2004 上海交大考博英语真题
II. Vocabulary (10 points)
Part A (5 points)
1. International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in the present organization of the Olympics somehow encourages________ patriotism.
A. obsolete
B. aggressive
C. harmonious
D. amiable
2. One call understand others much better by noting the immediate and fleeting reactions of their eyes and _______ to expressed thoughts.
A. dilemmas
B. countenances
C. concessions
D. junctions
3. People innately _____ for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power.
A. strive
B. ascertain
C. justify
D. adhere
4.Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of, zoo or wild life for intelligent space beings, like the wilderness areas we have set up on earth to allow animals to develop naturally while we observe them.
A. conservation
B. maintenance
C. storage
D. reserve
5. According to the latest report, consumer confidence___ a breathtaking15 points .last month, to its lowest level in 9 years.
A. soared
B. mutated
C. plummeted
D. fluctuated
6. Melissa is a computer___ that destroyed files in computers and frustrated thousands of users around the world.
A. genius
B. virus
C. disease
D. bacteria
7. The emphasis on examinations is by far the worst form of competition in schools.
A. negligent
B. edible
C. fabulous
D. disproportionate
8. The boy seemed more _____ to their poverty, after seeing how his grandparents lived.
A. reconciled
B. consolidated
C. deteriorated
D. attributed
9. During his two-month stay, in China, Tom never____ a chance toractice his Chinese.
A. passed on
B. passed up
C. passed by
D. passed out
10. When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his ____ can be distributed.
A. paradoxes
B. legacies
C. platitudes
D. analog in
Part B (5 points)
11. He claims that advertising today tends to portray women in traditional roles such as cooking or taking care of the baby.
A. depict
B. advocate D; criticize D. analyze
12,. They achieved more than they had eye dreamed, lending a magic totheir family story that no tale or ordinary life could possibly rival.
A. confirm
B. achieve
C.match D exaggerate
13. The most urgent thing is to find a dump. for those toxic____ industrial wastes.
A. imminent
B. recyclable
C. smelly
D. poisonous
14. British Prime Minister Tony Blair promised the electorate thatguns would nor be fired without an attempt to win a further U.N. sanction.
A. allies
B. delegates
C. voters
D. juries
15. The analysis suggests that the tradeoff between our :children's college and our own retirement security is ,chilling.
A. frightening
B. promising
C. freezing
D. revealing
16. Their signing of the treaty was regarded as a conspiracy against the British Crown.
A. secret plan
B. bold attack
C. clever design
D. joint effort
17. Evidence, reference, and foments by the thousand testify to a scrupulous researcher who does considerable justice to a full range of different beneficial and political positions.
A. trustworthy
B. intelligent
C. diligent
D. meticulous
18. Despite their Spartan, isolated lifestyle, them are no stories of women being raped or wanton violence against civilians in the region.
A. intriguing
B. exasperating:
C. demonstrative
D. unprovoked
19. The gang derived their nickname from their dark clothing and blacked up faces for .nocturnal raids in the forest.
A. illegal
B. night-time C, brutal D. abusive
20. Though sometimes too lazy to work as hard as her sisters, Linda has a more avid fondness for the limelight,
A. mercurial B, gallant C. ardent D. frugal
III. Cloze (10 points).
Like many other aspects of the computer age, Yahoo began as an idea, ___ 21 ___ into a hobby and Lately has ____22 ____ into a full- time passion. The two developers of Yahoo, David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph. D candidates ___ 23 _
Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, started their guide in April 1994 as a way to keep 24 of their personal interest on the Internet.
Before long they ___25 ___ that their home, brewed lists were becoming too long and ____26____ Gradually they began to spend more and more time on Yahoo.
During 1994, they ____ 27____ yahoo into a customized database designed to____28_____ the needs of the thousands of users____29____ began to use the service through the closely ___ 30____ Internet community. They developed customized software to help them___ 31 ___ locate, identify and edit material ___32___ on the Internet. The name Yahoo is ____ 33____ to stand for "Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle". but Filo and Yang insist they selected the ___34 ___ because they considered themselves yahoos. Yahoo? itself first ___ 35 ___ on Yang's workstation, "akebono", while the search engine was ___ 36 __ _ on Filo's computer, "Konishiki".
In early 1995 Marc Andreessen, co-founder of Netscape Communication in Mountain View, California, invited Filo and Yang to move theirfiles ___ 37___ to larger computers ___38____ at Netscape. As a result Stanford's computer network returned to ___ 39___ , and both parties benefits. Today,Yahoo___ 40 ___ organized information on tens of thousands of computers linked to the web.
1. A. became B. grew C. mm D. intend
2. A. made B. saw C. looked D. turned
3. A. in B. on C. about D. for
4. A. touch B. contact C. back D. record
5. A. founded B. found C. argued D. reported
6. A. unwieldy B. tough C. tamable D invaluable
7. A. exchanged B. shank C. sold D. converted
8. A. explain B. serve C. discover D. evaluate
9. A. which B. that C. actually D. eagerly
10. A. relative B. interactive C. bound D. contacted
11. A. fluently B. efficiently C. exactly D. actually
12. A. transmitted B. purchased C. sold D.
13. A. about B. bound C. going D. supposed
I4. A. fable B. model C. name D. brand
15. A. supported B. resided C. lived D. launched
16. A. connected B. lodged C. introduced D. linked
17. A. over B, away C. inside D. beneath
18. A. housed B. caught C. hosed D. bidden
19. A. average B. normal C. ordinary D. equal
20. A. attains B. detains C. maintains D. contains
IV. Reading Comprehension (20 points)
Passage 1
Guthrie's contiguity principle offers practical suggestions for how to break babies.One application of the threshold method involves the time young children spend on academic activities. Young children have short attention spans, so the length of time they can sustain work on one activity is limited. Most activities are scheduled to last no longer than 30 to 40 minutes. However, at the start of the school year, attention
spans quickly wane and behavior problems often result. To apply Gutiarie's theory, a teacher might, at the start of the year, limit activities to 15 to 20 minutes. Over the next few weeks the teacher could gradually increase the time students spend working on a single activity.
The threshold method also can be applied to teaching printing and handwriting. When children first learn to form letters, their movements awkward and they lack free motor coordination. The distances between lines on a page are purposely wide so children can fit the letters into the space. If paper with narrow lines is initially introduced,
students' letters would spill over the borders and students might become frustrated. Once students can form letters within the larger borders, they can use paper with smaller borders to help them refine their skills.
The fatigue method can be applied when disciplining disruptive students who build paper airplanes and sail them across the room. The teacher can remove the students from the classroom, We them a large stack of paper, and tell them to start making paper airplanes. After the students have made several airplanes, the activity should lose its
attraction and paper will become a cue for not building airplanes.
Some students continually race around the gym when they first enter their physical education class. To employ the fatigue method, the teacher might decide to have these students continue to run a few more laps after the class has begun.
The incompatible response method can be used with students who talk and misbehave in the media center. Reading is incompatible with talking. The media center teacher might ask the students to find interesting books and read them while in the center. Assuming that the students find the books enjoyable, the media center will, over time, become a cue for selecting and reading books rather than for talking with other students.
In a social studies class some students regularly fall asleep. The teacher realized that using the board and overhead projector while lecturing was very boring. Soon the teacher began to incorporate other elements into each lesson, such as experiments, videotapes, and debate s, in an attempt to involves students and raise their interest in thecourse.
41. The purpose of this passage is to___
A. inform
B. persuade
C. debate
D. narrate
42. Guthrie identified three methods for__
A. educating students
B. altering bad habits
C. avoiding undesired action
D. forming good hobbies
43. Which of the following is not the example of applying the threshold method?
A. Parents introduce spinach in small bites or mixed with a food than he child enjoys over time so that the child will not refuse to eat it.
B. Teachers introduce academic content in short blocks of time for young children and gradually increase session length but not to where students become frustrated or bored.
C. Paper with wider lines is first used and then paper with narrow lines is introduced step by step to help children learn printing and handwriting.
D. A child might be made to throw toys until it is no longer fan by his parents in order to change his behavior of repeatedly throwing toys.
44. To stop snacking while watching television, people should keep their hands busy by sewing, painting, working crossword puzzles, and so forth. Over time. watching TV becomes a cue for engaging in anactivity other than snack'king. What method is used in this example?
A. The threshold method.
B. The fatigue method.
C. The incompatible response method.
D. The punishment method.
45. We can draw the conclusion from the passage that
A. The incompatible response method is to force child to make unwanted response repeatedly in presence of stimulus until he or she becomes exhausted
B. The threshold method refers to introducing undesired behavior with a response incompatible with the undesired response so they can not be performed simultaneously
C. The fatigue method means that engaging in the behavior is transformed into avoiding it by introducing the stimulus at full strength so it becomes a cue for not performing it
D. The fatigue method is that in presence of stimulus teachers have child make response incompatible with unwanted response
Passage 2
The increase in global trade means that international companies cannot afford to make costly advertising mistakes if they want to be competitive.
Understanding the language and culture of target markets in foreign countries is one of the keys to successful international marketing. Too many companies, however, have jumped into foreign markets with embarrassing wrests .
Translation mistakes are at the heart of many blunders in international advertising.
General Motors, the US auto manufacturer, got a costly lesson when it introduced its Chevrole Nova to the Puerto Rican market. "Nova" is Latin for new (star)" and means "star" in many languages, but in spoken Spanish it can sound like "no va", meaning "it doesn't go". Few p
eople wanted to buy a car with that cursed meaning. When GM changed the name to Caribe, sales picked up" dramatically.
Marketing blunders have also been made by food and beverage companies.3ne American food company's friendly "Jolly Green Giant" (for advertising ,vegetables) became something quite different when it was translated into Arabic as "Intimidating Green Ogre".
When translated into German Pepsi's popular slogan, "Come Alivewith Pepsi" came out implying "Come Alive from the Grave". No wonder customers in Germany didn't rush out to buy Pepsi. Successful international marketing doesn't stop with good translations--,-other aspects of culture must be researched and understood marketers are to avoid blunders.
When marketers do not understand and appreciate the values, tastes, geography, climate, superstitions, religion, or economy of a culture, they fail to capture their target market. For example, an American designer tried to introduce a new pentane into the Latin American market but the product aroused little interest. The mail reason was that the camellia used in it was traditionally used for funerals in many South American countries. Having awakened to the special nature of foreign advertising, companies are becoming much more conscientious in their translations and more sensitive to cultural distinctions. The best way to prevent errors is to hire professional translators who understand the target language and its idiomatic usage, or to us e a technique called "back translation" to reduce the possibility of blunders.
The process uses one person to translate a message into the target language and another to translate it back. Effective translators aim to capture the, overall message of an advertisement because a word-f or-word duplication of the original rarely conveys the intended meaning and often causes misunderstandings. In designing advertisements for other
countries, messages need to be shot and simple. They should also avoid jokes, since what is considered funny in one part of the world may not be so humorous in another.
46. The best title of this passage might be __ .
A. Culture Is Very Important is Advertising
B. Avoid Cultural Misunderstanding between Nations
C. Overcome Cultural Shock in Different Countries
D. Advertisements Reflect Various Life Styles
47. What does the word "blunder" mean in this passage?
A. hesitation
B. mistake
C. stutter
D. default
48. Which of the following statements can be used to summarize the gist from Paragraph 3 to Paragraph 6?
A. Cultural shocks
B. Faulty translations
C. Avoid cultural oversights
D. Prevent blunders
49. We can learn from the context in Paragraph 9 that the word "ca " most probably mean____
A. an animal used in perfume for its smell
B. a piece of fabric used both in perfume and at funerals
C. a flower used in perfume for its fragrance and used for funerals
D. an ornament used in perfume and at funerals
50. One way to prevent errors in advertising in different countries is to___
A. fire the translators who don't know the target language.
B. use the technique called "literal translation" to reduce the possibility of blunders
C. avoid cultural oversights and avoid certain jokes
D. explain in details when designing advertisement for other countries
Passage 3
It is not unusual for chief executives to collect millions of dollars a year in pay, stock options, and bonuses. In the last fifteen years, while executive remuneration rose, taxes in the highest income bracket went down. Millionaires are now commonplace.
Amiability is not a prerequisite for rising to the top, and there are a number of chief executive officers with legendary bad tempers. It is not the boss's job to worry about the well-being of his subordinates although the man with many enemies will be swept out more quickly in hard times; it is the company he worries about. His business savvy is supposed to be based on intimate knowledge of .his company and the industry .so he goes home nightly with a full briefcase. At the very top - and on the way up - executives are exceedingly dedicated. The American executive must be capable of enough small talk to get him through the social part of his schedule, but he is probably not a highly cultured individual or an intellectual. Although his wife may be on the board of the symphony or opera, he himself has little time for such pursuits. His reading may largely concern business and management, despite interests in other fields.
Golf provides him with a sportive outlet that combines with some useful socializing.
These days, he probably attempts some form of aerobic exercise to " keep the old heart in shape" and for the same reason goes easy on but ter and alcohol,and substances thought to contribute to taking highly stressed executives out of the running. But his doctor's admonition to "take it easy" falls on deaf eyes. He likes to work. He knows there are younger men nipping at his heels. Corporate head-hunting, carried on by "executive search fares," is a growing industry. America has great faith in individual talent, and dynamic and aggressive executives are so in demand that companies regularly raid each other's managerial ranks.
51. We can infer from the second paragraph that___
A. promotion depends on amiability
B. chief executives do not work hard enough at the top level
C. it is the duty of the chief executive to look after the well-being of his subordinates
D. a chief executive is expected to know more about his company and the industry
52. The term "aerobic exercise" (fast line in second last paragraph) is a kind Of ____
A. hallucination exercise
B. physical exercise
C. meditation exercise
D. entertainment
53. From the last paragraph we can gather that ____
A. there are too many aggressive executives
B. individual talent is not essential for a company
C. the job of an "executive search rum" is corporate head-hunting
D. it is not common for companies to undermine each other's managerial ranks
54. For executives, according to the article, a golf course is a pl where ________
A. they can conduct their business
B. they can indulge themselves
C. they can cultivate their mind
D. they can exercise as well as socialize
55. What is NOT tree according to the article?
A. Executives tend to ignore doctors' advice and warnings.
B. Executives are sensitive to pressure from the younger generation.
C. All chief executives can earn millions of dollars a year.
D. Executives are careful of what they eat.
Passage 4
In November 1970 Yukio Mishima, together with some of his fanatical followers from the ultra nationalistic Shield Society Which. he had four, did in 1966, broke into the headquarters of Japan's Eastern Defense Forces armed with swords and daggers, overpowered some aides, tied up the commanding general, and demanded that the troops be assembled to hear a speech. Mishima addressed the troops for ten minutes, inciting them to rebel against the constitutional government imposed by the United States that had, in his words,"turned Japan spineless." Receiving only ridicule in response, he returned to the general's office and there, before the general's unbelieving eyes, proceeded to kill himself in strict accordance with the traditional samurai ritual of seppuku. After Mishima had driven a dagger deep into his left abdomen, one of his aides severed his head with a sword. The aide likewise 'killed himself and was 5eheaded; the others surrendered.
In 1936 there had been a similar revolt and, though equally unsuccessful, it had foreshadowed the repressive me of General Toto that was to stage the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. That earlier revolt is the one referred to in "Patriotism," one of Mishima's most powerful stories. Here life and fiction become joined. The act of seppuku was for Mishima a fulfillment, "the ultimate dream of my life." Bom of an ancient samurai family, he longed to die a hero's death in accordance with the ancient samurai code; but his weak body kept him from service in the war, and he had to compensate through body building (he became expert at karate and kendo) and, most important, through the discipline writing. In his short lifetime he turned out twenty novels, thirty plays, many essays, and more than eighty stories: he also produced, directed, and acted in movies, and even sang on stage. His first book of stories, A Forest in Flower, appeared in 1943, but it was Confession of a Mask (1948), dealing with the meditations of a young man of homoridual leanings in a repressive society, that brought him fame. Mishima has been called "Japan's Hemingway," while others have compared him to "aesthetic" writers like Walter Peter and Oscar Wilde.
56. The article implies that
A. Mishima refused to join the army when he was young
B. Mishima has been regarded as a lunatic writer
C. Mishima is a person who's hard define
D. Critics all agree that Mishima is an aesthetic writer
57. The aim of the rebel led by Mishima was
A. For capture the commanding general
B. to urge the government to declare a war against America
C. to incite the soldiers to rebel against the Constitutional government
D. to force the Emperor to give up the throne
58. In the 1970 rebel, the speech made by Mishima____
A. was web received by the soldiers B, was laughed at by the soldiers
C. impressed the commanding general D, left a deep impression to the soldiers
59. What IS true according to article?
A. The general knew that Mishima had longed to die a hero's death.
B. The general was greatly taken aback by Mishima's suicide attempt
C. Some soldiers surrendered after Mishima's speech.
D. one of Mishima's aides was killed by the soldiers.
60. Mishima became a well-known writer after he had ___
A, written "Patriotism", one of his most powerful stories B. written eighty short stories
C. published "A Forest in Flower"
D. published "Confession of a Mask"
主观题部分
V. Translation (20 points)
Part A. (10 points)
One might ask why speculation is permitted when there is so real a danger of loss. The basic reason is that speculation can perform useful functions in the economy. Buying a commodity or stock in the belief that prices will rise speeds market equilibrium and encourages faster entry of more uppliers. If the price change lagged until after an actual commodity shortage had occurred, the fluctuation would probably be sharper and more sudden. Remedial supply action could not be further delayed. Similarly, if speculators foresee a surplus in some commodity, their selling of futures will help drive the price down to some extent before the Surplus actually occurs. When speculators foresee a shortage and bid up the price, they are also helping to conserve the present supply. As the price goes up, less of the commodity is purchased; a rise in price encourages users to occur. Similarly, a lowering of price encourages users to buy more, thus helping to sell the surplus which is developing.
Part B. (10 points)
Directions: Translate the following into English on your ANSWER SHEET.
中国已经发层成为一个全球极富吸引力的、现实的大市场。世界各国和地区不少有远见卓识的企业家，都将目光投向了中国，并从投资活动中获得了丰厚的回报。我相信，中国加入世贸组织后，外商参与中国投资活动的机会将越来越多，自身发展的空间也越来越大。在中国的投资活动一定能成为沟通世界各国和地区的企业家与中国市场的一座桥梁，促进中国和世界经济共同发展、共同繁荣。
VI. Writing (20 points)
Directions Write an essay in no less than 250 words with file title "My Understanding of GlobaIization". Your essay should be written on the Answer Sheet.
2017年上海交通大学博士入学测试英语试题回忆 阅读理解Passage One Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells building owners how much they can charge their tenants in rent. In the United States, rent controls date back to at least World War II. In 1943 the federal government imposed rent controls to help solve the problem of housing shortages during wartime. The federal program ended after the war, but in some locations, including New York City, controls continued. Under New York's controls, a landlord generally cannot raise rents on apartments as long as the tenants continue to renew their leases. In places such as Santa Monica, California, rent controls are more recent. They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970's, which, combined with California's rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, as well as rents, to record levels. In 1979 Santa Monica's municipal government ordered landlords to roll back their rents to the levels charged in 1978. Future rents could only go up by two-thirds as much as any increase in the overall price level. In any housing market, rental prices perform three functions: (1) promoting the efficient maintenance of existing housing and stimulating the construction of new housing, (2) allocating existing scarce housing among competing claimants, and (3) rationing use of existing housing by potential renters. One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of new rental units. Rent controls have artificially depressed the most important long-term determinant of profitability —rents. Consider some examples. In a recent year in Dallas, Texas, with a 16 percent rental vacancy rate but no rent control laws, 11,000 new housing units were built. In the same year, in San Francisco, California, only 2,000 units were built. The major difference? San Francisco has only a 1.6 percent vacancy rate but stringent rent control laws. In New York City, except for government-subsidized construction, the only rental units being built are luxury units, which are exempt from controls. In Santa Monica, California, new apartments are not being constructed. New office rental space and commercial developments are, however. They are exempt from rent controls. 1. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) The construction of apartments in the United States. (B) Causes and effects of rent control (C) The fluctuations of rental prices (D) The shortage of affordable housing in the United States. 2. Which of the following was NOT a reason for the introduction of rent controls in Santa Monica, California? (A) rapid population growth (B) inflation (C) economic conditions during wartime (D) record-high housing prices 3. It can be inferred that the purpose of rent control is to (A) protect tenants
复旦大学2003年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题（秋季） PartⅠListening Comprehension (15%) 略 PartⅡV ocabulary and Structure (10%) Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in the part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. 21. She her vacation so much that she didn?t want it to end. A. missed B. budgeted C. loathed D. relished 22. They tried to keep it quiet but eventually everyone learned about the meeting. A. intangible B. sedate C. impudent D. clandestine 23. Many citizens appealed to the city government for enacting laws to protect the consumers. A. rigorous B. equivocal C. stringent D. furtive 24. People who like to were red clothes are more likely to be talkative and . A. lucrative B. introverted C. vivacious D. perilous 25. This is but a of the total amount of information which the teenager has stored. A. faction B. friction C. fraction D. fracture 26. They were tired, but not less enthusiastic that account. A. on B. by C. for D. with 27. I think it is high time we the fact that environment pollution in this area is getting more serious than before. A. woke up to B. must wake up to C. wake up to D. are waking up to 28. So was the mood of the meeting that an agreement was soon reached. A. resentful
我的2019人大经济学考博经验，人大初试复试难度详解！ 2018-2019年的考博之路已经告一段落，自己成功考上了中国人民大学经济学院政治经济学专业的博士。记得自己是从2018年十一长假之后正式开始了我的复习考博历程，现总结人大考博札记，供日后考博人大的学弟学妹们参考。 首先说明一点，人大很公平。自己没有老师推荐，是自行联系导师，没有人脉没有关系，完全靠自己考上了人大的博士。因为本人参加了不止人大这一个学校的考试，相比其他省市的其他学校而言，人大是比较公平的。如果你的初试是第一名，人大是一定会要你的（除非有很明显的缺陷），人大非常重视初试排名，所以你的一切努力重点都应该放在初试上。 一、关于联系导师及注意事项 每个博士生导师手里的名额很有限，所以报考博士前必须先跟你要报考的老师联系，看他手里是否还有名额，一般来说导师不想要你他是不会让你报名的，事先给导师打个电话或发个E-mail（网站上一般都会有联系地址），介绍一下你
的情况。特别是你硕士阶段研究的方向和取得的成绩，并表示你愿意成为他的学生并努力学术。 首先，建议第一封e-mail主要内容是关于个人介绍：年龄、求学经历、学术成果、工作经历等，主要目的就是让导师通过这封e-mail对一个陌生的同学能够有个全面的认识和了解。 把第一印象做好，为以后的进一步联系作准备。其次，关于信的内容可以简要的谈谈自己对未来所报考导师，实验室和课题的了解和理解，让导师能够真实的感受到你的诚心、信心和决心。再次，主要是表达一下自己报考的强烈愿望，因为大家也知道好多同学联系了很多的导师和学校，最后报考的也是其中的很少几个。 联系博导需注意以下几点： 1.要了解他的基本学术观点和学术著作。以免导师提起他的著作时，我们一无所知。尽量多了解他的论著，也为以后的考试做打算。 2.多种联系方式并用。比如说第一次打电话老师记住你的名字了，第二次很可能就忘了。那我觉得还可以写e-mail，还可以写写信，传统的联系方式或许更能打动导师
上海交大2013年考博英语试题及答案 第一篇 There are desert plants which survive the dry season in the form of inactive seeds. There are also desert insects which survive as inactive larvae (幼虫). In addition, difficult as it is to believe, there are desert fish which can survive through years of drought (干旱) in the form of inactive eggs. These are the shrimps (小虾) that live in the Mojave Desert, an intensely dry region in the south-west of the United States where shade temperatures of over 50C are often recorded. The eggs of the Mojave shrimps are the size and have the appearance of grains of sand. When sufficient spring rain falls to form a lake, once every two to five years, these eggs hatch (孵化). Then the water is soon filled with millions of tiny shrimps about a millimetre long which feed on tiny plant and animal organisms which also grow in the temporary desert lake. Within a week, the shrimps grow from their original 1 millimetre to a length of about 1.5 centimetres. Throughout the time that the shrimps are rapidly maturing, the water in the lake equally rapidly evaporates. Therefore, for the shrimps it is a race against time. By the twelfth day, however, when they are about 3 centimetre long, hundreds of tiny eggs form on the underbodies of the females. Usually by this time, all that remains of the lake is a large, muddy patch of wet soil. On the thirteenth day and the next, during the final hours of their brief lives, the shrimps lay their eggs in the mud. Then, having ensured that their species will survive, the shrimps die as the last of the water evaporates. If sufficient rain falls the next year to form another lake, the eggs hatch, and once again the shrimps pass rapidly through their cycle of growth, adulthood, egg-laying, and death. Some years there is insufficient rain to form a lake: in this case, the eggs will remain dormant for another years, or even longer if necessary. Very, very occasionally, perhaps twice in a hundred years, sufficient rain falls to form a deep lake that lasts a month or more. In this case, the species passes through two cycles of growth, egg-laying, and death. Thus, on such occasions, the species multiplies considerably, which further ensures its survival. 1.Which of the following is the MOST distinctive feature of Mojave shrimps? A) Their lives are brief. B) They feed on plant and animal organisms.
2015年考博 单选： 有少部分原题（出自曾建彬《研究生英语》《研究生高级英语》） 阅读理解： 第一篇：Education is one of the key words of our time. A man without an education, most of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states "invest" in institutions of learning to get back "interest" in the form. of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by textbooks—that purchasable wells of wisdom—what would civilization be like without its benefits? So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births—but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on "facts and figures" and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and the capacity of a man is to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form. of "college" imaginable. Among tribal people all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect every- body is equipped for life. It is the ideal condition of the "equal start" which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no "illiterates"—if the term can be applied to peoples without a script—while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of "civilized" nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the "happy few" during the past centuries. Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry, which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents' and therefore the jungles and the savannahs know of no "juvenile delinquency". No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to "buy" an education for his child. (选自新概念) 第二篇：关于在Internet site上挂条幅广告销售商品的。第一题问：文章开头是什么意思，我选择了，和传统广告一样，互联网广告也是为了促使消费者冲动消费。有一题问：下列哪些选项作者没提及：我选了传统广告在较长的竞争中必然会战胜网络广告方式。有一题关于互联网广告的：我选择了需要做些change来保持他的竞争性什么的。最后一题问作者对互联网广告的态度：uncertain,objective,X,X.另两个记不清了，我选的客观的。 第三篇：关于脸书，推特等这些网络平台火的原因，强调以前的网络平台web1.只是让你看别人提供的content，而web 2.如这些社交平台是让你能跟别人交流自己creat content,而不是enjoy 别人提供的content.一题问：Myspace社交平台火的原因：我选了有content的那个选项。有题问下面哪个选项作者没提及：我选了大家怀念web1.那个选项。 第3篇This reading comprehension focuses on social networks. It's followed by key vocabulary
中国人民大学考博英语真题常见名词单复数名词(Noun)： 博士研究生考试有关名词的试题主要涉及名词的可数与不可数、名词的单复数形式、集体名词在数上的主谓一致和单数名词以复数形式出现及名词单复数同形的问题。需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。 一、名词的单复数 (一)不可数名词 a little/some/much/considerable/a great(good)deal of/a lot of (lots of)/plenty of/a large amount of/a large quantity of/a wealth of(大量)/heaps of(大量的)+不可数名词 例句：The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel,that man being Prince Henry the navigator, who lived in15th century. (1995年第14题) 分析：该句是复合句，其中that man...navigator是一个独立主格结构，进一步解释说明one man;who lived...是非限制性定语从句，解释说明Prince Henry。 译文：葡萄牙人给了这位促进海上旅行的人很多荣誉，此人便是15世纪的航海家亨利王子。 例句：If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through
2009上海交通大学英语专业考博语言学试题 LTerms with examples 4x 10=40 1.Functional categories：Words which do not denote objects, ideas, etc., are known as function words and they belong to classes known as functional categories. For example, Bill thinks that Tom and Dick have been visiting Harriet to ask for help with one of the assignments which have to be finished for the next morph onolgy class ? 2.operator movement：Operator movement involves movement of an operator expression into the specifier position within CP. For instance, in sentence What languages can you speak, the phrase what languages is moved into the specifier position within CP. 3.Null subject parameter：Null-subject parameter determines whether finite verbs and auxiliaries do or dorf t license(i.e. allow) null subjects. For example, in Italian: Maria non vuole mangiare. "Maria does not want to eat." Non vuole mangiare. [She] "Does not want to eat." The subject "she” of the second sentence is only implied in Italian. English, on the other hand, requires an explicit subject in this sentence. 4.lexical tone：Lexical tone is the distinctive pitch level carried by the syllable of a word which is an essential feature of the meaning of that word. The pitch of voice is very important in language, and all Ianguages make use of it for some purpose? In some languages different words are distinguished from each other by means of pitch?Here are some Yoruba words The word ti with the mark' over the vowel is pronounced at a higher pitch than the word ti, which is in turn is pronounced at a higher pich than ti.These different pitches are call tones? Some languages distinguish only two levels of tone, while others distinguish up to four levels? When a language distinguishes words from each other using pitch in this way we say that it has lexical tone. 5.Onset, necleilS and coda：Words like bat, cat, rat, flat and sprat are said to rhyme, this is because they have identical pronunciations after the first consonant or consonant cluster. We can divide a syllable therefore into two halves, the Rhyme and the Onset. We have already referred to the vowel in the middle of the syllable as the Nucleus. The consontint or consonant cluster after the Nucleus will be called Coda? https://www.doczj.com/doc/6a2826502.html,plementizer：A complementizer is a conjunction which marks a complement clause. A complementizer, as used in linguistics (especially generative grammar), is a syntactic category (part of speech) roughly equivalent to the term subordinating conjunction in traditional grammar. For example, the word that is gen erally called a complementizer in English sentences like Mary believes that it is raining. The term
人大考博英语汉译英专项练习（1-10，含详解） 专项练习1 科技是人类文明进步的动力源泉。古老的中国，曾在世界科技史上占有重要地位。今天的中国人民，不仅与全世界共享科技文明的成果，也在各个领域推动世界科技的进步。科技奥运将反映科技最新进展，集成全国科技创新成果，推出一届高科技含量的体育盛会；提高北京科技创新能力，推进高新技术成果的产业化及其在人民生活中的广泛应用，使北京奥运会成为展示高新技术成果和创新实力的窗口。 【参考译文】 Science and technology is the source power which can drive civilization of Human being. China, an old-line country, has had a high position in the world’s technology history. Today, Chinese people are not only sharing the harvest of technology and civilization with people from rest of the world, but promoting the science and technology in all kinds of field as well. High-tech Olympics means that we will closely follow the latest high-tech developments home and abroad and integrate the high-tech achievements nationwide so as to host a magnificent sports event in high-tech achievement. In doing so, Beijing’s capacity in high-tech innovation will be improved and the application of high-tech achievements in production and people’s life promoted. Beijing Olympic Games will be a window to showcase our high-tech achievements and innovative capacity. 专项练习2 去年，美国联邦航空管理局把用来计算飞机载荷的乘客平均体重提高了10磅。因为当时原油价格创下了历史新记录，作为应对措施，很多公司不得不提高机票价格中的燃料费用。 美国人和欧洲人不断发胖的趋势促使政府发动健康运动，同时人们严厉谴责许多食品公司。麦当劳连锁店在谴责声中受到冲击，因而不得不在最近几个月里修改菜单，增加了一些更有利于健康的食物。这一举动促使麦当劳的盈利增加。然而，据专家预测，人类注定会越来越胖，会对航空公司的利润空间形成不断增加的压力。 【参考译文】 Last year, the Federal Aviation Administration increased by ten pounds the average passenger weight they use to calculate aircraft loads. Since then crude oil prices have hit record levels, with many firms responding by raising the fuel surcharge they add to ticket prices. The rising level of obesity in the US and in Europe has prompted government health campaigns and harsh criticism of a number of food firms. Restaurant chain McDonald’s has taken the brunt of the attack and has in recent months reworked its menu to include healthier options. The move has helped lift profits. The prediction by experts, however, is that humans are set to become bigger, putting increasing pressure on airline profit. 专项练习3 据最新估计，雅典奥运会的开支已达到100亿美元，这对于希腊这样的小国来说可是一笔不小的数目，何况它曾经是欧盟中最贫穷的国家。 希腊对这次奥运会可能带来的美好前景寄予厚望，并想借此机会（向世界）展示一个“焕然一新”的希腊，以吸引新的投资者和游客。但是，本国运动员的兴奋剂丑闻和旅游业的低靡破坏了希腊的形象，这使希腊政府十分恼火。希腊财政部的一位重要官员告诉记者，希腊只有正确处理好公众关系，才能使雅典奥运会的开销变成投资。
上海交大考博英语作文写法练习概要1 五段三部分写作方法 五段三部分写作方法 第一段:介绍现象，引入主题，陈述大意 第一句群:现象描述、争论呈现、自问自答、引入概念 开头陈述背景、描述现象、引入概念:nowadays、recently、in the past few years、with the development of、now people in growing numbers are coming to realize that、at present、according to 开头强调:it goes without saying that、as is known to all、there is no denying the fact that、essential as sth is、 开头引入概念:refers to、be defined as、means 问题、主题、话题、难题、挑战:hot topical issue、discussion、concentration、public concentration、the general public concentration、popular action、saying、idea、in hot dispute、under hot debate、under hot discussion Draw public attention The discussion about … is becoming increasingly hot. The controversial action arouses hot discussion in society. Various people may have different choices. When asked about…、When it comes to…，people's opinions differ. Everything has two sides of effects on human life. A is no exception. 引入争论:
复旦大学考博英语词汇真题模拟 根据复旦大学考博英语考试大纲规定，除掌握词汇的基本含义外，考生还应掌握词汇之间的词义关系，如同义词、近义词、反义词等;掌握词汇之间的搭配关系，如动词与介词，形容词与介词，形容词与名词等;掌握词汇生产的基本知识，如词源、词根、词缀等。 一、根据复旦大学考博英语考试大纲规定，每年词汇题共30小题，每小题0.5分，共15分。 预计测试时间(25分钟) 1. Language， culture and personality may be considered of each other in thought， but they are inseparable in fact. [ A ] indistinctly [ B ] separately [ C ] irrelevantly [ D ] independently 2. Shortage of land and funding are blamed for the city‘s green space. [ A ] inefficient [ B ] inaccurate [ C ] inadequate [ D ] indispensable 3. It is well known that knowledge is the __ condition for expansion of mind. [ A ] incompatible [ B ] incredible [ C ] indefinite [ D ] indispensable 4. Although sports __ the household， Joe drew the line when they interfered with family tradi-tions and routine. [ A ] overwhelmed [ B ] affected [ C ] dominated [ D ] influenced 5. Once you have made your point clear at the __ of the essay， you must then proceed to con-vince readers about the position you have taken. [ A ] departure [ B ] outset [ C ] concentration [ D ] initiation 6. These excursions will give you an even deeper __ into our language and culture. [ A ] inquiry [ B ] investigation [ C ] input [ D ] insight 7. The novel contains some marvelously revealing __ of factory life. [ A ] glimpses [ B ] glances [ C ] shots [ D ] insights 8. Changing from solid to liquid， water takes in heat from all substances near it， and this produces artificial cold surrounding it. [ A ] absorption [ B ] transition [ C ] consumption [ D ] interaction （ＰＳ：The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL：四零零 六六八 六九七八） 9. One way for writers to support a point is through ， that is， by means of several examples to back up an idea. [ A ] illustration [ B ] demonstration