2 An Architecture for Homogenizing Federated Databases

Biomimicry, the practice of emulating nature's efficient designs, has emerged as a revolutionary approach in the field of architecture. This summary aims to provide an overview of the key concepts, applications, and benefits of biomimicry in architecture.IntroductionArchitecture has historically been influenced by various factors, including cultural, social, and technological advancements. However, with the increasing awareness of environmental sustainability, biomimicry has gained significant attention as a means to create buildings that are not only functional but also harmonious with nature. By studying and replicating the strategies employed by nature,architects can design structures that are energy-efficient, durable, and aesthetically pleasing.Key Concepts of Biomimicry in Architecture1. Inspiration from NatureThe core concept of biomimicry in architecture is to draw inspiration from nature's designs. This involves studying the ways in which living organisms adapt to their environments and incorporating these strategies into building design. For example, the structure of a honeycomb is an efficient use of space, which has been replicated in the design of honeycomb-shaped solar panels.2. Self-Organizing SystemsNature has developed self-organizing systems that are highly efficient and adaptable. Biomimicry in architecture aims to mimic these systems, such as the self-healing properties of human skin or the modular nature of certain plants. By incorporating these concepts, architects can create buildings that are more resilient and adaptable to changing conditions.3. Passive DesignPassive design is a key aspect of biomimicry in architecture. This approach focuses on using natural systems to reduce the need forartificial energy sources. Examples include the use of natural ventilation, solar shading, and thermal mass to regulate indoor temperatures. This not only reduces energy consumption but also creates a more comfortable living environment.Applications of Biomimicry in Architecture1. Green RoofsGreen roofs, also known as living roofs, are an excellent example of biomimicry in architecture. These roofs are covered with vegetation, which helps to insulate the building, reduce stormwater runoff, and improve air quality. This concept is inspired by the natural insulating properties of vegetation found in nature.2. Geothermal EnergyGeothermal energy is another application of biomimicry in architecture. By tapping into the Earth's natural heat, buildings can be heated or cooled without the need for traditional energy sources. This approach is inspired by the Earth's internal heat, which is a key factor in regulating the planet's climate.3. Structural InsulationThe use of natural materials, such as bamboo or straw, for structural insulation is another example of biomimicry in architecture. These materials have excellent insulating properties and are biodegradable, making them a sustainable alternative to traditional insulation materials.Benefits of Biomimicry in Architecture1. Energy EfficiencyBy emulating nature's efficient designs, biomimicry in architecture can significantly reduce energy consumption, leading to lower utility bills and a smaller carbon footprint.2. Environmental SustainabilityBiomimicry promotes the use of sustainable materials and practices, which helps to minimize the impact of buildings on the environment.3. Aesthetic and Health BenefitsBiomimicry in architecture can lead to aesthetically pleasing buildings that enhance the well-being of their occupants. Natural materials and design principles can contribute to a healthier indoor environment, reducing stress and promoting relaxation.ConclusionBiomimicry in architecture offers a promising approach to creating sustainable, energy-efficient, and aesthetically pleasing buildings. By studying and emulating nature's designs, architects can design structures that are not only functional but also harmonious with the environment. As the world becomes increasingly aware of the importance of sustainability, biomimicry is poised to play a significant role in shaping the future of architecture.。

English for Architecture
Unit 2 Construction Engineering
Read to Know
Construction Engineering 建筑施工
All civil engineering projects have four distinct phases: planning, designing, construction and operation. The construction phase turns the project design into reality and the civil engineering contractor is responsible for the construction work. His overall objective is to complete the construction work efficiently within an estimated time to maximize his profits on the contract.
现场准备 包括移走和清理拟建场地地表上所有的建筑和生长物。对于小型建筑和树木采用推土机即
可，大型建筑必须拆除。
Unit 2 Construction Engineering
Earthmoving This includes excavation and the placement of earth fill. Excavation follows preparation of the site, and is performed when the existing grade must be brought down to a new elevation. Excavation generally starts with the separate stripping of the organic topsoil, which is later reused for landscaping around the new structure. Excavation may be done by any several excavaters, such as shovels, draglines, clamshells, cranes, scrapers .

初三英语过去将来时句子转一般过去时练习题20题1<背景文章>Tom had always dreamed of an exciting vacation. He planned that he would go to the beach and swim in the clear blue sea. He thought he would build sandcastles and watch the beautiful sunsets. He also hoped that he would visit some historical places and learn about different cultures.However, when the vacation finally came, things didn't go exactly as he had planned. Instead of going to the beach, he ended up going to a mountain resort. There, he went hiking and enjoyed the fresh air and beautiful scenery. He also visited a small village and experienced the local way of life.In the end, Tom realized that even though his vacation didn't turn out as he had expected, it was still an amazing experience.1. Tom originally planned to go to _______.A. a mountain resortB. a historical placeC. the beachD. a small village答案：C。

architectural practices -回复Architectural Practices: Creating Functional and Aesthetic SpacesIntroduction:Architectural practices play a crucial role in shaping the world we live in. From soaring skyscrapers to humble residential homes, architecture combines functionality with aesthetic appeal to create spaces that enhance our lives. In this article, we will take astep-by-step approach to understand the process and principles behind architectural practices.1. Conceptualizing the Design:The first step in any architectural practice is conceptualizing the design. Architects draw inspiration from various sources, including natural elements, cultural influences, and client requirements. They analyze the site's context, weather conditions, and social aspects to develop a design concept that addresses these factors. This conceptualization phase is crucial as it sets the foundation for the rest of the architectural process.2. Initial Design Development:Once the design concept is established, architects proceed to develop the initial design. This involves translating the concept into drawings and plans. Architects use a variety of tools and techniques, such as computer-aided design (CAD) software, to create detailed floor plans, elevations, sections, and three-dimensional models. These drawings help visualize the design and ensure that it meets functional requirements and regulations.3. Functional Analysis:Functionality is a core aspect of architectural practices. Architects analyze the spatial requirements of the building, considering factors such as circulation, ergonomics, and accessibility. They also study the programmatic needs, determining the relationships between different spaces and their functionalities. This functional analysis ensures that the design optimizes space usage and accommodates the intended activities.4. Material Selection and Sustainability:Sustainability has become a significant consideration in modern architectural practices. Architects carefully select materials that are environmentally friendly, energy-efficient, and long-lasting. They explore sustainable building techniques, such as green roofs, solar panels, and rainwater harvesting systems, to minimize the building's impact on the environment. By embracing sustainable practices, architects contribute to a more eco-friendly and sustainable future.5. Structural Design and Engineering:Architectural practices incorporate structural design and engineering principles to ensure the safety and stability of the building. Architects collaborate with structural engineers to design the structural system, considering factors such as load-bearing capacity, seismic resistance, and wind loads. They also account for materials' properties, such as their strength and durability, to create a solid and structurally sound building.6. Construction Documentation and Specifications:Architects prepare detailed construction documentation, includingplans, sections, and specifications, to guide builders during construction. These documents outline construction details, material specifications, and quality standards. Architects also collaborate with contractors and suppliers to address any queries or concerns during the construction process. Clear and comprehensive construction documentation ensures the design intent is maintained during construction.7. Project Management and Coordination:Architectural practices involve project management and coordination to ensure a successful outcome. Architects oversee the project's progress, ensuring that it adheres to the design intent and meets the client's expectations. They coordinate with various stakeholders, including builders, subcontractors, and suppliers, to ensure smooth execution. Effective project management ensures that the project stays on schedule, within budget, and meets all necessary standards.8. Interior Design and Finishes:Interior design is an essential aspect of architectural practices.Architects collaborate with interior designers to create cohesive interior spaces that complement the overall design. They select finishes, such as flooring, wall treatments, and lighting, that enhance the aesthetics of the space. Architects ensure that the interior design aligns with the functional requirements and design intent, creating a harmonious and pleasing environment.9. Post-Construction Evaluation:Once the building is completed, architects conductpost-construction evaluations to assess the performance of the design and identify any areas for improvement. They analyze factors such as energy efficiency, thermal comfort, and user satisfaction. Feedback from the occupants of the building helps architects refine their future designs and continuously improve their architectural practices.Conclusion:Architectural practices involve a step-by-step process that combines creativity, functionality, and sustainability to create inspiring spaces. From conceptualizing the design topost-construction evaluations, architects work diligently to bring their vision to life. By considering the site context, incorporating sustainable practices, and ensuring structural integrity, architects shape our built environment in a way that enhances our lives and fosters a sustainable future.。

小学上册英语第5单元综合卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.I like to ______ (参加) community service.2.What do we call an animal that only eats plants?A. CarnivoreB. HerbivoreC. OmnivoreD. InsectivoreB3.Plants use __________ (光合作用) to make food.4.The bread is ___. (fresh)5.I want to learn how to _______ (技能). It could help me in my future _______ (职业).6.What is the chemical symbol for potassium?A. KB. KrC. PD. Pt7.I see a _____ in the sky. (cloud)8. A ______ (有机农业) promotes healthier ecosystems.9.Acids taste ______.10.What is the main ingredient in pesto sauce?A. BasilB. ParsleyC. CilantroD. Rosemary11.What do you call a large, slow-moving animal with a shell?A. TurtleB. SlothC. SnailD. ArmadilloA12.The rabbit loves to dig in the _________. (土壤)13.I like to wear ___ (hats) in the sun.14.The frog sits on a ______.15.The bridge is very ___ (strong).16.What is the name of the longest river in the world?A. AmazonB. NileC. YangtzeD. MississippiB17.What do we do to express gratitude?A. YellB. ThankC. IgnoreD. FrownB18.Birds build _______ (巢) in trees.19.The _______ (Egyptian Pharaohs) ruled over ancient Egypt for thousands of years.20.The parakeet loves to sing and _______ (跳舞).21.My grandmother tells me __________. (故事)22.The pH scale measures how ______ or basic a solution is.23.The ice cream is ______ on a hot day. (refreshing)24.I see a ________ (彩虹) after the rain.25.What do you wear on your feet?A. HatB. GlovesC. ShoesD. ScarfC26.Which fruit is known for having seeds on the outside?A. GrapesB. StrawberryC. BlueberryD. RaspberryB27.We have a ______ (快乐的) family dinner every Sunday.28.green architecture) promotes sustainable building practices. The ____29.The chemical symbol for tungsten is ________.30.The _______ (The Great Society) aimed to eliminate poverty and racial injustice.31.What is 3 x 4?A. 10B. 11C. 12D. 1332.I want to ________ (influence) positive change.33.What do you call the longest bone in the human body?A. TibiaB. FemurC. HumerusD. Radius34.How many players are there in a basketball team?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 8A35.What do we call the period of time before written records?A. AncientB. PrehistoricC. MedievalD. ModernB36.What is the name of the famous French landmark known for its iron lattice structure?A. Eiffel TowerB. Louvre MuseumC. Arc de TriompheD. Notre-Dame Cathedral37.I call my friend’s mom __________. (阿姨)38.What do you call a young penguin?A. ChickB. PupC. CalfD. Kit39.How many players are on a soccer team?A. 9B. 10C. 11D. 1240.I enjoy playing outside with my ______.41.I want to travel to ________ (意大利) one day.42.She is _____ (writing) in her notebook.43.My cousin is very __________ (有趣)。

小学下册英语第四单元测验试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The Earth's crust is constantly being reshaped by ______ forces.2.The __________ (历史的展现) reflects our journey.3.The _______ (老虎) is known for its strength.4.The chemical formula for aluminum sulfate is _____.5.I have _____ (ten/twenty) fingers.6.__________ (惰性气体) are used in lighting and welding due to their non-reactive nature.7.The _____ (松鼠) stores acorns for winter.8.My __________ likes gardening. (妈妈)9.My grandmother loves to __________. (讲故事)10.I love to ______ (dance) to music.11.Which holiday celebrates the New Year?A. ChristmasB. ThanksgivingC. New Year's DayD. Halloween答案:C12.His favorite color is ________.13.My hamster loves to explore its ______ (笼子).14.What do you call a person who flies an airplane?A. PilotB. EngineerC. MechanicD. Navigator答案:A15.What is the capital of Nigeria?A. LagosB. AbujaC. KanoD. Port Harcourt答案:B16.What is the sound of a clock?A. Tick-tockB. RingC. BeepD. Buzz答案:A17.She is _____ (practicing) her dance moves.18.What is the name of the longest river in the world?A. AmazonB. NileC. MississippiD. Yangtze答案:B19.There are _____ (三) birds in the tree.20._____ (根系) help to absorb water and nutrients.21.My brother is good at ____ (drawing) cartoons.22.The ________ (环境适应策略) is developed over time.23.The ancient Egyptians built temples for their ________.24.The sky is _______ (很蓝)。

高中英语世界著名科学家单选题50题1. Albert Einstein was born in ____.A. the United StatesB. GermanyC. FranceD. England答案：B。

解析：Albert Einstein（阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦）出生于德国。

本题主要考查对著名科学家爱因斯坦国籍相关的词汇知识。

在这几个选项中，the United States是美国，France是法国，England是英国，而爱因斯坦出生于德国，所以选B。

2. Isaac Newton is famous for his discovery of ____.A. electricityB. gravityC. radioactivityD. relativity答案：B。

解析：Isaac Newton 艾萨克·牛顿）以发现万有引力gravity）而闻名。

electricity是电，radioactivity是放射性，relativity 是相对论，这些都不是牛顿的主要发现，所以根据对牛顿主要成就的了解，选择B。

3. Marie Curie was the first woman to win ____ Nobel Prizes.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four答案：B。

解析：Marie Curie 居里夫人）是第一位获得两项诺贝尔奖的女性。

这题主要考查数字相关的词汇以及对居里夫人成就的了解，她在放射性研究等方面的贡献使她两次获得诺贝尔奖，所以选B。

4. Thomas Edison is well - known for his invention of ____.A. the telephoneB. the light bulbC. the steam engineD. the computer答案：B。

解析：Thomas Edison（ 托马斯·爱迪生）以发明电灯（the light bulb）而闻名。

建筑专业英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. What is the term for the main vertical structural element in a building?A. ColumnB. BeamC. SlabD. Foundation2. The process of applying plaster to walls is known as:A. TilingB. RenderingC. PlasteringD. Drywalling3. Which of the following is a type of roofing material?A. BrickB. ConcreteC. AsphaltD. Glass4. The term "architectural scale" refers to:A. A set of rules for building designB. A tool used for measuring distances on architectural drawingsC. A method of constructionD. A type of building material5. What is the function of a lintel in construction?A. To support a wallB. To support a door or window openingC. To provide insulationD. To prevent water infiltration6. The abbreviation "RC" in construction stands for:A. Reinforced CementB. Roof ConstructionC. Residential ConstructionD. Raw Concrete7. The term "load-bearing wall" is used to describe a wall that:A. Carries the weight of the roof and floorsB. Is used for decorationC. Is non-structuralD. Separates rooms8. What does "green building" refer to?A. A building covered in plantsB. A building made from recycled materialsC. A building designed to reduce environmental impactD. A building with a lot of windows for natural light9. The process of attaching a building to the ground is known as:A. AnchoringB. FoundationingC. GroundingD. Embedding10. What is the purpose of a "cantilever" in construction?A. To provide additional supportB. To allow a structure to extend beyond its supportC. To increase the height of a buildingD. To create a decorative effect二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）11. The structural system that uses a series of arches to distribute weight is known as a _______.12. The process of cutting and shaping stone is known as_______.13. A _______ is a type of joint that allows for some movement between connected parts.14. The term "facade" refers to the front of a building, which is often the _______ of the structure.15. The _______ is the part of a building that connects the roof to the walls.三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）16. Explain the difference between "load-bearing" and "non-load-bearing" walls.17. Describe the role of a "cantilever" in architectural design.18. What is the significance of "sustainability" in modern architecture?19. Discuss the importance of "thermal insulation" in building construction.四、翻译题（每题5分，共30分）20. Translate the following sentence into English:“悬挑结构能够创造出独特的建筑形态，但同时也需要精心的设计以确保结构的稳定性。

SECTION 1: ARCHITECTURE 11.4 Great Architects and Their Masterpieces1.4.1 Zaha Hadid — Space for Art①Architectural expectations for a museum are always high because of the aspirationthat the structures themselves might be works of art. But hopes were especially elevatedat the CAC②, where the building would effectively become the only artifact permanentlyowned by a museum that pointedly does not collect. The CAC was not only commissioning a structure but also committing itself to an image that might affirm itslong-standing record as an innovative, risk-taking institution. On several occasions—most famously in its support of a controversial exhibition of photographs byRobert Mapplethorpe—the CAC took stands that attracted national attention. With thechoice of London architect Zaha Hadid, the museum affirmed its own traditions of“innovation and free inquiry” by hiring an architect with a comparable record of uncompromising integrity.Hadid’s building is quietly complicit③with its surroundings because it growsindirectly out of the city. Sited opposite large-scale modern structures, but adjacent toolder buildings in a more finely grained urban fabric, Hadid’s design pivots④the newer neighborhood to the older, suturing⑤two sides of a split boulevard. The architect recallsthe scale of the adjacent older section because, conceptually, she tooktraditionally-scaled building volumes, laid them on their sides, and then rolled themtoward Sixth Street like so many Cleopatras in a rug: the volumes stack lengthwise alongthe street, and the carpet turns up the back wall of the site. By looking at the urbancontext broadly and transforming buildings in the older city into abstract after-images,she automatically inherits the scale of the city in her stacked cluster. The materiality ofthe volumes, surfaced mostly in precast concrete panels left raw, refers to the newer①This text is from Joseph Giovannini: Zaha Hadid Space for Art, 1st Edition, Switzerland: LarsMuller Publishers, 2004.②CAC：Contemporary Arts Center, Cincinnati, USA③complicit a. having complicity④pivot v. axis consisting of a short shaft that supports something that turns⑤suture v. an immovable joint2建筑专业英语concrete structures across the street. Like the older building neighbors, all slightlydifferent, the volumes are variously sized and shaped, and displaced in what appears tobe a Rubik’s Cube rocked slightly out of regularity. Hadid’s building, then, does notstand aloof in detached aesthetic object-hood. Without being literal, Hadid derived herbuilding from the surrounding context and then wove her building back into the fabricthrough plays of scale and material. One of the most formally gifted architectspracticing today, Hadid is also a dedicated urbanist. She believes in dense, intense citiesas a forum and springboard①for lively democratic societies, and in downtownCincinnati, she invites the streetscape into the building via what she calls an “urbancarpet”. The architect simply extends the idea of the sidewalk into the building, throughthe lobby, to the back, where the concrete floor curves up to form the rear wall of theseven-story structure. In the canyon between this verticalized sidewalk and the volumesstacked along the street, long steel channels of stairs scissor their way past the galleriesand administrative floors up to the children’s Museum on the sixth floor.Hadid’s dancing flight of angled stairs is a successor of the ramp of Frank Lloyd Wright’s Guggenheim. Both handle the verticality of a tight city site, encouragingvisitors onto an architectural promenade②instead of ushering③them through a mazeof white spaces or an enfilade of doors in a line-up of rooms. The stairwell is notremoved from the museum experience but plays an active role in shaping it. Hadid’sstairs, however, improve on the Guggenheim ramp. They lead visitors to expansivelandings in Piranesian atria④that double as galleries opening into other galleries,located within the stacked volumes at the front of the building. Hadid keeps herramp-like stairs detached from the galleries, so that visitors never feel they are lookingat works of art from a traffic lane. The stacked gallery volumes and elevator banks areseparated, creating flows of interior space that climb through a porous interior. Naturallight washes down and through the interior from skylights above the stairs.……The CAC competition brief originally called for adaptable loft-like spaces, but Hadid proposed instead what she termed “a catalogue of galleries” that collectively, allowed for avariety of viewing environments-short and tall, grand and intimate, structured andunstructured. Individually defined on the outside by their separate respective volumes, thegalleries may appear simple, but each prism is different in size, material and lighting.①springboard n. a flexible board for jumping upward②promenade n. a public area set aside as a pedestrian walk③usher v. someone employed to conduct others④atria n. the central area in a building; open to the skySECTION 1: ARCHITECTURE 3……Some critics misconstrue Hadid’s elusive end illusory geometries as arbitrary. Theyare, instead, highly disciplined results of a rigorous design process and philosophy aboutthe change and perceptual flux that permeate our world: Hadid’s architecture isanti-classical because spaces and shapes exist in a constant becoming that is neitherPlatonic nor eternal. The instability of forms always changing relative to each other on apromenade creates an interpretative space that stimulates the eye and mind to make itsown sense and find its owe order. In Cincinnati, her forms and spaces deliver visitors tothe art preconditioned for the experience.But the architectural statement that now presides in the middle of Cincinnati is notjust a work of art: Hadid has also designed a portrait building that captures the characterof this experimental institution, consolidates①its identity and expands its mission.Hadid’s design ushers the CAC and its programs into a more public arena that is participatory, democratic, and open. The building represents the kind of stand andstatement people would expect the CAC to make. After its long sojourn②in a nearbymall, the Center has succeeded in repositioning the institution in the city—and perhapsin the national consciousness, meanwhile the art in it achieves a larger life through environmental experience Hadid has invented. Art and institution both escape thecooling limitations of the white box. Museums today are taking the lead as patrons ofadvanced thinking in architecture. With its new building, the CAC has taken the leadamong museums.ExercisesI. Fill in the blanks with the correct answer.1.Zaha Hadid’s architectural drawings are more often like paintings than workingdrawings, which express architecture so free that it appears to ______ gravity.A. controlB. changeC. escapeD. catch2.Hadid’s boldness lies precisely in the fact that she does not compromise withconventions but behaves as an .A. archeologistB. engineerC. artistD. inventor3.Hadid’s structures came close to an experience of space exploding _______ tensionand movement.①consolidate v. make firm or secure; strengthen②sojourn n. a temporary stay4建筑专业英语A. byB. atC. withD. in4.With the choice of London architect Zaha Hadid, the museum affirmed its owntraditions of “innovation and free inquiry” hiring an architect with acomparable record of uncompromising integrity.A. byB. inC. atD. with5.The first woman to win the Pritzker Prize for Architecture in its 26 year history,Zaha Hadid has defined a radically new approach to architecture by creatingbuildings, such as the Rosenthal Center for Contemporary Art in Cincinnati,with multiple perspective points and fragmented geometry to evoke the ofmodern life.A. chaosB. systemC. orderD. logic6.Zaha Hadid was single-minded an early age. Born in 1950 in Baghdad, shegrew up in a very different Iraq from the one we know today.A. fromB. withC. byD. inII. Translate the italic sentences in the text into Chinese.SECTION 1: ARCHITECTURE 51.4.2 Venturi House①Robert Venturi is famous for his book Complexity and Contradiction(1966) inwhich he called attention to the importance of Baroque architecture in contradiction torectilinear②Modernism. In his later book Learning from Las Vegas (1972), Venturi andDenise Scott Brown proposed the idea of the “decorated shed③” (ordinary American architecture) and proposed it could be perceived as artistic inspiration. Venturi arguedfor an architecture that was neither pure nor picturesque, but which made the most of complexities, contradictions, ambiguities and paradoxes④—qualities which he thoughtwere more understanding of the times. Venturi said that architecture did not have to be“heroic and original”. Instead it was “OK” to look back upon r ich architectural historyfor inspiration and references.Venturi calls the house “a small house on a large scale” thus Venturi’s mother sits ina chair with a pot⑤of flowers at her feet to help create a sense of scale. This house forhis mother allowed Venturi to build his ideas about complexity and contradiction.Historical references were used boldly with a bit of humor. Venturi violates the rules ofModernism with his gabled roof, fake arch, exposed post and lintel and green paint. Thebroad roof and prominent⑥chimney are classic symbols of “home”, except the widechimney is not what it seems to be (actually much smaller) and the sheltering roof(inspired by the Low House) is split⑦down the middle. The classic string course isbroken by the windows. The lintel that joins the two halves looks unusually narrow forthe weight above. Thus, Venturi adds the symbolic arch above, which was just a molding(attached decoration), to give more support — except the arch is also broken! Still, thearch helps break the weight of the facade. The tension between the large and smallwindows on the front facade contributes to the conflict of a broken arch over arectangular entrance. To add to the confusion, the building is not trying to be quaint⑧or picturesque but has a very tight modern—like surface. To Venturi, these decorative①This text is from anonymousness.②rectilinear a. characterized by a straight line or lines③shed n. an outbuilding with a single story; used for shelter or storage④paradox n. (logic) a statement that contradicts itself⑤pot n. a container in which plants are cultivated⑥prominent a. having a quality that thrusts itself into attention⑦split v. separate into parts or portions⑧quaint a. strange in an interesting or pleasing way6建筑专业英语elements and symbols glamorized①cheap materials through association with classicalforms—all in an attempt to celebrate middle-class lifestyle and values.On the ground floor plan a recess②leads to the front door which is hidden from view. The plan is based on the symbolic idea of the fireplace as the center of the house.Space feels ambiguous (creates many ways of understanding) as the staircase collideswith the fireplace. In the dining area, the ceiling is half-vaulted (recalling the half-circlearch form tacked③-on to the facade) .The vault seems to just miss a structural columnwhich supports the flat ceiling above. Thus, the vault appears to be resting on a wall ofglass doors! The entire design is full of complexity and contradiction. After squeezing④past the fireplace on the way upstairs, one arrives in the master bedroom complete withan enormous arched window. Another set of step with extremely high risers lead to …nowhere—one last architectural ambiguity.ExercisesI. Fill in the blanks with the correct answer.1.Robert Venturi is famous for his book “and Contradiction” (1966) in whichhe called attention to the importance of Baroque architecture in contradiction torectilinear Modernism.A. CompactB. ImplicitlyC. SimplicityD. Complexity2.Venturi argued ______ an architecture that was neither pure nor picturesque, butwhich made the most of complexities, contradictions, ambiguities and paradoxes.A. atB. inC. onD. for3.Venturi said that architecture did not have to be “heroic and original”. Instead itwas “OK” to look back upon rich architectural for inspiration andreferences.A. styleB. historyC. formD. color4.This house ______ his mother allowed Venturi to build his ideas about complexityand contradiction.A. withB. for①glamorize vt. make glamorous and attractive②recess n. an enclosure that is set back or indented③tack v. fix to; attach④squeeze v. the act of gripping and pressing firmlySECTION 1: ARCHITECTURE 7C. byD. on5.The classic string course is broken by the . The lintel that joins the two halveslooks unusually narrow for the weight above.A. doorB. roofC. windowsD. portico6.To Venturi, these decorative elements and symbols glamorized cheap materialsthrough association with classical forms-all in an attempt to celebratelifestyle and values.A. high-classB. gutterC. middle-classD. noble-classII. Translate the italic sentences in the text into Chinese.8建筑专业英语1.4.3 An Introduction to Foster’s Projects①1. Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank Headquarters Hong Kong, 1979-1986When the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank Corporation commissioned Foster and Partners to design “the best bank building in the world”, the practice responded byvirtually reinventing②the office tower.Conceived during a sensitive period in the former colony’s h istory, the brief for the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank Headquarters was a statement of confidence: to createthe best bank building in the world. Through a process of questioning andchallenging—including the involvement of a Fengshui geomancer—the project addressedthe nature of banking in Hong Kong and how it should be expressed in built form. Indoing so it virtually reinvented the office tower.The requirement to build in excess of one million square feet in a short timescale suggested a high degree of prefabrication, including factory-finished modules, while theneed to build downwards and upwards simultaneously led to the adoption of a suspensionstructure, with pairs of steel masts arranged in three bays. As a result, the building formis articulated in a stepped profile of three individual towers, respectively twenty-nine,thirty-six and forty-four storeys high, which create floors of varying width and depthand allow for garden terraces. The mast structure allowed another radical move, pushingthe service cores to the perimeter so as to create deep-plan floors around a ten-storeyatrium. A mirrored sunscoop reflects sunlight down through the atrium to the floor of apublic plaza below a sheltered space that at weekends has become a lively picnic spot.From the plaza, escalators rise up to the main banking hall, which with its glassunderbelly was conceived as a shop window for banking.The bridges that span between the masts define double-height reception areas that break down the scale of the building both visually and socially. A unique system ofmovement through the building combines high-speed lifts to the reception spaces withescalators beyond, reflecting village-like clusters of office floors. From the outset, theBank placed a high priority on flexibility. Interestingly, over the years, it has been able toreconfigure office layouts with ease, even incorporating a large dealer’s room into onefloor—a move that could not have been anticipated when the building was designed.①This text is from .②reinvent vt. create anew and make over；bring back into existenceSECTION 1: ARCHITECTURE 92. Commerzbank Headquarters Frankfurt, Germany, 1991-1997At fifty-three storeys, the Commerzbank is the world’s first ecological office towerand the tallest building in Europe. The project explores the nature of the office environment, developing new ideas for its ecology and working patterns. Sky gardensthat spiral around the building bring daylight and fresh air into the central atrium andare the visual and social focus for village-like clusters of offices.Working patterns: Central to this concept is a reliance on natural systems oflighting and ventilation. Every office in the tower is daylight and has openable windows,allowing occupants to control their own environment, and resulting in energyconsumption levels equivalent to half those of conventional office towers.The plan of the building is triangular, comprising three petals—the officefloors—and a stem①formed by a full-height central atrium. Pairs of vertical mastsenclose services and circulation cores in the corners of the plan and support eight-storeyVierendeel beams, which in turn support clear-span office floors. Four-storey gardensare set at different levels on each side of the tower, forming a spiral of landscapingaround the building, and visually establishing a social focus for village-like officesclusters. These gardens play an ecological role, bringing daylight and fresh air into thecentral atrium, which acts as a natural ventilation chimney for the inward-facing offices.The gardens are also places to relax during refreshment breaks, bringing richness andhumanity to the workplace, and from the outside they give the building a sense oftransparency and lightness.Depending on their orientation, planting is from one ofthree regions: North America, Asia or the Mediterranean②.The tower has a distinctive presence on the Frankfurt skyline but is also anchoredinto the lower-scale city fabric, with restoration and sensitive rebuilding of theperimeter structures reinforcing the original scale of the block. These developments atstreet level provide shops, car parking, apartments and a banking hall, and forge linksbetween the Commerzbank and the broader community. At the heart of the scheme apublic galleria with restaurants, cafes and spaces for social and cultural events forms apopular new route cutting across the site. Interestingly, on the day the Commerzbankopened, the Financial Times adopted it as the symbol of Frankfurt, just as it features BigBen and the Eiffel Tower as symbols of London and Paris.①stem n. cylinder forming a long narrow part of something②Mediterranean n. the largest inland sea between Europe, Africa and Asia10建筑专业英语ExercisesI. Fill in the blanks with the correct answer.1.The Commerzbank has a plan, with the elevator and stairs situated at thecorners thus allowing for a 49-story atrium.A. foursquareB. rectangularC. polygonalD. triangular2.Norman Foster is the founder and chairman of Foster and Partners. Founded inin 1967, it is now a worldwide practice, with project offices in more than twenty countries.A. ParisB. New YorkC. ManchesterD. London3.The bridges that span between the masts define double-height reception areas thatbreak the scale of the building both visually and socially.A. downB. inC. outD. into4.Sir Norman Foster attempted to create a new skyscraper type which was ______ tothe environment, to the users of the building and to the surrounding city.A. illegalB. uglyC. harmfulD. friendly5.To allow for natural ventilation and operable windows, Foster designed adouble-facade or “climate facade” which is made of a exterior layer, amiddle air layer and an interior double-glazed operable window.A. illegalB. uglyC. fixedD. movable6.The building is a reversal of the Modernist phrase “machine in the G arden” as theCommerzbank is the “”.A. urban in the villageB. village in the urbanC. garden in the machineD. garden in the urbanII. Translate the italic sentences in the text into Chinese.SECTION 1: ARCHITECTURE 111.4.4 Gehry House①Cloze: Fill in the blanks with any word you think fit:Frank Gehry has said “ 1 definition, a building is a sculpture, because it is athree-dimensional object” In his Los Angeles studio, all designs are developed in modelform first and then, after many developmental models, construction drawings are madefor the builder and client. Gehry is perhaps one of the most influential architects of ourtime partly because his designs are actually built and partly because with each buildinghe creates unexpected forms with unexpected materials.But it is the Gehry House (1978) that is the most influential of all his buildings as itwas the 2 time an architect deconstructed an existing house (and published theresults in newspapers, magazines and books). Construction materials and chain-linkwere used as “ 3 ” materials. While Venturi was looking at history books on theway to Las Vegas, Gehry was digging in the 4 . What he found was a newexpression of form that had never been seen before. In architecture he created sculpture,which was both shocking and exciting to see and experience.Over the past twenty years Frank Gehry has remodeled his 1920’s bungalow manytimes. 5 the existing house (1978), Gehry organizes a series of interconnectedvolumes. The living, dining, kitchen and child’s bedroom are on the ground floor. Onthe second floor, Gehry 6 walls to enlarge the master bedroom and bathroom,and created another child’s room for the future. During the first remodeling in 1978,Gehry used materials normally used in industrial architecture 7 chain-linkfencing, corrugated metal siding, plywood boarding and wire-reinforced glass. Duringlater changes, he used more refined materials such as the apple-green ceramic tiles laidaround a new pool.The house is filled with windows, skylights and unusual openings, which reveal,reflect and frame different views of the house and grounds. Gehry always intended thehouse to change with his family’s needs. In 1992 he made major changes again. The newfloor plan is similar to the old plan as the hall; kitchen and dining room have remainedin the U-shaped space on the ground floor. On the upper floor, Gehry’s son’s room hasbeen turned 8 a studio and part of the master bedroom floor has been replaced①This cloze text is from anonymousness.12建筑专业英语by glass, thus allowing more natural 9 to reach the ground floor. The old garage,previously a guesthouse, has been turned into a children’s “hangout”.In many ways, the Gehry House is like Monticello—as Jefferson was constantly ripping down, building and changing Monticello. On a much smaller scale and in amuch 10 landscape, the Gehry House is for America what Monticello was just200 years ago—the architect’s experiment, laboratory and home.。

建筑结构设计的创新与应用（英文中文双语版优质文档）With the continuous advancement of science and technology, architectural structure design is also constantly innovating and applying. Architectural structure design is a very important part of architectural design, which determines the shape and performance of the building. This paper will introduce the innovation and application of architectural structure design from various aspects.1. Structural design of suspended buildingsSuspended buildings refer to buildings that are mainly suspended from support points to maintain balance. The design of suspended buildings puts forward higher requirements for the design of building structures. In the structural design of suspended buildings, factors such as the weight of the building itself, wind loads, and earthquake loads need to be considered. At the same time, since the construction process of the suspended building requires hoisting, the safety of hoisting also needs to be considered. In order to solve these problems, architects and structural engineers have carried out a lot of exploration and research in the structural design of suspended buildings, and achieved many innovative results.2. Application of steel structureSteel structure is an important type of building structure, which has the advantages of high strength, good rigidity, and short construction period. In recent years, steel structures have been widely used in architectural design, especially in large buildings such as gymnasiums and exhibition halls. The application of steel structure not only improves the performance of the building, but also endows the building with a new shape. For example, architects have used steel structures to create stadiums like bird's nests and buildings like sailboats.3. Modular structure designModular structure refers to dividing the building into several modules, which are prefabricated in the factory and then assembled on site. The application of modular structure can greatly shorten the construction period, improve construction efficiency, and reduce the cost of construction. In the design of the modular structure, factors such as the connection mode between the modules, as well as the weight and size of the modules need to be considered. Architects and structural engineers use a variety of connection methods and materials, such as bolted connections, welding, bonding, etc., in the design of modular structures.4. Application of Building Information Modeling (BIM)Building Information Modeling is a comprehensive approach to digitize the building design and construction process. Through BIM technology, architects and structural engineers can design, optimize and simulate building structures on computers, and update building models in real time. BIM technology not only improves design efficiency, but also reduces errors and conflicts in architectural design. In the design of building structures, BIM technology can help designers simulate the stress of buildings and improve the stability and safety of buildings. In addition, BIM technology can also play an important role in the operation and maintenance of buildings, such as predicting building energy consumption, repairing and updating building facilities, etc.5. Application of new materialsThe application of new materials has also brought great innovation to the design of building structures. For example, the application of new materials such as high-performance concrete and ultra-high-strength steel can improve the strength and stability of buildings, enabling buildings to withstand greater loads. At the same time, the application of new materials can also reduce the weight of the building and the load of the foundation, thereby reducing the cost of the building. In addition, the application of new materials can also give buildings new forms. For example, architects have used materials such as fiberglass and carbon fiber to create lightweight and transparent architectural forms.6. Intelligent structural designWith the continuous development of artificial intelligence and big data technology, intelligent structural design has become a new direction of architectural structure design. Intelligent structural design can help architects and structural engineers better predict the stress of buildings and improve the safety and stability of buildings. For example, intelligent structural design can use sensors and data acquisition technology to monitor the stress of buildings in real time and give early warning of possible safety hazards. In addition, intelligent structural design can also optimize the structural design of buildings through data simulation and optimization algorithms, and improve the performance and energy saving of buildings.To sum up, the innovation and application of architectural structure design is a very important part of architectural design. Architects and structural engineers are constantly exploring and researching to promote the progress of building structure design. In the future, with the continuous advancement of science and technology, architectural structure design will continue to be innovated and applied to create a better architectural environment for human beings.随着科技的不断进步，建筑结构设计也在不断地创新与应用。

建筑方案设计英语翻译Introduction:Our team at XXX Architects is excited to present our proposal for the design of the new XXX building. Our goal is to create a modern and sustainable structure that integrates seamlessly with its surroundings while also providing a dynamic and functional space for its users. This proposal outlines our design concept, sustainability strategies, and proposed materials and technologies for the project.Design Concept:The design of the XXX building is inspired by the concept of blending nature and technology. We envision a dynamic and organic form that mimics the shapes and movements found in nature, while also incorporating cutting-edge technology to create a sustainable and efficient building. The building will feature a series of curved and twisting volumes that flow seamlessly into each other, creating a sense of movement and fluidity. The facade will be made of a combination of glass and metal panels, allowing for natural light to flood the interior while also providing a sleek and modern aesthetic.Sustainability Strategies:At XXX Architects, we believe in creating buildings that not only look beautiful, but also have a positive impact on the environment. To achieve this, our design for the XXX building incorporates a range of sustainable strategies and technologies. These include:1. Solar panels: The roof of the building will be covered in solar panels that will generate clean energy to power the building and reduce its reliance on the grid.2. Green roof: A portion of the roof will be dedicated to a green roof, which will help to absorb rainwater, reduce heat island effect, and provide a habitat for local wildlife.3. Energy-efficient systems: The building will be equipped with energy-efficient HVAC systems, LED lighting, and smart controls to minimize energy consumption and reduce carbon emissions.4. Water conservation: The building will incorporate rainwater harvesting systems and low-flow fixtures to reduce water consumption and promote water recycling.Proposed Materials and Technologies:In order to achieve our design concept and sustainability goals, we have carefully selected a range of materials and technologies for the XXX building. These include:1. Glass: The facade of the building will be primarily made of high-performance glass that allows for natural light to penetrate deep into the interior spaces, reducing the need for artificial lighting.2. Metal panels: The building will feature metal panels made of recycled materials, providing a durable and low-maintenance exterior finish.3. Smart building technologies: The XXX building will be equipped with state-of-the-art building automation systems that monitor and control the building's energy usage, lighting, and HVAC systems in real-time.Conclusion:The XXX building represents a bold and innovative approach to sustainable architecture. By integrating cutting-edge design, sustainable strategies, and advanced technologies, we believe that our proposal will create a dynamic and efficient space that inspires and enriches its users. We look forward to the opportunity to bring this vision to life and create a landmark building that will be a source of pride for the community for years to come. Thank you for considering our proposal.。

2021?龙门亮剑?高三英语一轮复习测试题SBⅡUnits 9－12阶段评估第一卷 (选择题，共95分)第一局部：英语知识运用(共三节，总分值50分)第一节语音知识(共5小题；每题1分，总分值5分)1．swearA．heart B．research C．nearly D．bear2．recentlyA．restaurant B．secret C．prefer D．system3．commonA．company B．across C．bottom D．collar4．occurA．accept B．access C．according D．accident5．laughedA．noticed B．studied C．breathed D．learned第二节语法和词汇知识(共15小题；每题1分，总分值15分)6．—We each little thought the visiting team would win the match.—________，they got________score of 4∶2.A．Not at all；the B．On the contrary；aC．Second to none；the D．By the way；a7．—Does________blood make you scared?—Yes！I faint________blood.A．the sight of；at the sight of B．a sight of；first sightC．the sight of；in sight of D．a sight of；in sight of8．________you are supposed to do________you don’t like a thing is changing it.Don’t complain.A．That；what B．When；that C．What；since D．What；when9．Not far from the club there was a garden，________owner seated in it playing bridge with his children every afternoon.A．whose B．its C．which D．that10．________he met with the terrible difficulty did he realize the importance o f my advice.A．Even though B．Only beforeC．Never until D．Ever since11．He urged that we________him of what he would say on________the hall.A．reminded；setting foot on B．remind；setting foot inC．remind；setting foot on D．reminded；setting foot in12．Well­trained________the employees are，they are not so productive________expected under great pressure.A．although；as B．though；likeC．as；like D．as；as13．She recommended not only________to the evening party but also give a performance in English.A．should I go B．did I goC．I should go D．my going14．—Shall we go to the art exhibition right away?—________.It makes no difference whether I will go there or not.A．It’s your opinion B．I’m not sureC．It’s all up to you D．That’s your decision 15．The view he________at the last sales meeting sounds a little reasonable.A．took down B．put forwardC．took off D．made up16．The scientist found animals sometimes try to hit or bite，especially________they are playing with a weaker partner.A．if B．before C．unless D．when17．________terrible weather we’ve been having these days!A．How a B．What a C．How D．What18．Considering my parents are very old，I decided to________two hours a day to keep them________.A．set out；a company B．set aside；company C．set off；company D．set down；a company19．The letter to his son________，he hurried to the shop for some shopping.A．posting B．having postedC．posted D．had been posted20．As far as I know，she is seldom，________，absent from school.A．if ever B．if much C．if not D．if any第三节完形填空(共20小题；每题1.5分，总分值30分)Have you paid a visit to the town of Pressure and the town of Pleasure? The two towns were neighbours but had___21___in common.Residents built walls to__22__influence from the__23__town.In Pressure，everyone struggled to be the very best.When women__24__birth，they would compete to have the baby with the __25__cry.There was violent competition in every aspect of life.Because__26__was the index (指数) of success，people were always__27___making money，with no time for relaxation.Some young people couldn’t bear the intensity and resorted to drink or drugs to escape.___28___，over in Pleasure，the motto was “As long as you like it，do it.〞People__29__without pressure and could do anything __30__liked.Children played computer games day and night.At school，teachers didn’t care__31__students showed up or not.Workers might si t around the office__32__sipping coffee and doing nothing.Thanks to the__33__of regulations，nobody worried about losing their jobs.It was pleasure that mattered.No one had the slightest thought of moving__34__，either for themselves or for the town.The computers they__35__were old models from Pressure.Some of the young were addicted (沉溺于) to__36__ because of the emptiness of their lives.Then，people in the two towns began asking themselves，“What is life__37__？〞 But，just before life in the two towns completely failed, there came a saint—Mr Reason.He went from door to door, __38__with people and giving advice.People in Pressure learnt to be content with what they had，while people in Pleasure began to make plans.They__39__the walls between them and built a road to connect the two.The townspeople__40__to realize the truth—there is no space between Pressure and Pleasure they don’t go to extremes.21. A．anything B．nothing C．everything D．something22．A.keep out B．look out C．work out D．give out23．A.another B．any C．every D．other24．A.gave B．took C．offered D．brought25. A．lower B．louder C．loudest D．lowest26．A.health B．joy C．wealth D．fun27．A.busy B．lazy C．easy D．hard28．A.Meanwhile B．At that timeC．At one time D．Once in a while29．A.got up B．grew up C．set up D．brought up30．A.we B．you C．they D．it31．A.what B．who C．where D．whether32. A．all way B．all night C．all way long D．all day long33．ck B．need C．pain D．voice34．A.backward B．forward C．upward D．downward35．A.made B．used C．borrowed D．repaired36．A.work B．money C．drugs D．books37．A.for B．at C．in D．to38．A.selling B．writing C．playing D．talking39．A.pulled down B．put down C．went down D．wrote down40．A.went B．returned C．happened D．came第二局部：阅读理解(共两节，总分值45分)第一节(共20小题；每题2分，总分值40分)AWhen I was teaching in China，I certainly wanted my students to learn more，but I also really wanted them to enjoy classes.One of my favorite classes was teaching my students about music.I taught them about the many different styles of music and about the different cultures that had produced them.I played CDs in class to test my students’ increasing knowledge of music styles，but I decided that，although useful and fun，this just wasn’t memorable enough.As a student myself，I had learned to play classical and electric guitar.I decided that I would take my electric guitar into class，not only to further test my students，but also to give them something memorable.During the lesson，I played various music styles，from country and western to blues，jazz and rock；after each piece，I would have my students，in groups，guess the style of music played.Their enthusiastic involvement told me all I needed to know about this class.It had been a great success.During a free talk about culture and music，I was delighted to hear their sensitive comments on the origins of rap，rock and blues music.Further to this，I set a class project，asking students to form their own band，choosing their own instruments，style of music and band name.The rest of the class would then interview each group about their group and their music.It was great for me to watch how their understanding of the subject had been so deeply rooted.And to help them learn more about music is my aim.I believe that making teaching memorable is the key not only to dynamic (动态的) learning for students，but also to pure enjoyment for teachers.If a teacher brings a range of different skills into the classroom，I am certain that the teacher will be in a great position to give his students unforgettable classes.After all，if students can see that a teacher loves teaching them，how can they fail to be inspired by such a teacher?41．The underlined word “them〞 in Paragraph 2 means________.A．classes B．studentsC．cultures D．different styles of music42．From the text，we know that the writer is very good at________.A．enjoying himself B．playing guitarC．a free talk about culture D．forming band43．The class band is built to help students________.A．interview each group B．watch how to play instrumentsC．learn more about music D．pure enjoyment for teachers44．Which of the following statements would the writer agree to?A．It is a good idea to have a band in a class.B．Teachers should talk to each of their students during music class.C．It is important for a teacher to have the right teaching for students.D．Understanding music can help students understand a teacher correctly.BGeoffrey Payne talked for the first time about the night when his wife was killed.The judge thought it was he who killed his wife.Now he wrote to a magazine from the prison about what had happened on the night of 13 October,2021.I had to stay late at the hospital that night to do an operation.I finally left at about 11 p．m..I drove home slowly because the weather was terrible—the wind was blowing and it was raining heavily.I was turning into our road when a man suddenly ran in front of my car.I almost hit him but I stopped just in time.I was frightened and the man looked frightened，too.I got out of the car but he ran away before I could ask if he was all right.It was strange.When I got home，the lights were on but it was very quiet.I called to my wife but there was no answer.Then I remembered that she was out at a concert.I was still very upset about what had happened on the road，so I made myselfa drink.Then I went upstairs to have a bath.I saw that the window in the bedroom was open.This was strange because my wife always locked the doors and windows before she went out.She was afraid of burglars (夜盗者)．When I went to close the window，I found Ellen.She was lying on the floor.There was blood everywhere.I rushed over and felt her pulse but she was dead.I sat on the floor beside her body.I was too frightened to do anything.When I gained a bit of consciousness，the sky was getting light.I couldn’t remember a thing about that night.In the morning I phoned the police.They arrived about half an hour after I phoned them.But it seemed like hours.During that time I tried hard to recall what had happened the night before.I couldn’t stop thinking about the man on the road.What was he doing at that time of night in our quiet neighborhood? Why did he look so frightened? Why did he run away?45．Geoffrey Payne was a________.A．doctor B．policeman C．judge D．taxi driver46．When Payne got home，he found________.A．Ellen waiting for himB．the bedroom window closedC．a burglar in his houseD．Ellen lying on the floor，blood all over47．After he found Ellen dead，Payne________.A．called the police at onceB．tried to find out the murdererC．called out for helpD．was so scared that he could do nothing48．In this passage Payne tried to________.A．say something about his familyB．show he was very sorry for his wife’s deathC．make people believe the man in the road probably killed his wifeD．tell why his wife was killedCGeneral Airport TipsPlan to get to the airport at least an hour early，or two during holidays and other busy times；this will reduce the stress of the flight.If all goes well，youwill have time to relax，shop for last­minute items，or have a meal before the flight.Flight DelaysFind out why your flight is delayed.Call the free call numbers.Find out if other airlines are experiencing similar delays.If you believe the delay is due to something other than weather or air traffic problems，then mention your suspicion (疑心) and ask the airline agent to book you on the next available flight，either on the same airline or a competing one.This is called “Rule 240”，and all airlines are required to do e the lingo (行话) and ask“Ca n you 240 me？〞 when speaking with an agent.They will know what you mean.Flight Cancellations (取消)If your flight is canceled，then make a reservation on the next flight to your ually，airline personnel will try to book everyone on their next f light.Often they will put you on a competitor’s next flight only if you request it.If on­time arrival is important to you，when you check flights through our reservation system you can rate your choices based on their on­time arrival records.Be sure to also check the weather conditions，as they often affect flight schedules.49．A person goes to the airport ahead of time mainly to________.A．buy what he wants in the airportB．have a good rest in the airplaneC．reduce the pressure of the flightD．get on the airplane immediately50．If a person calls “Rule 240”，he wants to________.A．change for the ticket to the next flightB．make sure the time for the next planeC．know if other flight delays happenD．ask the reason for the plane delay51．After a flight cancellation，a passenger can________.A．arrive at his destination on timeB．be arranged on a competing flightC．make sure the weather is quite fineD．reserve the next flight to his/her destination52．The purpose in writing this text is to________.A．show us how to get on a planeB．tell us what to do before and after a flightC．put forward suggestions for a flightD．teach us actions before an emergencyDOn this vivid planet，it appears colorful with many world­famous buildings.Among these largest artificial articles in the world，many were designed by the same architect—Ieoh Ming Pei.Pei，the 1983 Laureate of the Pritzker，Architecture Prize，is a founding partner of I．M.Pei & Partners based in New York City.He was born in China in 1917，the son of a banker.He came to the United States in 1935 to study architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Harvard Graduate School of Design (M.Arch.1946)．From 1945 to 1948，Pei taught at Harvard.In 1948 he accepted the newly created post of director of Architecture at Webb & Knapp，Inc.，and this association resulted in major architectural and planning projects in big cities.In 1958，he formed the partnership of I．M.Pei & Associates，which became I．M.Pei & Partners in 1966.The partnership received the 1968 Architectural Firm Award of the American Instituteof Architects.Pei has designed over forty projects in the world，twenty of which have been award winners.His outstanding projects have included the East Building of the National Gallery of Art，Washington，D.C.；the John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library near Boston and the Fragrant Hill Hotel near Beijing，China.Pei is now a member of the National Council on the Arts，and before served on the National Council on the Humanities.He is a fellow of the American Institute of Architects，a member of the Royal Institute of British Architects，and an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters.He is a member of the Corporation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.As a student，he was awarded the MIT Traveling Fellowship，at Harvard.He later won a lot of honors.In 1982，the deans of the architectural schools of America chose I．M.Pei as the best designer of significant non­residential (非住宅的) structures.53．________of Pei’s structures have won awards.A．More than forty B．Over twentyC．None D．Twenty54．When was I．M.Pei chosen as the best designer of significant non­residential structures?A．In 1983. B．In 1982. C．In 1968. D．In 1948.55．Which of the following is true according to the text?A．Ieoh Ming Pei was born in America.B．Ieoh Ming Pei studied architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology when he was young.C．Ieoh Ming Pei got a degree for architecture in 1948.D．Ieoh Ming Pei got a Harvard undergraduate degree in 1946.56．What would be the best title for the text?A．Ieoh Ming Pei’s Life and BackgroundB．A Famous Professor—Ieoh Ming PeiC．An Unusual Architect—Ieoh Ming PeiD．A Great Architect of Residential StructuresEEvery year，residents of Kunming，Yunnan Province welcome thousands of black­h eaded gulls with food and happy laughter.The lovely white birds fly from Siberia to stay in the Dianchi area of the city in winter.But this year the white angels are no longer lov ely in locals’eyes，due to their fear of bird flu.Although scientists have not found the deadly virus in the birds，few people will dare to risk their lives to feed the birds this year.Across the world，wild migratory birds seem to have become public enemy number one.Since the deadly H5N1 bird flu virus was discovered not only in Asia but also as far away as Europe and Africa，migratory birds were regarded as the carriers.Geographically speaking，the spread of bird flu appears to be following the migratory routes of wild birds.Bird flu is a common disease among wild migratory birds.But the virus may change itself when transferre d to humans and animals.Since the World Health Organization warned last month that migratory birds could carry the deadly H5N1 virus that causes bird flu，many countries，like China，have started tracking migratory birds and cleaning up poultry markets (家禽市场)．China also didn’t allow all pigeon races last week.Scientists said that the migratory routes of wild birds are often far away from big cities.The risk of transferring the virus directly from wild birds to humans is very low.Scientists also warned that wild birds are shy creatures.They see you coming and fly away at once.But if a wild bird becomes eas y to approach，peopleshould be careful that it may be sick.57．Why are black­headed gulls not welcomed in Kunm ing this year?A．Because residents there are too busy.B．Because the birds carry virus.C．Because the residents think more about their safety.D．Because they are advised not to approach the bird.58．According to the passage，H5N1 bird flu hasn’t been discov ered in________so far.A．Africa B．Europe C．Asia D．America59．By mentioning what China has done，the author wants to show________.A．he doubts whether it is wise to do soB．the Chinese government paid great attention to the caseC．it is not easy to eat chicken in ChinaD．China will suffer a lot because of bird flu60．The purpose of writing the passage is to________.A．tell us bird flu has broke out in the worldB．advise people not to approach birdsC．emphasize the harm of bird fluD．say migrating birds may spread flu第二节(共5小题；每题1分，总分值5分)A：Some of our classmates are going to Japan for the summer vacation.Will you join them?B：__61__But I have to go back home to stay with my mother because she is badly ill in bed.A：Oh，that’s too bad!B：__62__A：Yes，my aunt in Hawaii has invited me to spend my vacation with her.B：Great！Hawaii is a wonderful place，isn’t it?A：Certainly，I suppose she’ll show me around some interesting places there.__63__B：As I know，Hawaii was discovered by Captain Cook in the 1770s and he got killed there the next year he discovered it.A：That’s right.__64__B：Sure，you’ll certainly enjoy yourself.But don’t forget to write to me，will you?A：__65__A．Of course，I will.B．But now it’s become a world­famous scenic spot.C．I would go to，should I have the chance.D．Have you got a way to spend yours?E．No，never.F．And I’m going to read some books about its history as well.G．And I’ll go there as soon as the vacation starts.第二卷(非选择题，共55分)第三局部：写作(共三节，总分值55分)第一节单词拼写(共10小题；每题1分，总分值10分)66．On their________(到达) they began to look into the cause of the accident.67．The________(运输) of goods by air is very expensive.68．The first step is to________(废除) the existing system.69．He was glad to have________(克服) all the difficulties.70．We should pay more attention to our________(精神的) health.71．I________(保证) to be here tomorrow.72．He felt he needed to________(证明) his point.73．She________(禁止) them from mentioning the subject again.74．What kind of________(货币) do you want?75．Five people were________(逮捕) in connection with the robbery.第二节短文改错(共10小题；每题1.5分，总分值15分)As students，we have classes from early morningtill late afternoon.Therefore，take a ten­minute break76.________Otherwise we may feel both physically or mentally78.________tired.During the break we usually did something79.________to get rid of tiredness.What we need is to have real rest，80.________rather than get even more tiring.So don’t do anything81.________which will make us too tired.My ten­minute break is82.________pleasing.I often do some gentle exercise.Sometime I83.________第三节书面表达(总分值30分)在英语课堂上，老师出示了下面一幅图画，请你答复“Which would you prefer，camping，hiking or biking？〞这个问题。

Unit OneTask 1⑩④⑧③⑥⑦②⑤①⑨Task 2① be consistent with他说，未来的改革必须符合自由贸易和开放投资的原则。

② specialize in启动成本较低，因为每个企业都可以只专门从事一个很窄的领域。

③ d erive from以上这些能力都源自一种叫机器学习的东西，它在许多现代人工智能应用中都处于核心地位。

④ A range of创业公司和成熟品牌推出的一系列穿戴式产品让人们欢欣鼓舞,跃跃欲试。

⑤ date back to置身硅谷的我们时常淹没在各种"新新"方式之中，我们常常忘记了，我们只是在重新发现一些可追溯至涉及商业根本的朴素教训。

Task 3T F F T FTask 4The most common viewThe principle task of engineering: To take into account the customers ‘ needs and to find the appropriate technical means to accommodate these needs.Commonly accepted claims:Technology tries to find appropriate means for given ends or desires;Technology is applied science;Technology is the aggregate of all technological artifacts;Technology is the total of all actions and institutions required to create artefacts or products and the total of all actions which make use of these artefacts or products.The author’s opinion: it is a viewpoint with flaws.Arguments: It must of course be taken for granted that the given simplified view of engineers with regard to technology has taken a turn within the last few decades. Observable changes: In many technical universities, the inter‐disciplinary courses arealready inherent parts of the curriculum.Task 5① 工程师对于自己的职业行为最常见的观点是：他们是通过应用科学结论来计划、开发、设计和推出技术产品的。

Historical context
Gothic architecture is a testament to the cultural and technological achievements of its time, providing a valuable historical perspective for future generations.
global influence.
The characteristics
02 and style of Gothic architecture
The characteristics and style of Gothic architecture
01
野生".The opposite金融等组织 计算机作为反'多商业 Harris.潘 et其他人
Expression in literature and art
In literature
Gothic novels often feature settings in Gothic buildings, using the buildings' unique characteristics to create a sense of mystery and suspense.
The Development of Gothic Architecture in the Middle Ages
Gothic architecture flourished in the 13th and 14th centuries, during the High Middle Ages.
It was characterized by the use of flying buttresses, ribbed vaults, and pointed windows, which allowed for thinner walls and more open spaces.

写出风土人情的感悟与思考英语作文Perception and Reflections on Cultural Heritage.The notion of cultural heritage encompasses a vast tapestry of intricate customs, beliefs, traditions, and artifacts that are passed down through generations, shaping the collective identity and worldview of a community or nation. It is an invaluable treasure that provides a senseof belonging, continuity, and purpose, while also servingas a testament to the creativity and ingenuity of humanity.Exposure to diverse cultural heritages offers an unparalleled opportunity for personal growth, broadeningour horizons and fostering empathy. By immersing ourselvesin the customs, traditions, and art forms of other cultures, we gain a deeper understanding of the human experience and develop a newfound appreciation for the rich diversity that exists within our global village.One aspect of cultural heritage that holds particularsignificance is its tangible manifestations, including traditional architecture, art, and artifacts. These physical expressions of a culture provide concrete evidence of its history, values, and beliefs. By preserving and honoring these tangible assets, we not only safeguard the legacy of past generations but also create a lasting legacy for future generations.The preservation of cultural heritage goes beyond the mere physical preservation of artifacts and monuments. It also entails the safeguarding and transmission ofintangible cultural practices, such as traditional dance, music, storytelling, and cuisine. These practices are an integral part of a culture's identity and often serve as a means of social cohesion and cultural continuity. By ensuring that these practices are passed down from generation to generation, we contribute to the vitality and sustainability of cultural heritage.In today's globalized world, where cultures are increasingly interconnected and influenced by external forces, preserving cultural heritage faces severalchallenges. Rapid urbanization, technological advancements, and the homogenizing effects of mass media can erode traditional customs and practices, leading to the loss of cultural diversity.To address these challenges and ensure the continued preservation of cultural heritage, a collaborative effortis required. Governments, cultural institutions, educators, and community organizations all have a role to play in fostering cultural awareness, promoting cultural exchange, and supporting initiatives that safeguard and revitalize cultural heritage.Education plays a vital role in transmitting cultural heritage to future generations. By incorporating cultural content into school curricula and encouraging students to engage with their local cultural traditions, we cancultivate a deep appreciation for the importance ofcultural preservation. Cultural institutions, such as museums, libraries, and theaters, serve as custodians of cultural heritage, preserving and interpreting artifacts, documents, and art forms for public education and enjoyment.Community involvement is equally crucial. By actively participating in cultural events, supporting local artists and artisans, and engaging in intergenerational dialogue, community members can help to strengthen and revitalize cultural heritage. Local initiatives, such as cultural festivals, heritage trails, and community workshops, provide opportunities for people to connect with their cultural roots and share their knowledge with others.In conclusion, cultural heritage is an invaluable asset that shapes our sense of identity, enriches our understanding of the human experience, and fosters a sense of global community. Its preservation and transmission are essential for the well-being of individuals, communities, and nations alike. Through a collaborative effort involving governments, cultural institutions, educators, and community members, we can safeguard and revitalize cultural heritage, ensuring that its richness and diversity continue to inspire and enrich generations to come.。

Unit 7建筑之诗意(节选)约翰•岁斯金The science of Architecture,followed out to its full extent,is one of the noblest of those which have reference only to the creations of human minds.It is not merely a science of the rule and compass,it does not consist only in the observation of just rule ,or of fair proportion;it is ,or ought to be ,a science of feeling more than of rule,a ministry to the mind,more than to the eye.if we consider how much less the beauty upon its rousing certain trains of meditation in the mind,it will show in a moment how many intricate questions of feeling are involved in the raising of an edifice;it will convince us of the truth of proportion,which might at first have appeared startling ,that on man can be an architect who is not a metaphysician.1建筑科学，如果得以充分体现的话，是只与人类心智创造有关的科学中最高贵的科学之一。

它不仅仅是尺子与圆规的科学，不仅仅需要遵守恰当的规则或合适的比例它是，或应该是，一门重感情甚于规则的科学，它更多的是服务于心灵，而非眼睛。

小学上册英语第3单元测验试卷考试时间：80分钟（总分:100）B卷一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 填空题：I love to ______ (教学) others what I know.2. 填空题：I can enjoy playful moments with my ________ (玩具).3. 听力题：We will eat _____ (pasta/rice) for dinner.4. 选择题：What is 8 + 1?A. 9B. 10C. 11D. 125. 听力题：The chemical formula for phosphoric acid is ______.6. dunes) are formed by wind-blown sand. 填空题：The ____7. 选择题：What is the capital of Italy?A. RomeB. FlorenceC. VeniceD. Milan答案:A8. 选择题：What is the capital of Anguilla?a. The Valleyb. Blowing Pointc. Sandy Groundd. South Hill答案:a9. 听力题：The _____ (cake/pie) is delicious.10. 填空题：I want to _______ (学习) about the solar system.11. 选择题：What is the capital of Saint Kitts and Nevis?a. Basseterreb. Charlestownc. Sandy Pointd. Cayon答案:a12. 听力题：The _____ of a star is how bright it appears from Earth.13. 填空题：The ant can lift objects many times its _______ (重量).14. 听力题：The flowers bloom in _____ (spring/winter).15. 填空题：The _____ (植物生态作用) highlights the interconnectedness of life.16. 填空题：My dad loves to watch _____ (电影) about superheroes.17. 听力题：Plants can be grown from _______ or cuttings.18. 选择题：What is the name of the fairy tale character who had long hair?A. Snow WhiteB. RapunzelC. CinderellaD. Belle19. a ________ (信) to her friend. 填空题：Small pl20. 听力题：An atom with a positive charge is called a _____.21. 选择题：What do you call a baby cow?A. CalfB. FoalC. KidD. Lamb答案:A22. 听力题：The boiling point of water is __________ degrees Celsius.23. 听力题：The ancient Egyptians built temples to honor their ________.24. 选择题：What is the capital of the United Kingdom?A. EdinburghB. CardiffC. LondonD. Belfast答案:C25. 听力题：A base can turn red litmus paper ______.26. 听力题：The capital of Malta is _______.27. 听力题：The chemical formula for potassium nitrate is ______.28. 听力题：The teacher gives us ________.29. 填空题：I usually wear ______ to school.30. 填空题：The ______ (狮子) is often called the king of the jungle.31. 选择题：What do you call the young of a goose?A. GoslingB. ChickC. CalfD. Kit答案:A32. Mountains are located in _____ (23). 填空题：The Ande33. 选择题：What do we call the body of water that separates Europe and Asia?A. Atlantic OceanB. Mediterranean SeaC. Ural RiverD. Caspian Sea答案: D. Caspian Sea34. 填空题：The _______ (The Harlem Renaissance) was a cultural movement in the 1920s.35. 填空题：The _____ (气候) greatly influences plant life.36. 选择题：What is the main ingredient in a salad?A. MeatB. VegetablesC. RiceD. Bread37. 听力题：She wears a _____ (裙子) to the party.38. 选择题：What do we call the device we use to call someone?A. ComputerB. TelephoneC. RadioD. Television39. 选择题：What is the name of the fairy tale character who has very long hair?A. Snow WhiteB. CinderellaC. RapunzelD. Ariel答案:CThe capital of Bermuda is __________.41. 填空题：The __________ (历史的教训) should not be forgotten.42. 听力题：The chemical symbol for calcium is ______.43. 填空题：I can swim very ______.44. 选择题：What is the primary color of a watermelon?A. PinkB. RedC. GreenD. Yellow45. 听力题：The ______ teaches us about different countries.46. 选择题：What is the name of the famous bear who loves honey?A. PaddingtonB. Winnie the PoohC. Yogi BearD. Baloo47. 填空题：The vegetables in the garden are _______ (花园里的蔬菜_______).48. 填空题：A ______ (蜗牛) leaves a trail of slime behind.49. 选择题：What is the term for a baby frog?A. TadpoleB. FryC. PupD. Chick答案:A50. 填空题：I have a _____ (拼图) that is hard to solve.A ____ is a small creature that enjoys digging tunnels underground.52. 听力题：The ______ is known for her cooking skills.53. 听力题：He is very ___. (happy)54. 听力题：The milk is in the ___ (fridge).55. 选择题：How many players are on a football (soccer) team?A. TenB. ElevenC. TwelveD. Thirteen56. 听力题：The girl is very ________.57. 听力题：The capital of Pakistan is __________.58. 选择题：What do you call a person who bakes bread?A. BakerB. ChefC. CookD. All of the above答案:D59. 听力题：The capital of Oman is __________.60. 选择题：What is 5 3?A. 2B. 3C. 1D. 5答案:A61. 选择题：What do we call the area of land that is heavily populated?A. UrbanB. RuralC. SuburbanD. Remote答案: A. Urban62. 选择题：What do we call a person who makes wine?A. WinemakerB. SommelierC. BrewerD. Distiller63. 填空题：The _____ (生态旅行) can educate about local plants.64. 填空题：The ant is very ________________ (勤劳).65. 选择题：Which season is the coldest?A. SpringB. SummerC. WinterD. Fall66. 听力题：The chemical formula for isopropyl alcohol is _____.67. 听力题：A ______ is a small animal that lives in colonies.68. 填空题：The owl uses its keen hearing to locate ______ (猎物).69. 选择题：What do we call the study of the classification of living organisms?A. TaxonomyB. EcologyC. BiologyD. Genetics70. 听力题：The substance that is dissolved in a solution is called a ______.A cockatoo can live for over ______ (50年).72. 听力题：My dad drives a _____ car. (blue)73. Wall of China was built to protect against __________. (侵略) 填空题：The Grea74. 填空题：The ancient Greeks held _____ to honor their gods.75. 听力题：The process of breaking down food in our bodies is called ______.76. 选择题：What is the name of the famous explorer who sailed the oceans?A. Marco PoloB. Christopher ColumbusC. Ferdinand MagellanD. Vasco da Gama77. 填空题：The __________ (科学技术) improves our lives.78. 选择题：What is the main language spoken in Spain?A. EnglishB. FrenchC. SpanishD. Italian答案: C79. 听力题：I see a _____ on the table. (book)80. 选择题：What do cows produce?A. MilkB. EggsC. HoneyD. Wool81. 填空题：In the toy store, I saw a big ________ (玩具车). It was red and blue, and I wanted to ________ (买).The __________ (历史的文化交融) enrich understanding.83. 填空题：I love to eat ______ at birthday parties.84. 听力题：The study of the Eart h’s magnetic properties is known as ______.85. 选择题：What is the capital of Brazil?A. Rio de JaneiroB. BrasíliaC. São PauloD. Salvador答案:B86. 填空题：My brother enjoys __________ (参加) sports teams.87. 填空题：I have a toy _______ that can spin and twirl.88. 选择题：What do you call the place where you buy food?A. SchoolB. StoreC. OfficeD. Library89. 填空题：My dad is a wonderful __________ (父亲) who listens.90. 听力题：I see _____ (clouds/stars) in the sky.91. 填空题：The ______ (植物的价值) is recognized globally.92. 填空题：I have a collection of toy ______ (恐龙). They are colorful and ______ (有趣的) to play with.93. 填空题：The _______ (兔子) has a fluffy tail.Mars is known as the ______ Planet.95. 选择题：What is the main gas that we breathe?A. OxygenB. Carbon DioxideC. NitrogenD. Helium答案: A96. 听力题：The chemical symbol for ununoctium is ______.97. 填空题：The ant works together in a _______ (群体).98. 听力题：The _______ provides shelter and food for wildlife.99. 选择题：What do you call the study of the Earth's weather?A. MeteorologyB. GeographyC. GeologyD. Climatology答案: A100. 听力题：Liquid water can freeze into _______.。