting point
Much has been written and said on the role of agriculture, and specifically irrigated agriculture, in contributing to future global demands for food and raw materials. The MDG for alleviation of Hunger has added urgency to this debate. Apart from the topic of cost recovery from farmers through water prices, which has a huge literature, financing has received less attention. This chapter summarises some relevant aspects, including financial needs, current sources of funds, pricing and cost recovery, profitability and returns, and other salient matters.
2.1. Size of financing needs
The WWC/GWP Vision and Framework for Action in 2000, estimated that the annual investment requirements for agricultural water would need to rise from the current levels, variously estimated to be in the range $25-30 bn., to $40 bn. by 2025. The original estimates were based on very rough calculations, which have not yet been seriously refined. Nevertheless, these figures are retained in the World Bank’s current strategy paper4. Some observers contest these estimates, believing that there has been past over-investment in public irrigation schemes, that great gains in productivity could be obtained from existing infrastructure without major new investment, but with improvements in farm practices, responding to better incentives.
In a recent systematic analysis of the options for meeting the MDG for Hunger the annual investment and running cost of all water resource related management was estimated to be (US$ billion) 47 in the period 2005-2015, rising to 67 in 2015-2030, and falling back to 58 in 2030-2050. These costs are for various types of investment, including conventional irrigation, the upgrading of rainfed systems through small-scale water management and in situ soil and water management, agricultural research, extension services, and supporting development of rural roads5.
Future investment in agricultural water management is likely to be very different from the historic pattern. Much future investment is likely to be in the modernisation and rehabilitation of existing assets and investment in new hydraulic infrastructure, such as dams, is likely to be more selective than previously. In particular, there will be a great need for investment in increased productivity (“crop per drop”) especially in rain-fed systems:
“Large investments are needed now, and a first estimate indicates that 47 bi llion US$ per year is required to enable the release of 1,600 km2/year in rainfed farming, 270
km2/year in irrigation development and 350 km2/year of crop-per-drop savings.”
(Rockstrom, et. al. 2005, p. 34)
Investment requirements will reflect the economics of different systems: the next generation of hard and soft-ware projects will have to demonstrate more sustainability as well as efficient and cost-effective. This will affect the size of investment in each case.
4Directions in Development: Re-engaging in agricultural water management: challenges, opportunities and trade-offs. Draft version, May 2005.
5 Rockstrom, et. al., Stockholm Environment Institute, 2005.
External financing needs will also depend on the feasibility of internal contributions through cash or kind, and how far revenues are retained in the system rather than siphoned off for general purposes.
It is not just the amount of finance that is of concern: the timing of cash flow and its scheduling are also crucial. Many large schemes, especially in Asia, require upgrading to be financed on a continuous basis, over and above what is recovered for O&M. Where finance for upgrading is made available in large indivisible payments it tends to be untargeted and spent on quick returns and this results in system failure. Upgrading should be treated as part of an asset management strategy, needing the release of smoother flows of finance.
2.2. Current sources of finance
The funding of large public irrigation schemes is relatively well understood, since it relies overwhelmingly on national government loans and subsidy (including guarantees for external borrowings) plus support from international agencies for some of the more prominent projects. From agencies, lending by the World Bank and other multilaterals for irrigation declined from a peak in the mid-1980s of approx. USD 3 bn. to approx. USD 2 bn by the late 1990s. There are now signs of a revival in this lending. The earlier trend was partly a reflection of the worldwide decline in investment in new irrigation schemes, a recognition of the need to reform institutions to make investments viable and also a response to growing hostility towards the construction of new hydraulic infrastructure of all kinds. National government loans and subsidies for this purpose have also been trending downwards. In some countries, e.g. India, state and municipal bonds have been issued for financing irrigation, with government guarantees.
Within irrigated farming, different types of scheme have their own distinct sources of funds. Financial sources of private irrigators are difficult to gauge with any accuracy, hence overall estimates are biased towards the public sector. While it is difficult to generalise about the private sector, commercial farmers tend to use a combination of loans from banks and other specialised credit institutions, where these are available, supplemented by their own savings and equity. Small-scale farmers and rural households are more likely to use informal credit sources and micro-finance to supplement their own inputs in cash and kind. Larger farmers are more likely to take up insurance and re-insurance against the risk of climate variability, though ways of covering small-scale, poorer, farmers are increasing.
2.3. Profitability of investment
Past financial returns on new public irrigation schemes have been poor, which is one reason why little private finance has been attracted. This conclusion needs to be qualified for investment in rehabilitation and modernization, where there are large sunk costs, and also for groundwater schemes and smaller schemes sponsored by farmers themselves. In both of these cases, higher returns are likely. The meagre profitability of large public schemes is due to various factors, including subsidised competition from imports, over-design, poor cost control, inefficient operation and the secular decline in the terms of trade of major crops. Moreover, inadequate consultation with farmers has led to
inappropriate design both from a physical and farming perspective. Between 1965 and 1998 the world prices of agricultural export commodities fell by 47% in real terms. For certain crops this was partly due to the growth of export surpluses from some developed countries.
In many cases, economic benefits differ from financial returns, and are often greater, taking account of distortions in output and input prices and the hidden benefits and costs of environmental, public health and other impacts. World Bank evaluations show a healthy economic return on most irrigation investments6 although lower than predicted. For many publicly-sponsored irrigation schemes realised (ex post) financial returns are low, though the effects of these schemes on employment, food security and wider regional development are difficult to reflect in standard investment appraisal or cost-benefit analysis. Much investment in irrigation remains profitable, witnessed by the large amount of private investment that still continues in this sector (see below). Public schemes, however, are more problematic: while investment in rehabilitation and remedial maintenance of existing schemes will continue to be efficient in many cases, there are some major schemes which, with the benefit of hindsight, should never have been built.
2.4. Public and private boundaries
The distinction between the public and private sectors in relation to agriculture is different from that often understood for drinking water supply. Farmers (whether smallholder or industrial) are quintessentially private sector players who often provide water through their own efforts and finance.
Certain aspects of water management are nevertheless more appropriately done by public agencies. Where an activity has positive externalities (e.g. watershed management ) or reduces negative externalities (e.g. pollution control) there is a potential case for public subsidy. Certain of the overheads of water management (e.g. research, administration, monitoring, field advice) are also natural public responsibilities. There is also a category of “public goods” (e.g. flood control) that normally fall to governments because it is not possible for private agents to recover their costs, since potential beneficiaries cannot be excluded from the services. In other cases, notably the construction and operation of large dams and irrigation command systems, Governments have taken the lead and remain dominant as service providers, with high levels of subsidy, due to the large scale of these projects and their wide social and economic ramifications.
Despite this, there is a high level of private financing of irrigation. The FAO estimates that private investment fully funds 20% of the world’s irrigated area, and funds about half of the remaining 80%. In addition there are 70 mn hectares under “informal” private irrigation, including groundwater.
Public agencies dominate the supply of water to farmers in major surface irrigation schemes, but private farmers themselves provide for most of groundwater supplies. Private farmers, acting alone or in cooperatives, also frequently arrange and finance their own investment in water infrastructure for crops, livestock, etc. with a sufficiently high 6 I Jones, Evaluation of irrigation schemes, OED, World Bank,
安全生产演讲稿 安全生产演讲稿 第一篇： 安全生产演讲稿 “百日安全无事故”——安全与梦想齐飞 我想先和大家提一个我们从小到大都会谈论的话题。－“梦想”。我想问大家梦想对我们而言意味着什么？是一辆跑车？一座豪宅？还是花不完的钱，还是至高的荣誉？有人说年轻就是无限，有梦想就有动力。年轻的我们都不曾忘记那份豪情壮志。我们努力奋斗，为的就是实现心中的梦想。 可是，你们有没有想过，在我们怀抱着梦想努力工作的时候，也许在某一天，我们会因为自己的一次麻痹失误，一次不起眼的违章作业而让自己的梦想变成幻想呢？ 在我们的工作生活中，我们最基本的需求就是安全，“安全第一，预防为主”这是我们应牢记在心的，企业是时时讲、周周学、月月喊。作为萍钢这样的大型钢铁企业，为了确保安全，工厂里所有的设备都专门编制了操作规程，针对特殊工种还特配了相关岗位说明书。除此之外，公司还在明显的位置张贴、悬挂各种类型的安全标语和安全标致，为的就是要提高我们对安全的意识。生产部还定期组织对公司进行安全隐患排查，及时发现并消除隐患，这些都是为了保证我们能够在一个确保安全的情况下生产。 在公司，老员工的安全意识向来都比较强烈，因为他们都见证了安全意识淡薄、不遵守规章制度所造成的后果。发生事故的往往都是
些年轻的新进人员，每一位员工进厂的时候都要经过公司的四级安全教育。可是有部份同志对于这样的教育全当成耳边风，对相关操作规程不学不问，对公司的安全制度和进出车间的注意事项漠不关心。总以为事故永远不会发生在自己身上，但就是这一刻的疏忽就有可能造成长久的悲痛。所以作为萍钢这个大家庭中的一份子，除了要掌握安全工作规程、技术操作规程、企业纪律章程这几件法宝，还要多有几颗心： 一、专心。学一行，专一行，爱一行。“既来之，则战之；既战之，胜之则”，不能“身在曹营心在汉”，工作的时候就应该专心工作，不要想工作以外的事情。 二、细心。不管是长年在干的，还是第一次接触的工作都来不得半点马虎，粗枝大意实在是安全生产的天敌。从小父母每到考试前都会再三叮嘱“要拿双百分，不要粗心大意”。 三、虚心。“谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后”， 人的生命只有一次，失去了生命，所有的梦想都成为幻影，海尔经验告诉我们，不容易就是，把容易的事情一千次，一万次地做好。安全工作时刻从零开始，未雨绸缪胜过亡羊补牢，年轻的朋友们，当我们怀抱梦想的时候，当我们满怀豪情要实现自己的理想时候，必须要时刻牢记，安全就是第一，梦想与安全并进！ “百日安全无事故”这是对于我们每一个萍钢职工的一种激励，激励着萍钢公司在未来的安全生产中一路平安，基业长青。 第二篇： 石油安全生产演讲稿 安全生产是效益，是幸福
放飞梦想演讲稿三篇-梦想演讲稿 无论是你，是他，还是我，当我们走进这个纷繁的世界时，心中都藏着一个美好的梦想。为了这个梦想，我们立下坚定的信念，我们有着不屈的意志和不懈的努力。以下是给大家整理的放飞梦想演讲稿三篇，喜欢的过来一起分享吧。 放飞梦想演讲稿一 我们，撇下无知迎来了属于我们的青春。青春，让我们肆无忌惮，畅然释怀，体味风那样的自由，感受云那般的自在，因为青春赋予我们的是生命的巅峰，我们无须成熟，我们不再无知，我们唯有执着。 人生是对梦想的追求，梦想是人生的指示灯，失去了这灯的作用，就会失去生活的勇气。因此，只有坚持远大的人生梦想，才不会在生活的海洋中迷失方向。托尔斯泰将人生的梦想分成一辈子的梦想，一个阶段的梦想，一年的梦想，一个月的梦想，甚至一天、一小时、一分钟的梦想。当你听到那里，同学们，你是否想到了自己的梦想？ 人生的花季是生命的春天，它美丽，却短暂。作为一名大学生就就应在这一时期，努力学习，奋发向上，找到一片属于自己的天空。青年是祖国的期望，民族的未来。每个人主宰着自己的明天。 有一位哲人说过：“梦里走了许多路，醒来还是在床上。”它形象地告诉我们一个道理：人不能躺在梦幻式的梦想中生活。是的，人不仅仅要有梦想，还要大胆幻想，但更要努力去做，在梦想中躺着等
待新的开始，如果不仅仅遥遥无期，甚至连已经拥有的也会失去。同学们，你们是否也正在梦幻的梦想中彷徨呢？ 前人说得好，“有志之人立长志，无志之人常立志”，那些无志之人的“志”，就是美梦，就是所谓的“梦想”，他们把自己的蓝图构画得再完美，再完善，也只是空中楼阁，海市蜃楼罢了。同学们，你是立长志之人，还是常立志之人呢？ 最后我想用梁启超的话来结束这天的演讲：“少年智则国智，少年富则国富，少年强则国强，少年进步则国进步，少年雄于地球，则国雄于地球。”让我们洒一路汗水，饮一路风尘，嚼一跟艰辛，让青春在红旗下继续燃烧；愿每一位青年都怀抱着自己的梦想，在人生的航程上不断乘风破浪，奋勇前进！ 放飞梦想演讲稿二尊敬的老师、亲爱的同学们： 大家上午好！ 这天我演讲的题目是《放飞梦想》。 每年的春天，万物复苏，人们都会走出家门放风筝。望着这满天的风筝，我们可曾想过：是不是我们的梦想也能够像这风筝一样放飞呢 给大家讲一个故事：一个平凡的乡村邮差，每一天都会在来回的路上拾一些石子，人们问他为什么做这样无聊的事，他说，他要建一座自己的城堡。他一天一天坚持不懈，日复一日，年复一年，当乡里的人们早已忘了这事时，一座美丽的城堡已经建成了，这就是邮差的城堡，他梦想的城堡。这就是梦想的力量。如果心中有了一个梦想而
八年级（下）复习之语法归纳与练习 Unit 1 语法一：动词不定式作宾语语法二：动词不定式作宾语补足语 语法三：动词不定式作目的状语 【练一练】．单项选择。 ( ) 1. Our teacher gave us 10 minutes __________ about the question. A. thinks B. to think C. thinking D. thought ( ) 2. My father decided ________smoking. A. giving up B. to give up C. give up D. to giving up ( ) 3. You may take a horse to the river, but you can't make it________. A. to drink B. drank C. drink D. drinking ( ) 4. I didn't ask him ______to my party, but he came. A. to come B. come C. came D. coming ( ) 5. You can use a tool ________ a fire. A. make B. making C. to make D. to making Unit 2 语法一：动名词作主语语法二：动名词作宾语 【练一练】I．单项选择。 ( ) 1. __________ the train means waiting for another hour. A. Miss B. Missed C. Missing D. To missing ( ) 2. After _______his homework he went on to write a letter to his parents. A. finishes B. finishing C. finished D. to finish ( ) 3. _________ may cause cancer. A. Smoking B. Smoked C. Smoke D. To smoking ( ) 4. As she is looking forward to __________ from me, please remember to send this letter to her as soon as possible. A. hear B. hearing C. heard D. be heard ( ) 5. Grandma said that she had a lot of trouble __________ your handwriting. A. to read B. read C. reading D. to reading ( ) 6. Writing stories and articles __________ what I enjoy most. A. is B. are C. was D. were II．用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。 7. He came to the party without ________ (invite). 8. It took the workmen only two hours to finish ________ (repair) my car. 9. ________ (keep) your room clean is a way to stay away from disease. 10. He is very busy _______ (do) his homework. 11. Please stop _______ (talk), boys. I have something important to tell you. 12. Before ______ (buy) the house, you should get somebody to look it over. 13. ________ (sh ake) hands is a way of greeting. 14. My brother keeps ______ (help) me with my work. 15. We should often practise _______ (speak) English with each other. Unit 3 语法一：一般现在时的被动语态语法二：一般过去时的被动语态 语法三：一般将来时的被动语态 【练一练】I．用被动语态改写下列句子。
1麦考瑞雅思 已具有近10年英语和雅思培训经验，全国唯一开设在复旦大学城的专业雅思培训机构，唯一雅思承诺保分班，唯一突破中国学生写作口语瘸腿的创新性教学，写作口语成绩普遍高出社会平均分70%左右，唯一每天13小时《雅思高分技巧课+训练课》复合式教学体系，大学氛围，省级重点高中的管理模式，坚持高强度、大容量、出高分，得到了复旦大学高校教师和复旦内部大学生及上海大学生的普遍认可，享有极高的声誉，尤其是在写作口语双7分方面极为擅长。适合零基础、高中生、大学生在短期内的快速突破雅思6—8分。 麦考瑞雅思06年即开始G类移民类雅思培训，对G类雅思5分—8分都有丰富的教学和应试经验，每年都有G类学员在麦考瑞雅思的帮助下，取得了雅思4个6分，4个7分，总分和7分等，成功技术移民或投资移民到澳洲、美国、加拿大、新西兰等国家。 麦考瑞雅思低调而务实，从不做广告，除了江浙沪皖，仍有北京、河北、湖南、四川、内蒙等全国各地学员慕名而来。2010年度，麦考瑞雅思在沪江网被万名（ielts）《2010年度学员最满意的雅思培训机构》，并被央视CCTV、新华网等权威媒体报道班级成功故事，成为上海8万考生雅思7分实战人气排名第一和教学质量最好的专业雅思培训。 2新东方雅思 新东方教育科技集团(New Oriental Education & Technology Group )成立于1993年11月16日。经过十多年的发展，新东方教育科技集团已发展成为一家以外语培训和基础教育为核心，拥有短期语言培训系统、基础教育系统、教育研发系统、出国咨询系统、文化产业系统、科技产业系统等多个发展平台，集教育培训、教育研发、图书杂志音响出版、出国留学服务、国际游学服务，新东方在线教育、教育软件研发等于一体的大型综合性教育科技集团。2006年9月7号，新东方教育科技集团在美国纽约证券交易所成功上市，成为中国第一家在美国上市的教育机构。 3环球雅思
【实用】安全生产演讲稿范文锦集十篇安全生产演讲稿篇1 尊敬的各位评委、同事们，大家好： 我是XXXX公司的员工王娟，今天我演讲的题目是“安全生产是效益，是幸福”。清晨，当第一缕阳光升起时，我们开始为生活而繁忙，劳动者挥舞臂膀，播洒汗水；傍晚，当夕阳西下，百鸟归巢，忙碌了一天的人们个个携老扶幼，漫步公园，欢声笑语，连绵不绝。好一副“兴旺发达创效益，和美天伦出幸福”的美好画卷。此时此刻，我心中不由激起了对安全生产的无限思索，企业蒸蒸日上的发展，滚滚而来的效益，家庭和谐美满的幸福，何不是平日安全生产盛开的喜悦花朵。 国家的安全是国泰，民众的安全是民安，有了安全生产，我们的企业才能象三春的桃李红红火火，有了安全生产，我们才会有幸福就象花儿一样的放歌，有了安全生产，我们的国家才能在建设有中国特色的社会主义道路上稳步前进。安全生产工作要从经济发展和社会稳定的大局出发，充分认识安全生产的重要性，切实加强安全生产工作。 然而，尽管有领导的高度重视，尽管有安全法律法规的约束，我们的一些企业仍是片面强度经济增长，效益优先，不重视安全生产，不懂安全，不讲安全，不要安全，我们的一些员工也是一味地追求高产，高效，高奖金，对安全生产工作，是说起来重要，干起来次要，忙起来可以不要，蛮打蛮干，违章操作。然而，就在这违章操作的背后，却是一幕幕惨绝人寰的场面，一份份撕心裂肺的悲痛，一笔笔巨额的经济损失。还记得，20xx年重庆开县特别重大硫化氢中毒事故，20xx多人中毒住院，243人死亡，直接损失8000万元；20xx 年大连石化特别重大爆炸事故，直接经济损失2.2亿元；20xx年动车事故，41人死亡，200多人受伤，直接损失1.9亿元；一件件安全事故，一份份血的教训，给我们的国家和企业造成的巨大的经济损失，给我们欢乐祥和的家庭带来了巨大的悲痛。 20xx年3月28日，山西省王家岭煤矿发生重大透水事故，近一百五十多名煤矿工人被困井下，而这起透水事故的起因就是相关领导好大喜功，只贪图一时的经济利益，不注意安全生产的要求，导致惨剧发生。此时此刻，试问，我们企
为梦想插上腾飞的翅膀 如果你在生活中受到了创伤，请记住，在那片伤口的地方，长出的，是洁白的梦的翅膀。 有一只蝴蝶，曾经她有一双美丽的翅膀。在一次玩耍中，不幸被树枝刮断了一片，她重重地摔在了地上，他挣扎着，呻吟着，心中充满了绝望，她觉得自己再也不能展翅飞翔。可是当她看到风雨中蜘蛛网摇摇欲坠的时候，蜘蛛仍在不停地努力地补网。她震撼了，于是，她深信：折翼仍可轻舞。她开始了一次次的尝试，又经历了一次次的失败。终于，在一个阳光明媚的早晨，她又一次振翅飞翔，重返蓝天。 蝴蝶因为有了方向，所以她不懈努力；我们因为有了梦想，所以我们变得坚强。 梦是什么？梦是在我们的汗水和泪水的浇灌下萌发的一粒种子。的确，我们的付出，我们的汗水，泪水甚至我们的鲜血，都是为了那个纯真的梦想。 从古至今，梦想鞭策了多少仁人志士。有不顾严寒，步行百里的宋濂；有真诚待人，知识渊博的孔子；有为中华之崛起而读书的周恩来；有无私奉献，视死如归的革命战士……他们这些人因为心系天下，怀揣梦想，才在人生道路上，不畏困难，不惧挑战，一步一个脚印，走向自己的康庄大道，来让自己的梦想得以实现。 颜回在陋巷中废寝忘食，他在努力让自己的梦想不再遥不可
及。现在的我们，总以为在这个陈旧的校园里，找不到出路，不知道未来在哪里。孰不知，那个最接近天堂的地方，竟是自己心中的那条“陋巷”。每个人都希望实现人生的辉煌，每年我们都会看到高考的学子们在高考考场上演着曲折离奇的剧目。有人成功，完美的谢幕；有人却因功底不足而被重重的摔在舞台上。成功者之所以能成功，是因为他们曾在那段最艰难的岁月里，绽放出了最纯粹的记忆；在那个最疲惫的身躯下，依旧掩藏着最完美的自己。他们追随着属于自己的启明星，一路奔跑，留下了一串串足迹。最终，成为了天空中那颗最闪耀的星。 时间在一点一滴的流逝，我们在追梦的旅途上怎能够迷茫？虽然，我们在会很累，泪水可能打湿我们的脸庞，但我们应明白：若非热泪盈眶，何必年少轻狂？现在的我们，正是为梦想而发疯的时候，时间已不允许我们等待，我们要做的，就是找准目标，奋力前行。在我们的旅途中，不能没有方向，更不能没有终点。因为那样的行程，便可以称为浪费生命，虚度年华。我们决不允许这样的事发生在我们身上，为此，我们要在内心中找到那个最完美的自己，确立一个最满意的理想并为此而奋斗，一点点离开最初的模样。 青春是自由挥洒的天空，在这样的天空中，我们将为梦想插上腾飞的翅膀，让人生之路充满挑战，让自己一生无悔。
八年级（下）复习之语法归纳与练习 【练一练】．单项选择。 ( ) 1. Our teacher gave us 10 minutes __________ about the question. A. thinks B. to think C. thinking D. thought ( ) 2. My father decided ________smoking. A. giving up B. to give up C. give up D. to giving up ( ) 3. You may take a horse to the river, but you can't make it________. A. to drink B. drank C. drink D. drinking ( ) 4. I didn't ask him ______to my party, but he came. A. to come B. come C. came D. coming ( ) 5. You can use a tool ________ a fire. A. make B. making C. to make D. to making 【练一练】I．单项选择。 ( ) 1. __________ the train means waiting for another hour. A. Miss B. Missed C. Missing D. To missing ( ) 2. After _______his homework he went on to write a letter to his parents. A. finishes B. finishing C. finished D. to finish ( ) 3. _________ may cause cancer. A. Smoking B. Smoked C. Smoke D. To smoking ( ) 4. As she is looking forward to __________ from me, please remember to send this letter to her as soon as possible. A. hear B. hearing C. heard D. be heard ( ) 5. Grandma said that she had a lot of trouble __________ your handwriting. A. to read B. read C. reading D. to reading ( ) 6. Writing stories and articles __________ what I enjoy most. A. is B. are C. was D. were II．用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。 7. He came to the party without ________ (invite). 8. It took the workmen only two hours to finish ________ (repair) my car. 9. ________ (keep) your room clean is a way to stay away from disease. 10. He is very busy _______ (do) his homework. 11. Please stop _______ (talk), boys. I have something important to tell you. 12. Before ______ (buy) the house, you should get somebody to look it over. 13. ________ (sh ake) hands is a way of greeting. 14. My brother keeps ______ (help) me with my work. 15. We should often practise _______ (speak) English with each other. 【练一练】I．用被动语态改写下列句子。 1. The mother looked after the baby in the room. _____________________________________________________________ 2. My sister cleans the bedroom every day.
●中国培训机构排行榜 ● ●根据2013-2014年中国教育培训行业的发展，现在慢慢转向为在线教育，不 再是以前的传统式教育。现在大多数培训机构都是以面授加网授同步进行教学，满足学员需求。 ● ●在这么众多的培训机构里，有加盟的，有连锁的。中国大大小小的培训机构 上万家，到底哪些培训机构最好，最适合我们理想的学习环境。深圳爱培训网为大家整理出以下中国十个最为出色的培训机构！ ● ●一、新东方教育科技集团 ● ●培训项目：英语、厨师、出国留学、托福、雅思等。 ● ● ●
● ●中国培训机构排行榜---新东方教育集团 ● ●学校简介：新东方创办于1993年,20年专注教育培训,累积培训学员超过1600 万,从早教到成人,业务涵盖早教、学前、小学、中学、四六级、考研、出国考试、留学咨询、英语能力提升、国际游学、国际教育、图书、网络课堂等50多所学校,30000多名教职员工,旨在为学员提供一站式终身学习服务。 ● ●新东方教育科技集团已发展为一家以外语培训和基础教育为核心，拥有短期 语言培训系统、基础教育系统、职业教育系统、教育研发系统、出国咨询系统、文化产业系统、科技产业系统等多个发展平台，集教育培训、教育研发、图书杂志音响出版、出国留学服务、职业教育、新东方在线教育、教育软件研发等于一体的大型综合性教育科技集团。 ● ●学校优势：网授+面授同步进行、学校师资力量雄厚，中国老品牌教育培训 机构。 ● ●二、学而思教育 ● ●培训项目：小学奥数、英语、语文，初高中数学、物理、化学、英语、语文。●
● ● ●中国培训机构排行榜---学而思中小学教育 ● ●学校简介：2010年10月20日，学而思教育在纽约证券交易所正式挂牌交易， 成为国内首家在美国上市的中小幼课外教育培训机构。 ● ●学而思以“给孩子受益一生的教育”为使命，秉承“激发兴趣、培养习惯、 塑造品格”的教育理念，不仅关注学生学习成绩的提高，更关注学生学习兴趣的激发、学习习惯的培养和思维模式的塑造。为满足孩子多元的教育需求，学而思开展小班、1对1、网校等多种形式的教育服务，旗下拥有摩比思维馆、学而思培优、学而思网校、智康1对1、E度教育网五个子业务品牌，在各自细分领域都处于领先地位。 ● ●学而思还发展了国内布局完整的中小幼教育专业门户网站群——e度教育 网。e度网由育儿网、幼教网、奥数网、中考网、高考网、留学网等多个网
安全生产演讲稿优秀篇 安全生产演讲稿优秀篇 篇一《关爱生命安全为天》 当你拥有它时，好像不觉得它有什么了不起；当你失去它时，才会真 正觉得拥有它是多么地幸福。 它便是我们万分关注的一个永恒的话题――安全。 安全不需要太多的理由，生命已足以使之永恒。 我们不能因为产量而轻视安全，不能因为效益而忽视安全，更不能因 为工作面、工作条件稍好一些就藐视安全。 安全意识的淡化，薄弱是导致事故发生的首要原因，每一次事故的发 生，我们都后悔莫及，那么在事故发生之前，我们的隐患排除了吗？我们 的防范措施到位了吗？千里之堤溃于蚁穴，早防早治才能确保安全。 而抓安全，就必须时刻如履薄冰，如临深渊。 安全工作来不得半点马虎，只有提高警惕，居安思危，防患于未然， 努力做到紧绷安全弦，才能确保企业的长治久安。 我们要尊重生命， 就要敬畏规章， 遵守规章是责任， 是道义， 是权力， 更是义务。 只有遵守规章才能保安全，这是安全生产的经验昭示。
安全源于长期警惕，事故出于瞬间麻痹，思想上的松懈麻痹必然会导 致安全隐患的存在和违章现象的发生，哪怕一次偶然现象的发生，哪怕一 次偶然违章，就有可能一失足成千古恨。 没有了安全就丧失了和和美美的家庭，更没有企业的可持续发展，依 法遵章，所有的事故都可以避免，松懈麻痹，所有的事故都可能发生，遵 章二字，正是水之源，树之根，安全之本。 一花一世界， 一叶一菩提， 每一个人的生命都是天地之魂， 万物之灵， 生命因此而珍贵，我们要热爱生命，热爱生活，珍惜眼前的每一天；让我 们永远牢记安全责任， 警钟长鸣， 才会让安全之花扎根于我们的生活之中。 篇二《六月，让我们共同走进安全月》 刚刚送走激情、温馨的五月，六月的祝福已亭亭玉立在我们面前。 13 亿双期盼的眼光一起向"安全月"汇聚，在这个阳光铺满的季节里， 铿锵走来了"安全月"的脚步。 安全是什么？安全就是生命！安全意味着什么？对于一个人，安全意 味着健康；对于一个家庭，安全意味着和睦；对于一个企业，安全意味着 发展；对于一个国家，安全意味着强大。 没有安全，就没有一切。 安全是什么？安全就是一首歌，需要我们天天来弹唱；安全就是一首 诗，需要我们日日来吟诵；安全就是一盘棋，需要我们走一步看两步；安 全就是标准化，要求建设者严格规范的操作；安全就是有序的节奏，推进 科学化管理上水平；安全就是沸腾的生活，预示我们生机勃勃的明天；安 全就是一根七彩的丝带，连接一个又一个美好的愿望。
放飞梦想演讲稿10篇 【篇一】 我喜欢飞翔的感觉，像空气一样轻盈，像雄鹰一样自由。而几乎，每一个向往飞翔的人，都拥有一个生着一双美丽翅膀的梦想，因为，只有让梦想插上了翅膀，让它更高更高的飞翔，人生才会发出璀璨的光芒，才能成就不休和辉煌。 春秋季世，诸侯纷争，战火连天，太阳也失了光芒，大地上到处是悲哭和苍凉，血污的现实让好多人，或是不问世事终老山林，或是得过且过苟延残喘，而，孔子，正是在这样一个人性压抑的时代，依然将梦想放飞，他的梦想自由而骄傲——那就是推行礼制，宣扬仁政，还世界一个完美而合理的秩序。尽管遭遇了无数的磨难，权贵的排挤，暴力的围攻，路途的坎坷，但这些都没有使孔子屈服和放下，他的梦想，飞翔前方，高扬复高扬，让他心中充满期望，让他“知其不可而为之”，最终成就了一个“万世之师”的人生。清朝末年，又是一个痛苦和绝望的年代，帝国列强在中华大地上肆虐横行，天地变色，草木含悲，满目疮痍，屈辱和彷徨充斥着人心，而，孙中山，正是在中华民族这样生死存亡的关头，依然将梦想放飞，他梦想着驱除鞑虏恢复中华，他梦想着与所有拥有相同梦想的仁人志士一齐，救亡图存，振兴中华。正是在这样伟大梦想的鼓舞下，他身陷囹圄而不悔，黄花岗血洒而不退，直到听到辛亥革命那划破长夜的枪声，直到看到民族完全独立，东方睡狮发出震撼世界的长长怒吼。梦想是期望，是拂向寒冷大地的一缕春风，是穿过漫漫黑夜的一线光明，是荒蛮大原上的一点火种，是浩瀚沙漠中的一块绿州。有梦就有期望，梦想有多远，路就有多远。 相反，没有梦想的民族，不会长久;没有梦想的国家，不会强大;同样，没有梦想的人生，不可想象。 如果没有一向飞扬的梦想，摩西的子孙不会在流浪世界近千年，历尽世世苦难之后，终回到耶路撒冷的热土建立起富强的以色列;如果没有一向飞扬的梦想，一穷二白的炎黄后代，不会在伤痕累累疮痍处处的中华大地，独立自主艰苦奋斗，励精图治勇于改革，让这个古老的民族重焕生机，以大国的形象屹立在世界的东方。如果没有飞扬的梦想，毛泽东不会在他人生最艰难的关头依然坚守信仰永不言弃，成为中国人民的伟大领袖。 将梦想放飞吧，让梦想拥有一双美丽而矫健的翅膀，让它在人生的天空飞得更高，飞得更高。放飞的梦想之于人生，就像那无边无际的深夜里一盏刺破黑暗的明灯，它能引导出一个光明的世界。放飞的梦想之于人生，就像那广袤的大地上永不干涸的河流，它能慢慢向东汇聚，就会构成蔚蓝的海洋。 放飞的梦想能照亮我们前进的人生。冰雪覆盖的时候，它能帮我们创造出一团熊熊燃烧的烈火，温暖我们的疲惫身体;暗夜无边的时候，它能帮我们更好的领悟星光的好处，点化我们人生的迷茫;前途困顿的时候，它能帮我们开启尘封的心智之光，寻到到真正属于自己的人生航标。 放飞的梦想能温暖我们的生命。梦想是我们生命的温床和灵魂的栖息地。梦想不在，生命和灵魂便永远不能安寝。梦想让每一个如风一样轻的生命，增加了存在尊严和重量。梦想让我们的生命，在俗世中独焕斑斓，甚至让我们美丽的人性，得如幽兰一般升华。我们的生命所负载的心胸，因为梦想而变得宽如大海，阔如天空;我们的视野，因为梦想而“一览众山小”着眼处尽是天蓝云白水碧花红芳草青青。 将梦想放飞吧，让梦想挥动长长的翅膀，在人生美丽的天空自由而骄傲地飞翔，且得更高，更高…… 【篇二】 尊敬的老师、亲爱的同学： 大家好！我演讲的题目是《放飞梦想》。
Unit 1 Helping those in need 一、要点概括 1.短语 in need, voluntary work, ask peimission, suffer from, raise one’s spirits, in order to, continue to do, pay for, work as 2.句型 (1)There are many children without parents. (2)They have difficulty walking or moving. (3)I am thingking about doing some voluntary work. (4)I am going to do some voluntary work. (5)Since then, this project has helped millions of girls return to school. (6)I wish to help other girls the way the Spring Bud Project helped me. 二、疑难宝典 1. courage 勇气，勇敢 amazing courage 惊人的胆量cool courage 镇定勇气 He hurt his leg in an accident, but he has lots of courage. They do not have the courage to apologise for their actions. 2. illness （某种）病 bear illness 忍受疼痛cure illness 治愈疾病combat illness 与疾病斗争 He died at the age of 83 after a long illness. 3. in order to 目的在于，为了 In order to raise money for children in need, we are going to sell old books. She worked all summer in order to save enough money for a holiday. 4. lonely adj. 孤独的，寂寞的 She is unhappy and very lonely. 【区别】lonely＆alone alone单独的（意为没有其他人陪伴）；lonely孤独的（因为没有他人的陪伴而难受） 5. offer 主动提出[ + to do sth. ]表示愿意（做......） Three teenagers offered to do some voluntary work during the school holidays. He offered to get me a cab. 6. peace 宁静，平静（n.）peaceful adj. 宁静的 I taught them to sing because music can bring them joy and peace. After a busy day, all I want is peace and quiet. 7. raise 筹募，增加，提高 We need to help children like Tim and raise their spirits. They are raising money for charity. Please raise standards. 【区别】raise＆rise raise意思是将某物抬举或举到较高的位置，或者增加数量、提高水平，后面必须跟宾语。 rise意思是增加或上升，后面不接宾语。 8. There be句型表示存在，意为“某地有某物”。Be动词应与紧跟其后的主语的单复数形式 保持一致。主语是不可数名词或单数可数名词时用is或was，主语是复数可数名词时用are 或were。 There is some bread on the plate. There are seven days in a week.
安全生产、党员争先 煤矿生产，安全为天。当单位或部门新分来学员和新工人时，都要进行有关安全政策、法令、规章制度的学习、培训。上岗工作时，安监部门、各级领导又是人人讲安全，天天进行安全戴帽说安全。可是，每次事故的发生都事出有因，究其原因何在？答案是：绝大多违章人员都是没有管好自己。由于参加工作时间长了，工作环境熟悉了，讲安全听腻了，思想上逐渐产生了麻痹大意思想，尽管安全规章天天讲，也当成了耳旁风，心里有一搭无一搭。事故发生后，震动一阵子，过后又随着时间的流逝而淡化。这种“管不住自己”的毛病，无疑是酿成事故的病症所在。 要搞好安全，真正做到安全为了生产、生产必须安全，除了严格按照各项安全操作规程规定作业外，最重要的一点就是要“自己管住自己”。各科室、区队里有科长、队长、班长、青年安全监督岗员和群监员，但都不能时时处处跟着你、看着你、附在你身上，钻进你心里。你工作走神，思想溜号，有意违章，违章操作，事故往往就在这种情况下找上门来。有位在煤矿工作多年，从未发生过任何事故的老工人说过这样一句话：“我的安全经验就是自己管自己”，这句话言简意赅，值得品味再三。在工作时如果三心二意，就有可能发生事故。根据有关部门统计资料表明：百分之九十以上的事故，都是由于思想麻痹和“三违”造成的。 俗话说得好：“世界上什么药都可以买到，就是‘后悔药’买不到”。出了事故，单位受损失不说，自己轻则受皮肉之苦，重则缺胳膊少腿，甚至连生命都没有了，你的父母、妻子、儿女还要为你承担痛苦与不幸。生活是美好的，家庭是温暖的，何必为一时之错、一念之差，付出如此沉重的代价？
作为一名党员干部，我们应当牢固树立“本质安全，珍爱生命”的理念，去营造遵章守法，治理“三违”的安全文化氛围，把安全生产的制度，变为我们自己的自觉行动。同时还要加强学习、注重提高自身的安全技术素质和安全生产能力、切实在安全生产工作中发挥出党员的先进性和模范带头作用。 党旗在飘扬，党旗在召唤。让我们在全矿蓬勃开展的“创先争优”活动中，时刻牢记这样一个道理：党员就是责任，党员就是旗帜，党员就是榜样，党员就是先锋；让我们忠诚做好人民群众的领头雁，真情当好安全发展的排头兵，为鲜红的党旗增辉添彩，为建设庇山和谐矿区、本质安全矿井、五优矿井做出积极的贡献。
放飞梦想演讲稿500字5篇 当我听了这个故事后吗，我有了非常深的感受。每个人都有自己的梦想，我的梦想就是当一名科学家，每天我都在搞科研。但是直 到有一天，我脑海了闪过一个念头，现在我还在小学阶段，以后还 要走更长的路，此时我应该好好读书。之后，我就换了一个梦想， 努力考上名牌大学，长大后好好孝顺父母，报答父母多年来的养育 之恩。我就像杨孟衡一样，虽然第一个梦想不能实现，但还能有第 二个梦想，第三、第四甚至更多。因为人的一生可以不止一个梦想。失败并不可怕，可怕的是没有梦想。有了梦想就是有了希望，有了 光芒! 梦想并不是一个梦。有志者，事竟成。只要你有努力过、坚持过，就一定会成为现实!放飞我们的梦想吧，一起加油!我的梦，中国梦! 每个人都不愿在牢笼中平庸的度过一生，而是要插上自由的翅膀飞翔。 孩提时，我们童稚的认为翅膀是一种毛绒绒的东西。能带我们飞上蓝蓝的天空，悠闲的坐在白白的云朵上。 长大后，我们固执的认为翅膀是一种载满希望的东西。能使我们乘着翅膀越过高山，跨过河流，飞向有梦的未来。 成年后，我们诚恳的认为翅膀是一种具有超能量的东西。能让我们驾驭着翅膀战胜更多的竞争对手，直至的飞上顶峰。 翅膀总是神奇的，无论是在儿时的眼中抑或是成年后的心中。 现在，我发现我有一双翅膀。一双隐形的翅膀。它指引我飞向明天，飞向未来。尽管途中会遇到很多困难，但一种毅力激励着我前进。很多人没有坚持，便在这一座山峰前坠落了，而我有我超越的 翅膀，助我度过绝望，飞越山峰。 其实每个人身上都有一双隐形的翅膀，取决于你是否发现它，运用它。
张开翅膀，放飞梦想，带你自由飞翔，到达一个任心灵翱翔的世界…… 会当凌绝顶，一览众山小。——杜甫 “我的未来不是梦，我认真的过着每一分钟”，每当我听到《我的未来不是梦》这首歌曲，我的理想不由得放飞了起来。当一名人 民教师，是我最大的理想。 高中 我现在是为初中二年级学生，再过一年多就要考高中。我的目标是灵宝一高。 从现在开始，我要分秒必争，积极乐观的完成初中教学任务，还要努力培练自己的独立自主能力，我坚信“阳光总在风雨后”经过 我长期的奋斗，我一定会成功。 大学 我的第二梦想是考上清华大学，清华大学人才济济，我在他它里可以学到很多的知识。大学能成就我的人生，在大学里，我可以实 现我的梦想，放飞我的梦想。 我时刻准备着，时刻努力着，时刻拼搏着。 教师 “教师是人类灵魂的工程师”，从小就树立了远大的梦想，当一名人民教师。为千千万万的学子传授知识。 在儿时，爷爷经常给我讲一些带有一定哲理的故事，虽然我那时听不懂故事中的哲理，但我完全可以把爷爷给我讲的故事叙述下来，爷爷听后两眼瞪圆，十分惊讶，就抚摸着我的头悄悄对我说：“不 愧为我的好孙儿，你真是当教师得料，你真是太棒了。”我的心不 由扑通扑通地跳了起来，不由的喊了起来：我是人民教师。
2018 年广州版英语八年级下册 Unit 2 期末复习资料 Unit 2 Body language 跟踪练习 用所给单词的适当形式填空 1. Y ou had better practise (exercise) every day. 2. J im does his homework as (care) as his brother. He never makes mistakes. 3. W hat about 4. T hey answered the questions (have) a picnic? (different). 5. T hey learn English by (sing) English songs. 单项选择 1. You don’t give people a good , so people choose Debbie instead of you. A. impression B. instruction C. impressive D. instruct 2. Disney is famous for its cartoon characters Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy and Snow White. A. for example B. such as C. as D. likes 3. The film me of my father. I miss him very much. A. promises B. reminds C. makes D. returns 4. Yesterday I an invitation from Tom but I didn’t it. A. received; receive B. accepted; accept C. accepted; receive D. received; accept 5. I’m with the homework, Mom. A. bore B. bored C. boring D. to bore 6. --- In this example, is not important. --- Yes. We shouldn’t judge a person his or her look. A. appearance; by B. appearance; for C. expresion; by D. expresion; for 7 W hat time will you arrive China? ---- I don’t know. Maybe five hours . A. at; later B. in; later C. at; late D. in; late 8 W hat’s the with you? --- I didn’t know the of this sentence. A. wrong; communication B. matter; communication C. wrong; meaning D. matter; meaning III ．Grammar （动名词的用法） 基本用法： 1.作主语 (谓语用三单) Swimming in the sea is her favourite sport. 2.作宾语（动词及介词的宾语） I practise speaking English every day. Debbie is good at communicating with people. 3.作表语（表示主语是什么，可主表互换） My biggest hobby is collecting stamps. 4.作定语（说明所修饰事物的用途） There is a swimming pool nearby.
化工厂安全生产演讲稿范文 安全生产是安全与生产的统一，其宗旨是安全促进生产，生产必须安全。以下是小编整理的化工厂安全生产演讲稿范文，欢迎大家阅读。 化工厂安全生产演讲稿范文一： 尊敬的各位领导、同事们： 我演讲的题目是：打牢化工企业安全基础，是构建化工企业安全长效机制的根本。 首先，我认为大家能站在这里都是幸运的，为什么这么说呢?比起现在躺在医院里的人，我们是幸运的;比起灾区的人们，我们是幸运的。 安全是企业之魂，是企业生存与发展的基础。员工的人身安全得不到保障，企业就无法发展壮大;公民的人身安全得不到保障，国家就无法繁荣富强。人是以个体的形式出现在社会上的，社会上的每一个公民就如同珠子，和谐顽强的生命力将珠子串起来，形成一个不可分割的生命体。线一旦没有了生命力，珠子便滑落下来，也就不存在这个生命体了。所以我们每个人无论在社会中还是在企业中的力量是不容忽视的。 领导和同志们，作为化工行业的一员，有几起事故我本想忘记，更不愿向人们提起，但今天我要再一次提起：1984年12月3日,印度一化工厂，由于工人操作失误，异氰酸甲酯大量泄露，致使2500多人死亡，5万多人眼睛失明;2005年，中石油吉林石化分公司双苯厂发生爆炸，造成8人死亡，60人受伤，并引发松花江水污染事件;今年8月29日，广西宜州化工厂爆炸事故，造成20人遇难。几起化工事故虽然离我们越来越远，但那一幕幕惨剧仿佛就在眼前，遇难者那一具具冰冷的尸体，一张张因极度痛苦变得扭曲的脸，亲人们那一声声嚎哭，还在叩击着我们的心。领导和同志们，几起化学事故产生的原因虽然不同，但共同点却都是化工企业安全基础不牢。
基础不牢地动山摇。胡锦涛总书记在党的十七届三中全会上指出："人命关天，绝不能把人的生命当儿戏"。胡总书记的指示，充分体现了科学发展观以人为本的核心要求。可是，在现实生活中，少数化工企业，只注重生产，而忽视安全，生产不讲科学。土办法管理，老经验办事，无视标准和规范。人们常说：安规本是血染成。面对成千上万条鲜活的生命，用鲜血和泪水书写的操作规程，有的人总是熟视无睹，麻木不仁。"小型分散，少量多次勤运走"，烟花爆竹安全生产的"十一"字诀。短短的十一个字，却保证了不知道多少企业财产和工人生命的安全。美国杜邦公司是一个生产炸药的军工企业，可是杜邦老板却敢夸口说：在杜邦公司上班比在马路上散步还安全，因为杜邦有一整套保证企业安全运转的规范，即使放一只桶都要放在指定的圆圈。我们危化处在科学发展观学习讨论时，得出了这样的结论：危化企业最危险，危化企业难监管，只有安全才能生产，规范生产才能确保安全。 邓小平同志在1988年9月就提出了：科学技术是第一生产力的科学发展观思想。很多化工事故都是由于设备落后，科学技术低下造成的。实行科技兴安，大力引进新工艺，提高安全装备水平和科技含量，是我们刻不容缓的责任。提高化工设备自动化程度，优化生产工艺，创造一流信息化化工企业，打造数字化化工企业，是化工企业安全发展的唯一出路。 人才是科技进步的第一资源，是安全生产的根本基础。可是个别化工企业领导对安全工作认识不到位，管理不到位，措施不到位。致使企业管理松弛，作风涣散，不讲科学，违章蛮干。但随着人才强企战略的实施，人才在企业安全工作中的地位越来越重要，也使**安全工作插上了科技的翅膀。领导和同志们，安全没有后悔的机会，失误只会留下千古遗憾。在这里我要大声疾呼：生命诚可贵，安全大于天。 曾给他们讲看过的一篇文章，至今还记忆犹新，某火电公司在一化工工厂施工时，一位日本专家曾这样说施工人员："你们中国人的确有不怕死的可贵精神，在施工现场有不戴安全帽的现象。在日本，厂长，经理开会时安全帽都系得紧紧的。"这是对违章现象的莫大讽刺。它一针见血地言明了一些人安全意识的淡薄与无知，对自己的轻视就是对家庭和社会的犯罪。安全的警钟要常鸣，奉劝可叹的"勇士们"，收起你的蛮干和无知吧!有人说：安全生产的难点在我们自己，在我们自身的安全意识。仔细想想不无道理今天。"安全生产月"活动的展开，《安全生产法》的颁布实施，"两票三制"的严格执行。。。 这不都是为了搞好安全生产，领导和职工们用血的教训组成的努力与决心。安全的