2004 上海交大考博英语真题

2007-模拟-上海交⼤考博英语真题上海交通⼤学2007年博⼠研究⽣⼊学考试英语试题Part One Vocabulary (20%)Directions: In each question,decide which of the four choices given will most suitabley complete sentence if inserted at the place marked . white your answer on the Answer Sheet.1. We sat down and tried to ______ a friendly conversation.A. commentB. commenceC. commerceD. compact2. Some people want only real flowers on their tables while others like to have______ ones.A. fashionableB. syntheticC. falseD. artificial3. The treasurer was ______ from the club for breaking the rules.A. repelledB. expelledC. excelledD. exploited4. The children's ______ natures were in sharp contrast to the even-tempered dispositions of their parents.A. mercurialB. blitheC. phlegmaticD. introverted5. If the government ______ a law, it ceases to be a law.A. replacesB. repelsC. repealsD. renders6.Because the high seriousness of their narratives resulted in part from their metaphysics, Southern writers were praised for their ______bent.A. technicalB. discursiveC. hedonisticD. philosophical7. A man’s ______ depends not upon his wealth or rank but upon his character.A. dignityB. privilegeC. indignationD. diligence8. I ______ the paper so that every student could have a copy.A. duplicatedB. enlargedC. upheldD. plagiarized9. My Russian is so rusty that I have to start learning it from ______.A. scratchB. scrapC. scrapeD. snatch10. Those who fear the influence of television deliberately______its persuasive power,hoping that they might keep knowledge of its potential to effect social change from being widely disseminated.A. promoteB. underplayC. excuseD. laud11 . When the fighting is over, we will ______ with the enemy’s sympathizer.A. coincideB. reckonC. reconcileD. segregate12. I ______ from reminding her of the money she owned me.A. refrainedB. restrainedC. refreshedD. resided13. There was a period of ______ prior to their divorce, during which she went for atrip around the world and he stayed at home.A.estrangementstrangeness B.C. transmigrationD. frivolity14. Before taking a standardized test, one should ___ himself or herself with all the items that constitute the test paper.A. acquaintB. fascinateC. acquitD. familiar15. This week ten top designers will _____ their autumn collections at the fashion fair.A .enhance B. lubricateC. hustleD. unveil16. Mr. Smith became very ______ when it was suggested that he had made a mistake.A. ingeniousB. empiricalC. objectiveD. indignant17. Jane tried to ______ at the swinging rope, but failed.A. clusterB. clutchC. collideD. cling18. Despite a string of dismal earnings reports, the two-year-old strategy to return the company to profitability is beginning to ______.A. falterB. disappointC. competeD. work19. The elderly Russians find it hard to live on their state ______.A. pensionsC. salariesD. donations20. There is supposed to be a safety ______ which makes it impossible for trains to collide.A. applianceB. accessoryC. machineD. mechanism21. The electricity failure ______ the production of the factory.A. corrodedB. lamedC. magnifiedD. crippled22. The _____ runner can run 2 miles in fifteen minutesA. commonB. usualC. averageD. general23. If his father could not keep up the payments on the mortgage, his uncle might____ it for him.A. redeemB. amendsC: resemble D. appeal24. Although the meanings of words may necessarily be liable to change, it does notfollow that the lexicographer is therefore unable to render spelling, in a great measure, _____A. arbitraryB. superfluousC. interestingD. constant25. The needlelike leaves of the giant redwood tree are_____ each scarcely a quarterof an inch longA. tangibleB. diminutiveC. wiry26. The American dream is most _____ during the periods of productivity and wealth generated by American capitalismA. plausibleB. patrioticC. primitiveD. partial27. When traveling, you are advised to take travellers' checks, which provide a secure _______to carrying your money in cash.A. substituteB.selectionC. preferenceD. alternative28. I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a ________character.A.graciousB. suspiciousC. uniqueD.particular29. Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this _______produces artificial cold surrounding it.A. absorptionB. transitionC. consumptionD. interaction30. The lover of democracy has an ________ towards total itarianism.A. empathy C. sympathyB. antipalthy D. symphony31. In this factory, suggestions often have to wait for months before they are fully________.A. admitted C.absorbedB.acknowledged D.considered32. The world will be advancing with such great speed that our ___ will look back upon us and our time with a sense of superiority.A. antecedentsB. predecessorsC. descendantsD. contemporaries33. Depressed, overworked, and ______ by those people whom he owed money, he decided to put an end to his problems.A. bewitched B .bewilderedC .besmirchedD .beset34. The terrible accounting error was corrected just before the ledger was ______ .A. auditedB. overlookedC. endowedD. registered35. The chairman of the board _______ on me the unpleasant job of dismissing good workers the firm can no longer afford to employ./doc/ee59ac49e45c3b3567ec8b3c.html pelledB. posedC. pressedD. tempted36. Using extremely different decorating schemes in adjoining rooms may result in _____ and lack of unity in style.A. conflictB.confrontationC. disturbanceD.disharmony37. They were in a dreadful _____ when their money, tickets and passports were stolen while they were on holiday.A. conspiracyB. plightC. serenityD. custody38. Undoubtedly the flood could have been _____ if the local government had invested more money in greening the environment.A. put offB. turned offC. kept off D . written off39. The accountant _____ thousands of dollars from the charity while appearing to beits best fundraiser.A. donatedB. validatedC . embezzled D. certify40. After her marriage, the happy life ___ her appearance, making her look more beautiful than ever.A. transfiguredB. disfigureddisheveled D.transformedC.Part Two: Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: There are 6 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by five questions .For each of them are four choices marked A,B,C and D.You should decideon the best choice and write your answer on the Answer Sheet.Text 1In the atmosphere, carbon dioxide acts rather like a one-way mirror —the glass in the roof of a greenhouse which allows the sun’s rays to enter but prevents the heat from escaping.According to a weather expert’s prediction, the atmosphere will be 3℃ warmer in the year 2050 than it is today, if man continues to burn fuels at the present rate. If this warming up took place, the ice caps in the poles would begin to melt, thus raising sea level several metres and severely flooding coastal cities. Also, the increase in atmospheric temperature would lead to great changes in the climate of the northern hemisphere, possibly resulting in an alteration of earth’s chief food-growing zones.In the past, concern about a man-made warming of the earth has concentrated on the Arctic because the Antarctic is much colder and has a much thicker ice sheet. But the weather experts are now paying more attention to West Antarctic, which may be affected by only a few degrees of warming, in other words, by a warming on the scale that will possibly take place in the next fifty years from the burning of fuels.Satellite pictures show that large areas of Antarctic ice are already disappearing. The evidence available suggests that a warming has taken place. This fits the theory that carbon dioxide warms the earth.However, most of the fuel is burnt in the northern hemisphere, where temperatures seem to be falling. Scientists conclude, therefore, that up to now natural influences on the weather have exceeded those caused by man. The question is: Which natural cause has most effect on the weather?One possibility is the variable behavior of the sun. Astronomers at one research station have studied the hot spots and “cold”spots (that is, the relatively less hot spots) on the sun. As the sun rotates, every 27.5 days, it presents hotter or “colder” faces to the earth, and different aspects to different parts of the earth. This seems to have a considerable effect on the distribution of the earth’s atmospheric pressure, and consequently on wind circulation. The sun is also variable over a long term: its heat output goes up and down in cycles, the latest trend being downward.Scientists are now finding mutual relations between models of solar-weather interactions and the actual climate over many thousands of years, including the last Ice Age. The problem is that the models are predicting that the world should be entering a new Ice Age and it is not. One way of solving this theoretical difficulty is to assume a delay of thousands of years while the solar effects overcome the inertia of the earth’s climate. If this is right, the warming effect of carbon dioxide might thus be serving as a useful counter-balance to the sun’s diminishing heat.41. It can be concluded that a concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would ________.[A] prevent the sun’s rays from leeching the earth’s surface[B] mean a warming up in the Arctic[C] account for great changes in the climate in the northern hemisphere[D] raise the temperature of the earth’s surface42. The article was written to explain ________.[A] the greenhouse effect[B] the solar effects on the earth[C] the models of solar-weather interactions[D] the causes affecting weather43. Although the fuel consumption is greater in the northern hemisphere, temperatures there seem to be falling. This is________.[A] mainly because the levels of carbon dioxide are rising[B] possibly because the ice caps in the poles are melting[C] exclusively due to the effect of the inertia of the earth’s climate[D] partly due to variations in the output of solar energy44. On the basis of their models, scientists are of the opinion that ________.[A] the climate of the world should be becoming cooler[B] it will take thousands of years for the inertia of the earth’s climate to take effect[C] the man-made warming effect helps to increase the solar effects[D] the new Ice Age will be delayed by the greenhouse effect45. If the assumption about the delay of a new Ice Age is correct, ________.[A] the best way to overcome the cooling effect would be to burn more fuels[B] ice would soon cover the northern hemisphere[C] the increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could warm up the eartheven more quickly[D] the greenhouse effect could work to the advantage of the earthTest 2In early 2004 eight tiny sensors were dropped from a plane near a military base in California. After hitting the ground, the sensors—also known as smart dust sensors—organized themselves into a network and quickly detected a fleet of military vehicles on the ground. The determined the direction, speed and size of a series of military vehicles traveling along the road and later transmitted the data to a computer at a nearby base camp.Smart dust sensors are minicomputers—as small as a grain of rice in some cases—that can monitor and evaluate their physical environment and can relay the information via wireless communication. They can monitor elements such as temperature, moisture, humidity, pressure, energy use, vibration, light, motion, radiation, gas, and chemicals. These devices will soon have many applications, such as use in emergency rescue.Software has been developed to run these minicomputers. A key feature of the software is the ability of the sensors to automatically organize themselves into a communications network and talk to each other via wireless radio signals. If any one connection is interrupted, the sensors will self-correct and pass the information on to the next available sensor.Each sensor has a chip that does the computing work—recording things like temperature and motion at its location. Each sensor also has a tiny radio transmitterthat allows it to talk to other sensors within 100 feet or so. With a single network of 10,000 sensors—thought to be the biggestarray of sensors currently possible—you could cover 9 square miles and get information about each point along the way. The data finally works its way to a base station that can send the information to a computer or to a wireless network..The scientists who are working with this technology say smart dust sensors can be used to detect the location or movement of enemy troops in areas too dangerous or remote for soldiers to operate. Scattering hundreds of self-networking sensors from a manned or unmanned plane onto the battlefield, in theory, could produce critical information and lead to strategic advantage. Sensors could also be used to detect the presence of chemical weapons and could give troops the time needed to put on protective gear.46. Smart dust sensors can do all the following EXCEPT ______.[A] giving troops their protective gear[B] organizing themselves into a computer network[C] detecting the movement of military vehicles nearby[D] operating in remote and dangerous war zones47. By “physical environment” (Paragraph 2), the writer means such elements as ______.[A] the position of military troops[B] the presence of minicomputers[C] the strength of radio signals[D] the amount of water vapor in the air48. If connection between two sensors is blocked, the network will automatically ______.[A] replace the sensor involved[B] repair the sensor involved[C] ignore the sensor involved[D] destroy the sensor involved49. To cover an area of 3 square miles and get information about each point along the way, how many smart dust sensors are needed?[A] About 3,000 sensors.[B] About 3,300 sensors.[C] About 5,000 sensors.[D] About 6,600 sensors.50. The passage implies that the smart dust sensors are most likely to be_____.[A] emergency rescue[B] monitoring pollution[C] military operations[D] evaluating the environmentTest 3In ancient Greece athletic festivals were very important and had strong religious associations. The Olympian athletic festival held every four years in honor of Zeus, king of the Olympian Gods, eventually lost its local character, became first a national event and then, after the rules against foreign competitors had been abolished, international. No one knows exactly how far back the Olympic Games go, but some official records date from 776 B.C. The games took place in August on the plain by Mount Olympus. Many thousands of spectators gathered from all parts of Greece, but no married woman was admitted even as a spectator. Slaves, women and dishonored persons were not allowed to compete. The exact sequence of eventsuncertain, but events included boy’s gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, horse racing and field events, though there were fewer sports involved than in the modern Olympic Games.On the last day of the Games, all the winners were honored by having a ring of holy olive leaves placed on their heads. So great was the honor that the winner of the foot race gave his name to the year of his victory. Although Olympic winners received no prize money, they were, in fact, richly rewarded by their state authorities. How their results compared with modern standards, we unfortunately have no means of telling.After an uninterrupted history of almost 1,200 years, the Games were suspended by the Romans in 394 A.D. They continued for such a long time because people believed in the philosophy behind the Olympics: the idea that a healthy body produced a healthy mind, and that the spirit of competition in sports and games was preferable to the competition that caused wars. It was over 1,500 years before another such international athletic gathering took place in Athens in 1896.Nowadays, the Games are held in different countries in turn. The host country provides vast facilities, including a stadium, swimming pools and living accommodation, but competing courtiers pay their own athletes’ expenses.The Olympics start with the arrival in the stadium of a torch, lighted on Mount Olympus by the sun’s rays. It is carried by a succession of runners to the stadium. The torch symbolized the continuation of the ancient Greek athletic ideals, and it burns throughout the Games until the closing ceremony. The well-known Olympic flag, however, is a modern conception: the five interlocking rings symbolize the uniting of all five continents participating in the Games.51. In ancient Greece, the Olympic Games ________.[A] were merely national athletic festivals[B] were in the nature of a national event with a strong religious colour[C] had rules which put foreign participants in a disadvantageous position[D] were primarily national events with few foreign participants52. In the early days of ancient Olympic Games ________.[A] only male Greek athletes were allowed to participate in the games[B] all Greeks, irrespective of sex, religion or social status, were allowed to take part[C] all Greeks, with the exception of women, were allowed to compete in Games[D] all male Greeks were qualified to compete in the Games53. The order of athletic events at the ancient Olympics ________.[A] has not definitely been established[B] varied according to the number of foreign competitors[C] was decided by Zeus, in whose honor the Games were held[D] was considered unimportant54. Modern athletes’ results cannot be compared with those of ancient runners because ________.[A] the Greeks had no means of recording the results[B] they are much better[C] details such as the time were not recorded in the past[D] they are much worse55. Nowadays, the athletes’ expenses are paid for ________.[A] out of the prize money of the winners[B] out of the funds raised by the competing nations[C] by the athletes themselves[D] by contributionsTest 4When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment -- although no one had proposed to do so -- and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group -- the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) -- has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells -- routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.” Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for anyattempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo’s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research. NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air.”56. What is the meaning of “startle” in the first line ?[A] begin[B] shock[C] delight[D] uneasy57. We can learn from the first paragraph that ________.[A] federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning[C] NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique[D] the White House has got the panel’s recommendations on cloning58.The panel agreed on all of the following except that ________.[A] the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law[B] the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control[C] it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning[D] it would be against ethical values to clone a human being59.NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because ________.[A] embryo research is just a current development of cloning[B] the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research[C] an embryo’s life will not be endangered in embryo research[D] the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law60.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.[A] some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely[B] a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC’s appeal[D] the issue of human cloning will soon be settledTest 5Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to one's side, or that in Italy and some Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell.Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany afterWorld War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that "Gift" means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm's length away from others. Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable.Our linguistic and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world.Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them.When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. The attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives - usually the richer - who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nation's diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters.For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance.After all ,America was the most powerful country of the free world, the distributor of needed funds and goods.But all that is past. American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.61.It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners would most probably_____.[A] stand still[B] jump aside[C] step forward[D] draw back62.The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their _____.[A] cultural self-centeredness[B] casual manners[C] indifference towards foreign visitors[D] arrogance towards other cultures63.In countries other than their own most Americans, _____.[A] are isolated by the local people[B] are not well informed due to the language barrier[C] tend to get along well with the natives[D] need interpreters in hotels and restaurants64.According to the author, Americans' cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance will ___.[A] affect their image in the new era[B] cut themselves off from the outside world[C] limit their role in world affairs[D] weaken the position of the US dollar65.The author's intention in writing this article is to make Americans realize that _____.[A] it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friends[B] it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairs[C] it is necessary to use several languages in public places[D] it is time to get acquainted with other culturesTest 6The introduction of non-indigenous "exotic" species is now seen as a major threat to biodiversity. In 1825, a particularly vigorous female clone of itadori (called Japanese knotweed) was introduced into Holland and later distributed throughout Europe by the plant collector and nurseryman, von Seibold. British gardeners loved it and by 1886 it was even found growing on cinder tips in South Wales. By the turn of the century, the plant had colonized many other sites, and gardeners were advised against planting it in shrubberies. By 1994, it was almost everywhere — railways, riversides, hedgerows, cemeteries — swamping a wide range of habitats and displacing rare species. Botanists' fears that the plant is till spreading and may yet colonize other new habitats have generated recent attempts to eradicate it by mechanical and chemical methods, all in vain as yet.The evidence stacked against Japanese knotweed is damning. But there is a deep anxiety that behind the desire to correct human ecological cook-ups — often manifest as a passion to save endangered species and vulnerable ecosystems—is a thinly disguised xenophobia; that we are simply seeing yet another form of ecological imperialism which defines what is "natural" based on human preferences.But whatever our reaction to "problem" or alien species is, it must involve moral decisions. And who should make such decisions and to what degree they are accountable must also be up for review. The conclusions of scientists and other sections of society may differ vastly about what to do about the introduced animals and plants that have become a common feature of everyday life. For example, the scheme to control rabbits in Australia by deliberately spreading the disease myxomatosis was a success in that huge numbers of rabbits were wiped out for the greater good — the "health" of Australian ecosystems. But would inflicting such an horrifically slow agonizing death on sentient creatures win popular support if it were proposed today?Scientists of biodiversity are by their very nature concerned with the organization of species into systems and not necessarily with the interests and well-being of individual, particularly those that are seen as a threat to the maintenance of those systems. Yet there is a growing feeling for the democratization of decisions concerning nonhuman life. The movement towards environmental values must surely involve a movement away from imperialism and a search for a relationship with nature as it truly is, rather than as we would design it. Then, when our lawns have long disappeared, we may yet come to honor the humble dandelion.66. Botanists have generated attempts to remove the Japanese knotweed because _____.[A] it threatens the local biodiversity[B] it is regarded as exotic[C] it's so vigorous as to spread everywhere。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编39(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．As its______grew, funds began to accumulate and the union got more and more powerful.A．recruitB．sizeC．membershipD．expansion正确答案：C解析：membership n.会员数；全体会员(如：The membership of the club is now 500．The society has a large membership．)。

recruit n．新兵，新成员。

size n.大小，尺寸，尺码。

expansion n．扩大，扩充；扩张，膨胀。

2．Little boys seem to enjoy______ train sets more than little girls.(2003年中国社会科学院考博试题)A．captureB．departureC．fixtureD．miniature正确答案：D解析：本题是说，小男孩看上去比小女孩更喜欢小型的火车装置。

D项“miniature缩小的”符合题意。

其他三项“capture捕获；departure出发；fixture 固定设备”都不正确。

3．Concerned people want to______ the risk of developing cancer.(2002年春季上海交通大学考博试题)A．takeB．decreaseC．minimizeD．claimed正确答案：C解析：本题中，take the risk of doing sth．的意思是“冒险做……”；decrease 的意思是“降低”；minimize的意思是“减到最少”；claimed的意思是“声称、主张”。

English Test for Doctoral Candidates(Jan. 16, 2005)Part I Listening Comprehension (20%)Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear 5 short conversations. After each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and question will be read only once. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Then mark your answer on your Answer Sheet A.1. A. To be back Tuesday morning.B. To come and see him Wednesday.C. To call him on Thursday.D. To make an appointment for Thursday.2. A. Every day.B. Every day except Thursday.C. Monday, Wednesday and Friday.D. Monday, Tuesday and Friday.3. A. On a train.B. On a boat.C. On a plane.D. On a bus.4. A. It was sold out.B. It was too expensive.C. She didn’t like it.D. It was uninteresting.5. A. Go for a long walk with her friend.B. Rest and take care of herself.C. Stay at home and do her exercises.D. Catch up with her reading.Section BDirections:In this section, you will hear 2 short passages. The passage will be read only once. At the end of the passage, you will hear 5 questions about what was said. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to each question.Passage 16. A. Almost half their money.B. Almost all their money.C. Almost one-third of their money.D. Most of their money.7. A. Right after the food is ready.B. Right after the father makes the cross over the bread with aknife.C. Right after the mother distributes each member a piece of brad.D. Right after the father gives everyone a piece of bread.8. A. The famous French food.B. The French family meal.C. The French family reunion.D. The French gable manners.Passage 29. A. Means for winter traveling.B. Methods of fishing.C. How to hunt large animals.D. Political ways.10. A. Iron tools.B. Building canoes.C. Blazing trails.D. Planting crops.Section C Spot DictationDirections:In this part, you are going to hear a longer passage. The passage is printed below with some words and expressions missing. As you listen, fill in each of the blanks with the words and expressions you have heard.Our sleep time over the past century has been reduced by almost 20 percent.Generally, adults need to sleep one hour for every two hours awake, which means that most need about eight hours of sleep a night. Of course, some people need more and some less. Children and teenagers need an average of about ten hours.The brain keeps an exact (11) ______________ of how much sleep it is owed. My colleagues and I coined the term sleep debt because accumulated lost sleep is like a monetary debt: it must be paid back. If you get an hour less than a full night’s sleep, you carry an hour of sleep debt into the next day—and your (12) ______________ to fall asleep during the daytime becomes stronger.During the five-day workweek, if you get six hours of sleep each night instead of the eight you needed, you would build up a sleep debt of ten hours (five days times two hours). Because sleep debt accumulates in an additive (13) ______________, by day five your brain would tend toward sleep as strongly as if you’d stayed up all night. From this perspective, sleeping until noon on Saturday is not getting enough to pay back the ten lost hours as well as meet your nightly (14) ______________ of eight; you would have to sleep until about 5 p.m. to balance the sleep ledger.But for most people it is difficult to sleep that long because of the alerting mechanism of our (15) ______________ clock.Section D SummaryDirections:Listen to the passage and write a summary in no less than 50 words.Part II Reading Comprehension (20%)Directions:In this section, there are 4 short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C and D, and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet A.Passage 1However important we may consider school life to be, there is no denying the fact that children spend more time at home than in the classroom. Therefore, the great influence of parents cannot be ignored or discounted by the teacher. They can become strong allies of the school personnel or they can consciously or unconsciously hinder and thwart curricular objectives.Administrators have been aware of the need to keep parents apprised (告知) of the newer methods used in schools. Many principals have conducted workshops explaining such matters as the reading readiness program, manuscript writing and development mathematics.Moreover, the classroom teacher, with the permission of the supervisors, can also play an important role in enlightening parents. The informal tea and the many interviews carried on during the year, as well as new ways of reporting pupils’ progress, can significantly aid in achieving a harmonious interplay between school and home.To illustrate, suppose that a father has been drilling Junior in arithmetic process night after night. In a friendly interview, the teacher can help the parent sublimate his natural paternal interest into productive channels. He might be persuaded to let Junior participate in discussing the family budget, buying the food, using a yardstick or measuring cup at home, setting the clock, calculating mileage on a trip and engaging in scores of other activities that have a mathematical basis.If the father follows the advice, it is reasonable to assume that he will soon realize his son is making satisfactory progress in mathematics, and at the same time, enjoying the work.Too often, however, teachers’ conferences with parents are devoted to petty accounts of children’s misdemeanors, complaints about laziness and poor work habits, and suggestion for penalties and rewards at home.16. The central idea conveyed in the above passage is that _______.A. home training is more important than school trainingbecause a child spends so many hours with his parentsB. teachers can and should help parents to understand andfurther the objective of the schoolC. there are many ways in which the mathematics program canbe implemented at homeD. parents have a responsibility to help students in doing homework17. The author directly discussed the fact that _______.A. parents drill their children too much in arithmeticB. principals have explained the new art programs to parentsC. a father can have his son help him construct articles at homeD. a parent’s misguided efforts can be properly directed18. It can reasonably be inferred that the author _______.A. is satisfied with present relationships between home and schoolB. feels that schools are woefully lacking in guidance personnelC. believes that the traditional program in mathematics isslightly better than developmental programD. feels that the parent-teacher interviews can be made muchmore constructive than they are at present19. The author implies that _______.A. participation in interesting activities relating to asubject improves one’s achievements in that areaB. school principals do more than their share in interpretingthe curriculum to the parentsC. only a small part of the school day should be set apart fordrilling in arithmeticD. teachers should occasionally make home visit to parents20. We may infer that the writer of the article does not favor _______.A. a father’s helping his son with the latter’s studiesB. written communications to the parent from the teacherC. having the parent observe lessons which the children are being taughtD. principal-parent conferences rather than teacher-parent conferencesPassage 2E-business requires instantaneous decision-making and KM (knowledge management) has a tremendous role to play in achieving this as well as quality feedback. Real-time business without proper knowledge and feedback information quickly turns into real-time unsupervised and valueless chaos. Lack of adequate knowledge flow and coherent real-time views of a situation inevitably lead to disastrous consequences. The infamous Barings Bank operated a real-time futures business without real-time checks and balances, and did not ensure adequate quality of knowledge flows from the trading floor to controllers and managers. Itwas too-much-too-fast coupled with too-little-quality-feedback and insufficient understanding. There was too little real-time knowledge at hand and it turned out a spectacular disaster.The missing link was KM. No serious e-business effort should be undertaken without considering, planning and implementing a strong KM infrastructure. Real-time knowledge must flow from those who have it to those who must be able to make the right move at the right time. And there is no time to spare. E-businesses must be equipped with interactive workflow tools and real-time business intelligences feedback in a clear and understandable format. People involved must have access to all underlying documents at all times at a snap of their fingers. Otherwise they will guess rather than make informed decisions. Or words, in fear of making a huge mistake, people will make no decisions at all.Take a home loan application process for example. You would most likely apply to a number of banks at the same time. They would obviously complete on pricing, but the bank that can make your credit assessment first and most effectively, process the documentation and inform you on the progress every step of the way will get your business. The rest may be stuck with less demanding, more risk-prone customers. This may affect their overall profitability, and ability to complete on price and service in the future. It could put them out of business altogether. So is therea link between e-business and KM? I surely think so.21. According to the passage, in doing e-business, you must _______.A. make quick decisionsB. learn many disciplinesC. work hardD. know how to promote yourself22. As the author puts it, being short of _______ will lead to failure in e-business.A. support from the governmentB. sufficient knowledge flow and accurate views of the situationC. qualified managersD. loan from the bank23. Barings Bank went bankrupt because _______.A. it involved itself in the futures businessB. its manager was not an expertC. it failed to smooth the knowledge flow and the feedback processesD. of its slow decision-making process24. Some managers do not make decisions because _______.A. they are not provided with sufficient informationB. they are slow in thinkingC. they are very democraticD. they have limited rights in the company25. When you apply for a home loan, you tend to choose a band with _______.A. offers the lowest interestB. if located quite near to your houseC. will keep you informed of the on-goings in the processD. is big and famousPassage 3When it comes to leisure activities, Americans aren’t quite the funseekers they’ve been supposed to be. For one out of five, weekends and vacations are consumed by such drudgeries as housecleaning, yardworking, and cooking; only one-third of them enjoy the luxury of relaxing in the sun, going camping, playing sports, or simply relaxing.Americans were asked how they occupy themselves on days they are not at work. According to the poll, older people, the rich, and the well-educated are most apt to spend their spare time doing the things they “want to do” rather than those they “have to”.Overall, high-salaried respondents were more active than those with lower incomes—they reported watching less television and were ore likely to engage in social and cultural activities. Furthermore, those with college degrees were about twice as likely as those with no more than a high school education to spend time playing sports (42 percent compared to 23 percent).On the subject of vacations, the study found that college graduates were more likely than those with only high school degrees to have vacation plans (80 percent versus 60 percent). Of those who did intend to take some time off, 46 percent planned a sightseeing vacation (34 percent in the United States, 12 percent abroad), 34 percent expected to visit friends or relatives, 22 percent headed for the beach or lake, and 12 percent intended to relax at home.People who are divorced, widowed, or separated, the survey concluded, are the least likely of any group to take a vacation—and the least likely to attach any important to it.26. The passage is mainly about _______.A. different ways of spending one’s leisure timeB. active entertainment and passive entertainmentC. factors that affect people’s attitudes towards vacationD. how Americans spend their holidays27. According to a recent study, how many Americans spend theweekends doing housework?A. One fifth of them.B. Four fifths of them.C. One third of them.D. Two thirds of them.28. According to the passage, the most popular type of vacationin the United States is _______.A. relaxing in the sunB. visiting friends or relativesC. playing sportsD. visiting interesting places29. Who are the least likely to take a vacation?A. Businesswomen.B. Factor workers.C. Separated couples.D. Elderly people.30. Which of the following if NOT mentioned as a factor thatinfluences the way people spend their holidays?A. Family income.B. Social position.C. Age.D. Educational background.Passage 4If national health insurance would not cure the problems of the American health-care system, what, then, is responsible for them? Suspicion falls heavily on hospitals, which make up the largest component of the system. In 1988 hospitals accounted for 39 percent of all expenditures—more than doctors, nursing homes, drugs, and home health care combined.Although US hospitals provide outstanding research and frequently excellent care, they also exhibit the classic attributes of inefficient organizaions; increasing costs and decreasing use. The average cost of a hospital stay in 1987—$3,850—was more than double the 1980 cost. A careful government analysis published in 1987 revealed the inflation of hospital costs, over and above general price inflation, as a major factor in their growth, even after allowances were made for increase in the population and in intensity of care. While the rate of increase for hospital costs was 27 percent greater than that of all medical care and 163 percent greater than that for all other goods and services, demand for hospital services fell by 34 percent. But hospitals seemed obvious of the decline: during this period the number of hospital beds shrank only by about three percent, and the number of full-time employees grew by more than 240,000.After yet another unexpectedly high hospital-cost increase last year, one puzzled government analyst asked, “Where’s the money going?” Much of the increase in hospital costs—amounting to $180 billion from 1965 to 1987—went to duplicating medical technology available in nearby hospitals and maintaining excess beds. Modern healthcare, a leading journal in the field, recently noted that “anecdotes of [hospitals] unne cessary spending on technology abound.” Medical technology is veryexpensive. An operating room outfitted to perform open-heart surgery costs hundreds of thousands of dollars. From 1982 to 1989 the number of hospitals with open-heart-surgery facilities grew by 33 percent, and the most rapid growth occurred among smaller and moderate-sized hospitals. This growth was worrisome for reasons of both costs and quality. Underused technology almost inevitably decreases quality of care. In medicine, as in everything else, practice makes perfect. For example, most of the hospitals with the lowest mortality rates for coronary-bypass surgery perform at least fifty to a hundred such procedures annually, and in some cases many more; the majority of those with the highest mortality rates perform fewer than fifty a year.31. According to the passage, the American health-care system _______.A. is working smoothlyB. is the best system in the worldC. is not working efficientlyD. is on the point of collapse32. In 1980, the average cost of a hospital stay was _______.A. $3,850B. less than $1,925C. $1,925D. more than $1,92533. When demand for hospital services fell, hospitals _______.A. took effective measures to reduce their expendituresB. were fully aware of the situation and took some measures accordinglyC. reduced the number of hospital beds sharplyD. continued to take on more full-time medical workers34. According to the passage, hospital costs went up greatlymainly because _______.A. hospitals spent a lot of money unnecessarily on medical technologyB. hospitals bought too much expensive operating equipmentC. hospitals employed too many unskilled medical workersD. hospitals were under poor management35. It is implied in the last paragraph that if a hospital usesits medical technology to the full, _______.A. it will decrease its quality of treatmentB. it will certainly push up its expendituresC. it will have a high mortality rate from surgeryD. it will maintain its good quality of carePart III Translation (20%)Section A Put the following into Chinese:When the war began on January 18th, the authorities believed that the multi-national force was irresistible and that the war would be short and swift. But now, the situation seems quite the reverse; the war is likely to take at least several months before it blows itself out.No matter how long the war lasts, it is undeniably a great tragedy. The region is now bristling with bombers, warships and soldiers. Saddam Hussein has already begun to make random bombing attacks on Israel and Saudi Arabia. He has even brazenly threatened to use missiles charged with biological or chemical warheads.Whether or not the Gulf War is a just war is a hotly debated question. Although most people agree with the deployment of soldiers in the region, a considerable number of people do not want Britain to get involved.Section B Put the following abstract into English:摘要：本文从英文标题、作者署名与工作单位、英文摘要、英文关键词等四个方面阐述了科技论文英文摘要的写作特点、模式及摘要写作中应避免出现的一些问题，同时强调对摘要写作的客观性、学术性和语体风格等问题给予足够的重视。

上海交通大学考博英语-1(总分：75.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension{{/B}}(总题数：40，分数：20.00)1.I'll have to ______ this dress a bit before the wedding next week.（分数：0.50）A.let offB.let goC.let looseD.let out √解析：[解析] D项“let out放大(衣服)”，根据空格处的意思：我得把衣服改的大点，故选D。

A项let off放 (炮)；B项let go放开，松手；C项let loose松手，释放”，均不符合题意。

2.From the time of the Greeks to the Great War, medicine' s job was simple: to struggle with ______ diseases and gross disabilities, to ensure live births, and to manage pain. A. immortal B. immune C lethal D. toxic（分数：0.50）A.B.C. √D.解析：[解析] C项“lethal致命的”，如Pot-holes can be lethal for the unwary cyclist(路上坑坑洼洼，骑车的人一不小心就有致命危险)，根据空格处的意思：与致命的疾病做斗争，故选C。

A项immortal 不朽的；B项immune免疫的；D项toxic有毒的，均不符合题意。

3.Telephones save the feet and endless amounts of time. This is due partly to the fact that the telephone service is superb here, ______ the postal service is less efficient.（分数：0.50）A.whereB.sinceC.thatD.whereas √解析：[解析] 四个选项的意思分别是where什么地方，在哪里，……的(地方)；since自……以后，自……以来，因为，既然；that(引导从句)；whereas然而，反之，鉴于，尽管，但是。

上海交通大学考博英语词汇试题一、根据上海交通大学华慧教育纲规定,每年词汇题共40小题，每小题0.5分，共20分。

预计测试时间（45分钟） 41. Nicoll made a few __ with his pen on the page he had just read. [ A ] signals [ B ] marks [ C ] signs [ D ] codes 42. During the summer holiday season there are no __ moms in this seaside hotel. [ A ] empty [ B ] blank [ C ] deserted [ D ] vacant 43. Does brain power as we get older.'? Scientists now have some surprising answers. [ A ] desceod [ B ] decline [ C ] deduce [ D ] collapse 44. To be an inventor, one needs profound knowledge as well as a very __ imagination. [ A ] vivid [ B ] bright [ C ] living [ D ] colorful 45. He gave a brief of the history of the university before the opening of the conference. [ A ] reference [ B ] statement [ C ] account [ D ] comment 46. The insurance company paid him $10,000 in after his accident. [ A ] installment [ B ] compensation [ C ] substitution [ D ] commission 47. People who refuse to with the law will be punished. [ A ] obey [ B ] consent [ C ] conceal [ D ] comply 48. Why does a vegetarian restaurant make its dishes resemble meat in every way except __ [ A ] ingredients [ B ] elements [ C ] components [ D ] compounds49. Hot metal as it grows cooler. [ A ] contracts [ B ] reduces [ C ] condenses [ D ] compresses 50. His tastes and habits with those of his wife. [ A ] combine [ B ] compete [ C ] coincide [ D ] compromise 51. The boy slipped out of the room and headed for the swimming pool without his parents' __ [ A ] command [ B ] conviction [ C ] consent [ D ] compromise 52. In Scotland, as in the rest of the United Kingdom, __ schooling begins at age 5 and ends at age 16. [ A ] compelling [ B ] forced [ C ] obliged [ D ] compulsory 53. The Wright brothers __ the design of thefirst successful motor-powered plane. [ A ] confronted[ B ] concealed [ C ] converted [ D ] conceived 54. Rejecting the urging of his physician father to study medicine, Hawking chose to __ on math and theoretical physics. [ A ] impose [ B ] center [ C ] overwork [ D ] concentrate 55. Among the many subjects in school, mathematics is probably the most , depending least on a student's background and culture. [ A ] universal [ B ]'abstract [ C ] arbitrary [ D ] concrete 56. A good teacher must know how to his ideas. [ A ] convey [ B ] display[ C ] consult [ D ] confront 57. China Daily never loses sight of the fact that each day all of us __ a tough,challenging world. [ A ] encounter [ B ] acquaint [ C ] preside [ D ] confront 58. The largest system serving e-mail messengers is the Intemet, a I of millions of computers linked worldwide. [ A ] unity [ B ] combination [ C ] network [ D] connection 59. Every camera we sell comes with a two-year [ A ] guarantee [ B ] safety [ C ] confirmation [ D ] conservation 60. Sometimes they __ their students' poor comprehension to a lack of intelligence. [ A ] distribute [ B ] attribute [ C] contribute [ D ] consider 61. This kind of material can heat and moisture. [ A ] delete [ B ] compel [ C ] repel [ D ] constrain 62. For the past two years, Audi cars have __ Germany's Touring Car Championship. [ a ] dominated [ B ] conquered [ C ] determined [ D ] contested 63. The pollution question as well as other issues is going to be discussed when the Congress is in again next spring. [ A ] assembly [ B ] session [ C ] conference [ D ] convention 64. The prisoner has been of many privileges that average citizens enjoy. [ a ] ensured [ B ] informed [ C ] deprived [ D ] convinced 65. In order to strengthen his arguments, Toffler __ respectable social scientists who agree with him. [ A ] recites [ B ] confirms [ C ] quotes [ D ] convinces 66.Nowadays advertising costs are no longer in reasonable __ to the total cost of the product. [ A ] proportion [ B ] correlation [ C ] connection [ D ] correspondence 67. I was I by their kindness and moved to tears. [ A ] preoccupied [ B ] embarrassed [ C ] overwhelmed [ D ] counseled 68.It's usually the case that people seldom behave in a __ way when in a furious state. [ a ] stable [ B ] rational [ C ] legal [ D ] credible 69. A friendship may be __ , casual, situational or deep and lasting. [ A ] identical [ B ] original [ C ] superficial [ D ] critical 70. Our readers are comfortable with our clear, words that inform and entertain them. [ A ] conventional [ B ] concise [ C ] creative [ D ] crucial 71. By computation, he estimatedthat the repairs on the house would cost him a thousand dollars. [ A ] coarse [ B ] rude [ C ] rough [ D ] crude 72. Children and old people (lo not like having their daily __ upset. [ A ] habit [ B ] routine [ C ] practice [ D ] custom 73. I was speaking to Ann on the phone when suddenly we were __ [ A ] hung [ B ] hung back [ C ] cat down [ D ] cat off 74. I tried very. hard to persuade him to join our group but I met with a flat __ [ A ] disapproval [ B ] rejection [ C ] refusal [ D ] decline 75. Last year, thecrime rate in Chicago has sharply _-- [ A ] slipped [ B ] lessened [ C ] descended [ D ] declined 76. I could seethat my wife was __ having that fur coat, whether I approved of it or not. [ A ] intent on [ B ] adequate for [ C ] short of [ D ] deficient in 77. The human voice often sounds on the telephone. [ A ] twisted [ B ] irregular[ C ] distorted [ D ] deformed 78. Some people either __ avoid questions of right and wrong or remain neutral about them. [ A ] violently [ B ] enthusiastically [ C ]sincerely [ D ] deliberately 79. We are __-- faced with the necessity to recognize that having more people implies a lower stand-ard of living. [ A ] readily [ B ] smoothly [ C ]inevitahly [ D ] deliberately 80. Some peoplecriticize family doctors for too many medicines for minor illnesses. [ A] prescribing [ B] ordering [ C ] advising [ D] delivering。

2004年华东师大博士生英语入学试卷考1）本考卷共包括九大项，共 19 页。

考试时间为180分钟，满分100分。

试 2）试卷中 Paper One 各项答案按相应题号一律用铅笔划线填入答题卡。

须 3）Paper Two 各项用钢笔或圆珠笔答在答题纸上，字迹需清晰端正。

知Paper OnePart I. Listening Comprehension ( 15 % )Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversation and question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four suggested answers marked A,B,C and D and decide which one is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line though the center.Example: You will hear:M: Is it possible for you to work late? Miss Grey?W: Work late? I suppose so, if you really think it is necessary.Q: Where do you think this conversation most probably took place?You will read:A. At the office.B. In the waiting room.C. At the airport.D. In a restaurant.From the conversation we know that the two were talking about some work they have to finish in the evening. This is most likely to have taken place at the office. Therefore a) At the office is the best answer. You should choose answer a. on the Answer Sheet and mark it with a pencil.1. A. The man better practice harder.B. The man should not give up.C. The man should stop trying to be a superstar.D. The man better practice a new style.2. A. Help the woman but only unwillingly.B. Not help move items for the woman.C. Help move things to Mr. Nelson’s office.D. Cancel his appointment at Mr. Nelson’s office.3. A. They are on a date.B. They are at a harmonious meeting.C. They are at a meeting with a controversy.D. They are late to the meeting.4. A. Ask for more money from the student loan.B. Find a job to earn some money.C. Be more realistic with his money.D. Stop worrying about his money.5. A. See both of them one after another.B. Phone the theater for opinion.C. Toss a coin to decide.D. Go somewhere else instead.6. A. Volunteering needs special skills.B. V olunteering needs physical work.C. V olunteering requires a time commitment.D. Volunteering requires a financial commitment.7. A. Dorms are not as cheap as he thinks.B. Dorms are not as spacious as he thinks.C. Dorms are not as available as he thinks.D. Dorms are not as convenient as he thinks.8. A. The amount of paper he used might be worth the cost.B. It will be a good lesson for him to study harder.C. The amount of effort he made will become useful.D. The preparation of the paper should be finished soon.9. A. Sleeping early is good for oneself.B. Rising early takes time to become easy.C. Jogging is difficult to be routine.D. Walking in the park is not as easy as it seems.10. A. It is sure to be ready on Thursday.B. It is still not ready.C. It was already ready on Thursday.D. It was too difficult to fix it.Section BDirections:In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked a, b, c and d. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 11 to 13 are based on the passage you have just heard.11. A. His friend bought them for him.B. He bought them himself.C. He booked them quite a while ago.D. He got them free of charge.12. A. Her husband was taking her out to the theater.B. Her husband had got her a job in his office.C. Her husband was going to buy her some nice gifts.D. Her husband had found his lost money.13. A. He had lost the tickets for the theater.B. He had lost his briefcase.C. He had left his briefcase at home.D. He had left the tickets in the office.Passage TwoQuestions 14 to 16 are based on the passage you have just heard.14. A. Lack of electricity.B. Shortage of books.C. Lack of clean water.D. Shortage of experts15. A. A system which trains doctors.B. A group of experts who can provide professional advice.C. A computer program which can provide professional advice.D. A system which trains computer experts.16. A. It is not easy to see the shortage of experts in the villages.B. Many doctors and engineers are sent to the villages to make up for the shortage of experts.C. Expert medical systems are widely used in developing countries.D. Expert systems are owned by wealthy farmers and businessmen.Passage ThreeQuestions 17 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.17. A. The designer of the White House.B. The first resident of the White House.C. One of the U.S. presidents.D. A specialist of American history.18. A. To add to the beauty of the building.B. To follow the original design.C. To wipe out the stains left behind by the war.D. To make the building look more comfortable.19. A. Right after it was rebuilt.B. During the administration of John Adams.C. When Theodore Roosevelt was president.D. After many other names had been given to it.20. A. It has been changed several times.B. It has never been changed.C. It was changed after the War of 1812.D. It was changed during Roosevelt’s presidency.II. Vocabulary and Structure (15%)Directions:Below each sentence, there are four words marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence or that is closest in meaning to theunderlined word in the sentence Write the corresponding letter on your AnswerSheet.21. After doing her usual morning chores, Elisha found herself ___ tired.A. interestinglyB. surprisinglyC. erraticallyD. forcibly22. Working frantically under the pressure of time, Edmond failed to notice his ___ mistakes.A. stupidB. inevitableC. carelessD. redundant23. The ___ objections of those who protested against the ruling finally got them thrown outof the stadium.A. viralB. vulnerableC. volubleD. vocal24. In the feudal society, landlords had the right to beat, ___ or even kill talents at will.A. abaseB. abashC. abateD. abuse25. All the colleagues said that the caprices of the willful manager had made him a ___ person.A. candidB. captiousC. cannyD. coy26. It was all right for the school administration not to ___ to the students' demand of canceling the terminal examinations.A. acceptB. accedeC. accessD. accessory27. In 1921 many people died in famine --- an extreme scarcity or ___ of food. That was reallya tragedy.A. deprivationB. exhaustionC. starvationD. dearth28. The world will be advancing with such great speed that our ___ will look back upon us and our time with a sense of superiority.A. antecedentsB. predecessorsC. descendantsD. contemporaries29. Before taking a standardized test, one should ___ himself or herself with all the items that constitute the test paper.A. acquaintB. fascinateC. acquitD. familiar30. Tom is always lack of self-confidence. His ___ character caused him to miss many goldenopportunities.A. diffidentB. ignorantC. proudD. conceited31. It has been announced that physicists from different countries will gather in New York fora ___ next month.A. symphonyB. symposiumC. symptomD. symmetry32. Manfred ___ with sure that nine out of ten gentlemen who danced with this charming young lady would fall in love with her.A. alludeB. adduceC. averredD. advert33. During the terrorist attacks, the authorities ordered to ___ the workers and residents ofhigh profile buildings from the constructions.A. evictB. evokeC. evacuateD. evade34. Johnson's business survived on a ___ relationship with only a few customers.A. tentativeB. salientC. lucrativeD. insubstantial35. After her marriage, the happy life ___ her appearance, making her look more beautifulthan ever.A. transfiguredB. disfiguredC. disheveledD. transformed36. Although Guthman was a ___ of several campaigns, he had never seen action on the frontlines.A. veteranB. volunteerC. victimD. villain37. The cheerful, lively melody of dance music ___ almost all the weary soldiers.A. drainedB. divertedC. renewedD. revived38. From Willink's ___ manner, people can tell that he is of royal birth.A. boorishB. regalC. rudeD. vulgar39. Since it was held up only by a single steel cable, the chairlift was ___ to carry only twopeopleA. instructedB. obligedC. intendedD. appointed40. 130 years later, this single wall still stands here in mute ___ to the Revolution of ParisCommune in 1873.A. testimonyB. memoryC. tributeD. evidence41.From his words I supposed that he was extremely delighted at your invitation.A. apprehendedB. concededC. envisionD. surmised42. As is reported, over seventy civilians lost their lives in the following explosion.A. ensuingB. engrossingC. enduringD. entangling43. After living in the same dormitory for half a year, Jane realized that Mary's oversen-sitivity was not acquired but inherent.A. insipidB. inordinateC. innateD. insane44. As a highly intelligent person, the diplomat had no difficulty searching for the right wordsto retort.A. askingB. gropingC. findingD. grouching45. The service at this restaurant was so slow that when the dishes were finally served we wereextremely hungry.A. ruthlessB. ravenousC. rashD. reckless46. He is my devoted friend, so I ___ tell him the truth.A. cannot helpB. cannot butC. may not helpD. could but47. No administrator or supervisor can enter a classroom unless ___ by the teacher.A. they are invitedB. he is invitedC. invitingD. having being invited48. I'd just as soon he ___ the party yesterday; he made a mess of it.A. didn't attendB. attendedC. had attendedD. hadn't attended49. ___ a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of an oral English test at theend of the term.A. It is existedB. There having existedC. There existsD. There having been50. ___ Jenny lives next door to Robert, she ought to know him.A. IfB. Seeing thatC. AlthoughD. Just asIII. Error Detection (5%)Directions:There are four underlined words or parts marked A, B, C and D in each of the following sentences. Choose the one that you think incorrect, and write thecorresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.51. Learning a foreign Language is especially difficult for those who had never learned oneA B C Dbefore.52. The main stream of a river frequently is dividing into two or more branches near its mouth.A B C D53. For activating the fossilization in English learning, I practice reading, listening, speakingA B Cand writing as regularly as possibleD54. Little Jimmy was constantly being told not to scratch the paint off the bedroom wall, butA Bhe went on to do it all the same.C D55. It's a simple matter to have found the density of a gas from its formula.A B C D56. Upon questioning the suspect denied having stolen diamonds from the jewelry shop.A B C D57. Some of the research experiments to describe in the text book are easy to carry out.A B C D58. Quantum physics lies at a heart of the physical sciences.A BC D59. Despite their length, the horse's neck has the same number of vertebrae as a humanA B C Dbeing's.60. Night falls more faster in the tropics than in other latitudes.A B C DIV. Reading Comprehension (25%)Directions:Read the following five passages carefully, choose the best answer to each question from the four choices given, and then write the corresponding letteron your Answer Sheet.Passage OneIn Japan, some people play golf on weekends and some form long lines in the Ginza district to watch first-run foreign films. A knowing few go to the barbershop.A trip to a Japanese barbershop is an odyssey into the country's economic miracle, a glimpse at the same attention to detail that has made "Japan Inc." the envy of the capitalist world.It is more than simply getting a haircut. Customers go to escape the hustle and bustle of Tokyo's frenetic pace. They go to complain about local politics and catch up on the latest neighborhood scuttlebutt.But most of all, they go to be cranked up high in the barber's chair, to assume for at lest one precious moment – regardless of their walk of life---that honorific stature uniquely revered in Japan: that of okyakusama, or customer.So going to the barbershop here is an outing . The object is not to get it over with as quickly as possible, American-style, but to prolong the treatment and bask in its sensual pleasures.No one understands this better than Tanaka-san, who runs a state-of-the-art barbershop just up the street from where I live, in the Minami Azabu district. Like much else in Japan, Mr. Tankaka's shop has only recently gone upscale.Last year, he sold his small, old shop, located a few blocks from the new one, for a cool $15.3 million. With typical Japanese foresight for investing for the long pull, Mr. Tanaka plowed theproceeds into his spanking new premises.Mr. Tanaka, 54, has been in the barbering business for 38 years. Back in 1950, he charged only 35 yen --- not much compared with the 3,200 yen he receives today for a cut and shampoo. At today's exchange rates, $22 for a haircut might seem expensive, but I think it's one of the best deals in town.You always have to wait in line at Mr. Tanaka's shop : He doesn't take reservations because he doesn't need to. But when your time comes, Mr. Tanaka directs you to the seat of honor.Soon his wife is feverishly shampooing your hair, massaging your scalp with a special brush. While she scrubs, Mr. Tanaka is busy at the next chair, applying the finishing snips and snaps to another client. This tag-team approach keeps the shop running at full capacity.Mr. Tanaka typically spends about 45 minutes cutting your hair, scrutinizing the symmetry of the sideburns with the utmost care. His cutting skills are superb, but it is in conversation that he truly excels. He knows when to talk, when to listen and when to utter the drawn-out guttural grunt of approval so common in Japanese. These insightful yet subtle dialogues with his clients create the cornerstone of Mr.Tanaka's thriving business: the repeat customer, every retailer's dream.For the rare client not "hooked" by pleasant conversation , Mrs. Tanaka's shaving technique, with a straight-edged razor, is the showstopper. First, she places a hot towel over your face, then wipes your face with moisturizing oil.She applies another hot towel to remove the oil and lathers you up with warm shaving cream. Finally, she methodically spends fifteen minutes shaving off every last whisker---including any stray hairs that might have found their way to your forehead or earlobes. The oil and hot-towel procedure is repeated and the reclining customer is gently coaxed into returning to earth.Foreign businessmen trying to figure our what makes Japan's economy so successful might do well to visit a Japanese barbershop. Impeccable service isn't extra here, it's included the price of admission.61. An attention to detail has made "Japan Inc."A. a good place for touristsB. a land of many barbershopsC. a prosperous economic powerD. a famous resort62. In Japanese barbershops, barbersA. rush customers outB. never talk about politicsC. talk with customers and work leisurelyD. are rather impatient with customers63. Relaxation and sensual pleasure areA. admitted goals of customersB. not possible in the busy atmosphereC. not appreciated by hurried customersD. not available to customers64. Because Mr. Tanaka's shop is s popular,A. reservations are requiredB. people wait in lineC. he is opening another new storeD. he becomes famous for that65. Not only is Mr. Tanaka a good barber, but he is alsoA. skilled at conversationB. an expert in shaving techniquesC. a local politicianD. a psychologistPassage TwoMincerva was the goddess of wisdom, but on one occasion she did a very foolish thing; she entered into competition with Juno and Venus for the prize of beauty. It happened thus: At the nuptials of Peleus and Theetis all the gods were invited with the exception of Eris, or Discord. Enraged at her exclusion, the goddess threw a golden apple among the guests, with the inscription (题词), "For the fairest." Thereupon Juno, Venus, and Minerva each claimed the apple. Jupiter, not willing to decide in so delicate a matter, sent the goddesses to Mount Ida, where the beautiful shepherd Paris was tending his flocks, and to him was committed the decision. The goddesses accordingly appeared before him. Juno promised him power and riches, Minerva glory and renown in war, and Venus the fairest of women his wife, each attempting to bias his decision in her own favor. Paris decided in favour of Venus and gave her the golden apple, thus making the two other goddesses his enemies. Under the protection of Venus, Paris sailed to Greece, and was hospitably received by Menelaus. king of Sparta. Now Helen, the wife of Menelaus, was the very woman whom Venus had destined for Paris, the fairest of her sex. She had been sought as a bride by numerous suitors, and before her decision was made known, they all, at the suggestion of Ulysses, one of their number, took an oath that they would defend her from all injury and avenge her cause if necessary. She chose Menelaus, and was living with him happily when Paris became their guest . Paris aided by Venus, persuaded her to elope （私奔）with him, and carried her to Troy, whence arose the famous Trojan war, the theme of the greatest poems of antiquity, those of Homer and Virgil.Menelaus called upon his brother chieftains（首领）of Greece to fulfill their pledge, and join him in his efforts to recover his wife. They generally came forward, but Ulysses, who had married Penelope, and was very happy in his wife and child, had no disposition to embark in such a troublesome affair. He therefore hung back and Palamedes was sent to urge him. When Palamedes arrived at Ithaca Ulysses pretended to be mad. He yoked （用牛轭套住）an ass and an ox together to the plough and began to sow salt. Palamedes, to try him, placed the infant Telemachus before the plough, whereupon the father turned the plough aside, showing plainly that he was no madman, and after that could no longer refuse to fulfill his promise. Being now himself gained for the undertaking, he lent his aid to bring in other reluctant chiefs, especially Achilles. This hero was the son of that Thetis at whose marriage the apple of Discord had been thrown among the goddesses. Thetis was herself one of the immortals, a sea-nymph (海仙女), and knowing that her son was fated to perish before Troy if he went on the expedition, she endeavoured to prevent his going . She sent him away to the court of King Lycomedes, and induced him to conceal himself in the disguise of a maidenamong the daughters of the king. Ulysses, hearing he was there, went disguised as a merchant to the palace and offered for sale female ornaments, among which he had placed some arms. While the king's daughters were engrossed with the other contents of the merchant' s pack, Achilles handled the weapons and thereby betrayed himself to the keen eye of Ulysses, who found no great difficulty in persuading him to disregard his mother's prudent counsels and join his countrymen in the war.66. Bulfinch describes Jupiter as u nwilling to “decide in so delicate a matter” (lines 6), implyingthatA. Jupiter is usually heavy-handedB. any decision is bound to offend someoneC. Jupiter to overly sensitive.D. the problems are so obscure that no one can judge them.67. The word disposition (line 22) is used to meanA. inclinationB. natureC. integrityD. value68. The sowing of salt is used by Bulfinch to showA. Ulysses's attempt to be found insaneB. the difficulty of cultivating in rocky soilC. how the tears of the gods created the seaD. the god's punishment of those who disobey them69. Bulfinch reveals that Thetis is a sea-nymphy in order to explainA. why she married PeleusB. why she dislikes the idea of warC. the effect of the apple of DiscordD. her ability to predict the future70.. Among the chieftains of Greece apparently areA. Juno, Venus, and MinervaB. Paris and LycomedesC. Ulysses, Achilles, and MenelausD. Eris and ThetisPassage ThreeOn the whole, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration has always treated Mars with respect. American spacecraft have flown by, orbited and even landed on the Red Planet. What they've never done is wound it. If scientists ever hope to understand Mars fully, however, they are going to have to puncture the dry Martian crust to sample the planetary pulp below. Next week NASA will launch a ship that will begin that process.The first ship of the two-spacecraft mission --- set to fly Dec. 10---is the Mars Climate Orbiter.Arriving in September 1999, the spacecraft will enter an orbit of the planet that traces a path over the Martian poles, allowing it to study the local atmosphere. Its orbit will position it perfectly to act as a relay satellite for a ny later ship that may land on the surface. That’s a good thing, since three weeks or so after the orbiter leaves Earth, NAS will launch another spacecraft, the more ambitious Mars Polar Lander.A spindly machine standing 107 cm tall, the lander is set to arrive in December 1999, aiming to touch down near Mars’ south pole, one of the few sports on the freeze-dried planet that is likely to contain some water. Just before reaching the Martian atmosphere, the lander will release a pairs of tapered pods(锥形分离舱) , each about the size of a basketball, made of brittle silica. Plunging ahead of the ship , the projectiles will free-fall to the surface and strike the ground at 650 km/h.The pods are designed to shatter on impact, releasing a pair of 18-cm probes. Slamming into the surface, the probes are supposed to drive themselves 120 cm into the Martian crust. Once buried, they will deploy tiny drills and begin sampling the chemical makeup of the soil around them. Scientists believe that chemistry could be remarkably rich. "The surface of Mars has been pretty well sterilized(消毒) by ultraviolet radiation," says Sam Thurman, the missions flight-operations manager.Only minutes after the probes hit the ground, the lander will follow, descending by parachute and braking engine. Bristling with cameras and sensors, it will study Mars' terrain and weather, snapping pictures both during its descent and on the surface. It will also carry a microphone to record for the first time the sound of the Martain wind. More important, the ship will be equipped with a robotic arm and scoop , much like the arms carried aboard the Viking landers in the 1970s. Unlike the Vikings, though, which were able to paw just a few feeble cm into the Martian topsoil, the new ship will dig out a trench nearly 90 cm deep.How long all this otherworldly hardware will operate is uncertain. The probes, powered by batteries, should wink out within three days. The lander, with robust solar panels to keep it humming, could last three months. But even if the systems do not survive that long, their work could be profound. After all, scientists have spent years studying just the Martian skin; this will be their first chance to dig a little deeper.71. We learn from the first paragraph that, in order to have a thorough knowledge of Mars, weneed ___.A. to treat Mars with more respect than everB. to have more spacecraft orbit the Red PlanetC. to protect the Red Planet more carefully and not to wound itD. to penetrate the crust of the Red Planet to take Martian samples72. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. The spacecraft that is to arrive in September 1999 contains a pair of tapered pods.B. Mars Polar Lander will carry out more important missions than Mars Climate Orbiter.C. The difference between Viking landers and Mars Polar Lander is that the former was unableto land on Mars.D. The mission of Mars Climate Orbiter is to study the local atmosphere and Mars terrain,snapping pictures both during its descent and on the surface.73. The primary purpose of the passage is to ___.A. stress the importance of exploring MarsB. outline the general features of MarsC. describe in detail the way of landing of Mars Polar LanderD. introduce the mission of the two spacecraft which are due to launch in 1999.74. We learn from the passage that ___.A. Mars Climate Orbiter will serve as a space base for any later ship that may land on thesurface of MarsB. Mars' south pole is more likely to contain life because it contains waterC. Mars Polar Lander will strike the surface of Mars at 650 km/hD. the chemical makeup of the soil on the surface of Mars will be similar to that of the earth75. From the context, we can infer the meaning of "bristling" (line 2, para. 4 ) may be ___.A. abundant inB. sending outC. reactingD. taking upPassage FourAn outsider approaches the subject lively, lest civic(市民的；城市的) feelings be bruised. Los Angeles gives the impression of having erased much of its history by allowing the city's development to run unchecked. Insiders like Dolores Hayden...pull no punches: "It mon," she wrote, "for fond residents to quote Gertrude Stein's sentence about Oakland when summing up urban design in Los Angeles: "There's no there, there.'" Hayden has also acknowledged that Los Angles is generally "the first (American city) singled out as having a problem about sense of place." Both statements come from a handsome brochure-cum-itinerary, drawn up by Hayden, Gail Dubrow, and Carolyn Flynn to introduce The Power of Place, a local nonprofit group with a mission to retrieve some of the city's misplaced" there."Founded by Hayden in 1982, The Power of Place lays special emphasis on redressing an imbalance in memory---and memorials. As Hayden has pointed out, in 1987 less than half the population of Los Angeles was Anglo-American; yet almost 98 percent of the city's cultural historic landmarks were devoted to the history and accomplishments of Anglo-Americans. Even these personages(名人，要人) come from a narrow spectrum of achievers---in Hayden's phrase, "a small minority of landholders, bankers, business leaders, and their architects" ----almost all of whom were male...The likeliest explanation for this under-representation may be an urban variation on thegreat-man theory of history: History is what public figures do, and by their civic monuments shall you know them ---especially the structures they designed or built. In Hayden's view, however, "The task of choosing a past for Los Angeles is a political as well as historic and cultural one, " and the unexamined preference for architecture as the focus of historic preservation efforts can slight less conscious but perhaps equally powerful human forces. Hayden's goal has been to supplement the city's ample supply of mono-cultural landmarks and memorials with others representing its ethnic and gender-based diversity. Accordingly, some sites need new status as official land-marks, others need reinterpretation. Other sites no longer contain structures emblematic(作为标志的) of their histories or are located in blighted neighborhoods; these do not readily lend themselves to。

上海交通大学2004年硕士生入学考试试题试题序号：453 试题名称：英语水平考试（答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上的一律不给分）Important: This test lasts for three hours. All your answers must be written on a separate sheet called “Answer Sheet”, Do not write anything in this test booklet.Part I (20分)In this part you are asked to complete each of the 20 sentences with one of the four words marked A, B, C and D that follow each sentence. The word you choose must fit into the sentence both in form and meaning. For every correct choice, you will get one point.1.I object to you speaking of “learning French as a second language” in Canada; French is as _______ a firstlanguage as English.A.farB.wellC.muchD.good2.For this situation，learning and using English for wider communication _______________ a country,particularly for educational, commercial, and political purposes, English can be referred to as an international language.A.outsideB.withinC.withD.of3.It reveals itself in the assumptions underlying _____________, in the planning of a course of study, in theroutines of the classroom, in value judgments about language teaching, and in the decisions that the language teacher has to make day by day.A.learningB.teachingC.theoryD.practice4.The debate on language teaching methods continued into the period between the two world wars, a periodwhich from the point of view of language pedagogy is characterized by the search for realistic solutions to the method _______________.A.controversyB.problemsC.issuesD.crises5.This conviction led to various experiments, all designed to ________ the traditional teacher-centred languageclass.A.changeB.convertC.modifyD.verify6.The communicative approach, understood in this comprehensive way, has had a ___________ on secondlanguage curriculum, on teaching methodology and materials, and also on evaluation.A.effectB.markC.bearingD.weight7.By virtue of their iconicity and their obvious formal aspects, poems are ideally suited to have learnersexperience early on the two main features of __________ experience: distance and relation.A.literaryB.socialC.aestheticD.dialectic8.Furthermore, being able to recite it from memory enables the teacher to keep eye contact with the students,to anticipate their misunderstandings and respond to their facial ____________.A.responsesB.expressionsC.performanceD.inquiries9.As translators move from word to word and from sentence to sentence through the text they produce bit bybit _______ of the original in a different language.A.replicasB.versionsC.relicsD.sediments10.Besides exploring different levels of the same text and different languages’ways of expressing the sameevent, intermediate and advanced learners can profit from _________ the same event into different literary forms.A.reproducingB.imitatingC.expressingD.recasting11.It has often been suggested that we lack an adequate analysis of the concept of analyticity and consequentlythat we lack adequate criteria for deciding whether a statement is _________.A.adequateB.realisticC.efficientD.analytic12.The tacit ideology which seems to lie behind these objections is that non-extensional explications are notexplications at all and that any concept which is not extensionally ______ is defective.A.ideologicalB.explicableC.explicitD.objectional13.The reason for concentrating on the study of speech acts is simply this: all linguistic communication involveslinguistic ____________A.devicesB.meaningC.formsD.acts14.This is because in certain institutional situations we not only ascertain the facts but we need an authority tolay down a decision as to what the ____________ are after the fact-finding procedure has been gone through.A.situationsB.assertionsC.factsD.reasons15.The simplest cases of meaning are those in which the speaker utters a sentence and means exactly and___________ what he says.A.verballyB.definitelyC.simplyD.literally16.And since meaning consists in part in the intention to produce understanding in the hearer, a large part of thatproblem is that of how it is possible for the hearer to understand the indirect speech act when the sentence he hears and understands means something ________A.trueB.elseC.falseD.indirect17.We all believe that it is the faculty of language which has enabled the human race to develop diverse cultures,each with its _________ social customs, religious observances, laws, oral traditions, patterns of trading, and so on.A.diverseB.distinctiveC.multipleD.varied18.In general, too, rhythmic and _________ features of speech are ignored in transcriptions; the rhythmicstructure which appears to bind some groups of words more closely than others, and the speeding up and slowing down of the overall pace of speech relative to the speaker’s normal pace in a given situation, are such complex variables that we have very little idea how they are exploited and to what effect.A.metricalB.mobileC.acousticD.temporal19.It seems reasonable to suggest that, whereas in daily life in a literate culture, we use ________ largely for theestablishment and maintenance of human relationships, we use written language largely for the working out of and transference of information.A.wordsB.speechC.soundsD.sentences20.The higher level of achievement is a contribution to the ___________ of the text: the linguistic analysis mayenable one to say why the text is, or is not, an effective text for its own purposes ----in what respects it succeeds and in what respects it fails, or is less successful.A.analysisB.readingC.evaluationD.interpretationPartⅡ(20分)Each of the following 20 sentences contains an error. And the error involves only one word. You are required to identify the error and correct it. Instructions on how to write your answersare given on the Answer Sheet. For each correction you make, you will get one point.21. A Spanish history of the “Indies,”read with eager curiosity (and later paraphrased) by the Englishentrepreneur Sir Walter Raleigh, told to the court splendors of a supposed ancestor of the “emperor of Guiana”22.Elizabethan merchants and ministers were second for none in their lively concern for treasure, but the realsuccess of Great Britain as a colonizing power was eventually to rest in its ability to sustain permanent, large-scale, self-supporting “plantations” in North America.23.The faith was sustained for the newcomers not only by the promises before but by the horrors left behind,across the Atlantic.24.In a sense, the seventeenth century saw the emergence of those institutions that are characteristic in themodern world: centralized and wholly sovereign nation-states; capitalism; individualism; secularism; and heroic grandeur in the arts.25.What was more, warfare, both civil and international, erupted epidemically in massive dislocations of power.26.No history of the American people--- a title after which, after all, the Indians have the most legitimate claim---- can omit the red men and women’s role.27.Even before Europe hung suspended between the rise of Roman Imperial order and the emergence offeudalism, in the so-called Dark Ages, some North American Indian’s had developed what anthropologists call the Hopewellian Culture.28.At first they called the chiefs they met after names both familiar and curious --- princes, --- emperors,caciques, and werowances.29.He pointed out that one of the first signs of adaptation to the new environment as a European’s part was tostrip off the garments of civilization, with their class and social connotations, and wear the undifferentiated skin garments of the India.30.The story began, then, with interaction among the continent’s new and old inhabitants --- the Indian“garrison” and the colonized immigrants.31.They learned to sing hymns, to pray, even to participate in the Mass, and to hold their new beliefs by a gripthat survived the vicissitudes of many years of battle between white warriors and red.32.After an unsuccessful attempt to get the Dutch to plant a new settlement on the Delaware, he traveled toSwede.33.Despite the political weakness of the Dutch, they set an impress on the life of Americans as unborn.34.Tradesmen went home, entered through brick-faced doorways and ascended to cozy rooms where, belowtiled roofs, windows with tiny panes illuminated polished delftware.35.The Church of England, for example, though firmly established, did not command the loyalties of greatCatholic families on the one hand, or on the other, of the Puritans who hoped to purge it into “Romish idolatry.”36.With chronic misgivings about the future, no wonder that some men were tempted by the prospects of secureestates and freedom of harassment across what seemed an infinity of ocean.37.Huddled into the city, the poor were helpless before the plagues that swept devastatingly into their slums andthen undiscriminatingly went on to lay down the proud and wealthy as well.38.Imperiled by pestilence and starvation, many of the able-bodied men among the poor might have looked atimpressment as an opportunity at least to eat and to be clothed.39.And nothing short for a spectacular peice of luck or royal preferment seemed likely to improve the situation.40.Farther from the social scale, the yeoman might also try to enhance the value of his lands or the prospects ofhis children by taking fliers in New World ventures such as fishing and trading companies.PartⅢ (30分)In this part you will be asked to read five passages, each followed by six questions. Read the passages carefully and then answer all the questions by choosing the correct options marked A, B, C, and D. Answer one question correctly and you will get one point.Passage1We know that Poe fought a continuous battle against the demon of plagiarism and the twisted perversion of influence. He even declared war on his fellow-writer Longfellow, accusing him of plagiarism of which he was himself not entirely innocent. Passion and influence have their dark sides not only manifest in literary plagiarism --- which we note in Baudelaire’s translations of Poe --- but also in what may be deemed a confusion of identity or quest for an alter ego. Translating Poe became for Baudelaire a real search for the definition of his own personality and even his understanding of gender. Baudelaire’s text is a mixed entity, a complex unity like most of Poe’s characters, a unity composed of scattered elements. The “Flowers of Evil,” are filled with Poe’s own experience of despair and doubt about the world and about human beings, blended with Bauelaire’s spleen and bouts of ideal. Both writers were divided into forces of Good and Evil, love and hate, masculine and feminine, they were like two images reflected in the mirrors of their creations so perfectly inverted that the reader does not know who inspired whom. Alter egos of each other, these two monsters of selfishness and misanthropy would probably have hated each other if they had had the opportunity to meet. Looking at oneself in a mirror can be very upsetting as the hero of William Wilson discovers in the last lines of this eponymous tale. Baudelaire chose to exalt Poe’s character as Griswold presented it because he had many features in common with this portrait. Baudelaire identified with Poe in a very self-centered egotistical way. Both had a strain of masochism and a taste for self-destruction certainly provoked by parental rejection. Baudelaire’s most palpable self-destructive action was the translation of Poe’s works. From this peculiar and unique encounter of two geniuses was born a new universal poet, we could name Poedelaire. Half European, half American, the writings of this desexualized creator are tinged with black humour, sensationalism, and sprinkled with a touch of French preciosity.Questions:41. The author implies that _______________.A. Longfellow was guilty of plagiarismB. Longfellow was not guilty of plagiarismC. Poe was guilty of plagiarismD. Poe was not guilty of plagiarism42. What, according to the author, causes plagiarism?A. Passion and influenceB. Search and questC. identity and egoD. Translation43. The author’s purpose of mentioning Baudelaire’s translations of Poe is _________.A. to show how the two writers hate each other.B. to show how the two writers love each other.C. to prove that plagiarism is pardonable.D. to prove that influence may result in a search for an alter ego.44. It can be inferred that Poe’s writing _____________.A. favors the theme of evil.B. tends to describe flowers.C. reveals a vague personalityD. contains the image of mirror45. Why does the author think that Baudelaire’s translation of Poe’s works was a self-destructive action?A. Because it made Baudelaire even sadder.B. Because he allowed Poe to invade his own identity.C. Because it incurred his parents’ contempt.D. Because it ruined his reputation as a good translator.46. Which of the following words can best describe Poedelaire?A. romanticB. sentimentalC. pessimisticD. revolutionaryPassage2Baudelaire first purchased Poe’s works in London in 1851. This was his first encounter with the American, and he immediately fell in love with the tone, style and content of these texts. He never wrote anything about the theoretical concepts of literary influence and plagiarism whereas Poe had spent a lot of energy attempting to prove his originality. Baudelaire, inversely, although acknowledging that he felt an intimacy with Poe, always refused to admit that he recreated this intimacy in the works he wrote after his translations of Poe, that is to say, after 1856. He was obviously deeply influenced by Poe’s essay Eureka presenting the human condition as a simultaneous movement of attraction and repulsion. This phenomenon of unconscious reappropriation is another clear manifestation of Harald Bloom’s Anxiety of Influence. Instead of fighting against the influence of the first writer, the second writer, moved by passion, prefers to vampirize him, to suck out his creative substance like the painter absorbs his bride’s life in Poe’s The Oval Portrait. This absorption that Bloom calls a tessera, both completes and betrays at the same time. Like physical possession, it satisfies temporarily the one who possesses, while stealing some independence from the one who is possessed. This symbolic betrayal linked to the linguistics possession of Poe by Baudelaire is quite relevant when one observes the mistakes made by the French poet in his translations, Baudelaire loved the English language and used it in an instinctive way, whereas translation requires technicity and precision, a full understanding of both the source and target language which he certainly lacked. In a letter written to Maria Clemm, Poe’s mother-in-law, and published in France in 1854 in the newspaper Le Pays, as a preface to one of his first translation, “Souvenirs de M. Auguste Bedloe,” we can read the following lines: “Adieu, madame; parmi les diffěrents saluts et les formules de complementation qui ne peuvent conclure une missive d’une ame àune ame, je n’en connais qu’une aux sentiments que m’inspire votre personne: goodness, godness”. It is not my purpose to translate the whole letter but we will concentrate on the two concluding words “goodness, godness” that Baudelaire adds in English at the end of his friendly message. His desire to play upon words and to show his mastery of the English language results in a poor lexical association that Mrs Clemm must have had some problems in understanding! Goodness is an exclamation, quite inappropriate in such a context and godness is a neologism, probably used here instead of godliness which would not have been correct either.Questions:47. The author seems to imply that Baudelaire___________.A. had no idea of literary influence.B. never thought of literary influence.C. never admitted that he was influenced by Poe.D. never appreciated the writings by Poe.48. The word “intimacy” in lines 4 probably means ___________.A. friendlinessB. sympathyC. loveD. privacy49. “Anxiety of influence” means the ______________.A. the second writer is influenced by the first writer, but he does not acknowledge it.B. the second writer does not want to be influenced, but he has to.C. the second writer purposely imitates the first writer, then he feels guilty of it.D. the second writer is not influenced by the first writer, but is accused of it.50. The nationality of Baudelaire is _____________.A. EnglishB. FrenchC. AmericanD. German51. This passage mainly discusses _______________.A. translationB. misunderstandingC. plagiarismD. influence52. According to Poe, attraction and repulsion are _______________.A. simultaneousB. unconsciousC. contradictoryD. both A and C.Passage3As a literary critic, surely my best source of information on “globalization” is literature and I hardly need to say that this subject is thematic in a great many works of contemporary Latin American fiction. In fact, Latin American literature includes a long tradition of cultural theorizing that addresses the nature and effects of cultural contact, and thus the processes of globalization avant la lettre. Since the first decades of the twentieth century, indigenista movements considered cultural (and racial) difference and contested the cultural homogeneity imposed by European and U.S. colonialism; indigenismo valorized indigenous traditions and practices, and reconstituted the question of cultural inclusiveness. The movement was led by the Peruvian intellectuals JoséCarlos Mariátegui and JoséMaria Arguedas, with related discussions of transculturation and national identity by Ezequiel Martinez Estrada in Argentina, Gilberto Freyre in Brazil, and Fernando Ortiz in Cuba, JoséVasconcelos, more than his contemporaries, celebrated the process of cultural contact: racial mestizaje had its apotheosis in the 1920s in Vasconcelos’s nationalistic concept of la raza cásmica (“the cosmic race”). Alejo Carpentier dramatizes this discussion: from his first novel in 1933 he recommends not that cultures struggle against colonialism to remain discrete in their differences, but, rather, that that they recognized cultural otherness and embrace it. His formulation of the neobarroco or New World Baroque provides an overarching structure to incorporate European, African, and indigenous cultures into a shared Latin American identity. In his 1975 essay “Lo barroco y lo real maravilloso” (“The Baroque and the Marvelous Real”), Carpentier asks: “And why is Latin America the chosen territory of the baroque? Because all symbiosis, all mestizaje, engenders the baroque. The American baroque develops along with… the awareness of being Other, of being new, of being symbiotic, of being criollo; and the criollo spirit is itself a baroque spirit”. Carpentier, and following him the Cuba writers JoséLezama Lima and Severo Sarduy, understood the irony of engaging the Baroque forms of the Spanish colonizers to construct a post-colonial identity and they turned effectively the neobarroco, or New World Baroque, into an instrument of contraconquista (counterconquest). The Neobaroque is an aesthetics and ideology of inclusion by which Latin American and Latino artists have defined themselves against colonizing structures, and continue to do so. Questions:53. The word “addresses” in line 3 probably means __________A. includesB. concernsC. relatesD. talks54. Indigenista movements most probably voiced the feeling of __________A. the colonizingB. the colonizedC. the EuropeanD. the American55. According to the author, minor nations and races ___________A. welcome globalizationB. fear globalizationC. resent cultural contactD. needs cultural contact56. The term “cultural otherness” probably means _____________A. difference in cultural identityB. cultural separationC. hostility among nationsD. cultural misunderstandings57. “The cosmic race” probably refers to ______________A. the incorporation of racesB. the communication among racesC. marriage among racesD. creation of a new race58. “Baroque spirit” means the willingness to ___________A. recognize and embrace differencesB. study foreign cultures with cautionC. reject foreign influenceD. protect local integrityPassage4Having said all of this, I should, perhaps, locate myself. I teach and write about a loose and baggy territory called las Américas, the Americas, and most often about the part of that category referred to as Latin America. This latter space includes nations, of course, but the demarcation is far more flexible because of its plural referent. The writers who inhabit this territory possess dual citizenship, for they are self-avowed “Latin American” writers at the same time that they are also Mexican, Argentine, Peruvian, or Cuban. In fact, they are often engaged deeply in describing their own national cultures and are far from ready to throw out the baby with the globalizing bathwater. Mexico is a particularly interesting case of the use of nation as a defense against the leveling pressures of globalization --- a nationalism of resistance, in Wallerstein’s terms, rather than a nationalism of domination. For example, the much debated NAFTA, the North American Free Trade Agreement --- or the TLC, Tratado de Libre Comercio ---- opened Mexico’s borders to American commercial onslaughts in the early 1990s, but in cultural matters, the treaty encodes a very different attitude. The Free Trade Agreement contains an Annex that provides special protection to Mexico’s cultural industries. Some of its provisions are as follows: 1) The use of the Spanish language is required for the broadcast, cable or multipoint distribution system of radio and television, except when the Secretaria de Gobernacián authorizes the use of another language; 2) A majority of the time of each day’s live broadcast programs must feature Mexican nationals；3）The use of the Spanish language or Spanish subtitles is required for advertising that is broadcast or otherwise distributed in the territory of Mexico; and 4) Thirty percent of screen time of every theatre, assessed on an annual basis, may be reserved for films produced by Mexican persons either within or outside the territory of Mexico. I should also like to mention that it was Canada that insisted on cultural industry protection clauses in the North American Free Trade Agreement originally and the Canadian government achieved partial success, at best. In comparison, protections of cultural industries are common throughout the European Union: France passed recently legislation requiring that French radio stations devote forty percent of airtime to French music, and Spain also passed a law requiring that one-fourth to one-third of all movies shown in Spanish theaters to be of Spanish origin. English has long protected its movie industry: the great film director Michael Powell got his start, as did other British directors during the 1930s, making what were called quota quickies. So, even as I suggest that comparatists may want to review our nationalist institutional and disciplinary structures in the light of global mobilities, nations continue to protect their cultures against those same forces.Questions:59. the phrase “ plural referent ” in line 3 refers to ____________.A. the nationsB. the writersC. the AmericasD. the cultures60. The phrase “throwing out the baby with the bathwater” probably means ____________.A. embracing the globalization forceB. discarding whatever is contaminated by globalizationC. taking advantage of globalization to foster national culturesD. no discrimination should be made between national and international cultures61. It can be inferred from the passage that Mexico is a country that _____________.A. rejects foreign culturesB. is afraid of foreign cultureC. protects national cultureD. protects national commerce62. Cultural industries include _________.A. radio and televisionB. newspapers and magazinesC. movies and musicD. all of them63. The provisions contained in the Annex to the Free Trade Agreement seem to focus on ______.A. LanguageB. territoryC. cultureD. citizenship64. Which of the following statements is not true?tin American countries protect their national industries.B.North American countries protect their national industries.C.European countries protect their national industries.D.Western superpowers are not afraid of being globalized.Passage 5Once the presence of these characteristics has been recognized, most discussions of globalization move directly to comparative cultural questions. Anthropologists, economists, ecologists, and political scientists all become cultural comparatists, weighing cultural differences against what is generally considered to be the inevitable function of globalization: the leveling of cultural difference. This comparative quotient runs inexorably, it seems, through discussions of globalization, and it should interest us as a profession, since our own most basic disciplinary methods are, of course, designed to recognize and interpret difference. I think of my work in comparative American cultures, for example, as moving along a spectrum between assumptions of basic cultural difference on the one hand and literary examples of shared attitudes and expressive structures on the other. I look for common contexts in order to ground my comparisons, but it is the differences that will matter most to my analysis. So, a mirror image begins to emerge, whereas the literary comparatist may be said to value significant differences and to study literature for what we may learn from those differences, the processes of globalization would seem to work in ways that are something like the reverse--- toward a leveling of significant difference in favor of insignificant sameness. But this comparison, too, will need to be complicated, for homogeneity and heterogeneity are not necessarily antithetical, and in fact may operate in dialectical relationship. Consider, for example, my third characteristics of globalization--- unprecedented levels of immigration ---- a circumstance that suggests the following paradox: the processes of globalization may homogenize tastes and habits by means of new information technologies and global markets, but at the same time they may also generate configuration of striking difference, as immigrants occupy new cultural and linguistics spaces. Nowhere is this more true than in the U.S., where we are experiencing the greatest migratory influx of our history. Certain regions of the country are more illustrative of this than others, of course, but let me say simply that my classes at the University of Houston are far more diverse culturally, linguistically, and ethnically than they were ten years ago--- a comparative cultural opportunity that I feel, frankly, I have not yet fully engaged in my own teaching and that our curricular and departmental structures have not yet fully responded to, either.Questions:65. The author implies that the inevitable function of globalization is ________.A. maintenance of differencesB. reduction of differencesC. promotion of cooperationD. exaltation of competition66. According to the passage, the main objective of comparison is to ________.。

上海交通大学-博士入学考试试题-英语-2001年春二OO一年春季博士生入学考试试题(Time: 180 minutes)序号：A145 试题名称：英语Part L Listening Comprehension ( 25％)Section A: Spot DictationDirections: In this section, you are going to hear a passage. The passage will he read only once. As you listen to the passage, fill in the blanks with the words you hear. After the passage, there will be a 3-minute pause. During the pause, you must write the words on the Answer Sheet.A recent university research project investigated the attitudes of postgraduate science students (1) ——the learning of English vocabulary. The results were urprising. I'll (2) ——three of them.firstly, most of the stcrdeaats think that (3)——every word ill English has just one meaning. This is, of course:, completely (4) ——to the facts. A glance at any English dictionary will show this. The student will (5) ——find seven or eight meanings listed for (6) ——'simple' words.Whv, then, have these students made such a mistake:' One reason irnay be that they're .ill (7) ——. students. Scientists try to use words ill their special subject which have one meaning, and one meaning only. Another reason., of course,could be the way in WhiCh these Student, Were They may have used vocabulary lists when they first learner! L:nglish. (M one side of the page is the word in Iaaglish-, on the other sloe, a single \ti'ord in the (Q) native language.'l°he second attitude that (10) from the findings isequally mistaken. (11) ..,..... __~ ..~ .~ all the students think that every word in English has an exact (12) -._ ._ equivalent. Again, this is far from thetrijth. Sometimes one word in Iinglish can only be translated by a (13) _... _.....~ W_. in the student's native languial c. "there are other (l4)ill translation which we won't mention here. (:ertainly the idea of a one word for one word translation (15) _ ...~ _-._. is completely false. Translation machines, which tried to work on this (16}failed completely.The third result'of the investigation showed another (17) in the students' thinking. They believe that as soon as they know the meaning of a word, they're in a (18) ____ to use it correctly. This is untrue for any language but is perhaps particularly (19) -- for English. The student has to learn when to use a word as well as to know what it means. Some words in English mean almost the same but they can only be used in certain situations.What, then, is the best way to increase one's vocabulary? This can be answered in three words-observation, (20) -~. . and repetition.Section B: Multiple ChoiceDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage. At the end of the passage, you will hear S questions. The passage and the question will be read only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D and decide which is the best answer. Then write your choice on the Answer Slicet.21. A) It had no efFect on living cells. 13) It had effects on living cells. C) It hadeffects only on children. I)) It had effects only on adults.22. A) An increasing number of cancers in children.I3) A link between an electric current and the energy fold.C) A causal link between the power-line or device and the energy field.1)) A Small increased chance ofcancer in children living near electric power-line.23. A) 446. 13) 464. C ) 223. 1))234.24. A) Because he doesn't have enough evidence.R) Because other scientists have not studied his results yet. C.)Because he discovered no direct link between disease and electricity.D) Because the link between cancer and electricity has not yet beenproved.25. A) Health and environment.B) Electric current and the energy field. C)Electricity and cancer.D) Electrical workers and cancer.Section C: Question and AnswerDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage. The passage will be read only once. Then try to answer the following questions according to what you have heard. Remember you should write your answer on the Answer Sheet.26. Why aren't most new doctors interested in beginning work in a small town?27. Why do many small town doctors work long hours? 28. What is thegrowing problem in the United States? 29. How many new doctors did the National Health Service Corps produce in 1979?30. Whom did a hospital in Parkersprary offer a r eward o€ 5,000 dollar to?Part 11[. Vocabulary (20%),Directions: In each question, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet.31. To qualify for such a position, the native would first have to receivespecialized training, and this is——A) refused B) discouragedC) denied D) forbidden32. The little girl wore a very thin coat. A sudden gust of cold wind made her——A) whirl B) shiftC) shiver D) shake33. Presently, there are nine teachers in my team, who have ——the task of teachingadvanced English to more than 500 non-English majors.A) inclined B) hesitatedC) afforded D) undertaken34. The press demands that politicians——the sources of their income.A) betray B) concealC) disclose D) renew35. Having gone through all kinds of hardships in life, he became a m with a strong——A) philosophy B) idealismC) morality D) personality36. One new ——to learning a foreign language is to study the language inits cultural context.A) approach B) solutionC) manner D) road37. To maintain public——is not only the policemen's duty but f every citizen'sresponsibility.A) custom B) confidenceC) security D) simplicity38. All was dark in the district except for a candle——through th curtains inone of houses.A) glimmering B)glitteringC) flaming D) blazing39. One of the stands——and dozens of people were either killer or injured.A) destroyed B) collapsedC) corroded D) ruined40. "Me, afraid of him?" he said with a(n) ——smile, "Not me!"A) contemptible B) amusingC) contagious D) contemptuous41. He will simply no listen to anybody; he is——to argument.A) impervious B) imperceptibleC) impassable D) blunt42. Stop asking all these personal questions! It is bad manners to beA) inquisitive B) impatientC) acquisitive D) informative43. He between life and death for a few days but then he pul:A) hovered B) lurchedC) wavered D) fluctuated44. We are prepared to satisfy all your——claimA} legitimate B) legibleC) intimate D) legislative45. There is not a Greek word which is the exact——_ of the English word ' stile'.A) equivalent B) copyC) counterpart D) meaning46. The prizes will be——at the end of the school year.A) distributed B) attributedC) granted D) contributed47. During our stay in Paris we were splendidly——by the ItalianAmbassador.A) sustained B) maintainedC) retained D) entertained48. On leaving, we thanked him most warmly for the hospitality _ to us andour friends.A) extended B) expandedC) expended D) awarded49. If the dispute is not settled in a(n) __ way soon, the two countries willcertainly go to war.A) amiable B) amicableC) inimical D) unfriendly50, If I may be so—— as to advise you, my opinion is that you should not reply to his letter.A) generous B) humbleC) proud D) bold51. If you take a(n) ——course like her you can learn English in less than twoyears.A) intensive B) extensiveC) expansive D) retentive52. After a year's hard work I think I am ——to a long holiday. 10,A) entailed B) deservedC) entitled D) satisfied53. Thousands of people ——from Greece every year to work in WestGermany.A) emigrate B) leaveC) abandon D) immigrate54, lie was a member of the Hillary——that conquered Mount Everest.A) mission B) invasionC) experiment D) expedition55. It was my sad duty to _ the news of John's death to his family.A) submit B) breakC) say D) proclaim56. He——himself as a war correspondent in Vietnam.A) discerned B) distinguishedC) discriminated D) extinguished57. She——his invitation to dinner as she was on a diet.A) inclined B) declinedC) denied D) disinclined58. He was——with attempted robbery and held in custody..A) accused B) prosecutedC) charged D) arrested59. What the witness said in court was not —— with the statement he made to thepolice.A) prevalent B) relevantC) consistent D) coincident60. Molly has always beep a(n) ——child; she becomes ill easily.A) delicate B) gloomyC) energetic D) confident61. There are some very beautifully ——glass windows in the church.A) designed B) drawnC) marked D) stained62. The man who never tries anything new is a(n)——on the wheels of progress.A) obstacle B) brakeC) break D) block63. There is a sale at Hamfridge's next week with——in alldepartments.A) decreases B) subtractionsC) reductions D) accounts64. Doctors have long known that if a patient is _ that he will recover and istreated with sympathy, his pain will often disappear.A) assumed B) assuredC) informed D) proved65: Although most birds have only a——sense of smell, they have acute vision.A} genuine.B) negativeC) negligible D) condensed66. We are sorry to say that Mary is not the very person who can be ——with either money or secret information.A）entrusted B) committedC)consigned D) assigned67. If you never review your lessons, you will only have yourself to—— ifyou fail in your examination.A) complain B) blameC) mistake D) fault68. We were four scores left behind with five minutes to go, so the game lookedcompletely ——A) irresistible B) irremissibleC} irreplaceable D) irretrievable69. Had the explosion broken out, the passagers in the plane should have been killed,for it was_——timed with the plane's take-off.A) spontaneously B) instantaneouslyC} simultaneously D) conscientiously70. The two witnesses who saw the shootings were able to——who hard fired first.A) encounter B) highlightC} testify D) identifyPart III. Reading Comprehension (50 minutes, 30 points)Directions: There are 6 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and write your answer on the Answer Sheet.One day in 1963, a dolphin named Elvar and a famous astronomer, Carl Sagan, were playing a little game. The astronomer was visiting an institute which was looking into the way dolphins communicate with each other. He was standing a tthe edge of one of the tanks where several of these highly intelligent, friendly creatures were kept. Elvar had just swum up alongside hiui,and had turned on his back. He wanted Sagan to scratch his stomach again, as the astronomer had done twice before. But this time Elvar was too deep in the water for Sagan to reach him. Elvar looked up at Sagan, waiting. Then, after a minute or so, the dolphin leapt up through the water into the air and made a sound just like the word `More?'The astonished astronomer went -to the director of the institute and told him about the incident.`Oh, yes: That's one of the words he knows,' the director said, showing no surprise at all.Dolphins have bigger brains in proportion to their body size than humans have, andit has been known for a long time that they can make a number o€ sounds. What is more, these sounds seem to have different functions, such as warning each other of danger. Sound travels much faster ,and much further in water than it does in air.That is why the parts of the brain that deal with sound are much better developed in dolphins than in humans. But can it be said that dolphins have a `language' in the real sense of the word? Scientists don't agree on this.A language is not just a collection of sounds, or even words. A language has a structure, or what we call a grammar. The grammar of a language helps to give it meaning. For example, the two questions `Who loves Mary?' and `Who does Mary love?' mean different things. If you stop to think about it, you will see that this difference doesn't come from the words in the question but from the difference in structure. That is why the question `Can dolphins speak?' can't be answered until we find out if dolphins not only make sounds but also arrange them in ways which affect their meaning.71. The dolphin leapt into the air becauseA) Sagan had turned his backB) it was part of the game they were playingC) he wanted Sagan to scratch him againD) Sagan wanted him to do this72. When Sagan told the director about what the dolphin had done, the directorA) didn't seem to think it was unusualB) thought Sagan was jokingC) told Sagan about other words the dolphin knewD) asked him if he knew other words73. Dolphins' brains are particularly well-developed toA) help them to travel fast in waterB) arrange sounds in different structuresC) respond to different kinds of soundD) communicate with humans through sound74. The sounds we call words can be called a language only ifA) each sound has a different meaningB) each sound is different from the otherC) there is a system of writingD) they have a structure or grammar（2）Married people live "happily ever after" in fairy tales, but they do so less and less often in real life. 1, like many of my friends, got married, divorced, and remarried.I suppose, to some people, I'm a failure. After all, I broke my first solemn promise to "love and cherish until death us do part." But I feel that I'm finally a success. I learned from the mistakes I made in my first marriage. This time around, the ways my husband and I share our free time, make decisions, and deal with problems are very different.I learned, first of all, not to be a clinging vine (依赖男子的妇女) . In my first marriage, I felt the every moment we spent apart was wasted. If Ray wanted to go out to a bar with his friends to watch a football game, I felt rejected and talked him into staying home. I wouldn't accept an offer to go to a movie or join an exercise class it' it meant that Ray would be home alone. I realize now that we were often angry with each other just because we spent too much time together. In contrast, my second husband and I spend some of our tree time apart and try to have interests of our own. I have started playing racquetball at a health club, and David sometimes takes off to go to the local auto races with his friends. When we are together, we aren't bored with each other; our separate interests make us more interesting people.I learned not only to be apart sometimes but also to work together when it's time to make decisions. When Ray and I were married, I left all the important decisions to him. He decided how we would spend money, whether we should sell the car or fix it, and where to take a vacation. I know now that I went along with this so that I wouldn't have to take the responsibility when things went wrong. I could alwaysend an argument by saying, "It was your fault!" With my second marriage, I am trying to be a full partner. We ask each other's opinions on major decisions and try to compromise if we disagree. If we make the wrong choice, we're equally guilty. When we rented an apartment, for example, we both had to take the blame for not noticing the drafty windows and the "no pets" clause in our lease.Maybe the most important thing I've learned is to be a grown-up about facing problems. David and i have made a vow to face our troubles like adults. If we're mad at each other or worried and upset, we say how we feel. Rather than hide behind our own misery, we talk about the problem until we discover how to fix it. Everybody argues or has to deal with the occasional crisis, but Ray and I always reacted like children to these stormy times. I would lock myself in the spare bedroom. Ray would stalk out of the house, slam the door, and race off in the car. Then I would cry and worry till he returned.I wish that my first marriage hadn't been the place where I learned how to make a relationship work, but at least I did learn. 1 feel better now about being an independent person, about making decisions, and about facing problems. My second marriage isn't perfect, but it doesn't have the deep flaws that made the first one fall apart.75. Which of the following has contributed to the writer's divorce?A) Her former husband went out to watch football games.B) She started to play racquetball at a health club.C) They spent too much time together and got bored with each other.D) They spent so little time together that they could not talk to each other.76. It can be learned from the passage that the writer, in her first marriage,A) took less responsibility than she should for major decisionB) tool: the same responsibility as her husbandC) took more blame when things went wrongD) felt equally guilty when things went wrong77. Which of the following that the author should have said when shequarrelled with her former husband but she did not.A) "It was your fault!"B) "Maybe you're right."C) "It's none of your business."D) "It's none of my business."78. All the problems between the writer and David can be resolved becauseA) they hide their feelingsB) they lock themselves in their bedroomC) they have promised not to be mad at each otherD) they dare to face them79, The writer's second marriage is different from the first one in all the following ways exceptA) that they share their free timeB) that they make their decisions togetherC) that they talk to each otherD) that they deal with their troubles together80. The best title for the passage isA) First MarriageB) Second MarriageC) DivorceD) Perfect Marriage（3）Classified Advertising is that advertising which is grouped in certain sections of the paper and is thus distinguished from display advertising. Such groupings as"Help Wanted", "Real Estate," "Lost and Found" are made, the rate charged being less than that for display advertising. Classified advertisements are a convenience to the reader and a saving to the advertiser. The reader who, is interested in a particular kind of advertisement finds all advertisements of that type grouped for him. The advertiser may, on this account, use a very small advertisement that would be lost if it were placed among larger advertisements in the paper.It is evident that the reader approaches the classified advertisement in a different frame of mind from that in which he approaches the other advertisementsin the paper. He turns to a page of classified advertisements to search for the particular advertisement that will meet his needs. As his attention is voluntary, the advertiser does not need to rely to much extent on display type to get the reader's attention.Formerly all classified advertisements were of the same size and did not have display type. With the increase in the number of such advertisements, however, each advertiser within a certain group is vying with others in the same group for the reader's attention. In many cases the result has been an increase in the size of the space used and the addition of headlines and pictures. In that way the classified advertisement has in reality become a display advertisement. This is particularly true of realestate advertising.81. Classified advertising is different to display advertising becauseA) all advertisements of a certain type are grouped togetherB) it is more distinguishedC) it is more expensiveD) nowadays the classified advertisements are all of the same size82. One of the examples given of types of classified advertisement isA) house for saleB) people who are asking for helpC) people who are lostD) real antiques for sale83. What sort of attitude do people have when they look at classifiedadvertisements, according to the writer?A) They are in the frame of mind to buy anything.B) They are looking for something they need.C) They feel lost because there are so many advertisements.D) They feel the same as when they look at display advertisements.84. What does the writer say about the classified advertisements that used to be put in the papers?A) They used to be voluntary.B) They used to use display type.C) They were all the same size.D) They were more formal.85. Why have classified advertisements changed in appearance, according to thewriter?A) Because people no longer want headlines and pictures.B) Because real estate advertising is particularly truthful now.C） Because the increase in the number of such advertisements means they have to be smaller now.D) Because there are more advertisements now and more competition amongstadvertisers. .（4）Mr Abu, the laboratory attendant, came in from the adjoining store and briskly cleaned the blackboard. He was a retired African sergeant from the Army Medical Corps and was feared by the boys. If he caught any of them in any petty thieving, he offered them the choice of a hard smack on the bottom or of being reported to the science masters. Most boys chose the former as they knew the matter would end there with no long interviews, moral arguments and an entry in the conduct book.The science master, a man called Vernier, stepped in and stood on his small platform. Vernier set the experiments for the day and demonstrated them, then retired behind the "Church Times" which he read seriously in between walking quickly along the rows of laboratory benches, advising boys. It was a simple heat experiment to show that a dark surface gave out more heat by radiation than a bright surface.During the class, Vernier was called away to the telephone and Abu was not about, having retired to the lavatory for a smoke. As soon as a posted guard announced that he was out of sight, minor pandemonium ('N k) broke out. Some of the boys raided the store. The wealthier ones took rubber tubing to make catapults and to repair bicycles, and helped themselves to chemicals for developing photographic films. The poorer boys, with a more determined aim, took only things of strict commercial interst which could be sold easily in the market. They emptied stuff into bottles in their pockets. Soda for making soap, magnesium sulphate for opening medicine, salt for cooking, liquid paraffin for women's hairdressing, and fine yellow iodoform powder much in demand for sprinkling on sores. Kojo objected mildly to all this. "Oh, shut up!" a few boys said. Sorie, a huge boy who always wore a fez indoors, commanded respect and some leadership in the class. He was gently drinking his favourite mixture of diluted alcohol and bicarbonate----which he called "gin and fizz"----from a beaker. "Look here, Kojo, you are getting out of hand. What do you think our parents pay taxes and school fees for? For us to enjoy----or to buy a new car every year for Simpson? " The other boys laughed.Simpson was the European headmaster, feared by the small boys, adored by the boys in the middle school, and liked, in a critical fashion, with reservations, by some of the senior boys and African masters. He had a passion for new motor-cars, buying one yearly."Come to think of it," Sorie continued to Kojo, "you must take something yourself, then we'll know we are safe," "Yes, you must," the other boys insisted. Kojo gave in and, unwillingly, took a little nitrate for some gunpowder experiments which he was carrying out at home. "Someone!" the look-out called.The boys ran back to their seats in a moment. Sorie washed out his mouth, at the sink with some water. Mr Abu, the laboratory attendant, entered andobserved the innocent expression on the faces of the whole class. He lookedround fiercely and suspiciously, and then sniffed the air. It was a physicsexperiment, but the place smelled chemical. However, Vemier came in then.After asking if anyone was in difficulties, and finding that no one could in amoment think up anything, he retired to his chair and settled down to anarticle on Christian reunion.86, The boys were afraid of Mr Abu becauseA) he had been an Army sergeant and had military ideas of disciplineB) he reported them to the Science masters whenever he caught them pettythievingC) he was cruelD) he believed in strict discipline87. When the boys were caught petty thieving, they usually chose to be beatenby Mr Abu becauseA) he gave them only one hard smack instead of the six from their teachersB) they did not want to get a bad reputation with their teachersC) they were afraid of their science mastersD) his punishment was quicker than their teachers'88. Some boys took chemicals like soda and iodoform powder becauseA) they liked to set up stalls in the marked and sell things, like tradersB) they were too poor to buy things like soap and medicineC) they wanted money and could sell such things quicklyD) they needed things like soap and medicine for sores89. A big difference between Kojo and Sorie was thatA) Kojo took chemicals for some useful experiment but Sorie only wasted hisin making an alcoholic drink.B) Sorie was rich but Kojo was poorC) Kojo had a guilty conscience but Sorie did notD) when Kojo objected. Sorie proved that what they were doing was reasonable90. On entering the laboratory, Mr Abu was immediately suspicious becauseA) the whole class was looking so innocentB) he was a suspicious man by natureC) there was no teacher in the roomD) he could smell chemicals and he knew it was a physics lesson ,（5）Alison closed the door of her small flat and put down her briefcase. As usual, she had brought some work home from the travel agency. She wanted to have a quick bite to eat and then, after spending a few hours working, she was looking forward to watching television or listening to some music:.She was just about to start preparing her dinner when there was a knock at the door. `Uli, no! Who on earth could that be?' she muttered to herself. She went to the door and opened it just wide enough to see who it was. A man of about sixty was standing there. It took her a moment before she realized who he was. He lived in the flat below. They had passed each other on the stairs once or twice, and had nodded to each other but never really spoken.`Uh, sorry to bother you, but ...uh...there's something I'd like to talk to you about,' he mumbled. He had a long, thin face and two big front teeth that made himlook rather like a rabbit. Alison hesitated, but then, opening the door wide, asked him to come in. It was then that she noticed the dog. She hated dogs----particularly big ones. This one was a very old, very fat bulldog. The man had already bone into her small living-room and, without being asked, he sat down on the sofa. The dog followed him in and climbed up on the sofa next to him, breathing heavily. She stared at it. It stared back.The man coughed. `Uh, do you mind if I smoke?' he asked. Before she could ask him not to, he had taken out a cigarette and lit it.`I'll tell you why I've come. I ...I hope you won't be offended but, well ...,' he began and then stopped. Suddenly his face went red. His whole body began to shake. Then another cough exploded from somewhere deep inside him. Still coughing, he took out a grey, dirty-looking handkerchief and spat into it. Afterwards he put the cigarette back into his mouth and inhaled deeply. As he did so, some ash fell on the carpet.The man looked around the room. He seemed to have forgotten what he wanted to say. Alison glanced at her watch and wondered when he would get to the point. She waited.'Nice place you've got here,' he said at last.91. How do you think Alison felt when she heard the knock at the door?A) Afraid .B) Irritated.C) Pleased. D) Curious.92. Who was the man at the door?A) Someone from work.B) A friend who needed advice.C) A complete stranger.D) A neighbour she hardly knew.93. What do you think Alison said to herself when she saw the dog?。

2004MD医学博士入学考试英语试卷PartⅠListening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what issaid.The question will be read only once.After you hear the question,read the four possible answers marked A,B.,C and D.Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I feel faint.Man:No wonder.You haven't had a bite all day.Question:What’s the matter the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She was bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let's begin with question Number1.1.A.Breast cancer.B.Lung cancer.C.Pneumonia.D.Leukemia.2.A.Visit his uncle's doctor.B.See a doctor.C.Ride more carefully.D.Take it easy.3.A.Six.B.Twenty-four.C.Twelve.D.Three.4.A.Mrs.White.B.Mr.White's father's family.C.Mrs.White's father's family.D.Mr.White.5.A.Monday,Wednesday,and Friday.B.Tuesday and Saturday.C.Tuesday and Thursday.D.Saturday and Sunday.6.A.It's too long.B.It's the dullest.C.It's ridiculous.D.It's too short.7.A.He thinks that there's more depression among users of the internet.B.He doubts there is a correlation between the Internet and depression.C.He is sure that being on the Internet can lead to depression.D.He thinks that depression can make people spend more time on theInternet.8.A.She is full.B.She has trouble digesting pears.C.She thinks there is not enough.D.She just wants a small one.9.A.Take it back to the store.B.Find the warranty.C.Read instructions.D.Call for help.10.A.She bought it at a well-known store.B.It was very expensive.C.She doesn’t consider it gorgeous.D.Someone gave it to her.11.A.She did poorly on physics.B.She got a B in physics.C.She didn’t want to.D.She was an average student.12.A.She has been busy working on her chemistry.B.She hasn’t got a partner yet.C.She prefers biology to chemistry.D.She is sick and tired of biology.13.A.He likes classical music.B.He dislikes classical music a lot.C.He hasn’t learned to appreciate classical music yet.D.He hasn’t listened to any classical music before.14.A.In the clinic.B.In the ward.C.In the drug store.D.In the department store.15.A.His passenger saved him in time.B.He was driving very slowly.C.He was driving a new car.D.He had fastened his seat belt.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear three passages.After each one,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four Possible answers marker A,B,C,and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on your ANSWER SHEET. Passage One16.A.Nausea.B.Fever.C.A cold.D.Diarrhea.17.A.The stale food he ate.B.The fruit juice he drank.C.Too much food he ate.D.The cold he got.18.A.Porridge.B.Purified wate.C.Pizza.D.Apple juice.19.A.When his stool becomes loose and watery.B.When his diarrhea becomes inconveniently frequent and watery.C.When his lips and mouth are dry.D.When he loses a lot of body fluids.20.A.It is a mild case of diarrhea.B.It is an urgent case of diarrhea.C.It is improving.D.It is deteriorating.Passage Two21.A.Psychosocial effects of breast surgery.B.Life crises of cancer patients.C.Female self-image in society.D.A woman’s perception of her identity.22.A.It may affect a woman’s physical activity.B.It may affect a woman’s self-image as a female.C.It may affect a woman’s perception of idealism.D.It may affect a woman’s breast reconstruction.23.A.Because they can put the woman on medication to aid recovery.B.Because they can help the woman find a job if she is unemployed.C.Because they can help the woman find a new partner and remarry.D.Because they can help the woman get over the physical and psychological blow.24.A.Because they dread that they will have to see a psychiatrist.B.Because they think that anxiety and depression are natural responses.C.Because they can’t recover from the psychological blow of the disease.D.Because they fear that the medications they receive are not effective.25.A.Encouraging her to discuss sexual problems with her partner openly.B.Advising her to see a psychiatrist for further treatment.C.Advising her to reveal the diagnosis of breast cancer to others.D.Advising her to use prosthetic device or undergo breast reconstruction.Passage Three26.A.Learning autonomy.B.American education.C.Respect for professors.D.Guidelines for using the library in the U.S.A.27.A.To know all the answers.B.To know a library works.C.To be completely dependent on their professors.D.To take the initiative and be independent.28.A.Professors in the United States are very busy.B.Professors in the U.S.have some other duties besides teaching.C.Professors in the U.S.enjoy publishing articles and books.D.Professors in the U.S.do not have much time to spend with their students outsideclass.29.A.He should go to the library.B.He should turn to his professor for help during office hours.C.He should set office hours for his professor.D.He should always seek help from his professor in class.30.A.One who is interested in getting good grades in exams.B.One who can finish the assignment on time.C.One who is motivated to learn for the sake of learning.D.One who can spend much time with his professor.Part II Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section all the sentences are incomplete,beneath each of which are four words or phrases,marked A,B,C and D.Choose the word or phrasethat can best completes the statement and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.31.All the characters in the play are_____.A.imaginableB.imaginaryC.imaginativeD.imagining32.The judge______all the charges against Smith.A.dismissedB.eliminatedC.refusedD.discarded33.The actress____the terms of her contract and was prosecuted by the producer.A.ignoredB.ratifiedC.draftedD.violated34.At this time of the year,university admission offices are_____with inquiries from anxious applicants.A.annoyedB.thrilledC.trampledD.reproached35.When the former President____her candidacy,she knew she had a good chance of being elected.A.enforcedB.endorsedC.followed upD.put forward36.The country’s highest medal was____upon him for heroism.A.earnedB.bestowedC.creditedD.granted37.The local government leaders are making every effort to____the problem of poverty.A.tackleB.taperC.suppressD.tangle38.At the party we found that the shy girl____her mother all the time.A.harmonizing withB.clinging toC.depending onD.adjusting to39.We managed to reach the top of the mountain,and half an hour later we began to ____.A.declineB.ascendC.descendD.plunge40.Losing the job was bad,but even worse was the feeling that I had____my dear wife and children.A.let aloneB.let downC.let offD.let upSection BDirections:In this section each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four other words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the one word or phrase which would best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the underlined part.Then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.The temperature of the atmosphere becomes colder as elevation increases.A.altitudeB.aptitudetitudeD.longitude42.She was so stubborn that she wouldn’t change her opinions.A.unwillingB.talentedC.obstinateD.determined43.On Christmas Eve,she spent two hours decorating the room with flower chains.A.modifyingB.ornamentingC.disposingD.packing44.Nobody can stand for long agony of a severe toothache.A.sufferanceB.suppurationC.plagueD.torment45.When we recall a story of identical offspring of Adolf Hitler being raised in order to further his horrible work,we are outraged.A.enlightenedB.calmedC.provokedD.moved46.Only native-born citizens are eligible for the U.S.presidency.A.obligedB.intelligiblepetentD.qualified47.Tomorrow’s match has been called off because of the foul weather.A.preventedB.delayedC.cancelledD.forbidden48.Losing his job was a financial catastrophe for his family.A.calamityB.accidentC.frustrationD.depression49.Children were expected to be obedient and contribute to the well-being of the family.A.smartB.efficientC.painstakingD.submissive50.While many applaud the increasing individualism and freedom of children within thefamily,others lament the loss of family responsibility and discipline.A.mournB.delightC.prosecuteD.condemnPartⅢCloze(10%)Directions:in this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank, there are four choices marked a,b,c,and d list on the right side.Choose thebest answer and mark the letter of your choice on the answer sheet.Robert Spring,a19th century forger,was so good at his profession that he was able to make his living for15years by selling false signatures of famous Americans.Spring was born in England in1813and_51_in Philadelphia in1858to open a bookstore.At first he prospered by selling his small but_52_collection of early U.S.autographs. Discovering his ability at copying handwriting,he began_53_signatures of George Washington and Ben Franklin and writing them on the title pages of old books.To lesson the chance of detection,he sent his forgeries to England and Canada for sale and_54_.Forgers have a hard time selling their produces.A forger can’t approach a_55_ buyer must deal with people who don’t have much knowledge in the field.Forgers have many ways to make their work look real.For example,they buy old books to use the _56_paper of the title page,and they can treat paper and ink with chemicals.In Spring’s time,_57_after the Civil War,Britain was still fond of the Southern state, so Spring_58_a respectable maiden lady known as Miss Fanny Jackson,the only daughter of General“Stonewall”Jackson.For several years Miss Fanny’s__59__ problems forced her to see a great number of letters and manuscripts belonging to herfamous father.Spring had to work very hard to satisfy the demand.All this activity did not prevent Spring from dying in poverty,leaving sharp-eyed experts the difficult task of separating his forgeries from the__60__.51.A.arrived B.migrated C.traveled D.moved52.A.excellent B.genuine C.false D.rare53.A.originating B.innovating C.designing D.imitating54.A.subscription B.retention C.circulation D.accumulation55.A.respectful B.respectable C.respective D.respecting56.A.rough B.fragile C.aged D.preserved57.A.right B.simply C.only te58.A.invented B.discovered C.detected D.locatedwful B.financial C.administrative D.criminal60.A.fakes B.realities C.originals D.duplicatesPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Direction:In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question there are four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Passage OneAlthough speech and writing are the special means of communicating of humans, the interchange also takes place in many other ways.A person may relay his or her feelings,thoughts,and reactions through body positioning,body contact,body odors, eye contact,responsive actions,habits,attitudes,interests,state of health,dress and grooming,choice of life-style,and use of talents---in fact,through everything the individual says or does.In turn,every person is constantly receiving multitudes of external and internal messages through his or her five senses and personal biorhythm system.An individual screens,selects,regulates,and controls specific aspects of this Information through a process of mental choices.Some of these choices are automatic;some are subconscious because of habit,block,or lack of development;and some are made bya conscious process.The degree to which a person is able to communicate depends upon the extent of his or her conscious awareness,priority of need,and control of this process.The person with a b behavior disorder is shut off from the communicative flow that normally exists among humans.His or her mind is confused,and he or she may feel unable to express personal thoughts,need,and emotions,and unable to make himself or herself understood.Sometimes the person may feel that he or she is communicating clearly but that others cannot or will not understand.Because the person is thus isolated in internal problems,he or she is interested only in these problems and cannot focus attention on the messages of others.The person often projects fears and fantasies onto others,so that no matter what the real content is of the messages that others relay,the messages received are threatening ones.The causes of such communicative shutoffs are blocks in the neural pathways of the person’s processing of information.Sometimes a block is physical,as in deafness,mental retardation,brain tumor,or hardening of the cerebral arteries.However,the most common causes of blocks are injuries to a person’s emotional system.Emotional blocks occur to some degree in all human beings.They usually occurin childhood before good communicative skills are learned,and they are connected to individual symbolism.Unless such a block is removed shortly after happening,it can have profound and complicating effects that will distort emotional and mental growth and arrest the development potential of the individual.Even though a child with blocks will appear to grow and to seem mature in some ways,he or she will show the evidence of emotional blocking in efforts to communicate.61.The concluding phrase of the first paragraph implies that human communication.A.is characterized by two features,form and meaningB.is mainly conducted through speech and writingC.is of two functions,stimulation and responseD.takes two forms,verbal and nonverbal62.In the second paragraph the author is mainly concerned with.municative abilityB.external and internal messagesrmation and mental processingD.conscious and subconscious awareness63.Shut off from the communicative flow,the person with a behavior disorder.A.is unable to focus attention on internal problemsB.is isolated in internal problemsC.relays threatening messagesD.all of the above64.Which of the following is universal according to the passage?.A.Neural blocks.B.Physical blocks.C.Cerebral blocks.D.Emotional blocks.65.The passage ends with.A.the contributing factors to emotional and mental disorderB.the importance of acquiring good communicative skillsC.the significance of eliminating early emotional blocksD.the warning of emotional blocks common in childhoodPassage TwoDepression is a state of low vitality and discontent with life in which the individual withdraws from normal life activities even to the point of considering death as an attractive alternative.Although everyone experiences“the blues”or periods of low spirits when nothing in life seems to go well,when everything seems to be an effort,and when efforts lead to frustration,these periods are usually brief and are likely to occur when the person is tired, hungry,lonely,or sick.Rest,good food,talking with friends,some fun,and/or an end to the sickness are usually enough to cure the blues.But when the low spirits persist,or when there are large swings in mood from elation to desolation,when nothing seems to catch the interest of the person,when relatives or friends cannot cheer the person and heor she continues to withdraw,then the person is depressed.Even such depressions are normal under certain circumstances.Anyone who is faced with a serious and painful illness or the loss of a limb,is exhausted by repeated narrow escapes from death(such as occurs in wartime），has been exposed to a dehumanizing environment（such as occurred with the Jews in Nazi Germany），has had an overwhelming series of stressful setbacks,or has experienced the death of several family members within a short time is expected to be depressed.However,there are many depressed people who seem to the casual observer to have no reason to be depressed.Depression under these circumstances stems from severe behavior disturbance in which the person sees himself or herself as worthless.Such an image is usually the result of the psychosocial conditioning of a childhood deprived of a parental role model of security,love,care,and attention essential for the development of trusting relationships.The depressed person needs to build a new image of himself or herself as a useful and needed person.Psychotherapy is often helpful in restoring natural inner confidence and capacity for meaningful and trusting relationships.The depressed person can find little beauty or fun in.life.His or her talk is filled with gloomy negatives.Doom and anxiety fill his or her mind.Depression is often cyclical,and when the anxiety does lift the person may demonstrate an opposite extreme of carefree irresponsibility.Although it often takes years of psychotherapy for the individual to work through the underlying suspicion and anger of his or her problems,acceptance by another will get through to even the most deeply depressed person if the other is sincere.An attitude of matter-of-fact hopefulness on the part of those around the depressed person can reassure him or her of eventual recovery.The disturbed thoughts of the depressed person cannot be forgotten until they are replaced by other thoughts.Yet,in depression,the person does not see that he or she has choices about what thoughts occupy his or her mind.The person needs to explore alternatives for thoughts and actions and learn to care for himself or herself enough to modify his or her own behavior.66.Unlike others,according to the passage,a depressed person＿·A.is likely to recover in a short period of timeB.does not reveal any underlying causeC.is characteristic of self-hatredD.tends to stay with"the blues"67.From a serious and painful illness to the death of several family members,the author is trying to tell us that.A.depressions can potentially be detrimental to mental healthB.the severity of depressions varies with individualsC.depressions are overwhelmingly prevailingD.depressions are sometimes inescapable68.Those who present no reason to be depressed,according to the passage.A.need protect their self-imagesB.need a parental role model at homeC.can be helped psychologically to be useful and needed personsD.can be helped to restore their trusting relationships with their parents69.The author implies that what the depressed person needs most is.A.sincerityB.acceptanceC.reassuranceD.all of the above70.Under psychotherapy,the depressed person is encouraged.A.to free his or her mind of any thoughtB.to find substitutes for the disturbed thoughtsC.to reassure himself or herself of early recoveryD.to explore as many therapeutic approaches as possiblePassage ThreeSeana lived is the inpatient hospice unit for more than a.month,far longer than anyone would have predicted,sustained only on pain edications and Popsicles.Late March in Chicago is only technically spring.Most of the time it is still cold and overcast.However,this day was warm,60degrees and sunny.It was a Saturday and we planned to go outside after I finished rounds.I found Seana back on the unit sitting in her wheelchair,IV pole and pumps in tow,her winter coat partially covering her hospital gown.Her sister-in-law and Carla,her nurse’s aide,were ready to go.Everyone was in a great mood.We went down the elevator,into the brightly sunlit outdoor,and onto the driveway by the women’s hospital.Though the initial idea was to just sit in the sun a bit,we were drawn toward the sidewalk.There were the usual smokers outside the hospital,and the smell of cigarette smoke was the first thing I noticed.It seemed horrible to come out here, to have that smell be the first thing to greet Seana.Simultaneous with that thought, though,she said,“What a wonderful smell!”I asked her what smell was so wonderful and she said that it smelled like McDonald’s.I was thinking,she really does appreciate everything.We went on to the sidewalk and watched a father pitching a ball to his4-year-old son.The continuity between generations was moving,almost beyond words. As we got to the corner,an inspiration came:we could make it to Lake Michigan,only a few blocks away.Did she want to try?Did everyone want to try?Of course we did!Carla said that it felt like we were cutting school.So off we went,across Sheridan Road,the four of us quite a motley sight:Seana looking like death warmed over in her wheelchair,I wearing my gray hospital coat,the nurse’s aide in an outrageous green leather coat,her sister-in-law in an Ohio State sweatshirt.Car slowed down;we waved.We walked up the road to the beach,cutting through rutted lawns,the wheelchair bumping in the spring mud.Seana didn’t say much,but she seemed translucent in the sun,beaming,lit from within.I imagined it as her farewell tour of the world.I can only fathom the poignant wealth of feelings that were stimulated.For me,it evoked the sense of being a tourist, where everything seems special,a little strange,and very impermanent.I had experienced this same lakefront that way three years before.Then,I had just recovered from my own near death in the form of a myocardial infarction and cardiac arrest and was filled with joy and gratitude that I was still here.The world looked new.I had been Seana’s age.See taught me that awareness of death and appreciation of life go together:to imagine that you are seeing things for the last time has the same intensity as seeing them for the first.70.Upon finishing rounds,the author.A.joined Seana for an outingB.went to the inpatient hospice unitC.managed to get a wheelchair for SeanaD.found the perfect weather for a stroll with Seana72.We can infer that the smell of smoke made the author feel that_______.A.it was a wrong idea to smoke outside of the hospitalB.the sidewalk was a wrong place for smokingC.it had been the right plan to go outD.Seana was at a wrong place73.Outside the hospital,Seana enjoyed everying including________.A.the fast food at McDonald’sB.the smell of smokeC.the generation gapD.all of the above74.The author would say that Seana being wheeled in the sun_______.A.was fascinated by the team’s motley sightB.imagined her farewell tour of the worldC.was emotionally aroused from withinD.was fond of appreciating nature75.During the outing,the author perceived Seana’s appreciation of life______.A.in her hope of recoveryB.in her awareness of deathC.in seeing things for the first timeD.in being a tourist at the lakefrontPassage FourTwo equally brilliant scientists apply for a prestigious research fellowship awarded by a top scientific organization.One is white,the other black.Does the color of their skin matter?Most scientists will already be screaming a resounding“no”.Those who progress in science do so because of their work,not their pigmentation.Science is meritocratic and objective.It must therefore be rigorously color-blind and shun both racial discrimination and affirmative action.Well,let’s think about this.If science really is so meritocratic,where are all the black Nobel prizewinners and fellows of the Royal Society?The black chairs of government scientific panels?The black Richard Dawkinses and Susan Greenfields?When Newsweek magazine recently surveyed Europe’s largest100copanies,it was shocked to unrearth only six board members of non-European racial origin.One shudders to thinks what a similar survey of upper echelons of European science would reveal.Even the usually stick-in-the-mud British government now acknowledges there is a st month it promised new funding for projects designed to combat institutional racism in science education in schools.As measures go it is little and late, but welcome nontheless.Despite starting school as the top achievers,balck British children have long underperformed in science.And there are positive changes afoot higher up the scientific career ladder too.At present,few scientific organizations,funding bodies or labs inEurope bother even to track the racial background of those they hire or fund.As a result the full scale of the under-representation problem is hidden.Not for much longer.Britain’s newly amended Race Relationa Act requires all government bodies,including funding councils,to track the effects of their activities on different ethnic groups and ensure that benefit equally. And next year a European union directive will push all EU employers this way too.But ethnic monitoring alone will not creat the back role models European Science so badly needs.Something else is needed.Funding agencies and influential organizations like the Royal Society must bite the bullet of affirmative action.That means ring-fencing fellowship and grants for applicants from particular racial background.And it mesns seeking out those who have beoken through the barriers of race and giving htem preference over their equally well-qualified white peers for positions of influence and places in the spotlight.Tokenism and fine sentiments will no longer do.With other professions having already leapt ahead in this area,the enduring whiteness of science is more than an embarrassment:it is a barrier to its vey credibility.If a large segment of Euope’s schoolchildren never see a scientist who looks like them,they will continue to think science is not for them.And it scientist don’t reflect the multiracial societies they live in, they’ll find it hard to win the public trust they crave.Does color matter?You bet it does.76.Science is not so meritocratic because.A.it is color-blindB.it is racially discriminativeC.it awards wrong research workersD.it is practiced by the white exclusively77.The embarrassing problem address in the passage.A.was proved by Newsweek magazine’s surveyB.shocked government scientific panelsC.was revealed by the Royal SocietyD.all of the above78.One of the positive changes afoot is.A.funding research instittution or labsB.setting up a scientific career ladderC.hiding the racial discriminationD.belitting racial backgrounds79.To bite the bullet of affirmative action is.A.to set up black role models in EuropeB.to keep up ethnic issues under surveillanceC.to restrict fellowship and grants to the balckD.to balance the distribution of fellowship and grants between the white the black80.The author argues that color matters because it is.A.the nature of scienceB.credibility in scienceC.an embarrassing tokenismD.mutual trust between generationsPassage FiveAbout14,000people will contract HIV today.And tomorrow and the day after that, and every day for the foreseeable future.That’s5million by the end of the year,most of whom will be dead within a decade.Figure like these bring home the devastating impact of AIDS and the Urgent need of for a cheap,effective vaccine.As a stroke,a vaccine could stop the tide of infection and stem the need for more,costly treatment.It could even help people who already have the virus healthy.Back in1990,drugs companies and researchers confidently predicted we’d Have a vaccine against HIV-1within10years.These were rash statement.The virus has turned out to be more cunning and stealthy than anyone expected.And our knowledge of how vaccine boister the immune system hasn’t been good enough.A dozen years on,we still have no clear-cut candidate for a vaccine.So you maight expected the announcement of two large-scale trials of AIDSVaccines to be applauded.Yet they have been criticized as a monumental waste of money.The trials will test almost identical vaccine,neither of which is expected to offer great protection against the virus.What’s more.both are fundedby the US government.One through the national Institute of Health and the other through the Department of Defense.The NIH and the DoD have a long history of rivalry in AIDS reseach.But in this case it seems sensible for the NIH to back down.Although the NIH is under pressure“to be seen to be doing something”,dublicating work of questioable value is itself questioable.Better to join forces with the military for this trail and spend money saved—whith amounts to about$60milliom—elsewhere.There are,after all,reasons for optimism.A new wave of vaccine from industry and academia has nearly completed safety tests.It makes sense to carry out limited trials of all this newcomers,to identify which ones offe the best protection,before committing tens of millions of dollars to larger trials.Such a strategy wounld need the agreement of drugs companies,government Agencies and medical charities–something that’s not as Utopian as it sounds.The NIH has already signed a deal to test a new AIDS vaccine made by the Pharmaceuticals giant Merck.And the international AIDS Vaccine Initiative,a not-for-profit funding organization based in New York,has pioneered new ways to divide up intellectual property rights for successful vaccines.What’s needed is cooperation and coordination,not competition.The important thing is to find the fastest route to an effective vaccine.Every day we forget that,another 14,000people pay the price.81.Today the tide of HIV infection.A.drowns14,000peopleB.calls for a cheap,effective vaccineC.rolls without any countervailing measureD.is curbed with an inexpensive,effective vaccine82.Neither of the vaccine tested in the two large-scale trails.A.is in the right trackB.turned out to be a manufacturer。

中国科学院2004年3月博士研究生入学考试试题PARTⅡDirections: Choose the word or word below each sentence that best complete the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on21. A knowledge of history us to deal with the vast range of problems confrontingA. equipsB. providesC.offers22. In assessing the impact of the loss of a parent through death and divorce it was the distortion of family relationships not the of the bond with the parent in divorce that wasA. dispositionB. distinctionC.distribution23. Finally, let's a critical issue in any honest exploration of our attitudes towards old people, namely the value which our society ascribes to themA. stick toB. turn toC.lead to24. Smuggling is a____________activity which might bring destruction to our economy; therefore,A. pertinentB. fruitfulC.detrimental25. The manufacturer was forced to return the money to the consumers under____________ofA. guidelineB. definitionC.constraintD. iden26. The food was divided____________A. equallyB. individuallyC.sufficiently27. Horseback riding____________both the skill of handing a horse and the mastery of diverseA. embracesB. encouragesC.exaggerates28. Plastic bags are useful for holding many kinds of food,____________their cleanness, toughness, and loA. by virtue ofB. in addition to29. He cannot____________the fact that he was late again for the conference at the universityA. contribute toB. account forC.identify with30. Please do not be____________by his bad manners since he is merely trying to attractA. disgustedB. embarrassedC.irritated31. For nearly 50 years, Spock has been a____________author writing 13 books including anA. prevalentB. precautiousC.prospective32. Workers in this country are getting higher wages while turning out poor products that do not____________the test oA. keep up withB. stand up toply with33. The business was forced to close down for a period but was____________A. successivelyB. subsequentlyC.predominantlyD. prelimi34. The book might well have____________A. worked outB. gone throughC.caught on35. We had been taken over by another firm, and a management____________A. cleanupB. setupC.breakout36. The poor quality of the film ruined the____________A. ratherB. muchC.otherwise37. I'll have to____________this dress a bit before the wedding nexA. let offB. let goC.let loose38. They reached a(n)____________A. understandingB. acknowledgementC.concessionD. surrender39. After walking for hours without finding the village, we began to have____________about ourA. troublesB. fearsC.limitations40. If you don't want to talk to him, I'll speak to him____________A. on your accountB. on your behalfC.for your partPAET ⅢDirection: There are 15 blanks in this part of the test, read the passage through, Then, go back and choose the suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the world or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-The process by means of which human beings arbitrarily make certain things stand for otherEverywhere we turn, we see the symbolic process at work. There are__ 41__things men do orAlmost all fashionable clothes are__ 42__symbolic, so is food. We__ 43__our furniture to serve __ 44__visible symbols of our taste, wealth, and social position. We often choose our houses__ 45__the basis of a feeling that it “looks well”to have a “good address.”We trade perfectly good cars in for__ 46__models not always to get better transportation, but to give__ 47Such complicated and apparently__ 49__behavior leads philosophers to ask over and over again, “why ca n't human beings__ 50__simply and naturally.” Often the complexity of human life makes us look enviously at the relative__ 51__of such live as dogs and cats. Simply, the fact that symbolic process makes complexity possible is no__ 52__for wanting to__ 53__to a cat and to a cat-and-dog existence. A better solution is to understand the symbolic process__ 54__instead of41. A. many B. some C. few42. A. highly B. nearly C. merely43. A. make B. get C. possess44. A. of B. for C. as45. A. on B. to C. at46. A. earlier B. later C. former47. A. suggestion B. surprise C. explanation48. A. use B. afford C. ride49. A. useless B. impossible C. inappropriate50. A. live B. work C. stay51. A. passivity B. activity C. simplicity52. A. meaning B. reason C. time53. A. lead B. devote C. proceed54. A. so that B. in that C. considering that55. A. teachers B. students C. mastersPART ⅣDirections: You will read five passage in this part of the test. Below each passage there are some question or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Read the passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-The Solar Decathlon is under way, and trams of students from 14 colleges and universities are building solar-powered homes on the National Mall in Washington, D. C. in an effort to promote this alternative energy source. This week judges in this Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored event will evaluate these homes and declare one the winner. Unfortunately, for the participants, it rained on the Sept 26th opening ceremonies, and the skies over the Washington have remained mostly overcast since. However, the conditions may have made for a more revealing demonstration of solaAlthough the Solar Decathlon's purpose is to advertise the benefits of electricity-generating solar panels and other residential solar gadgets, the bad weather has made it hard to ignore the limitations. As fate so amply demonstrated, not every day is a sunny day, and indeed DOE's “SolarSince solar is not an always available energy source, even a community consisting entirely of solar homes and businesses would still need to be connected to a constantly-running power plant (most likely natural gas or coal fired) to provide reliable electricity. For this reason, the fossil fuel savings and environmental benefits of solar are considerably smaller than many proponentsWashington, D. C. gets its share of sunny days as well, but even so, solar equipment provides only a modest amount of energy in relation to its cost. In fact, a $ 5,000 rooftop photovoltaic system typically generates no more than $ 100 of electricity per year, providing a rate of returnNor do the costs end when the system is installed. Like anything exposed to the elements, solar equipment is subject to wear and storm damage, and may need ongoing maintenance and repairs. In addition, the materials that turn sunlight into electricity degrade over time. Thus, solar panels will eventually need to be replaced, most likely before the investment has fully paid itself off in the form oSolar energy has always has its share of true believers willing to pay extra to feel good about their homes and themselves. But for homeowners who view it as an investment, it is not a good one. The economic realities are rarely acknowledged by the government officials and solar equipment manufactures involved in the Solar Decathlon and similarly one-sided promotions. By failing to be objective, the pro-56. The Solar Decathlon is most probably the name of a____________B. It has been raining since Sept 26th for thA. It has revealed a mechanical proble59. The environmental benefits of solar power are small because____________A. solar power plants can hardly avoid poll60. It can be inferred that “a passbook savings account”____________61. It can be inferred that in promoting solar energy the US government____________A. admitsEvery year, the American Lung Association (ALA) releases its annual report card on smog, and every year it gives an “F” to over h a lf the nation's counties and cities. When ALA's “State of the Air 2002” recently came out, dozens of credulous local journalists once again took the bait, ominously reporting that their corner of the nation received a failing grade. The national coverage was no better, repeating as fact ALA's statement that it is “gravely concerned” about air quality, and neglecting to solicit the views of even one scientist with a differing view. Too bad, because this report card says a lot less about actual air quality than it does about the tactics and motives ofThe very fact that 60 percent of counties were giver an “F” seems to be alarmist. This is particularly true given that smog levels have been trending downward for several decades. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) statistics, ozone, the primary constituent of smog, has declined by approximately 30 percent since the 1970s. And recent gains indicate that the progress will likely continue, even without the wave of new regulations ALA is now demanding.ALA is correct that some areas still occasionally exceed the federal standard for ozone, but such spikes are far less frequent than in the past. Even Los Angeles, the undisputed smog capital of America, has cleaned up its act considerably. Los Angeles, which exceeded federal smogstandards for 154 days in 1989, has had 75percent fewer such spikes in recent years. But an ALA-assigned “F”Most of the nation is currently in attainment with the current smog standard, and much of the rest is getting close, Nonetheless, ALA chose to assign an “ F” to entire county based on just a few readings above a strict new EPA standard enacted in 1997 but not yet in force. In effect, ALA demanded a standard even more stringent than the federal government's, which allows some leeway for a few anomalously high reading in otherwise clean areas. ALA further exaggerated the public-health hazard by grossly overstating the risks of these relatively minor and sporadic i62.The media's response to ALA's “State of the Air 2002”can best be described as____________63. By citing figures from the EPA, the author seem to contend that____________64. In Paragraph 3, the word “spikes”(in boldface) probably refers to____________65. The author draws on Los Angeles to prove that the ALA____________A. is right to assign an “F”66. The author agrees with the ALA that____________67. One of the problems with the ALA seems to be____________It was (and is )common to think that other animals are ruled by “instinct” whereas humans lost their instincts and ruled by “reason,”and that this is why we are so much more flexibly intelligent than other animals. William James, in his book Principles of psychology, took the opposite view. He argued that human behavior is more flexibly intelligent than that of other animals because we have more instincts than they do, not fewer. We tend to be blind to the existence of these instincts, however, precisely because they work so well-because they processinformation so effortlessly and automatically. They structure our thought so powerfully, he argued, that it can be difficult to imagine how things could be otherwise. As a result, we take “normal” behavior for granted. We do not realize that “normal” behavior needs to be explained at all. This “instinct blindness”makes the study of psychology difficult. To get past this problem, James suggested that we try to make the “natural seen strange.”“It takes a mind debauched by learning to carry the process of making the natural seem strange, so far as to ask for the why of any instinctiveIn our view, William James was right about evolutionary psychology. Making the natural seem strange is unnatural—it requires the twisted outlook seen, for example, in Gary Larson cartoons. Yet it is a central part of the enterprise. Many psychologists avoid the study of natural competences, thinking that there is nothing there to be explained. As a result, social psychologists are disappointed unless they find a phenomenon “that would surprise their grandmothers,” and cognitive psychologists spend more time studying how we solve problem we are bad at, like learning math or playing chess, than ones we are good at. But natural competences—our abilities to see, to speak, to find someone beautiful, to reciprocate a favor, to fear disease, to fall in love, to initiate an attack, to experience moral outrage, to navigate a landscape, and myriad others—are possible only because there is a vast and heterogeneous array of complex computational machinery supporting and regulating these activities. This machinery works so well that we don't even realize that it exists—we all suffer from instinct blindness. As a result, psychologists have neglected to study some of the most interesting machinery in the h68. William James believed that man is more flexibly intelligent than other animals because man is more____________A. It is c70. According to the author, which of the following is most likely studied nowadays by psychologist71. The author thinks that psychology is to____________B.C. study abnormal72. The author stresses that our natural abilities are____________A. not replaced by reaB. the same as other animals'D.In her 26 years of teaching English, Shannon McCuire has seen countless misplaced commas,But the instructor at US's Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge said her job is getting harde“I kid you not, the number of errors that I've seen in the past few years have multiplied five times,”Experts say e-mail and instant messaging are at least partly to blame for an increasing indifference toward the rules of grammar“They used to at least feel guilty (about mistakes),”said Naomi Baron, professor of linguistics at American University in Washington, D. C.“They didn't necessarily write a little better, but at leastIronically, Baron's latest book, “Alphabet to Email: How Written English Evolved and Where It's Heading,” became a victim of sloppy proofreading. The book's title is capitalized differently on the cover, spine and title page. “People used to lose their jobs over this,”she said. “And now“Whatever”describes Jeanette Henderson's attitude toward writing. The sophomore at the University of Louisiana at Monroe admits that her reliance on spell check has hurt her grades in English class. “Computer has spoiled us,”But the family and consumer sciences major believes her future bosses won't mind the mistakes as much as her professor does. “Th ey're not going to check semicolons, commas and stuff like that,” HenLSU's McGuire said she teaches her students to use distinct writing styles that fit theirShe emphasizes that there's the informal language of an e-mail to a friend, but there's also the well thouIt's not just e-Society as whole is becoming more informal. Casual wear at work used to be reserved for Friday, for example, but is now commonplace at most offices. There's also a greater emphasis on youth culture, and youth tend to use instant messaging more than adultsEnglish language has been neglected at different points in history but always rebounds. During Shakespearen times, for example, spelling wasn't considered important, and earlyThere will likely be a social force that recognizes the need for clear writing and swings theC. Students are becoming increa74. We can infer from the passage that college students____________B. mostly have very hC. It was renamedD. It caused her to lose77. According to the passage, sloppy writing____________A. parallels a social78.The word “distinct”（in boldface）in the context means____________A. clearB. differentC.A. EmailingB. Slack teachingC. Youth culture.D. Instant messaging.A. ConfiDarkness approached and a cold, angry wind gnawed at the tent like a mad dog. Camped above treeline in the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming, the torrents of air were not unexpected and only a minor disturbance compared to the bestial gnawing going on behind my belly button. In an attempt to limit exposure of my bare bottom to the ice-toothed storm, I had pre-dug a half dozen catholes within dashing distance. Over and over, through the long night, the same scenario was repeated: out of the bay, out of the tent, rush squat, rush back.“Everyone can master a grief,”wrote Shakespeare,Diarrhea, the modern word, resembles the old Greek expression for “a flowing through.”Ancient Egyptian do ctors left descriptions of the suffering of Pharaohs scratched on papyrus even before Hippocrates, the old Greek, gave it a name few people can spell correctly. An equal opportunity affliction, diarrhea has laid low kings and common men, women, and children for at least as long as historians have recorded such fascinating trivia. It wiped out, almost, more soldiers in America's Civil War that guns and sword. In the developing world today, acute diarrhea strikes more than one billion humans every year, and leaves more than five million dead, usually the very young. Diarrhea remains one of the two most common m“Frequent passage of unformed watery bowel movements,”as described by Taver's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary, diarrhea falls into two broad types: invasive and non-invasive. From bacterial sources, invasive diarrhea, sometimes called “dysentery,”attacks the lower intestinal wall causing inflammation, abscesses, and ulcers that may lead to mucus and blood (often “black blood” from the action of digestive juices) in the stools, high fever, “stomach” cramsfrom the depths of hell, and significant amounts of body fluid rushing from the patient's nether region. Serious debilitation, even death, can occur from the resulting dehydration and from the spread of the bacteria to other parts of the body. Non-invasive diarrheas grow from colonies of microscopic evil-doers that set up housekeeping on, but do not invade, intestinal walls. Toxins released by the colonies cause cramps, nausea, vomiting, and massive gushes of fluid from the patient's lower intestinal tract. Non-81.In Paragraph 1, the author uses the quoted word “grief”from Shakespeare to refer to____________A. the ter82. According to the description in Paragraph 1, which of the following did the author NOT do atB. Camping in the mounta83. Who first gave the disease the name84. According to Paragraph 2____________D. the elderly are more likely attacked by diarrhea than85. The invasive diarrhea and the non-invasive diarrhea are different in that____________C. the former makes the patPART ⅤDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your pieces of Chinese version in the proper space on your Answer Sheet ⅡThe aim of education or culture is merely the development of good taste in knowledge and good form in conduct. The cultured man or the ideal educated man is not necessarily one who is well-read or learned, but one who likes and dislikes the right things. To know what to love and what to hate is to have taste in knowledge. 1I have met such persons, and found that there was no topic that might come up in the course of the conversation concerning which they did not have some facts or figures to produce, but whose points of view were appalling.Such persons have erudition (the quality of being knowledgeable), but no discernment, or taste. Erudition is a merematter of stuffing fact or information, while taste or discernment is a matter of artistic judgment. 2. In speaking of a scholar, the Chinese generally distinguish between a man's scholarship, conduct, and taste or discernment.This is particularly so with regard to historians; a book of history may be written with the most thorough scholarship, yet be totally lacking in insight or discernment, and in the judgment or interpretation of persons and events in history, the author may show no originality or depth of understanding. Such a person, we say, has no taste in knowledge. To be well-informed, or to accumulate facts and details, is the easiest of all things. 3.There are many facts in a given historical period that can be easily stuffed into our mind, but discernment in the selection of significant facts is a vastly more difficult thing and depends upon one's point of view.An educated man, therefore, is one who has the right loves and hatreds. This we call taste, and with taste comes charm. 4. Now to have taste or discernment requires a capacity for thinking things through to the bottom, an independence of judgment, and an unwillingness to be knocked down by any form of fraud, social, political, literary, artistic, or academic.There is no doubt that we are surrounded in our adult life with a wealth of frauds: fame frauds, wealth frauds, patriotic frauds, political frauds, religious frauds and fraud poets, fraud artists, fraud dictators and frauds psychologists. When a psychoanalyst tells us that the performing of the functions of the bowels(肠道) during childhood has a definite connection or that constipation(便秘) leads to stinginess of character, all that a man with taste can do is to feel amused. 5. When a man is wrong, he is wrong, and there is no need for one to be impressed and overawed by a great name or by the number of books that he has read and we haven't.PART ⅥDirections: Write an essay of no less than 200 wors on the topic given below. Use the proper space on your Answer Sheet ⅡSome people think that material wealth is a sign of success in China today. Do you agree or disagree? State your opinion and give good reasons.试题详解第二部分词汇21.A provide, satisfy和offer三个动词之后都不跟动词不定式。