练习：
I. Watergate, Iran gate, Zipp ergate 拉链门丑闻
2.ecology 生态学，生态,ecocide, ecocrisis, eco-friendly
3. -ump: chump 大块肉片，rump 臀部，尾部，hump 驼峰，stump 残肢；残端，dump 倾倒, 倾销，mump 咕哝；（哭诉着）行乞，讨钱,lump 一大堆,许多，bump 碰，撞冲撞，tump 小岗, 小丘；丛，plump adj.1.肥胖的,（女人等）丰满的；（钱包等）鼓起的2.直率的,莽撞的; 唐突的（话等）；完全的（假话等）v.l.（使）肥胖,（使）膨胀，使（水果等）长饱满（out up ）
2.噗通地掉落（down into upon ）
3.突然跳进
4.（把自己全部选票）投选一人；绝对赞 成（for ）
5.噗通地放落
4. Picture
painting 油画，水彩画，drawing 图,图形;素描图画（including sketch 草图，粗样，略图；素描, 速写;草稿，diagram 图周形，图解；【数】作图，graph 曲线图；坐标图周表）,illustration 图 解，插画,chart 海图，航（线）图,航海图
5. 量词： A flock of shee p, goats, birds
A herb of cows, ele phan ts, zebras, an tel opes
A school of fish, whales, dolphins
A p ride of lio ns
6. Essential 根本的，必需的；主要的，本质的；实质上的
The esse ntial point is we must do what the con tract says.
In dis pen sable 必不可少的，不可或缺的 Warm cloth ing is in dis pen sable in cold wealth. necessary 必要的，不可缺的；强迫的；必然的，必定的It ' s necessary for us to study hard.
7. Nati onal psychology
to go Dutch = Dutch treat 和某人一同承担某物的费用 _
Dutch courage 酒后之勇 Dutch comfort 退一步着想所得的安慰，比下有余的安慰
Dutch bargain 酒席上达成的交易
double Dutch 莫名其妙的话，无法理解的话 I ' m a Dutchman if 如果…我就不是人
（2） Cogn ate adjectives
historic 历史性的，historical 历史的，历史上的；过去的；历史学的；有关历史的；__ economic 经济学的；经济（上）的;实用的，economical 俭约的；经济的，合算的；济学上的 con siderate, con siderable:
comprehensible 能理解的，comprehensive 有理解力的，悟性好的； con fide nt, con fide ntial 秘密的，机密的
Cha pter 2 Basic Conce pts of Words and Vocabulary
练习：词的分解
Book books bookish bookcase book+s book+ish book+case
Tolerate tolera nee tolera nt tolerati on tolerable in tolerable
Toler+ate toler+a nee toler+a nt
toler+ati on toler+able in+toler+able Tele phone
telegram telesc ope telecom mun icati on
Tele+phone
Morp heme Nati on — a lexical item, also a word
Nati on al, n ati on alize, n ati on alism, the Chin ese n ati on, the Un ited hati ons — ⑴to talk Dutch 胡言乱语
words and word equivale nts
All the words and word equivale nts con stitute the vocabulary of a Ian guage.
2.3Sou nd and Mea ning
对sound and meaning之间的联系的两种观点：
1.The naturalists : a natural connection between sound and meaning.(自然的)
2.The Conventionalists : the relations are conventional and arbitrary(约定俗成的，随意的) 证据：The meaning of a word is a kind of lin guistic social con tract.
Words that con vey the same meaning have differe nt phono logical forms in differe nt Ian guages. the same phono logical forms may con vey differe nt meanin gs; e.g.: sight, site, cite.
2.4Meaning and Concept
1. Relatio n
Meaning is closely related to a concept.
A concept is the base of the meaning of a word.
A word is used to label a con cept.
概念从对对象中提炼，词汇通过概念表现对象。
This approach to meaning can be diagrammed as : word 2.meaning 禾R concept 的不同点： (1) A concept is an abstraction from things of the same kind ，it refers to something in general, but not in p articular, while mea ning can refers to both someth ing in gen eral and in p articular. E: ①…some have begun to realize that the automobile is a mixed blessing. ② The automobile was stalled in a sno wstorm. (2)Meaning in the Ian guage con text may have emoti onal and stylistic colors, exp ress one’ s emotion, attitude and position. Therefore, it adds supplementary value to the concept the word exp resses. E: ① dog might in clude the conno tati ons of friend, help er, loyalty, etc. ② motherla nd, home, can dle, locust, pan da, etc. 2.5 Classificatio n of Words 1.By origi n Native words Words of An glo-Sax on origi n are n ative words. They form the great majority of the basic word stock of the English Ianguage. The basic word stock is the foun datio n of the vocabulary accumulated over a nu mber of ep ochs. Most n ative words in moder n En glish are mono syllabic. Though small in nu mber, these words are the ones used most frequently in everyday speech and writing; they p lay no small part in lin guistic p erforma nee and com muni cati on. In the native stock we find the most frequently used words denoting the commonest things necessary for life, such as names of natural phenomena (sun, moon, rain, frost, snow …), names of animals and plants (horse, dog, tree, flower …)， n ames of parts of body (head, hand, foot …)， adjectives denoting size and color ( big, small, red, white …)， verbs expressing concrete actions (live, eat, work, go, come …) auxiliary and modal verbs, pronouns, most numerals, prepositions and conj unctions. The fundamental features of the basic word stock National character: Words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the word. These words cannot be avoided by any speaker of a given community, irrespective of class origin, education, profession, geographical regions, culture, etc. Stability: as words in the basic word stock denote the commonest things necessary to life, they are likely to remain unchanged. Productivity: Words of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words. They are very active in forming new words. For example, the word hand forms such derivatives and compounds as: handful, handy, handily, handbag, handball, handwriting , etc. Collocability: Basic words combine readily with other words to form habitual expressions and phrases. The word hand again can be found in phrases like at first hand, hand in hand, to show one s hand, to pla'yinto sb.s'hands, and so on. Loan words The English vocabulary has replenished itself by continually taking over words from other languages over the centuries. Those words borrowed from other languages are loan words or borrowed words. The historical development of the English language shows that English is a heavy borrower; it has adopted words from almost every known language, especially from Latin, French, and Greek. After World War II the English vocabulary expanded at a rate much faster than ever before. By level of usage Common words Common words are connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life. The core of the common words is the basic word stock. They are stylistically neutral, hence they are appropriate in both formal and informal writing and speech. Literary words Literary words are chiefly used in writing, especially in books written in a more elevated style, in official documents, or in formal speeches. They are comparatively seldom used in ordinary conversation. In English, most of the literary words are of French, Latin or Greek origin. Many of them have their everyday synonyms. For example, cast (throw), edifice (building), endeavor (try), purchase (buy), etc. More examples: recognition, distinction, inclination, dubious, amelioration Colloquial words In contrast with literary words, colloquial words or expressions are used mainly in spoken English, as in conversation among friends and colleagues. They can also be use in informal writings, but are inappropriate in formal speeches or writings. They are marked colloq. or in formal in diet ion aries. Such as: kid, guy, fellow, gay … Compare: Feeli ng fatigued, tom retired early. (literary) Tom felt so dog-tired he hit the sack early. (colloquial) Joh n was dismissed for p etty thievi ng. (com mon) Joh n was fired for p etty thievi ng. (colloquial) Pen alties for overdue books will be strictly en forced (literary) You have got to pay fines for overdue books.(colloquial) They approved of the plan, (literary) They agreed to the plan .(common) Slang words Slang words Slang is defined as Ianguage, words or phrases of a colorful, facetious (playfully jocular; humorous), or taboo n ature, inven ted for sp ecific occasi ons, or uses, or derived from the unconven tio nal use of the sta ndard vocabulary. The chief reas on for the formati on and use of sla ng expressi ons is to secure fresh ness and no velty. A sla ng usage is not gen erally used in formal con versati on uni ess the sp eakers are on in timate terms; sla ng embraces those dari ng and new exp ressi ons that have not bee n acce pted by the majority of people as Stan dard En glish. Sla ng words Beaver(girl) Smoky, bear (police) Nut, dome, upper, bea n, block (head) Elevated, merry, jolly, comfortable, boiled, tight, blue-eyed, stiff (dr unk) Tech ni cal words Tech ni cal or sp ecial words refer to those words used in p articular disci pli nes and academic areas.They are also called terminologies or technical terms. Every branch of scienee, every profession or trade, every art and every sort of sports has its own technical terms. The function of those technical words is partly denote things or p rocesses which have no n ames in ordinary En glish, and p artly to in crease p recisi on in nomen clature. In music: symphony, son ata, orchestra, concerto. In educati on: audiovisual, microteach ing In mathematics: algebra, geometry, calculus, trigo no metry In biology: clone, embryo, cell , orga ni sm, DNA(deoxyrib on ucleic acid), gene Most of these tech ni cal terms are Lati n or Greek in origi n. In fact, they are part of literary words. Most of the tech ni cal words rema in esse ntially foreig n outsiders, even to educated n ative sp eakers. However, un der the in flue nee radio, television, newspaper and the Internet, we are witnessing a remarkable break ing dow n of the barrier betwee n tech ni cal and com mon words. Many tech ni cal n eologisms created yesterday by sp ecialists are today heard in ordinary con versati on, e.g. moon walk, space shutter, gene, tran sge nic, clone, etc. By no ti on Function words Function words are ofte n short words such as determ in ers, conj un cti ons.to to of prep ositi ons, auxiliaries, and so forth. Although they do not have much of their lexical meaning, they have a special kind of meaning---grammatical meaning. They act as grammatical sig nals to show the connection betwee n content words. is that function words belong to a relatively small comparison to content words. The total number of They are stable; they do not come and go with Cha nging fashi ons and ideas. Content words Content words have independent lexical meanin gs. Content words bel ong to an open list. New lexical items are constantly being created, and no one could make a comp lete list of all the content words in En glish. Another important characteristic and permanent set of words, in functional words is about 154. 成绩 Root and Affixation of Lexicology Abstract: It’s important and permanent to master the vocabulary in the English learning. Everyone who has ever set foot on English realizes that it’s somewhat incredible for us to reciting numerous and difficult words. Nevertheless, there are some skills we should acquire to make word-recitation easier and more effective. This paper mainly discusses the using of vocabulary root and affix. Only by having a good knowledge of the roots and affixes, can we prosper our English vocabulary and further our English study. Key words: root; affixation; detailed analysis; difficult words 1Introduction: Blindly reciting numerous and difficult words is a total waste of time and energy. Especially, situation becomes worse for the college students with little words storage and non-interest. However, most of the English words are comprised with roots and affixes, which are limited, stable and short. If we acquire them, it will be much simpler and rapider for us to recognize the unfamiliar and difficult words through the analysis on roots and affixes. If we can master and know how to use them properly, it will be a big step for the further study of this foreign language. A road of a thousand miles begins with each single step, so does the English words. Now we are going to learn the root and affixation respectively. Definition is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity and it carries the main component of meaning in a word. By learning the roots, we will find it not complicated for us to understand the long and difficult words which we often encounter in the tough reading test. However long and tough the word is, we can divide it into several parts, the fundamental part is the root and then we can understand what it means and fluently blurt it out without repeating it. Here are some detail analyses of the examples: Internationalist: nation is the root which means country or state, inter- is prefix meaning between or interactive, -al is the suffix and the –ist is the suffix meaning the person. So you will quite simply find its meaning. Invigorate: the root is vigor similar to power and energy, in- means making sth have the function of verb, here is make sth vigor, -ate is the verb suffix. So invigorate is to make sth vigorous. Antecedent: -ced- is the root referring to motion or going forward, ante- is before, and –ent means somebody. So antecedent is somebody who moves ahead of us, the same as forefather or ancestor. Protract: -tract is the root like pulling sth or extending sth make it wider or longer, pro- is the prefix meaning “ahead”. After analyzing this word, we know that “protract” is similar to prolong meaning make sth longer or longer to live. A lot of words contain this root, such as detract, extract, subtract, attract, tractable, intractable, etc. Arbitrariness: arbitrary is the root indicating to randomness or out of order, -ness is the noun suffix. The profound meaning of learning roots is that you will find it much easy to memorize words because there are so many word share the same root. No matter how long and hoe difficult the word is, the basic meaning of the word is stable and unchangeable. If we recite words according the 2011年同等学力英语词汇班讲义一、英语核心词汇 A absence access account achievement absorb accept accident amuse argue accompany accurate acquire abuse accomplish accuse aspect academic accordingly accustomed adapt addition adjust adopt advantage advance advisable affect afford annual announce alike allowance alter amaze amount annoy anxiety apparent appeal appear apply appointment appreciate approach appropriate approve arise arouse arrest artificial assemble asset assess assert assume assure athlete atmosphere attach attack alarm attend attitude attract attribute audience authority available avoid award aware awful awkward arrange associate astonish approximate analyze ancient ambition apology average attempt ashamed B bacteria baggage balance bankrupt bare barely bargain barrier beam behalf benefit besides bitter blank blast boast bold boom boost boring bound breed brilliant budget bump bunch bundle burden burst bachelor battle bear beyond blame band block blast bother brand brief bulk C campaign cancel capable capacity capital cash casual cause capture calculate central challenge 国际象棋常用英语词汇 Chess国际象棋 King王（国王） Queen后（皇后） Bishop象（主教） Knight马（骑士） Rook车（城堡） Pawn兵（奴隶） Board棋盘 Position局面 Checkmate将死 Game对局对弈比赛 Openings开局 middlegame, midgame中局 Endgames残局 Tactics战术 FEN Forsyth-Edwards Notation，福斯夫-爱德华兹记录法PGN Portable Game Notation，可移植式棋局记录法。Database数据库 castle王车易位 open file开放线 pawn structure兵型 double check双将 pin牵制 fork击双(捉双) center中心 王翼kingside 后翼queenside 通路兵pass pawn 棋格square 封锁blockade 提议和棋offer draw (大)错、劣、漏、臭着blunder 规则rule 超快棋(闪电战)blitz 认输resign 记谱notation 棋子，子力(除兵之外)piece 重子heavy pieces 轻子minor-pieces board棋盘 Chess set棋具 chess player下象棋者、棋手Participane参赛者 Arbiter裁判 Master大师 winner优胜者 champion冠军 Tournament锦标赛、联赛 Match对抗赛 Olympiad奥林匹克赛correspondence chess国际象棋通讯赛team队、组 captain队长 country国家 drawing of lots抽签 number序号 round轮次 category级别 game of chess国际象棋对局 laws of chess国际象棋规则 Colour颜色 White白棋 Black黑棋 piece棋子 square格 Chapter Five: Word Meaning and Componential Analysis 5.1 Word meaning word, reference, and concept 1) Words and concepts are inseparable. 2) Words and concepts are not identical a) Only notional words reflect things. Form words are not related to any actual thing in real life. They are abstraction of grammatical relations. b) The same concept can be expressed by different words: underground, tube, subway, all mean the same thing. Sense and Reference ?The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language. (Lyons, 1968). ?The sense of an expression may be defined as the set, or network, of sense-relations that hold between it and other expressions of the same language. (Lyons, 1995) ?The relationship by which language hooks onto the world is usually called reference. The semantic links between elements within the vocabulary system is an aspect of their sense, or meaning. (Saeed, 1997: 12) Sense relations The relations may include lexical relations (such as paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations, polysemy, synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, meronymy, member-collection, portion-mass, etc.) and sentence relations (such as logic and truth value, entailment, presup-position, etc.). Arbitrariness and Motivation What’s in a name? that which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet. 5.2 Motivation a conception that the connection between name and sense is not arbitrary, but can be explained, or is motivated. Types of motivation 1) Onomatopoeic Motivation: ducks (quack), frogs (croak), lions (roar), wolves (howl) 2)Morphological Motivation: landlord, leader 3) Semantic Motivation ?the Pentagon ?the foot of the mountain ?The path to November was uphill all the way. 4)Etymological Motivation It refers to the motivation connected to the origin of the word. 5.3 Types of Meaning (p. 103) 现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料c h a p t e r 文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688] Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split. Chapter 1Word-Structure 1. The definition of morpheme 1.1 What is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language?- morpheme What are words composed of? - Words are formed by morphemes. A word is the smallest unit that stands alone to communicate meaning. 1.2 What are the Chinese equivalents对应词of morpheme? 语素词素-形位 2.1 Morphemes may be classified into free and bound. Free morphemes, also called content morphemes, may constitute words by themselves. These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. So we may say that free morphemes are free roots. Bound morphemes = Bound root + affixes, known as grammatical morphemes, must appear with at least one other morpheme, either free or bound. Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived words, e.g. recollection, idealistic, ex-prisoner 2.2 Morphemes may also be classified into roots (or root morphemes) and affixes (or affixational morphemes). Task: (1) Read the following words and find the root in each word. heart, hearten, dishearten, heartless, hearty, heartiness, sweetheart, heartbroken, kind-hearted, whole-heartedly. (2) What is your definition of root? A root is the part of the word-form which remains when all the affixes have been removed. (3) Is a root necessarily a free morpheme? Why? 2.2.1 Two types of roots - Free root In English, many roots are free morphemes, such as black in black, blackboard, blacksmith. - Bound root However, there are quite a number of roots which cannot exist on their own and thus belong to the class of bound morphemes. For example, ceive in receive, conceive, perceive, deceive; mit in permit, commit, submit; tain in retain, contain, maintain; cur in recur, occur, incur, etc. these roots cannot be used to form new words. 2.2.2 Two types of affixes Affix is a collective term for the type of formative (构词成分) that can be used only when added to another morpheme. - Inflectional affixes (or inflectional morphemes) serve to express the following meanings: (1) plurality: e.g. -s in chairs, pens; -es in boxes, tomatoes; en in oxen. (2) the genitive case: e.g. ’s in boy’s, children’s. (3) the verbal endings: for example, a. -(e)s in words like eats, teaches shows the third person singular present tense. b. -ing in words like eating, teaching shows the present participle or gerund. c. -(e)d in words like worked, saved shows the past tense or past participle. (4) the comparative and superlative degrees: e.g. -er in words like smaller, harder; -est in words like smallest, hardest. - Derivational affixes (or derivational morphemes)can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes. ?(1) Prefixes are affixes before the root, e.g: unjust, rewrite. As a rule, most prefixes modify the meaning of roots, but not their parts of speech. Chapter 1 LEXICOLOGY: Lexicology is the science of words, which is concerned with the study of vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, the origin, development, history, structure, meaning and application. In short, it is the study of the signification and application of words. Chapter 2 1.The history of English language History of English language can be divided into Old English(450AD-1150AD), Middle English (1150AD-1500AD), and Modern English (1500AD-present). 2.Classification of English words English words can be divided into different groups in terms of the origin, the level of usage and the notion. By origin Native words (Anglo-Saxon/ old English) Loan words (borrowed) By level of usage: 5 categories Standard/ popular word/ common words Literary words Colloquial words Slang words Technical words By notion Content words: They have the independent lexical meaning, e.g. noun, verb, adjective, adverb. Function words: They are determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries, and grammatical signals, functional makers. Pick up the slang words and explain. 1.Father said nix to our plan, so we couldn’t go to the museum. (nothing, no) 2.When the buck leads, the world suffers. (money, dollars) 3.He says he’ll be a great writer but that’s a lot of boloney; he’ll never be. (nonsense) 4.I’ll clobber you if you don’t do what you’re told, said the angry father. (beat sb. repeatedly) 5.I think I’m just a hick at heart. (a foolish person from the country) 6.He thought his idea was wonderful, but in fact, it was complete rot. (nonsense) Chapter 3 Compounding: refers to the faculty and device of language to form new words by combining or putting together old words, e.g. schoolboy. Derivation: derivation is "Used to form new words, as with happi-ness and un-happy from happy, or determination from determine. Conversion: the creation of word from an existing word without any change in form, e.g. the adjective clean becomes the verb clean. 教师招聘面试试讲是重要环节,考生要想最终在激烈的竞争中胜出,就必须从细节入手,做到完美,才能打动考官,赢得胜利。本站为大家带来的初中英语面试词汇课试讲稿，希望能帮助到大家! 初中英语面试词汇课试讲稿 一、强化语音教学，为词汇教学打好基础 词汇教学一般采取由音到形再到义的顺序。音是学生接触一个词的最初印象，如果读不出音就记不住形，无音无形就谈不上什么义，因此，要牢记一个单词，首先应把音念准。听是语言教学的根本方法，先听音、后开口和发准音是语音教学的基本步骤。在语音教学中，教师可以自己读，也可用录音带，要求学生静静地听，并告诉学生听后进行模仿。教师可以把两组或几组音先读给学生听，让学生辨出哪一组发的是哪个音，也可以把音标写在黑板上，读一个句子或一组词，让学生辨出含有该音的词。 语音教学虽然重点是语音，但不能就音论音，而应把单音放在词和句中，反复练习，不断纠正。同时要充分利用现代教学设备，以电视、录像、录音、幻灯等多种形式，给学生提供更多模仿、练习发音的机会，以达到最终准确发音的目的。 二、词汇教学，提升英语价值 词汇是英语语言的基本构成要素，不同词汇组合到一起构成了英语语句。因而，初中生在学习英语课程时必须要掌握相关词汇的具体含义，从而有助于提升学生的英语水平。英语词汇教学应注重学生理解、应用、表达等方面的能力培养，这对于初中英语教学有着显著的教育价值。学生在初中阶段接触英语课程时容易混淆知识内容，对小学、初中英语的差异性把握不准，这对后期初中英语学习是不利的。英语词汇教学对学生英语知识应用能力的培养大有帮助，教师在词汇教学中能让学生接触到不同词汇的具体运用方式，对各词汇的具体含义有深刻的理解。此外，当学生掌握足够的词汇量以后，教师也可为学生搭建词汇应用平台，使其能充分发挥自己的英语才能。 三、探究引导，锻炼词汇能力 词汇是英语知识的基本构成，“探究引导”是英语词汇教学的有效方式，教师通过引导学生参与词汇学习以激发其大脑潜能，对英语词汇能有充足的记忆与理解。1、创造探究机会。初中英语词汇内容丰富多样，不同学生对词汇知识的理解存在差异。为了让所有学生的词汇能力得到锻炼，教师应努力创造探究机会，让学生有机会参与探究活动。面对初中新教材改革，我则要求学生在学习中对新、旧词汇进行总结，如kickback(回扣)，hippie(嬉皮士)，special economic zone(经济特区)，yumcha(饮茶)，realwoman(淑女);eyeball(观察)，cowboy(莽 英语词汇学论文(中文版) 单词记忆法细谈 一，读音规则记忆法 它就是按照元音字母、元音字母组合、辅音字母及辅音字母组合在开音节和闭音节的读音规律记忆。例如：ea，ee，er，ir，ur，or分别能发［i：］［：］［：］等。还有些固定的字母组合，例如：ing发［i］，ly发［li］，ty发［ti］和各种前缀、后缀，例如：a-，re-，un-，dis-，im-；-ed，-ing，-ly，-er，-or，-ful，-y等都有其比较固定的发音。掌握了这些规则，记单 词时就不必一个字母一个字母地记忆了。 二.字母变化记忆法 英语单词中以某个单词为基础，加、减、换、调一个字母就成了另一个新单词。具体方法 如下： 1.前面加字母。例如：is/his，ear/near/hear，read/bread 2.后面加字母。例如：hear/heart，you/your，plane/planet 3.中间加字母。例如：though/through，tree/three，for/four 4.减字母。例如：she/he，close/lose，star/tstar 5.换字母。例如：book/look/cook，cake/lake/wake/make/take 6.调字母（即改变字母顺序）。例如：blow/bowl，sing/sign， from/form 三.联想记忆法 在日常生活中可以根据所处的环境，所见到、所摸到的事物，联想相关的英语单词。例如： 打球时联想到：ball，(play)basketball，(play)football，(play)volleyball，playground等等；吃饭时联想到：dining-room，(have)breakfast，(have)lunch，(have)supper等等；睡觉 时联想到：bed，bedroom，gotobed，sleep，gotosleep，fallasleep等等。如果长期坚持下支，效果就会很好。 四.归类记忆法 众所周知，单词本身、单词与单词之间都存在着或多或少的联系，英语词汇中 有许多单词有着其近义词、反义词、一词多义、一词多音、同音词或形音形似词等内 在或外在的联系。因此，记忆单词的主要方法是把单词之间存在的这种联系挖掘归纳 出来，通过对比、对照的方式把学过的单词从各个方面进行归类 1.按词的构造归类 按词跟、前缀、后缀、合成词归类，找出词与词最本质 的联系。这种联系不仅使新词记得快、记得牢、记得久，而 且也同时复习了大量的旧词。合成词，如： schoolbag,school-boy,classroom,football,blackboard,etc. 前缀后缀词，如：unhappy,unhealthy,unfriendly,unlucky,worker,writer,visitor,us 1、选择题（2 ×15=30） 2、填空题（2×5=10 ） 3、搭配题(1×10=10) 4、名词解释题(4×5=20) 5、问题回答(5×3=15) 6、论述题(第39题7分，第40题8分) 选择题： 1. Which of the following is an initialism ? D. UN 2. The following are all nominal suffixes EXCEPT A. –ful . 3．Both English and B. Danish belong to the Germantic branch of the Indo-European language family. 4.Affixes added to the end of words to indicate grammatik relationships are known as C. inflectional morphemes. 5.Motiation accounts for the connection between word-form and C.its meaning. 6.Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and C.homonymy. 7.Affixes attached to other morphemes to create new words are known as B .derivational affixes. 8.The semantic unity of idioms is reflected in the A.illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom as in rain cats and dogs. https://www.doczj.com/doc/62729369.html,ually a small number of languages have been designated official languages for an organization’s activities ,for example, the UN was established with five official languages English, French, A.Spanish Russian, and Chinese.中英俄法西 中考一轮复习A 开头词汇（一）（讲义）??以字母 A 开头的单词 a (an) /?/ /?n/ art.一(个、件……) big mouth half hour a 用在前, an 用在前 a pair of… a set of… a symbol of… a waste of… 6:45： 玩得愉快： 结果： able /'eibl/ adj. 能够；有能力的 be able to I haven’t been able to speak Japanese. 名词形式： be able to do sth. = ：有能力做某事 -able: comfortable knowledgeable believable loveable washable about /?'ba?t/ prep. 对于，关于；在……周围；围绕 adv. / adj.大约；到处；四处 动词+about： hear about worry about be serious about How/What+about（）： How/What about (have) a drink with me after class?be about to do sth. Sit down everyone, the film is about to start. above /?'b?v/ prep. 在……之上；超过 adv. 在上面 Raise your arms above your head. The temperature above 37℃… Children above 10… For the above reasons,… 尤其是；最重要的是 Max is fair, hardworking and above all honest. 英语词汇学英语词汇学习题3及答案 试题三 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.(30%) 1.According to the degree of similarity, homonyms can be classified into ( ) A. perfect homonyms B. homonyms C. homophones D. all the above 2.Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example ( ) A. ad for “advertisement” B. dish for “food" C. fond for “affectionate” D. an editorial for “an editorial article" 3.It is a general belief that the meaning does not exist in the word itself, but it rather spreads over ( ) A. the reader’s interpretation B. the neighbouring words C. the writer's intention D. the etymology of the word 4.Which of the following is a prefix of time and order? A. extra- B. pro- C. re- D. semi- 5.Which of the following dictionaries is not a specialized dictionary? A. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology B. Chamber's Encyclopedic English Dictionary C. Longmont Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs D. Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms 6.Which of the following statements is Not true? A. Reference is the relationship between language and the world. B. The relationship between a word and its referent is arbitrary. C. Concept is universal to all men alike. D. Sense denotes the relationships outside the language. 7.The words which occur before or after a word and may affect its meaning form ( ) A. physical context B. grammatical context C. lexical context D. linguistic context 8."Smith is an architect. He designed World Trade Center. "The clue provided in the context is ( ) A. definition B. explanation C. example D. hyponym 9.The term "vocabulary" is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that ( ) A. it can refer to the common core of a language B. it can refer to the total number of the words in a language C. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical period D. it can stand for words in given dialect or field2012 英语词汇学论文 英文版
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