2011成人高考(高起点)英语模拟试题及答案一.
(考试时间120分钟)
一、语音知识(共5小题;每题1.5分，共7.5分。)
在下列每组单词中，有一个单词的划线部分与其他单词的划线部分的读音不同。找出这个词，并把它前面的大写字母填入左边括弧里。
( )1.A. machine B. dictionary C. Russian D. question
( )2.A. popular B. large C. remarkable D. dark
( )3.A. church B. chalk C. character D. cheat
( )4.A. cheat B. weak C. increase D. area
( )5.A. copy B. loudly C. today D. Monday
二、词汇与语法知识(共25小题;每题1.5分，共37.5分。)
从每小题的四个选择项中，选出最佳的一项，并把它前面的大写字母填入左边的括弧里。
( )6.—The sea is very rough today.
—Yes，I…ve never seen _______ before.
A. such rough sea
B. such a rough sea
C. so rough sea
D. that rough sea
( )7.—She…s broken her arm again.
—Again? I ______ she _______ ever broken it before.
A. don…t know; has
B. didn?t know; had
C. didn…t know; has
D. hadn?t know; wo uld
( )8.—Has the wallet been returned yet?
—No，but we expect ______ any day now.
A. to return it
B. it to return
C. it to be returned
D. it returned
( )9.—I…ve been told to pay the rent.
—But it…s already been paid. It ______ by someone else.
A. must be
B. may be
C. must be paid
D. must have been paid
( )10. Montreal is larger than _______ in Canada.
A. any city
B. any cities
C. any other cities
D. any other city
( )11. Human…s brains are larger in proportion to their bodies than _______.
A. whales
B. a whale
C. that of whales
D. those of whales
( )12. Before writing your article，______，collect your material，and prepare an outline.
A. a topic should be selected
B. a topic to be selected
C. your topic should be selected
D. select a topic
( )13.—I usually travel by train.
—Why not ________ by plane for a change?
A. to try going
B. trying to go
C. to try and go
D. try going
( )14. The boy lay in the street，his eyes _______ and his hands ______.
A. closing; trembling
B. closed; trembled
C. closing; trembled
D. closed; trembling
( )15. He _______ here for 20 years by the end of next month.
A. had worked
B. has worked
C. will have worked
D. will work
( )16. I…ll do _______ the doctor advised.
A. as
B. like
C. that
D. all what
( )17.—Did we have to wait for Tom?
—Well，_______ very angry if we hadn…t waited for him.
A. he…d have been
B. he were
C. he had been
D. he must be
( )18. Why do you insist on ________?
A. this to be done
B. this done
C. this being done
D. this is done
( )19. We looked everywhere for the ________.
A. missing watch
B. missed watch
C. watch being missed
D. watch that lost
( )20. ______，the runners crossed the finish line.
A. Tiring
B. Tired
C. To be tired
D. They are tired
( )21. _______ by the air，the kite went up into the sky.
A. Pushing
B. Pushed
C. Having been pushed
D. Having pushed
( )22.—The round bowl over there is a bit small，isn…t it?
— _______.
A. So are the fish
B. So the fish are
C. Neither the fish
D. Neither are the fish
( )23. She couldn…t take shorthand，_______ slowed down the work of the office.
A. that
B. which
C. it
D. so
( )24. Was it last Friday ________ you met him?
A. that
B. on which
C. which
D. when
( )25. _______ might fail in the exam worried him.
A. He
B. That he
C. What
D. It
( )26.—I…v got this really painful ear.
—How long _______ you?
A. does it bother
B. was it bothering
C. would it bother
D. has it been bothering
( )27.—I started to study，but then a friend called.
—That…s no excuse ________.
A. for not studying
B. not for studying
C. not studying
D. not to studying
( )28.—Why was he so hot when he got home?
—He ________.
A. was running
B. is running
C. has been running
D. had been running
( )29.—There…s been an earthquake.
—I know. At least a hundred people ________.
A. were to be killed
B. are said to have been killed
C. said to have been killed
D. are said to kill
( )30. You may invite _______ wants to go.
A. whomever
B. whoever
C. which one
D. people
三、完形填空(共20小題;每題1.5分，共30分。)
通读下面的短文，掌握其大意。从每小题的四个选项中选出可填入相应空白处的最佳选择，并把它前面的大写字母填入左边括号里。
Mr. Jones woke early one morning，before the sun had risen. It was a beautiful morning，_31_ he went to the window and looked out. He was _32_ to see a neatly-dressed and mid-aged professor，who _33_ in the university just up the road from Mr. Jones… house，coming the direction of the town. He had grey hair thick glasses，and was _34 an umbrella，a morning newspaper and a bag. Mr. Jones thought that
he must have _35_ by the night train _36_ taking a taxi.
Mr. Jones had a big tree in his garden，and the children had tied a long _37_ to one of the branches，so that they could swing on it.
Mr. Jones saw the professor _38_ when he saw the rope and looked carefully up and down the road. When he saw that there was _39_ in sight，he stepped into the garden (there was no fence)，put his umbrella，newspaper，bag and hat nearly on the grass and _40_ the rope. He pulled it _41_ to see whether it was strong enough to take his weight，then ran as fast as he could and swung into the _42_ on the end of the rope，his grey hair blowing all around _43_. _44_ he swung，sometimes taking a few more _45_ steps on the grass when the rope began to swing _46_ slowly for him.
_47_ the professor stopped，straightened his tie，combed his hair carefully，put on his hat，_48_ his umbrella，newspaper and bag，and continued _49_ his way to the university，looking as _50_ and correct and respectable as one would expect a professor to be.
( )31.A. because B. as C. so D. for
( )32.A. surprised B. glad C. worried D. excited
( )33.A. studied B. worked C. stayed D. lived
( )34.A. passing B. doing C. carrying D. sending
( )35.A. left B. gone C. taken D. arrived
( )36.A. because of B. instead of C. by D. with
( )37.A. rope B. line C. stick D. ruler
( )38.A. run B. walk C. jump D. stop
( )39.A. nothing B. nobody C. no room D. no house
( )40.A. carried B. grasped C. took D. threw
( )41.A. hard B. high C. heavily D. greatly
( )42.A. garden B. tree C. land D. air
( )43.A. hands B. his shoulders C. his face D. his neck
( )44.A. Backwards and forwards B. Up and down
C. Left and right
D. Around and around
( )45.A. running B. stopping C. rising D. falling
( )46.A. enough B. more C. too D. less
( )47.A. At first B. At last C. At once D. At least
( )48.A. set up B. gave up C. send up D. picked up
( )49.A. on B. for C. by D. with
( )50.A. clean B. slow C. funny D. quiet
四、阅读理解(共15小题;每题2分，共30分。)
阅读下列短文，然后根据短文的內容從每小题的四个选项中选出可填入相应空白处的最佳选择，并把它前面的大写字母填入左边括号里。
A
Grandma Moses is among the most famous twentieth-century painters of the United States，yet she had only just begun painting in her late seventies. As she once said of herself：“I would never sit back in a rocking-chair，waiting for someone to help me.”
She was born on a farm in New York State. At twelve she left home and was in a service until at twenty-seven，she married Thomas Moses，the tenant of hers. They farmed most of their lives. She had ten children，of whom five survived; her husband died in 1928.
Grandma Moses painted a little as a child and made embroidery pictures as a hobby，but only changed to oils in old age because her hands had become too stiff to sew and she wanted to keep busy and pass the time. Her pictures were first sold at an exhibition，and were soon noticed by a businessman who bought everything she painted. Three of the pictures were shown in the Museum of Modern Art，and in 1940 she had her first exhibition in New York. Be tween the 1930…s and her death she produced some 2，000 pictures：careful and lively pictures of the country life she had known，with a wonderful sense of color and form.
( )51. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A. Grandma Moses
B. The Children of Grandma Moses
C. Grandma Moses：Her Best Pictures
D. Grandma Moses and Her First Exhibition
( )52. From Grandma Moses… s words of herself in the first paragraph，it can be inferred that she was _______.
A. independent
B. pretty
C. rich
D. alone
( )53. Grandma Moses began to paint because she wanted to _______.
A. make her home beautiful
B. keep active
C. improve her salary
D. gain an international fame
( )54. Grandma Moses spent most of their life ________.
A. nursing
B. painting
C. farming
D. embroidering
B
In the fall of 1924 Thomas Wolfe，fresh from his courses in play writing at Harvard joined the eight or ten of us who were teaching English composition in New York University. I had never before seen a man so tall as he，and so ugly. I pitied him and went out of my way to help him with his work and make him feel at home.
His students soon let me know that he had no need of my protectiveness. They spoke of his ability to explain a poem in such a manner as to have them shouting with laughter or struggling to keep back their tears，of his readiness to quote in detail from any poet they could name.
Indeed，his students made so much of his power of observation that I decided to make a little test and see for myself. My chance came one morning when the students were slowly gathering for nine o…clock classes.
Upon arriving at the university that day，I found Wolfe alone in the large room which served all the English composition teachers as an office. He did not say anything when I asked him to come with me out into the hall，and he only smiled when we reached a classroom door and I told him to enter alone and look around.
He stepped in，remained no more than thirty seconds and then came out. “Tell me what you see.” I said as I took his place in the room，leaving him in the hall with his back to the door. Without the least hesitation and without a single error，he gave the number of seats in the room，pointed out those which were taken by boys and those occupied by girls，named the colors each student was wearing，pointed out the Latin verb written on the blackboard，spoke of the chalk marks which the cleaner had failed to wash from the floor，and pictured in detail the view of Washington Square from the window.
As I rejoined Wolfe，I was speechless with surprise. He，on the contrary，was wholly calm as he said，“The worst thing about it is that I…ll remember it all.”
( )55. What is the passage mainly discussing?
A. Thomas Wolfe…s teaching work.
B. Thomas Wolfe…s course in playwriting.
C. Thomas Wolfe…s ability of explaining.
D. Thomas Wolfe…s genius.
( )56. Which of the following is NOT said in the passage?
A. Wolfe…s students praised Wolfe?s power of observation.
B. The author made an experimen t on Wolfe…s ability.
C. Wolfe…s students asked the author to have a test of their ability.
D. Wolfe did not feel angry when he was tested.
( )57. What do we learn about Wolfe from the passage?
A. He tried hard to remember what was in the classroom.
B. He stayed in the classroom for a short time.
C. He stayed drew a picture of Washington Square.
D. He followed the author into the classroom.
( )58. What can be inferred from the passage?
A. The author was happy to see the test result.
B. What the students said was hardly true.
C. Wolfe would remember forever what the author had done.
D. Wolfe felt joyful after he had been tested.
C
The trick in food photography is to show the food looking fresh，so many dishes have stand-ins，just as movie stars do. “When I get my lights and cameras set up，I remove the stand-in and put in the real thing，” explains Ray Webber，who photographs food for magazine advertisements. “Sometimes I have to brush the meat with its juices because it may have drie d out a bit. A and when I…m shooting (拍照) something like tomatoes，I always carry water to spray them with dew just before I shoot.”
Shooting food outdoors has special problems. “I…m always worrying about flies or worms crawling up a glass，” Webber expla ins，“my worry is that someday a dog will come up from behind and run off with the food.” Once Webber was shooting a piece of cheese outdoors and needed something to make its color beautiful. Finally he found it：a weed with lovely blue flowers. When the shot appeared，several people were horrified-the weed was deadly nightshade!
( )59. Just before being photographed，some meats and vegetables are _______.
A. fanned
B. dyed
C. frozen
D. made wet
( )60. The second paragraph deals mostly with the ________.
A. differences between indoor and outdoor photography
B. problems of outdoor food photography
C. ways of keeping food fresh outdoors
D. combinations of colors outdoors
( )61. Webber is afraid dogs might _______.
A. bark while he is shooting
B. get into his picture
C. steal the food
D. upset his camera
( )62. From the article we can conclude that deadly night-shade is probably a kind of plant that is _______.
A. colorful
B. poisonous
C. ugly
D. Both A and B.
D
With the large number of dogs roaring through our communities，people need to know the facts about rabies (狂犬病)，a fatal disease caused by animal bites. Despite vaccination (接種疫苗) programs，rabies is still very prevalent，and will continue to be a serious public health problem for many years to come.
Rabies strikes the central nervous system and brings on choking，convulsions (抽搐) and inability to swallow liquids. It can even cause death. If you or anyone in your family is bitten by dog，cat or other animal，you should not panic，but thoroughly wash the wound with plenty of soap and water and rush to nearby hospital for immediate treatment. If you own the animal which did the biting，you should immediately call a veterinarian for advice and make sure the public health authorities know when and where the biting took place and who was bitten.
( )63. Rabies is a kind of disease which ________.
A. causes heart attack
B. hurt one…s legs
C. causes nerve-centre problem and breathing problem
D. strikes one…s brain
( )64. If a person is bitten by some kind of animal，you ________.
A. should be panic
B. should take him (her) to a big hospital right away
C. should help to clean the wound and ask the patient to have a good rest at home
D. should help to clean the wound and then take him (her) to a nearby hospital quickly as possible.
( )65. Which is the best title of the passage?
A. What a Rabies?
B. The Horrible Rabies
C. What Are Animal Bites?
D. How to Control Rabies
五、补全对话(共5句;每句滿分为3分，共15分。)
根据中文提示，将对话中缺少的内容下在线上。这些句子必须符合英语表达习惯。打句号的地方，用陈述句;打问号的地方，用疑问句。
提示：星期五晚上有音乐会，Chris得到;两張票，打电话给Linda，问她是否有空一同前往，并约她音乐会后一起吃饭。Linda听了非常高兴，倆人相约六点四十五分在入口处见面。
Linda：Hello! This is Linda speaking.
Chris：Hello，Linda，this is Chris. _______66________ this Friday evening?
Linda：Yes，why?
Chris：There…s a good concert，and I?ve got two tickets. I wonder ________67_______.
Linda：That…s great! _________68_________?
Chris：7 o…clock. But how about _________69__________ at 6：45?
Linda：OK. I think I can make it.
Chris：After the concert，________70_________，shall we?
Linda：Wonderful! Why don…t we go to a Chinese restaurant?
Chris：Why not? OK，see you Friday.
Linda：See you then. Bye!
六、书面表达(共30分)
提示：假设你的朋友叫杨立，是优秀学生。校报请你写一篇介绍他的短文。他的基本情况是：现在读高二，是班长，是全班学习最好的;最喜欢学习英语和数学;爱好体育，课余常踢足球，还是学校游泳队队员;经常帮助别人。
注意：(1)基本情況不可遺漏;
(2)要有标题;
(3)词数为100左右。
參考答案
一、语音知识
1.D
2.A
3.C
4.D
5.C
二、词汇与语法知识
6.B
7.B
8.C
9.D 10.D 11.D 12.D 13.D 14.D 15.C 16.A 17.A 18.C 19.A 20.B 21.B 22.A 23.B 24.A 25.B
26.D 27.A 28.D 29.B 30.B
三、完形填空
31.C 32.A 33.D 34.C 35.D 36.B 37.A 38.D 39.B 40.B 41.A 42.D 43.C 44.A 45.A 46.C 47.B 48.D 49.A
50.D
四、阅读理解
51.A 52.A 53.B 54.C 55.D 56.C 57.B 58.C 59.D 60.B 61.C 62.D 63.C 64.D 65.B
五、补全对话
66.Are you free
Do you have time
67.if you can go (to the concert) with me
68.What time (/When) does it start (/begin)
69.meeting at the entrance
70.we…ll go to a restaurant for supper
we…ll eat at a restaurant
we…ll have supper in a restaurant
六、书面表达
Our Good Example
Yang Li is the monitor of Class One，Senior Two. He studies very hard and is the best student in our class. He is good at Chinese，physics and chemistry，but enjoys English and mathematics best. He can speak English fluently. After school he often helps his classmates with their lessons. Whenever someone is absent from school because of illness，he will go to his house to help him with the missed lessons.
He is not only a good student，but also an active sportsman. He likes several kinds of sports. He often plays football after class. He is on the school swimming team，too.
2011成人高考(高起点)英语模拟试题及答案二
(考试时间120分钟)
一、语音知识(共5小题;每题1.5分，共7.5分。)
在下列每组单词中，有一个单词的划线部分与其他单词的划线部分的读音不同。找出这个词，并把它前面的大写字母填入左边括弧里。
( )1.A. across B. away C. agree D. able
( )2.A. training B. brain C. remain D. said
( )3.A. cow B. throw C. low D. own
( )4.A. pleasure B. sure C. Russia D. procession
( )5.A. till B. wide C. polite D. decide
二、词汇与语法知识(共25小题;每题1.5分，共37.5分。)
从每小题的四个选择项中，选出最佳的一项，并把它前面的大写字母填入左边的括弧里。
( )6. The flowers in our school _______ the beauty of our campus.
A. add
B. add to
C. add up to
D. add up
( )7. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him _______.
A. not to
B. not to do
C. not do it
D. do not to
( )8. She thought I was talking about her daughter，______，in fact，I was talking about my daughter.
A. whom
B. where
C. which
D. while
( )9. You don…t need to describe her. I _______ her several times.
A. had met
B. have met
C. met
D. meet
( )10. Can you believe that in _______ a rich country _______ there should be many poor people?
A. such; such
B. such; so
C. so; so
D. so; such
( )11. Paul doesn…t have to be made ________. He always works hard.
A. learn
B. to learn
C. learned
D. learning
( )12.—There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well.—It _______ a comfortable journey.
A. can…t be
B. shouldn?t be
C. mustn…t have been
D. couldn?t have been
( )13. If by any chance someone comes to see me，ask them to leave a _______.
A. message
B. letter
C. sentence
D. notice
( )14. _______，Mother will wait for him to have dinner together.
A. However late is he
B. However he is late
C. However is he late
D. However late he is
( )15. Alice，why didn…t you come yesterday?
I ，but I had an unexpected visitor.
A. had
B. would
C. was going to
D. did
( )16.—Who is Jerry Cooper?
— _______? I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting.
A. Don…t you meet him yet
B. Hadn?t you met him yet
C. Didn…t you meet him yet
D. Haven?t you met him yet
( )17. We agreed ________ here but so far she hasn…t turned up yet.
A. having met
B. meeting
C. to meet
D. to have met
( )18. What did you think of her speech?
She _______for one hour but didn…t _______ much.
A. spoke; speak
B. spoke; say
C. said; speak
D. said; say
( )19. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town _______ he grew up as a child.
A. which
B. where
C. that
D. when
( )20. As she _______ the newspaper，Granny ________ asleep.
A. read; was falling
B. was reading; fell
C. was reading; was falling
D. read; fell
( )21. How beautifully she sings! I have never heard ________.
A. the better voice
B. a good voice
C. the best voice
D. a better voice
( )22. Wait till you are more ________. It…s better to be sure than sorry.
A. inspired
B. satisfied
C. calm
D. certain
( )23.—Hi，Tracy，you look tired.
—I am tired. I _______ the living room all day.
A. painted
B. had painted
C. have been painting
D. have painted
( )24.—How was your recent visit to Qingdao?
—It was great. We visited some friends，and spent the _______ days at the seaside. A. few last sunny B. last few sunny
C. last sunny few
D. few sunny last
( )25. I first met Lisa three years ago. She ________ at a radio shop at the time.
A. has worked
B. was working
C. had been working
D. had worked
( )26.—When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.
—They _______ be ready by 12：00.
A. can
B. should
C. might
D. need
( )27. Yesterday Alice ________ a wallet on her way to school.
A. picked up
B. picked out
C. throw away
D. kick away
( )28. While standing there，the nice girl found the stranger…s eyes _______ her.
A. fixed up
B. looked at
C. stared at
D. glared at
( )29. _______ we…ll go camping tomorrow de pends on the weather.
A. If
B. Whether
C. That
D. Where
( )30. The girl cried out：“I ________ go out today.”
A. had better not to
B. had rather not
C. would rather not to
D. would rather not
三、完形填空(共20小题;每题1.5分，共30分。)
通读下面的短文，掌握其大意。从每小题的四个选项中选出可填入相应空白处的最佳选择，并把它前面的大写字母填入左边括号里。
If we were asked exactly what we were doing a year ago，we should probably have to say that we could not remember. But if we had kept a book and written in it an account of _31_ each day，we should be able to give an answer _32_ the question.
It is the same in the history. _33_ have been forgotten because we do not have any written account of them. Sometimes men _34_ a record of the important happenings in _35_ country，_36_ often it was destroyed by fire or in a war. Sometimes there was never any written record at all because the people _37_ did not know how to write. For example，we know _38_ the people who lived in China 4，000 years ago，because they could write and _39_ written records for these who live _40_ them. But we know _41_ nothing about the people who lived even 200 years ago in Central Africa，because they _42_.
Sometimes，of course，even if the people cannot write，they may know something of the past. They have learned about it from _43_ people，and often songs and dances and stories have been made about the most important happenings，and these have been sung and acted and told _44_ many generations (後代)。Most people are proud to tell _45_ their fathers did in the past. This we may call “remembered history”。
_46_ has now been written down. It is not so exact _47_ so valuable to us _48_ written history is，because words are much more easily _49_ when used again and again in speech than copied in writing. But _50_ no written records，such spoken stories are often very helpful.
( )31.A. what to do B. what we did C. how to do D. how we did
( )32.A. for B. in C. on D. to
( )33.A. all things B. Many things C. More D. Much
( )34.A. did keep B. should keep C. would keep D. were keeping
( )35.A. our B. your C. their D. his
( )36.A. still B. but C. even D. or
( )37.A. when and where B. of when and where
C. that time and place
D. of that time and place
( )38.A. a good deal about B. a lot of about
C. many
D. much
( )39.A. left B. gave C. leave D. send
( )40.A. before B. after C. later D. for
( )41.A. almost B. most C. at most D. mostly
( )42.A. have not learned to write B. have learned to write
C. had learned how to write
D. had not learned to write
( )43.A. older B. the oldest C. outside D. most
( )44.A. by B. about C. for D. within
( )45.A. how B. which C. that D. what
( )46.A. Some of it B. Some of them C. All of it D. Many of them
( )47.A. and B. or C. yet D. even
( )48.A. as B. that C. such D. so
( )49.A. moved B. forgotten C. recited D. changed
( )50.A. where B. there
C. where there are
D. where they are
四、阅读理解(共15小题;每题2分，共30分。)
阅读下列短文，然后根据短文的内容从每小题的四个选择项中选出最佳的一项，并把它前面的大写字母填入左边的括弧里。
A
First there was learning. This has always been an important part of human life. By imitating their parents，children learned to hunt，to make tools，and to take care of themselves and others.
Next came education. This was possible only after people developed language. Then adults could explain how to do things. They could talk about traditions，beliefs，and ceremonies of the group. Still，education was oral. Children could learn only what their teachers could remember.
Finally，schools were created. They came into being because writing was invented. The first system for writing appeared about 3，500 B.C. in Sumeria，a land that is now Iraq. The Sumerians also invented a system for calculating with numbers. About 500 years later，the Egyptians discovered writing and calculation，too. And shortly after that，both the Sumerians and the Egyptians started schools. Being able to read and write they allowed people to learn anything that could be recorded. But the early systems were complicated. Children couldn…t learn them just by watching. That?s why schools became a necessity.
Those first students learned reading，writing，and calculation. Having these skills gave people great power over those who did not have them. Some 5，000 years later，this is still true.
( )51. The main idea of this article is that schools ________.
A. had great power
B. became necessary for learning
C. taught children to hunt
D. developed language
( )52. You can decide from the article that schools have ________.
A. made education difficult
B. held back learning
C. imitated parents
D. advanced human skills
( )53. What happened before Egyptians discovered calculation?
A. Egyptians discovered writing.
B. Egyptians started schools.
C. Sumerians invented writing.
D. Sumerians started schools.
( )54. Education became possible only with the development of _______.
A. learning
B. language
C. calculation
D. clocks
B
Once a landlord wanted to plant garlic in his fields. He found a group of boys and asked them to do the work for him. At lunch time he did not invite the boys to have lunch with his family. The boys had to sit by the door and have lunch on the ground. The landlord was afraid that other people would see the bad food for the boys. So with a smile on his face he said to them：“Boys，go and eat in the house. This is for your food.
If you eat here by the door，the dogs will bite you.” The boys were surprised. But they said nothing and went to eat in the house. The landlord was quite pleased.
Supper time came and the boys went into the house again. When they walked past the landlord…s room，they looked in through the window. What do you think they saw there? They saw a big table with white bread and all kinds of good food on it. The landlord and his family were sitting around the table and eating their dinner. But the food for the boys was bad. The boys were very angry. They wanted to teach the landlord a lesson. So they decided to plant his garlic upside down. And that was what they did the next day.
A few days later the garlic was coming out everywhere but not in the landlord…s fields. The landlord was very surprised and asked the boys why this was so. “The garlic is afraid that the dogs will bite it，” the boys answered.
( )55. The landlord asked the boys to come because ________.
A. he wanted them to plant garlic for him
B. he wanted to invite them to have lunch with his family
C. he wanted to tell them to sit by the door
D. he wanted them to plant vegetables for him
( )56. The landlord asked the boys to eat in the house because _______.
A. he was afraid the dog would eat their food
B. he was afraid the dog would bite them
C. he thought other people would see the bad food for the boys
D. he was afraid the boys would play with the dog
( )57. The next day the boys planted the landlord…s garlic upside down because _______.
A. they did not know how to plant it
B. they wanted to teach the landlord a lesson
C. they were afraid the dogs would bite it
D. they made a mistake
( )58. A few days later the landlord…s garlic did not come out because ________.
A. the garlic was afraid the dogs would bite it
B. the boys had planted it upside down
C. the boys had not planted it at all
D. the boys had not watered it
C
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) said on February 9 it would award its highest honour to Arthur Ashe，the tennis star and human rights fighter who died on February 6 of AIDS. He was 49.
The award，called the Olympic Order，is awarded to sportsmen and others for service to the Olympics and its principled.
Ashe never participated in the Olympics，but IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch said：“I think he was really a thorough Olympian.”
Ashe is the first black man to win Wimbledon and the only black to win the Australian US open titles.
Last April 8，he announced he had AIDS，which he got from a blood transfusion during a heart operation in 1983.
Ashe often worked for racial equality in and out of sports. He said the happiest moment of his life was not winning Wimbledon，but when Nelson Mandela—South Africa…s antiapartheid (反種族隔離的) leader—was freed from jail in 1990.
A quote from Ashe：“I have good days and bad days. My ratio of good days to bad days is about six to one.”
( )59. The underlined wo rd “award” in the first paragraph means “________”。
A. send a telegraph
B. give a prize
C. congratulate somebody
D. be in memory of somebody
( )60. Arthur Ashe ________.
A. won Olympic gold medals in tennis
B. took part in several Olympic Games
C. was a famous sportsman in the Olympic Games which was held in South Africa
D. had not been in any Olympic games
( )61. ________ made Ashe happier than anything else.
A. Nelson Mandela…s freedom
B. Winning the Australian US open titles
C. Juan Antonio Samaranch… s congratulation
D. His good days in his life
( )62. Which is correct?
A. There were as many good days in his life as bad days.
B. His good days were equal to his bad days.
C. He had more good days in all his life than bad days.
D. He had six good days in all his life.
D
For some time past，it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures—learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”，there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards，at least in the early time，had to be directly connected to such basic physiological “drives” as thirst or hunger. In other words，a baby would learn if he needed food or drink or some sort of physical comfort，not otherwise.
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except success in sight.
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so tea ch them to carry out some movements，such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making，the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he beg an to study the children…s responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “turned on” some lights—and indeed that they were able to learn some more turns to bring about this result，for example，two left or two right，or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
Papousek… s light experiment was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation tha t sometimes they would not turn back to watch the light closely although they would “smile and speak” when the light was on. Papousek concluded that it was not the sight of the lights which pleased them. It was the success they were achieving in solving the problem，in mastering the skill，and then there is a basic human nature to make sense of the world and bring it under control.
( )63. According to the writer，babies learn to do things which _______.
A. will satisfy their surprise
B. will meet their physical needs
C. are directly connected to pleasure
D. will bring them a feeling of success
( )64. Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby _________.
A. would make learned responses when it saw the milk
B. would continue the simple movements without being given milk
C. would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink
D. would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
( )65. The babies would “smile and speak” at the lights because ________.
A. they succeeded in “turning on” the lights
B. the sight of lights was interesting
C. they need not turn back to watch the lights
D. the lights were directly connected to some basic “drives”
五、补全对话(共5句;每句满分为3分，共15分。)
根据中文提示，将对话中缺少的内容下在线上。这些句子必须符合英语表达习惯。打句号的地方，用陈述句;打问号的地方，用疑问句。
提示：Joe和Henry谈起报上的一篇文章，Henry问什么报，什么文章。他没用读完这篇文章，但标识下午要读，然后告别。
Joe ：Hi，have you read today…s newspaper?
Henry：_________66___________?
Joe ：The People…s Daily.
Henry：________67__________. But I only looked through it while having lunch.
Joe ：Did you notice an interesting article?
Henry：___________68___________?
Joe ：About air pollution.
Henry：________69__________. On which page?
Joe ：On page 5. At the bottom.
Henry：Good. I…ll read it this afternoon.
Joe ：Don…t forget to tell me what you think after reading it.
Henry：Sure. __________70__________.
Joe ：See you.
六、书面表达(共30分)
写一篇记述在海滨度周末的日记，内容包括以下几点：初夏，风和日丽;有很多游人和小船，我门捡贝壳(shell);日光浴(sun bathe)玩得很愉快。
注意：(1)行文要流暢;
(2)要符合日记的格式;
(3)词数为100左右。
參考答案
一、语音知识
1.D
2.D
3.A
4.A
5.A
二、词汇与语法知识
6.A
7.A
8.D
9.B 10.B 11.B 12.D
13.A 14.D 15.C 16.D 17.C 18.B 19.B
20.B 21.D 22.D 23.C 24.B 25.B 26.B
27.A 28.C 29.B 30.D
三、完形填空
31.B 32.D 33.B 34.A 35.C 36.B 37.D
38.A 39.C 40.B 41.A 42.D 43.A 44.C
45.D 46.A 47.B 48.A 49.D 50.C
四、阅读理解
51.B 52.D 53.C 54.B 55.A 56.C 57.B
58.B 59.B 60.D 61.A 62.C 63.D 64.B
65.A
五、补全对话
76.Which one (do you mean)
77.Yes，I did
78.What article / What is it about
79.Sorry，I didn…t
80.See you later
六、水面表达
June 18，2002，Saturday Fine
Yesterday some of my classmates and I spent our weekend at the seaside.
It was sunny and a little hot，but the water was too cool to swim in. The sea was blue and calm. It shone merrily under the bright sun. There were boats floating here and there. People in them laughed and
商业模式报告书(模版） ~ 项目名称： * 所属单位： 编制日期：
一、项目概述： 二、融资模式 1、投资估算 ； 2、融资途径与方式 3、融资类型 4、融资组成关系（外借资源与自持资金） 三、经营模式/盈利模式 1、行业及市场 （1）行业现状及发展前景 ①行业现状 ②行业发展趋势 （2）客源市场分析 ①— ②市场潜力 ③市场增长预测 ④目标市场 ⑤目标市场的特性 ⑥市场份额 （3）市场竞争及对策 ①市场竞争境况 ②竞争对策 （4）政府产业对策
] 2、产品及服务 （1）主要产品及服务 （2）增值服务（可以是电子商务服务，物流服务，客户关怀服务等）（3）服务质量控制 （4）产品及服务的竞争优势 3、经营方式及盈利能力 （1）经营方式 ①同业同行同产品的一致做法是什么 ②本企业的做法特点或区别是什么 ③! ④为什么、在哪里优于同业、同行、同产品 （2）发展战略目标 ⑤短期目标（1-3年）:(质化目标、量化目标） ⑥中长期目标（3-5年）：（质化目标、量化目标） （3）经营发展战略 ①总体发展战略 ②运营体制 ③产品服务发展战略 （4）项目选址标准 ①选址要求 ②~ ③周边市场要求 ④规模要求
⑤租金要求 （5）门店装修及设施设备标准 ①装修风格标准 ②设施设备标准 ③装修造价标准 （6）产品（品牌） ①产品规划（品牌） ②门店设计 ③: ④门店运营管理 ⑤门店运作计划 ⑥门店成本费用和投资预测 （7）门店服务标准化手册（如需要） 4、经营风险预测 （1）行业风险及对策 （2）市场风险及对策 （3）经营管理风险及对策 5、！ 6、投资回报分析 四、管理模式 1、服务管理
XXX项目深化设计方案 项目名称： 甲方： 乙方：
目录 XXX项目深化设计方案 (1) 一、背景概述 (4) 二、系统设计 (4) 2.1本项目实现功能 (4) 2.2本项目达到效果 (4) 2.3系统架构 (4) 2.4应用系统设计 (4) 2.5终端系统及接口设计 (4) 2.6网络及安全系统设计 (4) 2.7机房及相关配套设计 (5) 三、项目实施计划 (5) 3.1项目管理计划 (5) 3.2项目质量管理计划 (6) 3.3项目资金管理计划 (6) 3.4人员配置管理计划 (6) 四、测试方案 (7) 4.1测试目的 (7) 4.2测试人员组成 (7) 4.3测试验收规范 (7) 4.4问题处理 (8) 4.5具体测试内容 (8) 五、应急处理 (9) 5.1系统应急方案 (9) 5.2应急处理流程 (9) 5.3预防措施 (10) 六、验收 (10) 6.1验收标准 (10) 6.2系统功能验收 (11) 6.3验收小组成员 (12)
6.4验收方式 (12) 6.5交付物的移交 (13) 6.6验收程序 (13)
一、背景概述 XXXX 传统的安全产品基本都是在南北向业务模型的基础上进行研发设计的，这些产品在向云数据中心移植过程中出现了种种问题，比如部署困难，计算开销太高，策略管理不灵活等等。 由于云数据中心动态灵活的特点，过去的安全技术在设计的时候没有考虑过的，因此很难解决的一些新的问题，例如虚拟机迁移、混合云管理等。 二、系统设计 2.1本项目实现功能 XXXX 2.2本项目达到效果 2.3系统架构 2.4应用系统设计 XXX。 2.5终端系统及接口设计 XXX 2.6网络及安全系统设计 （一）网络系统设计
XXX项目深化设计方案
项目名称：甲方：乙方：
目录 XXX项目深化设计方案 (1) 一、背景概述 (5) 二、系统设计 (5) 2.1本项目实现功能 (5) 2.2本项目达到效果 (5) 2.3系统架构 (5) 2.4应用系统设计 (5) 2.5终端系统及接口设计 (5) 2.6网络及安全系统设计 (5) 2.7机房及相关配套设计 (6) 三、项目实施计划 (6) 3.1项目管理计划 (6) 3.2项目质量管理计划 (7) 3.3项目资金管理计划 (7) 3.4人员配置管理计划 (7) 四、测试方案 (8) 4.1测试目的 (8) 4.2测试人员组成 (8) 4.3测试验收规范 (8) 4.4问题处理 (9) 4.5具体测试内容 (9) 五、应急处理 (10) 5.1系统应急方案 (10) 5.2应急处理流程 (10) 5.3预防措施 (11) 六、验收 (12) 6.1验收标准 (12) 6.2系统功能验收 (12) 6.3验收小组成员 (13)
6.4验收方式 (13) 6.5交付物的移交 (14) 6.6验收程序 (14)
一、背景概述 XXXX 传统的安全产品基本都是在南北向业务模型的基础上进行研发设计的，这些产品在向云数据中心移植过程中出现了种种问题，比如部署困难，计算开销太高，策略管理不灵活等等。 由于云数据中心动态灵活的特点，过去的安全技术在设计的时候没有考虑过的，因此很难解决的一些新的问题，例如虚拟机迁移、混合云管理等。 二、系统设计 2.1本项目实现功能 XXXX 2.2本项目达到效果 2.3系统架构 2.4应用系统设计 XXX。 2.5终端系统及接口设计 XXX 2.6网络及安全系统设计 （一）网络系统设计
模式定义： 模板方法模式在一个方法中定义了一个算法的骨架，而将一些步骤延迟到子类中。模板方法使得子类可以在不改变算法结构的情况下，重新定义算法中的某些步骤。 模板就是一个方法。更具体的说，这个方法将算法定义成一组步骤，其中的任何步骤都可以是抽象的，由子类实现。这可以确保算法的结果保持不变，同时由子类提供部分实现。 模式结构： 举例： 泡咖啡和泡茶步骤与基本相同，定义咖啡和茶的类如下： [cpp]view plaincopy
1.class Coffee 2.{ 3.public: 4.void prepareRecipe() 5. { 6. boilWater(); 7. brewCoffeeGrinds(); 8. pourInCup(); 9. addSugarAndMilk(); 10. } 11. 12.void boilWater() 13. { 14. cout << "Boiling water" << endl; 15. } 16. 17.void brewCoffeeGrinds() 18. { 19. cout << "Dripping Coffee through filter" << endl; 20. } 21. 22.void pourCup() 23. { 24. cout << "Pouring into cup" < P9 两家法则：随着市场成熟和稳定，人们往往只能记住两个品牌，称为两家法则。 P9 两家法则详细理解。如什么状况下是两家法则。 P17 当前，作为国内第一大上网终端是智能手机 P30顾客规模是决定互联网公司成败首要因素 P31 移动互联网商业模式竞争事实上就是客户体验竞争 P12 碎片化时间：当人们在等待或者其她时间空余期间形成无聊和零散时间。 P13 长尾理论：商业和文化将来不在热门产品，不在老式需求曲线头部，而在需求曲线中那条无穷长尾巴。 P13碎片化需求体现 1.一方面体当前需求长尾化特性。 2.碎片化需求规定走短、快、精、微路线，以满足顾客随时随处碎片化需求。 3.碎片化需求决定了客户体验成为决定性力量 4.碎片化需求与社交、基于位置服务结合体现出巨大市场。 P17 移动互联网将来发展四大趋势 1.移动互联网商业价值进一步凸显，产业规模将再创新高 2.移动互联网应用蓬勃发展，SolomoEc趋势明显 3.老式互联网公司加快移动互联网布局，移动互联网市场竞争更为激烈 4.移动互联网与云计算融合开创移动云服务新时代 P19 以社交+位置+移动+电子商务委特性SOlomoEc趋势明显。 P24 平台是移动互联网最大特性 P25 移动互联网商业模式必要满足三个必要条件： 1.商业模式以打造平台为目的，建立价值网络至关重要 2.商业模式是由各种因素构成整体，并具备一定构造 3.各构成要素之间具备内在联系，互相作用，形成一种良性循环。 P26：战略定位：公司面对移动互联网诸多机会时拟定公司在市场定位，明确公司为哪些 客户服务，提供什么产品，坚持有所为，有所不为，是公司聚焦重点，集中资源。 P27社会化营销：移动互联网公司运用狐狸爱我，微博等社会化新媒体进行产品分销，开展与客户互动，想客户进行产品推广和品牌传播，建立和维护客户关系；同步通过社会化媒体理解客户需求和反馈。 P27 赚钱模式：公司成功地为价值链各方创造价值并满足客户需求而获得收入。 P27 成功商业模式应具备特性 1.成功商业模式是难以模仿。 2.成功商业模式能提供独特价值。 3.成功商业模式是务实。 4.成功商业模式是简洁。 移动互联网商业模式能否获得成功最核心因素就是顾客规模。 P29 移动互联网商业模式成功核心原则 1.能否形成庞大顾客规模及顾客黏性。 2.能否为顾客提供良好客户体验。 3.能否打造良好发展产业生态系统。 4.能否形成可持续赚钱模式。 P34 掌握根据技术创新与商业模式创新关系矩阵判断公司创新是什么类型。 P35 商业模式创新与技术创新关系是彼此联系，互相依存 P43 价值：人们自愿付出代价以获取个性化效用，通俗地说，就是“对我有无，付出代价值不值”。 P43 价值定位核心是为客户创造价值 P45马斯洛需求层次理论：人需求有不同层次，只有在低层次需求满足后来，才会追求高层次需求。高层次需求比低层次需求具备更高价值。 P46掌握移动互联网环境中需求层次是社交需求、通信及安全需求、信息需求、交易需求和 APOLLO安保系统 设计方案 目录 第一章设计依据 第二章平面布防图 第三章系统构成框图 第四章系统功能说明 1、中央管理系统 2、出入门禁控制子系统 3、防盗报警子系统 4、CCTV监控子系统 5、电梯管理子系统 第五章系统工作环境条件 第六章工程实施与质量保障 第七章设备、器材配置明细表 第八章施工图纸 第九章测试和调试说明 第十章其他文件 第一章设计依据 1、《用户设计任务书》 2、《门禁系统招标文件》 3、《防盗报警控制器通用技术条件》GB12663-90 4、《安全防范系统通用图形符号》GT/T74-94 5、《安全防范工程程序与要求》GT/T75-94 6、《智能化建筑设计标准》DBJ08-47-95 7、《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》JGJ/T 16-92 8、《民用建筑电气设计规范》(JGJ／T16—92)。 9、《电气装置安装工程施工及验收规范》(G8J32—82)。 10、《安 全防范工程费用概预算编制办法》GT/T70-94 11、《不间断电源设备》 12、《建筑设计防火规范》 第二章平面布防图 见文件？？平面布防图一、二、三。 第三章系统构成框图 见文件？？系统构成框图一、二、三 门禁控制系统由三级数据存储来确保系统的可靠性。数据库作为主存储有全部数据（一级）。每个主控制器存储系统相关部分的数据：卡，事件，通行级别，时间区域，假日，如果／然后联动等等（二极）。如主控器实效，所有主控器都可继续保持全部的运行功能。每个门控器存储系统所有与其相关数据：卡，事件，通行级别，事件区域，假日，如果／然后联动等等。（三级）。如主控器实效，所有门控器将继续保持其全部运行功能。 门禁控制系统分级： ?门禁控制系统网络－软件（一级） 准备一个抽象类，将部分逻辑以具体方法以及具体构造子的形式实现，然后声明一些抽象方法来迫使子类实现剩余的逻辑。不同的子类可以以不同的方式实现这些抽象方法，从而对剩余的逻辑有不同的实现。这就是模版方法模式的用意。 很多人可能没有想到，模版方法模式实际上是所有模式中最为常见的几个模式之一，而且很多人可能使用过模版方法模式而没有意识到自己已经使用了这个模式。模版方法模式是基于继承的代码复用的基本技术，模版方法模式的结构和用法也是面向对象设计的核心。 模版方法模式需要开发抽象类和具体子类的设计师之间的协作。一个设计师负责给出一个算法的轮廓和骨架，另一些设计师则负责给出这个算法的各个逻辑步骤。代表这些具体逻辑步骤的方法称做基本方法（primitive method）；而将这些基本法方法总汇起来的方法叫做模版方法（template method），这个设计模式的名字就是从此而来。 二、模版方法模式的结构 模版方法模式的静态结构如下图所示。 这里涉及到两个角色： ?抽象模版（AbstractClass）角色有如下的责任： 定义了一个或多个抽象操作，以便让子类实现。这些抽象操作叫做基本操作，它们是一个顶级逻辑的组成步骤。 定义并实现了一个模版方法。这个模版方法一般是一个具体方法，它给出了一个顶级逻辑的骨架，而逻辑的组成步骤在相应的抽象操作中，推迟到子类实现。顶级逻辑也有可能调用一些具体方法。 ?具体模版（ConcreteClass）角色有如下的责任： 实现父类所定义的一个或多个抽象方法，它们是一个顶级逻辑的组成步骤。 每一个抽象模版角色都可以有任意多个具体模版角色与之对应，而每一个具体模版角色都可以给出这些抽象方法（也就是顶级逻辑的组成步骤）的不同实现，从而使得顶级逻辑的实现各不相同。 三、模板方法模式的示意性代码 // Template Method pattern -- Structural example using System; // "AbstractClass" abstract class AbstractClass { // Methods abstract public void PrimitiveOperation1(); abstract public void PrimitiveOperation2(); // The Template method public void TemplateMethod() { Console.WriteLine("In AbstractClass.TemplateMethod()"); PrimitiveOperation1(); PrimitiveOperation2(); } } // "ConcreteClass" class ConcreteClass : AbstractClass { // Methods public override void PrimitiveOperation1() { Console.WriteLine("Called ConcreteClass.PrimitiveOperation1()"); } public override void PrimitiveOperation2() { Console.WriteLine("Called ConcreteClass.PrimitiveOperation2()"); 模板方法(Template Method) 无处不在的Template Method 如果你只想掌握一种设计模式，那么它就是Template Method! 动机(Motivate): 变化-----是软件设计的永恒主题，如何管理变化带来的复杂性？设计模式的艺术性和复杂度就在于如何 分析，并发现系统中的变化和稳定点，并使用特定的设计方法来应对这种变化。 意图(Intent): 定义一个操作中的算法的骨架，而将一些步骤延迟到子类中。Template Method使得子类可以不改变一个算法的结构即可重定义该算法的某些特定步 骤。 -------《设计模式》GOF 结构图(Struct): 适用性： 1．一次性实现一个算法的不变的部分，并将可变的行为留给子类来实现。 2．各子类中公共的行为应被提取出来并集中到一个公共父类中以避免代码重复。这是Opdyke 和Johnson所描述过的“重分解以一般化”的一个很好的例子。首先识别现有代码中的不同之处，并且将不同之处分离为新的操作。最后，用一个调用这些新的操作的模板方法来替换这些不同的代码。 3．控制子类扩展。模板方法只在特定点调用“Hook”操作，这样就只允许在这些点进行扩展。生活中的例子： 代码实现： 假如我们需要简单的读取Northwind数据库中的表的记录并显示出来。对于数据库操作，我们知道不管读取的是哪张表，它一般都应该经过如下这样的几步： 1．连接数据库（Connect） 2．执行查询命令（Select） 3．显示数据（Display） 4．断开数据库连接（Disconnect） 这些步骤是固定的，但是对于每一张具体的数据表所执行的查询却是不一样的。显然这需要一个抽象角色，给出顶级行为的实现。如下 图： Template Method模式的实现方法是从上到下，我们首先给出顶级框架DataAccessObject的实现逻辑： 1public abstract class DataAccessObject 2 3 { 1. 什么是回调函数 所谓回调，就是客户程序C调用服务程序S中的某个函数A，然后S又在某个时候反过来调用C中的某个函数B，对于C来说，这个B便叫做回调函数。回调函数只是一个功能片段，由用户按照回调函数调用约定来实现的一个函数。回调函数是一个工作流的一部分，由工作流来决定函数的调用（回调）时机。一般说来，C不会自己调用B，C提供B 的目的就是让S来调用它，而且是C不得不提供。由于S并不知道C提供的B姓甚名谁，所以S会约定B的接口规范（函数原型），然后由C提前通过S的一个函数R告诉S自己将要使用B函数，这个过程称为回调函数的注册，R 称为注册函数。Web Service以及Java 的RMI都用到回调机制，可以访问远程服务器程序。回调函数包含下面几个特性： 1、属于工作流的一个部分； 2、必须按照工作流指定的调用约定来申明（定义）； 3、他的调用时机由工作流决定，回调函数的实现者不能直接调用回调函数来实现工作流的功能； 2. 回调机制 回调机制是一种常见的设计模型，他把工作流内的某个功能，按照约定的接口暴露给外部使用者，为外部使用者提供数据，或要求外部使用者提供数据。 java回调机制： 软件模块之间总是存在着一定的接口，从调用方式上，可以把他们分为三类：同步调用、回调和异步调用。 同步调用：一种阻塞式调用，调用方要等待对方执行完毕才返回，它是一种单向调用； 回调：一种双向调用模式，也就是说，被调用方在接口被调用时也会调用对方的接口； 异步调用：一种类似消息或事件的机制，不过它的调用方向刚好相反，接口的服务在收到某种讯息或发生某种事件时，会主动通知客户方（即调用客户方的接口）。 回调和异步调用的关系非常紧密：使用回调来实现异步消息的注册，通过异步调用来实现消息的通知。 实例： 1、回调类接口 /** * 回调类接口 * */ public interface CallBack { public String findCallBack(); } 2、调用者 /** * 调用者 * */ public class AnotherFunction { CallBack findCallBack; // 调用实现类方法 XXX软件/项目/系统 详细设计说明书 拟制日期 评审人日期 批准日期 编写单位或个人 修订历史 目录 XXX软件详细设计说明书 (1) Revision Record 修订记录 (2) 1引言 (1) 1.1编写目的 (1) 1.2背景 (1) 1.3参考资料 (1) 1.4术语定义及说明 (1) 2设计概述 (1) 2.1任务和目标 (1) 2.1.1需求概述 (1) 2.1.2运行环境概述 (1) 2.1.3条件与限制 (1) 2.1.4详细设计方法和工具 (1) 3系统详细需求分析 (1) 3.1详细需求分析 (2) 3.2详细系统运行环境及限制条件分析接口需求分析 (2) 4总体方案确认 (2) 4.1系统总体结构确认 (2) 4.2系统详细界面划分 (2) 4.2.1应用系统与支撑系统的详细界面划分 (2) 4.2.2系统内部详细界面划分 (2) 5系统详细设计 (2) 5.1系统结构设计及子系统划分 (3) 5.2系统功能模块详细设计 (3) 5.3系统界面详细设计 (3) 5.3.1外部界面设计 (3) 5.3.2内部界面设计 (3) 5.3.3用户界面设计 (3) 6、数据库系统设计 (4) 6.1设计要求 (4) 6.2 信息模型设计 (4) 6.3数据库设计 (4) 6.3.1设计依据 (4) 6.3.2数据库种类及特点 (4) 6.3.3数据库逻辑结构 (4) 6.3.4物理结构设计 (4) 6.3.5数据库安全 (4) 6.3.6数据字典 (4) 7非功能性设计 (4) 8 (5) 9环境配置 (5) 1引言 1.1编写目的 说明编制的目的是，大体上介绍一下软件系统中各层次中模块或子程序、以及数据库系统的设计考虑，表明此文档是主要是为编码人员提供服务，并且其他类型的项目参与人员也可以通过此文档对软件/项目有更深入了解。 1.2背景 说明此软件或系统的项目背景、需求背景、开发目的等，还可以列出参与人员等相关信息。 1.3参考资料 列出本文档中引用的文献、资料、标准等相关信息（一般是具有出版或版权性质的文件）。 1.4术语定义及说明 列出文档中用到的和开发有关，或与行业、业务、需求有关的专业术语，并进行解释。 2设计概述 2.1任务和目标 说明详细设计的任务及详细设计所要达到的目标。 2.1.1需求概述 对所开发软件的概要描述, 包括主要的业务需求、输入、输出、主要功能、性能等，尤其需要描述系统性能需求。 2.1.2运行环境概述 对本系统所依赖于运行的硬件，包括操作系统、数据库系统、运行库、中间件、接口软件、可能的性能监控与分析等软件环境的描述，及配置要求。 2.1.3条件与限制 详细描述系统所受的内部和外部条件的约束和限制说明。包括业务和技术方面的条件与限制以及进度、管理等方面的限制。 2.1.4详细设计方法和工具 简要说明详细设计所采用的方法和使用的工具，如数据库设计工具、界面设计工具、原型设计工具等。 3系统详细需求分析 主要对系统级的需求进行分析。首先应对需求分析提出的企业需求进一步确认，并对由于情况变化而带来的需求变化进行较为详细的分析。 14种常见的网站模板设计模式搜索/结果网站模板模式 搜索屏幕模式对于想快速、直接看到具体结果的用户来说非常便捷。从很简单的到非常复杂的都有。而对于google 学术的用户，高级搜索限定更复杂的搜索条件会提炼出用户更期望得到的信息。 表单网站模板模式 表单类型众多，也是最能体现用户体验是否良好的地方。 主体/细节网站模板模式 主体/细节模式可以分为横向和纵向两种。如果想让用户在同一页面下，引导他们在类目下高效地切换，这无疑是一种理想的方式。如果主体信息对于用户来说更重要，最好选择横向布局。或是主体部分不仅条目多而且包含信息也多，那也该选择这种横向布局。 过滤数据组网站模板模式 分为横向和纵向。开始定义一些已知信息，之后通过限定条件对搜索后的结果进行再过滤。 空白状态网站模板模式 空白状态指在任何数据输入或进入系统前，应用的自然状态。空白状态的屏幕使得用户更期待。通过给用户一种预览来降低担心、沮丧和犹豫。空白状态屏幕包括：视频，快速教程，帮助提示，安装后的截图。 交互网站模板模式 交互模型屏幕模式应用在很多交互要素需要与关键项目进行交互的时候。是一种用户体验更贴近用户心智模型的模式。在日历、地图、线状图、预设可能场景分析，所见即所得编辑器时应用效果非常好。 分栏浏览网站模板模式 分栏浏览也分为横向和纵向两种。用户可以通过它，选择不同的类别点进并逐步引导用户找到需要的信息。 Q&A网站模板模式 Q&A模式是指用户通过选取相符条件，从而自主找到适合自己的解决方案。Q&A不同于搜索模式，它通常需要了解用户基础上，通过提问来帮助用户弄清他们缺乏经验的在哪里有哪些可供的选择或建议。 电子表格网站模板模式 方便用户快速浏览，编辑大板块信息的理想模式。电子表格需要提供下列功能：标准的表格，隐藏/显示栏目，重列栏目，分组，全局撤销/重做，增加/插入/删除排，键盘导航，导入和导出。 向导网站模板模式 对于复杂的或是不常见的流程，向导/快速启动屏幕模式可以有效地导航。 仪表盘网站模板模式 商业模式模板 HEN system office room 【HEN16H-HENS2AHENS8Q8-HENH1688】 商业模式是一个非常宽泛的概念，通常所说的的跟商业模式有关的说法很多，包括运营模式、盈利模式、B2B模式、B2C模式、“鼠标加水泥”模式、广告收益模式等等，不一而足。商业模式是一种简化的商业逻辑。 用最直白的话告诉大家：商业模式就是公司通过什么途径或方式来赚钱？简言之，饮料公司通过卖饮料来赚钱；快递公司通过送快递来赚钱；网络公司通过点击率来赚钱；通信公司通过收话费赚钱；超市通过平台和仓储来赚钱等等。只要有赚钱的地儿，就有商业模式存在。可以把商业模式分为两大类 运营性商业模式 重点解决企业与环境的互动关系，包括与产业价值链环节的互动关系。运营性商业模式创造企业的核心优势、能力、关系和知识，主要包含以下几个方面的主要内容。 产业价值链定位:企业处于什么样的产业链条中，在 这个链条中处于何种地位，企业结合自身的资源条件和发展战略应如何定位。 赢利模式设计(收入来源、收入 分配)：企业从哪里获得收入，获得收入的形式有哪几种，这些收入以何种形式和比例在产业链中分配，企业是否对这种分配有话语权。 策略性商业模式 策略性商业模式对运营性商业模式加以扩展和利用。应该说策略性商业模式涉及企业生产经营的方方面面。 业务模式；企业向客户提供什么样的价值和利益，包括品牌、产品等。 渠道模式；企业如何向客户传递业务和价值，包括渠道倍增、渠道集中/压缩等。 组织模式；企业如何建立先进的管理控制模型，比如建立面向客户的组织结构，通过企业信息系统构建数字化组织等。 商业模式元素 1.价值主张 价值主张要求创业者们清晰地定义谁是业务的目标消费者、这些消费者正在被怎样的问题所困扰，你提供了怎样独特的解决方案，以及从消费者的角度而言，你的解决方案能带来什么样的好处。 2.目标市场 目标市场是指创业公司希望通过一系列营销手段充分吸引并最终将自己的产品或业务卖给他们的这一部分消费者群体。在你的商业模式里，这一部分内容包括对于目标消费者人口结构的精确定义，以及对他们如何购买你的产品的细致分析。 3.营销手段 你怎么样才能捕获你的消费者群体？采用什么样的销售渠道、举办什么样的营销活动，这些都是在商业模式中需要明确的。 4.生产方式 你怎么样生产你们的产品，或者是提供你们的服务？常见的方式包括自行生产、外包、使用现货等。这里面的关键在于营销的时机和生产的成本。 5.配送方式 你怎么配送你的产品或者服务？有的产品和服务的配送仅仅通过网络就能实现，而有的则需要多层次的物流商、合作者或是增值经销商。你需要考虑你的产品是面向 c,,,模板,设计模式篇一：C_设计模式(23种设计模式) C#设计模式(23种设计模式) 创建型： 1. 单件模式(Singleton Pattern) 2. 抽象工厂（Abstract Factory） 3. 建造者模式(Builder) 4. 工厂方法模式（Factory Method) 5. 原型模式(Prototype) 结构型： 6. 适配器模式（Adapter Pattern) 7. 桥接模式（Bridge Pattern) 8. 装饰模式(Decorator Pattern) 9. 组合模式(Composite Pattern) 10. 外观模式（Facade Pattern) 11. 享元模式(Flyweight Pattern) 12. 代理模式(Proxy Pattern) 13. 模板方法(Template Method) 14. 命令模式(Command Pattern) 15. 迭代器模式(Iterator Pattern) 行为型： 16. 观察者模式(Observer Pattern） 17. 解释器模式(Interpreter Pattern) 18. 中介者模式(Mediator Pattern) 19. 职责链模式(Chain of Responsibility Pattern) 20. 备忘录模式(Memento Pattern) 21. 策略模式(Strategy Pattern) 22. 访问者模式(Visitor Pattern) 23. 状态模式(State Pattern) C#设计模式(23种设计模式) 篇二：23种设计模式---大牛笔记 设计模式（Design Patterns） ——可复用面向对象软件的基础 设计模式（Design pattern）是一套被反复使用、多12258移动商务模式设计样本
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