2003华东师大考博英语阅读及答案
Passage 1
Birds sometimes exhibit benevolent feelings; they will feed the deserted young ones even of distinct species, but this perhaps ought to be considered as a mistaken instinct. They will feed, as shown in an earlier part of this work, adult birds of their own species which have become blind. Mr. Buxton gives a curious account of a parrot which took care of a frost-bitten and crippled bird of a distinct species, cleansed her feathers and defended her from the attacks of the other parrots which roamed freely about his garden. It is a still more curious fact that these birds apparently evince some sympathy for the pleasures of their fellows. When a pair of cockatoos made a nest in an acacia tree "it was ridiculous to see the extravagant interest taken in the matter by the others of the same species." These parrots also evinced unbounded curiosity and clearly had "the idea of property and possession." They have good memories, for in the Zoological Gardens they have plainly recognized their former masters after an interval of some months.
Birds possess acute powers of observation. Every mated bird, of course, recognizes its fellow. Audubon states that a certain number of mating thrushes (Mimus polyglottus) remain all the year round in Louisiana, while others migrate to the Eastern States; these latter on their return are instantly recognized and always attacked by their southern brethren. Birds under confinement distinguish different persons, as is proved by the strong and permanent antipath or affection which they show without any apparent cause toward certain individuals. I have heard of numerous instances with jays, partridges, canaries, and especially bullfinches. Mr. Husscy has described in how extraordinary a manner a tamed partidge recognized everybody; and its likes and dislikes were very strong This bird seemed "fond of gay colors, and no new gown or cap could be put on without catching his attention." Mr. Hcwitt has described the habits of some ducks (recenfiy descended from wild birds) which at the approach of a strange dog or cat would rush headlong into the water and exhaust themselves in their attempts to escape; but they knew Mr. Hewitt''s own dogs and cats so well that they would lie down and bask in the sun close to them. They always moved away from a strange man, and so they would from the lady who attended them if she made any great change in her dress. Audubon relates that he reared and tamed a wild turkey which always ran away from any strange dog; this bird escaped into the woods, and some days afterward Audubon saw, as he thought, a wild turkey and made his dog chase it; but to his astonishment the bird did not nm away, and the dog when he came up did not attack the bird, for they mutually recognized each other as old friends.
Mr. Jenner Weir is convinced that birds pay particular attention to the colors of other birds, sometimes out of jealousy and sometimes as a sign of kinship. Thus he turned a reed-bunting (Emberiza sehoeniculus), which had acquired its black headdress, into his aviary, and the newcomer was not noticed by any bird except by a bullfinch, which is likewise black-headed_ This bullfinch was a very quiet bird, and had never before quarreled with any of its comrades, including another reed-bunting, which had not as yet become black-headed; but the reed-bunting with a black head was so unmercifully treated that it had to be removed.
61. Why does Darwin cite Mr. Buxton?
A. To support his theory about birds'' powers of observation.
B. To support his statement about birds'' benevolence.
C. To contrast with his own observations of birds,
D. Both A and B.
62. Why does Darwin mention jays, partridges, canaries, and bullfinches?
A. To explain why some birds cannot be trained.
B. To educate his reader on types of local birds.
C. To contrast with a later discussion of shore birds.
D. To support his discussion of birds'' memories.
63. What does Darwin mean by "a sign of kinship"
A. Mark of common parentage.
B. Premonition of future union.
C. Symbol of compatibility.
D. Evidence of family relationship.
64. A good title for paragraph 3 might be
A. "Different-Colored Birds"
B. "Bullfinches and Their Colors"
C. "An Example of Color Recognitiion in Birds"
D. "Captive Birds"
65. The main purpose of this passage is to
A. compare three species of birds
B. review current studies of birds
C. compare wild birds to confined birds
D. discuss some traits of birds
Passage 2
At the end of what seemed a tedious while, I had managed to pack my head full of islands, towns, bars, "points," and bends; and a curiously inanimate mass of lamber it was, too. However, inasmuch as I could shut my eyes and reel off a good long string of these names without leaving out more than ten miles of river in every filly, I began to feel that I could make her skip those little gaps. But of course my complacency could hardly get start enough to lift my nose a trifle into the air, before Mr. Bixby would think of something to fetch it down again. One day he turned on me suddenly with this settler:
"What is the shape of Walnut Bend?"
He might as well have asked me my grandmother''s opinion of
protoplasm( 原生质)。I reflected respectfully, and then said I didn''t know it had any particular shape. My gunpowdery chief went off with a bang, of course, and then went on loading and firing until he was out of adjectives.
I had learned long ago that he only carried just so many rounds of ammunition, and was sure to subside into a very placable and even remorseful old smoothbore as soon as they were all gone. That word "old" is merely affectionate; he was not more than thirty-four. I waited. By and by he said:
"My boy, you''ve got to know the shape of the river perfectly. It is all there is left to steer by on a very dark night Everything else is blotted out and gone. But mind you, it hasn''t the same shape in the night that it has in the daytime."
"How on earth am I ever going to learn, then?"
"How do you follow a hall at home in the dark? Because you know the shape of it. You can''t see it."
"Do you mean to say that I''ve got to know all the million trifling variations of shape in the banks of this interminable river as well as I know the shape of the front hall at home?"
"On my honor, you''ve got to know them better than any man ever did know the shapes of the has in his own house."
"I wish I was dead!"
"Now I don''t want to discourage you, but" --
"Well pile it on me; ! might as well have it now as another time."
"You see, this has got to be learned; there isn''t any getting around it A clear starlight night throws such heavy shadows that, if you didn''t know the shape of a shore perfectly, you would claw away from every bunch of timber, because you would take the black shadow of it for a solid cape; and you see you would be getting scared to death every fifteen minutes by the watck You would be fifty yards from shore al the time when you ought to be within fifty feet of it. You can''t see a snag in
one of those shadows, but you know exactly where it is, and the shape of the river tells you when you are coming to it. Then there''s your pitch-dark night; the river is a very different shape on a pitch-dark night from what it is on a starlight night. All shores seem to be straight lines, then, and mighty dim ones, too; and you''d nm them for straight lines, only you know better. You boldly drive your boat right into what seems to be a solid straight wall (you knowing very well that in reality there is a curve there), and that wall falls back and makes way for you. Then there''s your gray mist. You take a night when there''s one of these grisly, drizzly, gray mists, and then there isn''t any particular shape to a shore. A gray mist would tangle the head of the oldest man that ever lived. Well, then different kinds of moonlight change the shape 0fthe river in different ways.
66. When Twain compares a question to asking his "grandmother''s opinion of protoplasm" (line 10 ), he means that
A. the question is inane.
B. the speaker is very old.
C. he does not know the answer.
D. his grandmother would be able to respond.
67 Twain compares his chief to a gun point out the chief''s
A. splendid posture
B. peppery temper
C. love of hunting
D. violent past
68. When Twain writes that Mr. Bixby "carried just so many rounds of ammunition," he means that
A. Bixby used a pistol to settle arguments
B. Bixby loaded and fired his gun at random
C. Bixby''s gun was out of bullets
D. Bixby''s hot temper would soon subside
69. Twain''s reaction to Mr. Bixby''s insistence on the need to know the river at night is
A. despair C. puzzlement
B. elation D. humility
70. Mr. Bixby is shown to be extremely
A. knowledgeable
B. rude
C. condescending
D. fearful
Passage 3
The United States court system, as part of the federal system of government, is characterized by dual judicial systems; there are both state and federal courts. Each state has its own system of courts, composed of civil and criminal trial courts, sometimes intermediate courts of appeal, and a state Supreme Court. The federal court system consists of a series of trial courts (called district courts) serving relatively small geographic regions (there is at least one for every state), a tier of circuit courts of appeal that hear appeals from many district courts in a particular geographic region, and the Supreme Court of the United Slates. The two court systems are to some extent overlapping, in that certain kinds of disputes may be initiated in either system. They are also to some extent hierarchical (等级制度的), for the federal system stands above the state system in that litigant (person engaged in lawsuits)who lose their cases in the state supreme court may appeal their eases to the Supreme Court of the United States.
Thus, the typical court case begins in a trial court-----a court of general jurisdiction-----in the state or federal system. Most cases go no further than the trial court; for example, the criminal defendant is convicted by a trial and sentenced by the court and the case end; the personal injury suit results in a judgment by a trial court (or an out-of-court settlement by the parties while the court suit is pending) and the parties leave the court system. But sometimes the losing party at the trial court cares enough about the cause that the matter does not end there. In these cases, the "loser" at the trial court may appeal to the next higher court.
71. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. Civil and criminal trial courts.
B. Typical court cases.
C. The court system in the United States.
D. The appeal court process.
72. According to the passage, district courts are also known as .
A. circuit courts C. supreme courts
B. intermediate courts D. trial courts
73. In the last sentence of the first paragraph, "engaged in" means .
A. committed to C. involved in
2015年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解 Paper One Part I Vocabulary and Structure(15%) Directions:There are30incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the centre. 1.Mo Yan is_____as one of China’s most talented writers. A.acclaimed B.claimed C.blamed D.studied 【答案】B 【解析】句意：莫言被称为中国最有才华的作家之一。be claimed as意为“被称为”，符合句意，故选B项。 2.There has been no twentieth-century anthropologist more_____or more controversial than Margaret Mead. A.imaginative B.hard-working C.celebrated D.strong-minded 【答案】C 【解析】句意：20世纪的人类学家中没有谁比玛格丽特·米德更著名或者说更有争议。备受争议从侧面说明了她比较出名，celebrated“著名的，有名望的”符合句意。故选C项。 https://www.doczj.com/doc/6413828533.html,munication satellites transmit information more_____than do ordinary shortwave radios. A.conveniently B.reliably C.accessibly D.concisely 【答案】B 【解析】句意：通讯卫星比普通的短波无线电通讯传送信息更加可靠。reliably可靠地。conveniently便利地，合宜的。accessibly可接近地，可得到地。concisely简洁地。这里强
北京外国语大学考博英语阅读真题解析Text4 It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story,“I love My Children,I Hate My Life,”is arousing much chatter–nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling,life-enriching experience.Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable,Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness:instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy,we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition.Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard,Senior writes that“the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.” （PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537)毫无疑问，Jennifer Senior在有煸动意味的的杂志封面故事中表达了 她的独到见解，“我爱我的孩子们，我讨厌我的生活”——这唤起了人们 的谈兴。人们一谈到养孩子就会觉得这是一件完全令人愉悦、生活充实的事 情。Jennifer Senior没有指出养孩子到底是使得父母快乐呢还是痛苦呢， 她倒是认为，我们需要重新定义幸福：幸福不应该是一个个瞬间的快乐组合 的可以被衡量的东西;我们应该把幸福视为一种过去式的状态。尽管抚养孩 子的日子漫长难熬，令人筋疲力尽，但是Jennifer Senior认为，正是那些 心绪沉重的时刻，日后却成为我们欢乐的源泉。 The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute
华东师大考博辅导班：2019华东师大社会发展学院考博难度解析及 经验分享 华东师范大学2019年我校采用申请考核、硕博连读、优秀本科应届推免生直接攻读博士学位（简称"直接攻博"）、普通招考四种方式招收博士研究生。采用申请考核招生方式的院系、专业、导师见专业目录：专业目录备注中标注有“招生方式为申请考核（或申请制）”的表明该院系、专业、导师以申请考核的方式招收博士研究生。硕博连读招生方式的生源对象为本校在读硕士研究生，具体选拔方式见我校研究生院培养处刊发的“华东师范大学2019年硕博连读研究生选拔通知（具体刊出时间见培养处相关通知）。”我校部分专业按专业招生，不按导师招生，详见专业目录中的备注说明。 下面是启道考博辅导班整理的关于华东师范大学社会发展学院考博相关内容。 一、院系简介 华东师范大学社会学学科具有悠久的历史，自1913年以来，沪江大学、大夏大学前辈的开拓性贡献为我校社会学各学科打下了坚实的基础，华东师大社会学学科是历经百年发展的根基雄厚的学科，由吴泽霖、谢六逸、言心哲、胡焕庸、罗永麟等学科大师开创基业，建立了深厚的学术传统。1979年中国大陆恢复发展社会学，在中国社会学会顾问言心哲教授带领下，华东师范大学率先建立社会学教研室，1982年建立全国首批社会学硕士点，并相继建立了人口学、民俗学、人类学、社会工作专业学位硕士点（包括全日制和非全日制），以及人口学博士点。现为社会学一级学科博士点，下设社会学、人口学、民俗学、人类学、社会工作与社会政策五个博士点，并建有社会学一级学科博士后科研流动站，接受国内外访问学者，博士后研究人员，以及海外来华留学硕士生和博士生。目前，还与美国纽约大学、法国巴黎高师集团合作开展联合培养双博士学位项目。 2009年底，在原有社会学系，人口研究所基础上，整合我校民俗学、人类学研究力量，建立了社会发展学院，下设社会学系、社会工作系、人口研究所、民俗学研究所和人类学研究所五个基本单位，各专业得到均衡发展和有效管理。社会发展学院是教育部人文社科重点研究基地中国现代城市研究中心的主力单位之一，与纽约大学社会工作学院密切合作，在上海纽约大学建立了华东师范大学-纽约大学社会发展联合研究中心，下属的上海市社会科学创新研究基地（上海人口结构与发展趋势方向）是经教育部认定的省部级研究基地，社会学研究中心、社会调查中心、青少年与社会工作研究中心、华东师范大学?内蒙古大学民俗、
武汉大学 2017年攻读博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题 （满分值100分） 科目名称：英语科目代码：1101 注意：所有的答题内容必须写在答案纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。 Part I Reading Comprehension (2’×20 = 40 points) Directions:In this part of the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One Mr Gordon is right that the second industrial revolution involved never-to-be-repeated changes. But that does not mean that driverless cars count for nothing. Messrs Erixon and Weigel are also right to worry about the West’s dismal recent record in producing new companies. But many old firms are not run by bureaucrats and have reinvented themselves many times over: General Electric must be on at least its ninth life. And the impact of giant new firms born in the past 20 years such as Uber, Google and Facebook should not be underestimated: they have all the Schumpeterian characteristics the authors admire. On the pessimists’ side the strongest argument relies not on closely watching corporate and investor behavior but rather on macro-level statistics on productivity. The figures from recent years are truly dismal. Karim Foda, of the Brookings Institution, calculates that labor productivity in the rich world is growing at its slowest rate since 1950. Total factor productivity (which tries to measure innovation) has grown at just 0.1% in advanced economies since 2004, well below its historical average. Optimists have two retorts. The first is that there must be something wrong with the figures. One possibility is that they fail to count the huge consumer surplus given away free of charge on the internet. But this is unconvincing. The official figures may well be understating the impact of the internet revolution, just as they downplayed the impact of electricity and cars in the past, but they are not understating it enough to explain the recent decline in productivity growth. Another, second line of argument that the productivity revolution has only just begun is more persuasive. Over the past decade many IT companies may have focused on things that were more “fun than fundamental” in Paul Krugman’s phrase.But Silicon Valley’s best companies are certainly focusing on things that change the material world.
育明考博 免费咨询报名电话：400-668-6978咨询QQ：493371626（李老师） 2015考博QQ交流群105619820 2015考博QQ英语群335488903 2015考博QQ专业课群157460416 2015长安大学考博英语分析 一、招考介绍 从整体上看，由于博士生招生形势的不断发展各院校博士生入学考试的难度越来越大，对考生的外语水平要求也越来越高，特别是听、说能力。攻读博士学位的学生，一方面应该具备坚实的专业理论基础和扎实的科研能力，另一方面还应该具备较高水平的外语能力。 二、联系导师 在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。 大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。 通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种： （1）、欢迎报考。这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。 （2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。其实这样还是比较好的一种回答，最起码导师没有骗你而且给你机会去证明自己，考的好就可以上。 (3）、你的研究方向和我一样......各种一大堆他的研究方向和你相关，欢迎报考什么的话。不
中央民族大学考博英语阅读真题及其解析When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend.A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although,in the manner of a disgraced government minister,I covered my exit by claiming“I wanted to spend more time with my family". Curiously,some two-and-a-half years and two novels later,my experiment in what the Americans term"downshifting"has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality.I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of“have it all",preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything. I have discovered,as perhaps Kelsey will after her Geng duo yuan xiao zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress,that abandoning the doctrine of "juggling your life",and making the alternative move into “downshifting”brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed:12-hour working days,pressured deadlines,the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on“quality time”.
博士研究生英语教学 一．教学目的及目标 以感受语言，认识语言，应用语言为主导，以提高学生的实际应用能力为目标。在反思语言习得的过程中，探索一种全新的教学模式（源于且高于单一语言层面的教学，即基于语篇层面的文本结构，在语篇层面上对文本进行三位一体的诠释，了解英美族人的思维方式），增强论文和学术研究中的批判性思维的意识，培养批判性思维的习惯（通过洞察力达到更深层次的知识和理解），强化创造性技能（区别于侧重于以听力和阅读为主导的接受性技能），即提高学生交际和写作的能力，使之符合清晰性、准确性、精确性、相关性、深度、广度、逻辑和意义的评价标准（限于课时，故侧重于理念教学，本源教学，形态教学，方法论教学，从认识论的角度培养学生的解构能力）。 二．教学理念 从传统的侧重于语言层面的教学观念转移到以思维层面为主导，兼顾语言层面的全新的教学观念，即了解英美族人怎么想、怎么组织思想、怎么表达的思维层面，从而实现正确的交际目的（怎么用），完善学习的对象（学以致用），而不只停留在单一的体现语法与词汇的语句即语言层面。语言是表达思想的物质载体, 是逻辑思维的工具, 是思维过程的再现；而思维对世界的反映是借助于语言来实现的。 三．教学定位
以思维模式为切入点（显著区别于本科生，即通过纯粹的联想或死记硬背以及练习来完成的低阶段的学习；硕士生，即大量的知识积累却缺乏知识自身的相关逻辑；以及其他兄弟院校的英语教学，具有武汉大学特色的博士研究生英语教学），提高学生的综合分析能力，倡导英语学习的方法论，以期突破英语学习的瓶颈问题。知其然更力求知其所以然，强化实践过程中的批判性思维能力（分析性、逻辑性、系统化）。 四．教学手段/方法 以三位一体（角度的界定，文献的摘录，功能的区分）的训练方法完成对文本的解构，运用批判性思维的分析能力，以期了解英美族人的思维方式即what to write，组织布局即how to write和结构功能即why to write。如下所示： 五．教学内容及计划 在一学期的课堂教学实践中，重点比较，解析不同文章（分别为不同风格的书籍、评论及演讲的体裁，以及兼顾文理学科的有关计算机、经济与哲学的不同题材），通过异同点的比较，
华东师范大学 博士学位研究生入学考试 英语试卷 Paper One Part I Listening Comprehension 15% (20 minutes) Section A Directions:In this section, you will hear ten short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. 1. A. From the policemen. C. In the town. B. In the car. D. At the police station. 2. A. Doctor. C. Receptionist. B. Secretary. D. Patient. 3. A. Mr. Bixy's secretary. C. A typist. B. Mr. Bixby's friend. D. Mr. Bixby's client. 4. A. Ron. C. Lucy. B. Ron's friend. D. Lucy's husband. 5. A. Visiting as many places as he can. C. Visiting his friends here. B. Visiting a variety of museums. D. Visiting the art museums. 6. A. The first speaker's is going to spend the weekend there and then visit some friends. 1
2011年 一、名词解释（30 分）： 道法自然 老子对道的性质的概括。《老子》二十五章：“人法地，地法天，天法道，道法自然。”河上公注：“道性自然无所法也。”意谓道对外无所法，以自己自然而然的存在为法。王弼则注曰：“法自然者，在方而法方，在圆而法圆，于自然无所违也。”谓道以自然为法则。兼爱 墨子看来：“天下兼相爱则治，交相恶则乱。”（《兼爱上》）一旦做到了“兼爱”，就会出现一个“强不执弱，众不劫寡，富不侮贫，贵不傲贱，诈不谋愚”的合理的、公正的理想社会。（见《兼爱中》）墨子提倡的“兼相爱”是以“交相利”作为基础的，也是以“交相利”为具体内容的。因为“爱人者，人必从而爱之，利人者，人必从而利之”（《兼爱中》），人人相爱相利，社会上相互残杀争夺的现象就自然消灭，也就达到了天下太平的大治局面。墨家兼爱无差等，儒家仁爱有差等。 一念三千 天台宗之佛学思想。一念即一念心，三千即三千世界，总括一切法之谓。三千世界即一切现象皆存在于一念心之中，皆为同一真如本心之显现，所以说“一念三千”。 天台宗之观法，观一念之心而具三千诸法也。一心三观，北齐慧文禅师于中论发之。一念三千，天台大师于法华经发之。三千者，地狱，饿鬼，畜生，阿修罗，人，天，声闻，缘觉，菩萨，佛之境界为界，据由圆融之妙理。此十界互具十界，则相乘而为百界，百界一一有性，相，体，力，作，因，缘，果，报，本末究竟十如之义，则相乘而为千如，此千如各有众生，国土，五阴三世间之别，则相乘而为三千世间。于是一切之法尽矣。止观五上曰：“夫一心具十法界，一法界又具十法界百法界，一界具三十种世间，百法界即具三千种世间，此三千在一念心。若无心而己，介尔有心，即具三千。”止观五曰：“问一念具十法界，为作念具？为任运具？答：诸性自尔，非作所成。如一微尘，具十方分。” 理一分殊 这个命题起源于对张载《西铭》篇的理解。 张载在《西铭》中根据人和万物都是气的聚合，从而认为，民众都是我的同胞，万物都是我的朋友。程颐的弟子杨时因此认为，这里有墨子“兼爱”思想的嫌疑。程颐回答说，张载和墨子不同，张并不主张兼爱，这里只是“理一分殊”。即理是一个，比如都是忠孝仁义，但由于各人的地位不同，所以他们只能执行各自的职能，如作为臣子应当尽忠，作为儿子应当尽孝等等。朱熹一方面继承了程氏的这个主张，另一方面又将这个命题发展为一般和个别的普遍关系。 依气的聚散学说，人和万物都是气的凝聚，气中的理也都是相同的，那么，人和万物的理应该都是一样的。气中之理，在聚合为人或事物时，气是被分割开了，理是否也有个分割的问题呢？朱熹认为，不是的，理没有分割的问题。每个具体物中的理和气中那个普遍的理，是完全一样的，就像江河湖海所有水中的月亮和天上的月亮没有差别一样。 朱熹融合了佛教一即一切，一切即一和月印万川的思想，把理一分殊作为其理一元论哲学的重要命题。 俱分进化 中国近代思想家章太炎提出的关于社会历史进化的理论。认为在社会的进化过程中，善和恶、苦和乐是"双方并进"的。1906年章太炎在《民报》第七号发表的《俱分进化论》一文，比较集中地阐述了这一理论。他说：社会的进化，"若以道德言，则善亦进化，恶亦进
中央民族大学考博英语阅读真题Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive,the science uncertain?That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way?Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades,some10million smokers went to early graves. There are upsetting parallels today,as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming.The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences,enlisted by the White House,to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is （PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made.The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves.The president of the National Academy,Bruce Alberts,added this key point in the preface to the panel's report“Science never has all the answers.But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future,and it is critical that out nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”Just as on smoking,voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete,that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure.This is a dangerous game:by the 100percent of the evidence is in,it may be too late.With the risks obvious and growing,a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.Fortunately,the White House is starting to pay attention. But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously.Instead of a plan of action,they
2015年武汉大学考博英语真题及详解 Part ⅠReading Comprehension (2×20=40分) Directions: In this part for the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.”That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. T o make up for his offence, society must get even. This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who had committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract
中国人民大学考博英语阅读真题摘录In his book The Tipping Point,Malcolm Aladuell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals,often called influentials,who are unusually informed,persuasive,or well-connected.The idea is intuitively compelling,but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread. The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the“two step flow of communication”:Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to ereryone else.Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials,those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of people was wearing,promoting or developing whaterver it is before anyone else paid attention.Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends. （PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) In their recent work,however,some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed.In fact,they don’t seem to be required of all. The researchers’argument stems from a simple obserrating about social influence,with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media,not
华东师大考博辅导班：2019华东师大国际汉语文化学院考博难度解 析及经验分享 华东师范大学2019年我校采用申请考核、硕博连读、优秀本科应届推免生直接攻读博士学位（简称"直接攻博"）、普通招考四种方式招收博士研究生。采用申请考核招生方式的院系、专业、导师见专业目录：专业目录备注中标注有“招生方式为申请考核（或申请制）”的表明该院系、专业、导师以申请考核的方式招收博士研究生。硕博连读招生方式的生源对象为本校在读硕士研究生，具体选拔方式见我校研究生院培养处刊发的“华东师范大学2019年硕博连读研究生选拔通知（具体刊出时间见培养处相关通知）。”我校部分专业按专业招生，不按导师招生，详见专业目录中的备注说明。 下面是启道考博辅导班整理的关于华东师范大学国际汉语文化学院考博相关内容。 一、院系简介 2017年10月，学校在对外汉语学院、国际汉语教师研修基地的基础上组建华东师范大学国际汉语文化学院。国际汉语文化学院下设汉语国际教育系、汉语言系、汉语基础教学中心、汉语教师培训中心4个系级教学科研单位，以及应用语言研究所和非物质文化遗产保护研究中心2个科研机构。学院是国家汉办对外汉语教学基地、国务院侨办华文教学基地、上海市华文教育基地，也是全国最大的HSK（汉语水平考试）考点之一。现有2个本科专业（汉语国际教育、汉语言），6个学术型硕士点（文艺学、语言学及应用语言学、汉语言文字学、中国古代文学、中国现当代文学、比较文学与世界文学）、1个专业学位硕士点（汉语国际教育）、4个学术型博士点（文艺学、语言学及应用语言学、国际汉语教育、汉语言文字学）以及1个教育博士点（汉语国际教育）。学院以汉语研究、中国文化研究为基础研究，汉语国际教育研究为应用研究，三位一体，共同发展，其教学质量、办学特点和科研实力得到国内外同行的广泛认可，享有盛誉。 （1）学科体系完善，学位点全面。 （2）导师队伍优秀，梯队建设合理。 （3）专业优势突显，尤其是对外汉语教学专业、对比语言学、民俗学在全国居于引领地位。 （4）学生就业趋向开阔，大部分就业于国内外高校和研究所、党政机关、国内外汉语教学机构、新闻出版、企事业等单位。
2003年武汉大学考博英语真题及详解 Part I Reading Comprehension（30%） Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage: We are told that the mass media are the greatest organs for enlightenment that the world has yet seen; that in Britain, for instance, several million people see each issue of the current affairs program, Panorama. It is true that never in human history were so many people so often and so much exposed to many intimations about societies, forms of life, attitudes other than those which obtain in their local societies. This kind of exposure may well be a point of departure for acquiring certain important intellectual and imaginative qualities; width of judgment, a sense of the variety of possible attitudes. Yet in itself such exposure does not bring intellectual or imaginative development. It is no more than the masses of stone which lie around in a quarry（采石场）and which may, conceivably, go to the making of a cathedral. The mass media cannot build the cathedral, and their way of showing the stones does not always prompt others to build. For the stones are presented within a self-contained and self-sufficient world in which, it is implied,