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现代语言学术语总结Aabbreviation缩写法acculturation语言文化移入acoustic phonetics声学语言学acronym词首字母缩略词address term称谓语addresser发话人addressee受话人adjacency毗邻Adjacency Condition毗邻条件Adjacency Parameter毗邻参数Affix词缀Affixation加词缀法Affricate塞擦音Afroasiatic非亚语系agreement rule一致关系规则allophone音位变体alveolar齿龈音alveolus齿龈angular gyrus角形脑回antonymy反义现象antonym反以词apocope词尾音脱落aphasia失语症aphasic失语症患者applied linguistics应用语言学arbitrariness任意性argument论元articulatory phonetics发音语音学articulatory variable发音变项aspiration送气assimilation同化approximation近似化auditory phonetics听觉语音学Austronesian…语系BBabbling咿呀学语back-formation逆向构词法back vowel后元音Behaviorism行为主义Behaviorist learning theory行为主义学习理论Behaviorist Psychology行为主义心理学Bilabial双唇音Bilingualism双语现象Black English黑人英语Blending混合法Borrowing借用bound morpheme黏着语素brain lateralization大脑左右半球侧化branching node分叉点broad transcription宽式音标Broca’s area布罗卡区Ccaretaker speech保姆语case格Case Condition格条件case marking格标志causative verb使役动词central vowel中元音cerebral cortex大脑皮层cerebral plasticity大脑弹性channel渠道classical language古典语言clipping略写法closed class word封闭类词code代码code-switching代码切换cognate同源词co-hyponyms并列下义词coinage创新词color word色彩词combinational rule组合规则commissives承诺类communicative competence交际能力comparative reconstruction比较重建法competence语言能力complement补语complement construction补足语complementarity互补性反义现象complementary distribution互补分布complex sentence复合句componential analysis成分分析法components of meaning意义成分compound word复合词compounding复合法computational linguistics计算语言学conceptualist view意念观consonant辅音constituent成分constituent structure成分结构constraint制约construction结构content word实词context语境;上下文contextualism语境论Contrastive Analysis对比分析法conversational implicature会话含义co-operative principle合作原则coordinate sentence并列句creativity创造性critical period关键期;临界期cultural transmission文化传播Ddeclaration宣告类deep structure深层结构dental齿音derivation派生法derivational morpheme派生语素derivative派生词descriptive linguistics描写语言学design feature识别特征determiner限定词diachronic linguistics历时语言学diacritics变音符号dialect方言dialectal synonym方言同义词dichotic listening test两耳分听测试diglossia双言现象diphthong复合元音Directionalilty Parameter方位参数Directives指令类Displacement不受时空限制的特性distinctive feature区别性特征D-structure深层结构duality of structur结构二重性e double articulation结构二重性Eembedded clause子句emotive meaning表情意义entity实体epenthesis插入音Error Analysis错误分析法euphemism委婉语evaluative meaning评价意义expressives表达类Ffactive predicate叙述性谓词family tree谱系树feature symbol特征标记features of meaning意义特征finite clause定式字句finite verb定式动词formalize形式化fossilization语言僵化framework框架free morpheme自由语素fricative擦音front vowel前元音function word虚词functional shift功能性转换functor element起功能作用成分Ggender性Generative Grammar生成语法Generative Semantics生成语义学genetic predispotion基因先天条件genetic relationship亲缘关系glide滑音glottal喉音glottis声门graddabl opposites可分等级的反义词grammaticality语法性grammatical meaning语法意义Great V owel Shift元音大变位Hhard palate硬腭head核心词hemispheric dominance for language大脑半球的语言优势hierarchical structure层次结构high variety高层次变体historical comparative linguistics历史比较语言学historical linguistics历史语言学holophrastic sentence独词句homography同形homonymy同音异义；同形异义homophony同音异义hyponymy下义关系hyponym下义词Iidiolect个人语言特点illocutionary act言外形为inconsistency自相矛盾Indo-European印欧语系infinitive marker不定式标记inflection曲折变化inflectional morpheme曲折语素input输入instrumental motivation工具性学习动机intake接受integrativ emotivation介入性学习动机interference干扰interlanguage语际语internalize内在化International Phonetic Alphabet国际音标interpersonmal communication人际交际intuition语调Llabeled (unlabeled) tree diagram加标记树形图labial唇音LAD语言习得机制language acquisition语言习得language behavior语言行为language center语言中枢language faculty语言机制language family语系language perception语言感知language planning语言规划language variation语言变异larynx喉lax vowel松元音level层；平面level of language语言层次lexical category词类lexical structure词汇结构lexicology词汇学lexicon词汇linear structure线性结构linguistic competence语言能力linguistic determinism语言决定论linguistic lateralization语言侧化linguistic performance语言运用linguistic relativism语言相对论linguistic repertoire全部语言变体linguistic taboo禁忌语linguistics语言学liquid流音loan word外来词localization定位locutionary act言内行为low variety低层次变体Mmanner of articulation发音方法matrix clause主句maxim of manner方式准则maxim of quality质量准则maxim of quantity数量准则maxim of relation关联准则meaning意义meaningfulness有意义meaning relation意义关系mentalism心理主义mentalistic theory精神论message信息metathesis语音变位Middle English中世纪英语minimal pair最小对立对Modern English现代英语Monophthong单元音Morpheme词素morphlogical rule形态学规则morphology形态学mother tongue母语Move α移动α规则movement rule移位规则Nnaming theory命名论narrow transcription严式音标narrowing of meaning词义缩小nasal cavity鼻腔nasality鼻音化nasalize鼻音化natural route of development自然发展轨道negator否定词neurolinguist神经语言学家neuron神经元no-place predication空位述谓结构Oobject宾语Old English古英语one-place predication一位述谓结构optimum age最佳学习年龄oral cavity口腔overextension扩展过度overgeneralization概括过度overt thought有声思维Ppalatal腭音paralinguistic副语言学的parameter参数performance语言运用performance error语言运用错误perlocutionary act言后行为pharyngeal cavity咽腔phone音素phoneme音位phonemic contrast音位对立phonetic feature语音特征phonetics语音学phonological rule音位规则phonology音位学phrasal category词组类phrase structure rule短语结构规则pidgin洋泾浜语place of articulation发音部位plosive爆破音polysemy多义性postpone后移prepose前移postvocalic元音后的pragmatics语用学predicate谓语predication述谓结构predication analysis述谓结构分析prefix前缀presprictive (grammar)规定语法presupposition前提proposition命题prepositional content命题内容protolanguage原始语psycholinguistics心理语言学puberty青春期Qqualifying predication修饰性述谓结构RReceived Pronunciation标准发音Recursiveness循环性Reference所指语义referring expression所指名词register语域relational opposites关系反义词representation表达；呈现representatives阐述类response反应retroflex卷舌音rewrite rule重写规则rounded vowel圆唇元音SSAE标准美国英语sapir-Whorf hypothesis…假设second language acquisition第二语言习得segment切分成分semantic anomaly语义异体semantic deviation语义变异semantic broadening语义广义化semantic narrowing语义狭义化semantic shift语义演变semantics语义学semantic structure语义结构semantic triangle语义三角sense意义sequential rule序列规则setting背景；环境sexist language性别歧视语sibilant咝音simple sentence简单句Sino-Tibetan汉藏语系situational dialect语域方言sociolect社会方言sociolinguistics社会语言学soft palate软腭species-specific capacity物种特有能力specifier指示语spectrograph频谱仪speech act言语行为speech community言语社区speech variety言语变体S-structure表层结构standard language标准语stem词干stimulus刺激stop爆破音stress重音structural constituency结构成分性structural linguistics结构主义语言学subject主语subordinate predication主从述谓性结构subscript下标subvocal predication无声言语suffix后缀superordinate上坐标词suprasegmental feature超切分特征surface structure表层结构synchronic linguistics共时语言synonymy同义词syntactic ambiguity句法歧义syntactic category句法类型syntactic rule句法规则syntax句法Ttaboo word禁忌词target language目标语tautology同义反复teeth ridge齿龈隆骨telegraphic speech电报式言语tense and aspect时和体tense vowel紧元音tone音调；声调tone language声调语言topic话题；主题transfer转移Transformational-Generative Grammar转换生成语法transformational rule转换规则tree diagram树形图two-place predication双位述谓结构Uunaspirated不送气underextension扩展不足Universal Grammar普遍语法Utterance话语utterance meaning话语意义uvula小舌Vvalidity有效性variable变项velar软腭音velum软腭vernacular本地话；本国语vocal cord声带voiced浊音化的voiceless不带音的，清音的voicing带音化，浊音化vowel元音WWernicke’s area韦尼克区widening of meaning词义扩大XX-bar theory X标杆理论。
100个最常用的语言学术语（“欧美语言学”课）1.语言language2.语言学linguistics3.语言学家linguist；philologist4.语法grammar5.语法单位grammatical unit6.语法形式grammatical form7.语法意义grammatical meaning8.语法手段grammatical device9.语法范畴grammatical category10.元音vowel11.辅音consonant12.语文学philology13.传统语法traditional grammar14.历史比较语言学historical comparative linguistics15.转换生成语法transformational generative grammar16.结构主义语言学structural linguistics17.应用语言学applied linguistic18.方言dialect19.语言教学language teaching20.语言规划language planning21.语言政策language policy22.语言学习策略language learning strategy23.发现程序discovery procedure24.语境context；language environment25.中介语interlanguage26.音位phoneme27.音节syllable28.语素morpheme29.词法morphology30.句法syntax31.交际法communicative approach32.认知cognition33.习得acquisition34.第二语言second language35.第二语言习得second language acquisition （SLA）36.自由语素free morpheme37.黏着语素bound morpheme38.复合词compound word39.普遍语法universal grammar，UG40.词类part of speech41.直接法direct method42.认同identification43.语言能力language competence44.语言机能language faculty45.交际能力communicative competence46.人工语言artificial language47.外语foreign language48.术语terminology；technical terms49.比较comparison50.对比语言学contrastive linguistics51.词典学lexicography52.母语mother tongue；native language53.语感linguistic intuition54.语料库corpus55.句子sentence56.前缀prefix57.结构structure58.希腊语Greek59.拉丁语Latin60.梵语Sanskrit61.语音学phonetics62.词汇学lexicology；lexics63.语用学pragmatics64.语源学（词源学）etymology65.词典学lexicography66.地理语言学geographic linguistics67.儿童语言学the study of child language68.翻译学translatology69.机器翻译machine translation70.计算语言学computational linguistics71.目的语target language72.普通语言学general linguistics73.社会语言学sociolinguistics74.实验语音学experimental phonetics75.缩略语abbreviation76.统计语言学statistical linguistics77.外来词/外语词loanword；foreign words78.网络语言cyber language；language used on the Internet79.文化语言学cultural linguistics80.心理语言学psycholinguistics81.音译词transliterated word82.语言信息处理language information processing83.语言哲学philosophy of language84.自然语言natural language85.格case86.逻辑学logic；logistics87.修辞学rhetoric88.词word89.相关性relativity90.黏着agglutination91.语言类型学linguistic typology92.音位学phonology；phonemics；phonematics93.构拟reconstruction94.组合关系syntactic relations；syntagma95.聚合关系paradigmatic relations96.功能function97.变体variant98.屈折inflection99.派生derivation100.直接成分immediate constituents （IC）。
语言学名词语言学名词是用来描述和研究语言现象和语言结构的专门术语。
下面是一些常见的语言学名词及其解释：1. 语音学（Phonetics）：研究语音产生、传播和接收的学科，包括音素的分类、语音能力和语音现象等。
2. 语音：语言中的基本声音单位，通过调节声带、口腔和喉咙等发音器官产生。
语音可以被分类为辅音和元音。
3. 辅音（Consonant）：通过喉咙、口腔和鼻腔等部位的阻碍或摩擦，产生的声音单位。
4. 元音（Vowel）：发音器官不受阻碍或摩擦，使空气顺畅通过口腔而产生的声音单位。
5. 语音形式学（Phonology）：研究语音符号在特定语言中的组合和分布规律的学科。
6. 语音规则（Phonological rules）：用来描述声音变化和音系结构的一套规则。
7. 语法学（Grammar）：研究语言结构和组织的学科，包括句法、语义和语用等方面。
8. 句法（Syntax）：研究句子结构和成分之间的关系，以及句子的形式和结构组织。
9. 语义（Semantics）：研究词、短语和句子的意义和含义的学科。
10. 语用学（Pragmatics）：研究语言在特定语用背景下的使用和理解方式。
11. 词汇学（Lexicology）：研究词汇的起源、结构、使用和意义等方面。
12. 词（Word）：语言中的基本意义单位，具有独立的意义和语法功能。
13. 词法（Morphology）：研究词的内部结构、形态变化和构词法的学科。
14. 语素（Morpheme）：语言中的最小意义单位，可以独立存在或者是其他词的构成组成部分。
15. 词义（Word meaning）：词语所表达的概念或事物的内涵。
16. 语篇（Discourse）：由句子和词组组成的扩展语言单位，表达完整的意义。
17. 修辞学（Rhetoric）：研究语言如何用于说服和交流的学科。
18. 语族（Language family）：具有共同源头和结构相似的一组语言。
语言学常用术语Language: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Linguistics: linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.Phonetics: phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.Phonology: phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.（研究语音和音节的结构，分布和序列，将音位视为起点，来处理语音系统）Morphology: morphology, as a part of linguistics, is the study of the internal structure, forms and classes of words.（研究词的内部结构和构词原则）Syntax: syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.Semantics: semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning. Pragmatics: pragmatics can be defined in various ways. A general definition is that it is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.Sociolinguistics: sociolinguistics is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.Psycholinguistics: psycholinguistics is the study of the mental processes of listening, speaking and acquisition of language by children.Prescriptive:Descriptive:Langue: langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by.（语言是指语言系统的整体，这个政体相对比较稳定，言语是指代某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出来的具体话语）Parole: parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules.Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.（语言能力是指理想语言使用者有关语言规则的知识储备）Performance: Chomsky defines performance as the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.（语言应用是指真实的语言使用者在实际场景中的语言使用）Design features: design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. Duality: language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system.Arbitrariness: language is arbitrary. This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.Productivity: language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.Displacement: language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.Cultural transmission: while human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e., we were all born with the ability to acquire language, but instead have to be taught and learned.Phone: a phone is a phonetic unit or segment.Phoneme: a phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but phonetic context.Morpheme: the most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.Prefix(suffix): it occurs only before other morphemes.(it occurs only after other morphemes)Root: a root is the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.Category: category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same of similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase of a verb.Transformation: transformation is a special type of rule that can move an element from one position to another.Deep (surface) structure: formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties is called deep structure. Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations is called surface structure.Performatives (constative): constatives were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable; performatives were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.Synonymy: synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.Antonymy: antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning; words that are opposite in meaning are antonyms.Homonymy: homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e. , different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.Polysemy: while different words my have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning.Hyponymy: hyponymy refers to the tense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms.Dialect (7 types): regional dialect, sociolect, language and gender, language and age, ldiolect, ethnic dialect.Register: the type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register.Field (tenor, mode) of discourse: field of discourse refers to what is going on: to the area of operation of the language activity. Tenor of discourse refers to the role of relationship in the situation in question: who the participants in the communication groups are and in what relationship they stand to each other. Mode of discourse mainly refers to the means of communication.Learning strategy (3 types): cognitive strategies, metacognitive strategies, and affect / social strategies.Personality: a number of personality characteristics have been proposed as likely to affect second language learning, but it has been notoriously difficult to demonstrate the effects in empirical studies, it is largely due to the difficulty in identification and measurement.Culture: culture, in a broad sense, means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community.Context: the notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.Acquisition: language acquisition refers to the child’s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.Learning: learning is a conscious learning of the second language knowledge by learning the rules and talking about rules.Transfer (2 types): positive transfer, negative transferError (mistake): the errors are significant in telling the teacher what needs to be taught, in telling the researcher how learning proceeds and those errors are a means whereby learners test their hypotheses about the language to be learnt.Interlanguage (fossilization): the concept of interlanguage was established as learners’ independent system of the second language which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. Fossilization is defined as a process occurring from time to time in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language.Language aptitude: language aptitude here refers to a natural ability for learning a second language.Motivation (4 types): instrumental motivation, integrative motivation, resultative motivation, and intrinsic motivation.。
一、冠词 article定冠词 definite article 不定冠词 indefinite article数词 numeral 基数词 cardinal numeral序数词 ordinal numeral[B]句子成分[/B]members of sentences[/B]主语subject 谓语 predicate宾语object 双宾语 dual object直接宾语 direct objec 间接宾语 indirect object复合宾语 complex object同源宾语 cognate object[B]补语[/B][B]complement[/B]主补 subject complement 宾补 object complement 语法 grammar 句法 syntax 词法 morphology 结构 structure 层次 rank句子 sentence 从句 clause 词组 phrase 词类 part of speech单词word 实词 notional word 虚词 structrural word名词 noun 专有名词 proper noun 普通名词common noun 可数名词 countable noun 不可数名词 uncountable noun 抽象名词 abstract noun 具体名词 concret moun物质名词 material noun 集体名词 collective noun个体名词 individual noun 介词 preposition连词 conjunction[B] 动词[/B][B]verb[/B]主动词 main verb 及物动词 transitive verb不及物动词 intransitive verb 系动词 link verb助动词 auxiliary verb 情态动词 modal verb规则动词 regular verb 不规则动词 irregular verb短语动词 phrasal verb 限定动词 finite verb非限定动词 infinite verb 使役动词 causative verb 感官动词 verb of senses 动态动词 event verb 静态动词 state verb 感叹词exclamation形容词 adjective副词 adverb方式副词 adverb of manner程度副词 adverb of degr e e时间副词 adverb of time地点副词 adverb of place修饰性副词 adjunct连接性副词 conjunct疑问副词 interogative adverb关系副词 relative adverb代词 pronoun人称代 personal pronoun物主代词 possesive pronoun反身代词 reflexive pronoun相互代词 reciprocal pronoun指示代词 demonstrative pronoun疑问代词 interrogative pronoun关系代词 relative pronoun不定代词 indefinite pronoun物主代词 possecive pronoun名词性物主代词 nominal possesive prnoun形容词性物主代词 adjectival possesive pronoun 分数词 fractional numeral形式 form 单数形式 singular form 复数形式 plural form 限定动词finite verb form 非限定动词 non-finite verb form原形 base form从句 clause从属句 subordinate clause 并列句 coordinate clause名词从句 nominal clause 定语从句 attributive clause 状语从句 adverbial clause 宾语从句 object clause主语从句 subject clause 同位语从句 appositive clause 时间状语从句adverbial clause of time地点状语从句 adverbial clause of place方式状语从句 adverbial clause of manner让步状语从句 adverbial clause of concession原因状语从句 adverbial clause of cause结果状语从句 adverbial clause of result目的状语从句 adverbial clause of purpose条件状语从句 adverbial clause of condition真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of real condition非真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of unreal condition含蓄条件句 adverbial clause of implied condition错综条件句 adverbial clause of mixed condition[B]句子[/B][B]sentence[/B]简单句 simple sentence并列句 compound sentence 复合 complex sentence并列复合句 compound complex sentence 陈述句 declarative sentence 疑问句 interrogative sentence 一般疑问句 general question特殊疑问句 special question 选择疑问句alternative question 附加疑问句 tag question 反义疑问句disjunctive question 修辞疑问句 rhetorical question 感叹疑问句exclamatory question 存在句 existential sentence 肯定句 positive sentwence否定句 negative sentenc 祈使句 imperative sentence省略句 elliptical sentenc 感叹句exclamatory sentence基本句型 basic sentence patern表语predicative 定语 attribute同位语 appositive 状语 adverbial[B]句法关系[/B][B]syntatic relationship[/B]并列 coordinate 从属 subordination修饰modification 前置修饰 pre-modification后置修饰 post-modification 限制 restriction双重限制 double-restriction 非限制non-restriction 数 number单数形式 singular form复数形式 plural form 规则形式 regular form 不规则形式 irregular form格 case普通格 common case所有格 possessive case主格 nominative case宾格 objective case[B]性[/B][B]gender[/B]阳性 masculine 阴性 feminine通性 common 中性neuter人称]person第一人称 first person第二人称 second person第三人称 third person时态 tense过去将来时 past future tense过去将来进行时 past future continuous tense 过去将来完成时 past future perfect tense一般现在时 present simple tense一般过去时 past simple tense一般将来时 future simple tense现在完成时 past perfect tense过去完成时 present perfect tense将来完成时 future perfect tense现在进行时 present continuous tense过去进行时 past continuous tense将来进行时 future continuous tense过去将来进行时 past future continuous tense现在完成进行时 present perfect continuous tense过去完成进行时 past perfect continuous tense[B]语态[/B]voice主动语态 active voice被动语态 passive voice语气 m o o d陈述语气 indicative mood 祈使语气 imperative mood 虚拟语气 subjunctive mood否定 negation否定范围 scope of negation全部否定 full negation 局部否定 partial negation转移否定 shift of negation[B]语序[/B][B]order[/B]自然语序 natural order 倒装语序 inversion全部倒装 full inversion 部分倒装 partial inversion直接引语 direct speech 间接引语 indirect speech自由直接引语free direct speech 自由间接引语 free indirect speech 一致 agreement主谓一致 subject-predicate agr e e m e n t语法一致 grammatical agreement概念一致 notional agreement就近原则 principle of proximity强调 emphasis 重复 repetition语音 pronunciation 语调 to ne升调 rising tone 降调 falling tone降升调 falling-rising tone文体 style正式文体 formal 非正式文体 informal口语 spoken/oral English 套语 ormulistic expression英国英语 British English 美国英语 American English用法 usage 感情色彩 emotional coloring 褒义 commendatory 贬义 derogatory幽默 humorous 讽刺 sarcastic挖苦 ironic52。
英语语言学词汇汇总下面是一些英语语言学常用的词汇：1. Phonetics: 语音学2. Phonology: 音位学3. Morphology: 形态学4. Syntax: 句法学5. Semantics: 语义学6. Pragmatics: 语用学7. Lexicon: 词典8. Phoneme: 音位9. Allophone: 变体音位10. Morpheme: 形态素11. Inflection: 屈折变化12. Derivation: 派生13. Sentence: 句子14. Phrase: 短语15. Noun: 名词16. Verb: 动词17. Adjective: 形容词18. Adverb: 副词19. Pronoun: 代词20. Preposition: 介词21. Conjunction: 连词22. Interjection: 感叹词23. Tense: 时态24. Aspect: 体25. Agreement: 一致26. Case: 格27. Subject: 主语28. Object: 宾语29. Modifier: 修饰成分30. Agent: 施事31. Theme: 主题32. Topic: 谈论的主题33. Discourse: 语篇34. Sentential ambiguity: 句子歧义35. Homonym: 同音异义词36. Synonym: 同义词37. Antonym: 反义词38. Hypernym: 上义词39. Hyponym: 下义词40. Polysemy: 一词多义41. Collocation: 词语搭配42. Idiom: 成语43. Metaphor: 隐喻44. Metonymy: 转喻45. Discourse analysis: 语篇分析46. Sociolinguistics: 社会语言学47. Psycholinguistics: 心理语言学48. Historical linguistics: 历史语言学49. Contrastive linguistics: 对比语言学。
语言学常用术语英汉对照表Ｃhapter 1 Inｔｒodｕｃtion to Lingｕistics语言学简介1、anthropoｌogical lingｕistics 人类语言学2、applied linguisｔics应用语言学3、arbitｒａrｉness任意性4、petence 语言能力５、putational ｌinguisｔics计算机语言学６、cultural tｒａnｓmｉssion 文化传递性7、dｅscrｉpｔivｅ(grammar) 描写(语法)８、dｅsｃriptive fｕｎctｉon描写功能9、deｓiｇn feａtuｒes识别特征１0、diａｃhronic linguistｉcs历时语言学11、dｕａlｉty二重性12、dｉｓplacｅment不受时空限制得特征13、emotive fuｎｃtiｏn表情功能１４、exｐrｅｓsivｅfuncｔioｎ表达功能1５、geneｒal linguisｉｔcs 普通语言学16、ｉdｅaｔioｎａl funｃtion概念功能1７、iｎtｅrｐｅｒｓoｎａl funｃtiｏn人际功能18、lanｇuｅ语言１9、ｌinguistiｃs [lｉŋ'gwｉstｉks] 语言学２0、morphｏlｏgy 形态学２１、mａthemａtical lingｕistｉcs 数理语言学22、ｍetaliｎguistｉc fuｎcｔion23、neｕrologｉcaｌliｎｇｕｉsｔics 神经语言学24、ｐhonetｉcｓ语音学25、pｈonolｏgy 音系学2６、pragmaｔics 语用学2７、prｅscriptiｖｅ(grａmｍａｒ）规定(语法)2８、ｐsychｏlｉnguｉsｔicｓ心理语言学２9、paｒole言语3０、ｐerformance语言运用31、pｒodｕctivｉty能产性32、pｏetic funｃtioｎ诗学功能3３、phatic mｕniｏn 交感性谈话34、reｆerentｉal fｕncｔion所指功能35、semanｔiｃs语义学3６、ｓｏciａl functiｏｎ社会功能37、socio-ｌiｎguistics 社会语言学３８、synchｒoniｃlingｕistiｃs共时语言学39、syntax句法学40、textｕal funcｔiｏn语篇功能41、Tｒaｄiｔional Gｒamｍar传统语法Chapｔer 2 Phoｎｏlｏｇy 音系学1、ａcouｓtｉcｐhonｅtics声学语音学2、ａrticｕlatｏｒy pｈonetｉｃs发音语音学３、affricate破擦音4、aｌlｏpｈonｅ音位变体5、aｌveolａr齿龈音6、aｕditoｒy pｈonetｉｃs听觉语音学7、ａsｐｉｒaｔiｏn送气８、assｉmｉlatioｎrules同化现象9、bａck vowel后元音１0、ｂilabｉal双唇音1１、broad tranｓcriptiｏn宽式音标１2、central voweｌ中元音13、clｏse vowel闭元音14、ｐlemeｎtaｒｙdｉstriｂｕtioｎ互补分布15、ｄｅlｅtｉon rｕles省略规则16、deｎtaｌ齿音17、diｐhthｏnｇ双元音１8、friｃative摩擦音1９、ｆront vowｅl前元音２0、gliｄe滑音21、glｏｔtal声门音22、hard palate硬腭２３、InteｒnａtionａlＰhonetｉcs Ａｌpｈabｅt国际音标24、intoｎation语调２5、labｉｏdenｔaｌ唇齿音26、liquid流音２7、mａnner oｆartｉｃｕｌａｔｉon发音方式28、ｍinｉmal pａir 最小对立体2９、mｉｎｉmaｌseｔ最小对立组３0、mｏnｏpｈtｈong单元音３1、narｒow trａnscription严式音标32、nasaｌ鼻音3３、nａsaｌcaｖity鼻腔3４、open ｖｏｗｅl开元音35、oral caｖｉty口腔３6、ｐalatal硬腭37、ｐｈａryngeaｌcａvity咽腔3８、plaｃe of artｉcｕlatiｏｎ发音部位39、phoｎｅ因素4０、phｏnｅｍe音素41、phｏnemic ｃoｎtｒast音位对立42、rounded vowel元唇元音43、seｍi－ｃlose vowel半闭元音4４、semi－ｏpenｖoｗel半开元音45、ｓｅquｅｎtial ｒuｌes序列规则４６、segment切分成分4７、ｓegmenｔation切分４8、soft paｌate软腭49、stop塞音50、stｒesｓ重音51、suprasegｍentａｌfeaｔuｒes超切分特征5２、teeth riｄgｅ齿龈5３、ｔoｎe声调5４、unrounｄed ｖoｗeｌ非圆唇元音５5、uｖuｌa小舌56、veｌaｒ软腭音５7、vｅｌｕｍ软腭58、ｖoicｉnｇ浊音化Ｃhａpter 3 Ｍoｒpｈology 形态学１、affiｘ词缀2、allomorpｈ语素变体3、ｂasｅ词基4、bound morphｅmｅ黏着语素5、ｌexｉcｏｎ词汇6、closed clａｓsｗoｒｄs封闭词类7、pound ｗords 合成词８、derivａtion派生;派生过程9、ｄerivationａl morphｅm派生语素１０、free moｒpｈeｍe自由语素11、inｆlectiｏnalｍorphemｅ屈折语素12、infinitｉｖe markｅr不定式标记１３、morph形素14、moｒpｈoｌｏgical rｕｌes形态规则15、open clasｓwｏrdｓ开放词类1６、root词根１7、sｔeｍ词干Chapter 4Synｔax 句法学１、ａuｘiliary助动词2、caｔegory范畴3、plement补足语;补充成分4、pｌｅment clause补足分句5、ｃｏordｉnaｔioｎruｌe并列规则6、cｏordinａｔe struｃtｕre并列结构7、deep stｒuctｕre深层结构8、deterｍiｎer限定词９、head中心词1０、head movemｅnt中心词移位11、insertion插入１2、inverｓｉon倒装1３、ｍajoｒlexiｃal categｏries主要词汇范畴14、matrｉx clａuse主句15、minor lｅxiｃａl categories次要词汇范畴16、phrase stｒuｃturｅ短语结构1７、mｏｄifier修饰成分18、ｑｕalifier后置修饰成分19、ｓpecifiｅr标志语20、sｕbcategoｒizａtion次范畴化21、surfaｃe struｃture表层结构２2、sｙnｔactic category句法范畴２３、trace语迹2４、trａnｓfoｒｍation转换Chapｔeｒ５Seｍａnｔiｃｓ语义学1、antonｙmy反义现象2、ａrgumenｔ谓元；变元3、behａｖiorism行为主义4、co－hypoｎym并列下义词5、colloｃationaｌｓynｏｎym搭配同义词6、ｐlｅmenｔａrｙaｎtoｎyｍ互补反义词7、ｐletｅhｏmｏnｙm完全同形异义词8、pｏｎentiａl analyｓｉs成分分析9、coｎceptualist ｖｉew概念论１０、ｃonｔexｔuａlism语境主义11、ｃontradiｔioｎ自相矛盾得说法1２、ｄｉalectal syｎｏｎym方言同义词1３、emoｔｉｖe ｍｅaｎing情感意义１4、entailｍeｎt蕴含15、eｖａluatｉve mｅaninｇ评价意义1６、graｄable antonym层级反义词１７、homogrａph同形异义词１8、ｈoｍonyｍy同音同形异义关系19、homophonｅ同音异义词20、ｈｙpｏnｙm下义词21、hｙｐonymｙ下义关系22、inｃoｎsｉsteｎcy自相矛盾２3、ｐolｙｓemy多义关系２４、polysymous word多义词25、ｐresuｐｐｏsitｉoｎ预设26、predicatｉｏn anａlysis述谓分析27、predicａtｅ谓词28、nａminｇtheｏry命名论２9、nｏ－plａce preｄicaitoｎ空位述谓解耦股３０、one－ｐlacｅprediｃａtiｏn一位述谓结构31、referencｅ（所指）语义32、referｅnt所指物;所指对象3３、ｒｅlａtiｏｎal opｐosｉｔe关系反义词34、semantic trｉanｇle语义三角35、sense意义３６、sｔyｌｉstic syｎonym语体同义词37、suｐｅｒorｄｉnatｅ上坐标词3８、sｙmboｌ符号3９、ｓynonyｍ同义词40、synonymy同义关系4１、ｔwo-plaｃe prｅdiｃaiton二位述谓结构42、tｈree-plａｃe predｉｃaｔion三位述谓结构Chaｐteｒ6 Prａgmａtics语用学１、mｉｓｓives承诺类２、CｏｏpｅrativeＰrinciple合作原则3、cｏnstatives述事话语４、conｔexｔ语境5、cｏnventioｎａl impｌicaturｅ规约含义６、ｄecｌaｒationｓ宣告类７、direｃｔives指令类8、ｅxpressｉves表情类9、ｉllocｕtｉoｎarｙacｔ言外功能10、illｏcｕｔiｏnary ｐoiｎt言外之得1１、impｌicature蕴含；含义;会话含义；言外之意１２、inｄirecｔsｐeech ａｃt间接言语行为１３、ｌocuｔioｎary act言内行为1４、maxiｍofｒｅlation关系准则1５、mａｘimｏf manner方式准则16、mａxim of quality质准则１7、maｘiｍoｆquantity量准则18、particｕlariｚed cｏｎveｒｓａtiｏｎal ｉmpｌicatuｒe特殊会话含义１9、pｅｒfomatives行事话语20、perｌｏcutiｏnarｙact言后行为21、ｐreｓupｐoｓｉｔiｏｎ前提2２、prｉmaｒｙspeecｈact 主要言语行为23、represenｔatiｖes表述类24、secondary speecｈacｔ次要言语行为25、sentｅnｃe ｍeａniｎg句子意义26、ｓpeｅcｈacｔtheorｙ言语行为理论27、ｕｔterance meanｉng话语意义Chaｐｔｅr 7 LangｕaｇｅChaｎｇe语言变化1、acronｙｍｓ词首字母缩略词2、back-formatiｏn 逆成法3、bleｎdｉng混成法4、borrowｉｎg借词5、cｌipped ｗoｒｄs截略词6、coiｎagｅ创新词7、functionaｌshift功能性变化8、histoｒical ｌinguistics历史语言学９、MｉdｄleＥnｇｌisｈ中世纪英语10、Modern English现代英语1１、mｏrpｈologiｃalｃhange形态变化１２、neｇation rule否定规则13、Ｏｌd Eｎglｉｓh古英语１4、pｈonｏlｏｇical ｃｈaｎｇｅ音位变化15、seｍantic cｈange语义变化16、semａntｉｃshift语义转移17、syntａcｔｉc cｈａngｅ句法变化Cｈapter 8 Languageａｎd socieｔy语言与社会1、bilｉngｕaliｓm双语制2、Bｌack Englｉsｈ黑人英语3、creolｅ克里奥尔语４、diｇloｓsia双语；双言制５、eｔhnｉc dｉalect种族变体６、fｉｅld of ｄｉｓcouｒｓe语场7、gｅndｅr性别8、ｉｄioleｃt个人变体９、mode oｆdｉscourse语式10、mulｔilinguａｌism多语制11、pidｇiｎ洋泾浜语12、rｅgiｏｎaｌｄiａｌect地域方言13、rｅgｉsｔer语域14、sociｏlｅｃt社会变体15、speecｈmunｉtｙ言语社团１６、sｐeｅch vaｒiety言语变体17、ｔeｎor of disｃoｕｒｓe语旨Chａpter ９Laｎｇuage ａnｄcultｕre语言与社会1、ａccｕｌturａtion 同化过程2、amａｌgamation混合3、ａssimｉｌatioｎ同化(现象);同化(作用)4、connoｔａtivｅｍｅaｎing内涵意义５、colｏur words颜色词6、culturaｌoverｌａｐ文化重叠7、culturaｌｉmｐerｉalisｍ文化帝国主义８、denotaｔiｖe meanｉnｇ外延意义9、ｌingｕｉsｔｉc ｒelatiｖity语言相对性１0、ｍeｔａｐhor隐喻1１、Sａｐir-Ｗhorf Hypoｔhesis萨丕尔——沃尔夫假说12、ｓocｉalizatｉｏn社会化13、ｔabｏo禁忌语1４、inｔeｒｃulｔural municaｔioｎ跨文化交际15、linguisｔiｃｉmpｅrialiｓm语言学中得帝国主义16、ｌiｎguｉstｉcｎaｔionaliｓm语言学中得民族主义Chapter 10 Ｌangｕａge aｃquisiｔｉoｎ语言习得1、ａphasｉa失语症2、ｂeｈａviｏrｉst 行为主义者3、caretaｋer ｔalk保姆式语言4、cogniｔivｅｌiｎｇuｉsticｓ认知语言学５、ｃoｎｔeｎt worｄ实词6、Critical ＰｅrioｄＨypotｈｅsis临界期假说7、ｄｙｓｇrａphia书写困难８、dyslexｉa失读症9、ｆeｅdback反馈１０、fuｎｃtion eleｍent起功能作用成分1１、ｈｅaring impaｉｒment听力受损1２、innaｔist语法天生主义者１3、iｎterａctiｏnist互动主义者1４、LanguａgｅＡcquｉsｉｔiｏn Ｄｅviｃe语言习得机制15、lexicaｌcontrasｔ词汇对比16、mentａl retａrdation智障1７、mothｅreｓe保姆式语言18、over－extｅnsiｏn过度扩展19、ｐｒototｙpe theorｙ原型理论2０、recast修正性重复２1、stｕtterｉng口吃22、ｔeleｇｒaphｉc speecｈ电报式言语23、under-extensｉon扩展不足2４、Uｎｉｖeｒｓａl Grammar普遍语法Ｃhapter 1１Ｓecond ｌanguagｅacquiｓitｉon第二语言习得１、affｅct/ｓocial ｓtratｅgieｓ社会策略2、ａgｅｏｆacqｕiｓｉtion习得年龄3、cognｉｔivｅstｒaｔegｉｅs认知策略4、pｒehｅnsiblｅｉnｐｕt可理解性输入5、Consｔrａstive Aｎaｌｙsis对比分析6、cｒosｓ-aｓsociatioｎ互相联想7、Erｒor Aｎａlysiｓ错误分析8、foｒｅｉｇn laｎguage外语9、foreｉgner talk外国人谈话1０、ｆossiliｚａtion语言石化(现象)１1、Input Hｙｐothesiｓ输入假说12、ｉnstrumental moｔiｖatｉｏｎ工具动机１3、intａke 纳入14、inteｇratｉvｅmoｔivation综合动机15、inteｒference干扰１6、iｎterlaｎguａｇｅ中介语17、ｉｎterlinguａl ｅｒｒors语际错误;受母语影响得错误18、Ｉntraｌiｎguａl eｒror语内错误1９、ｉｎtrinsic motivaｔion内在动机２0、ｉnｔｕiｔion知觉;语感２1、learｎeｒｌaｎｇｕage学习者语言22、learｎing ｓtrategieｓ学习策略23、languａge aｐtitude语言能力２4、lanｇｕａgeｔransｆｅｒ语言迁移2５、meｔacogｎitiｖe strａtｅｇｉes元认知策略26、mｏtivatｉon动机２7、moｄifｉed iｎput修改后得输入２８、ｍodifiｅd ｉntｅｒaction变化性得互动2９、negatｉve traｎsfer消极迁移;负迁移３0、ｏveｒgeneralizaｔion概括过头31、personaｌitｙ人格;性格;个性3２、positｉve transfer积极迁移；正迁移33、ｒｅｓｕlｔaｔｉｖｅmoｔivation结果动机34、secoｎｄlanguage第二语言35、seconｄlanguage acｑｕiｓiｔioｎ第二语言习得36、teacher talk教师谈话37、target languａge目标语Ｃｈａpter 12Language and tｈe brain 语言与大脑１、aｃquired dysgrapｈia习得性书写障碍2、ａcqｕiｒｅd dｙｓｌexｉa习得性失读症3、angular gyrｕｓ隅骨4、auｔopsy stｕdies尸检研究5、braｉn stｅｍ脑干6、Ｂroｃa’s aphasia布罗卡失语症7、Ｂrｏca’s area布罗卡区8、ｂｏttom-ｕp prｏcｅssinｇ自下而上处理过程ｃerｅbruｍ大脑9、ｃentral ｓulcus中央沟10、ｃerebｅllｕm小脑脑向背侧突出得一个较大得部分,尤与肌肉得共济运动与维持身体平衡有关11、cerebrａl hemisｐhere大脑半球12、cohort modｅl交股模型１3、pｕtarized Ａxial Tomograｐhｙ计算机化轴向层面X射线摄影法1４、corpus(语言)素材15、ｃｏｒpｕｓcａｌlosuｍ胼胝体1６、cｏrｔex大脑皮层17、dｅep dｙslexiａ深层诵读困难18、Diｃhotｉc lｉsｔeniｎg studiｅs双耳分听实验19、eｖeｎt－ｒelaｔed potentｉａl ｅxperiｍent2０、eye movｅｍenｔｅxpｅriment眼动实验21、fissure裂缝;裂隙22、flueｎt apｈasia流利性失语症２3、frontａl lobｅ额叶(大脑半球得前部,其下部位于颅前窝,后界中央沟24、Funcｔiｏnal MＲI功能磁共振成像25、garden path sentence花园路径句26、global ａpｈasia整体性失语症２7、gyruｓ回2８、hieｒａｒｃhiｃal strｕｃtｕre层级结构29、late closure ｐrincｉpｌe后封闭原则;晚封闭原则30、lateral fisｓurｅ侧脑裂31、lａｔｅrａliｚａtiｏn侧化32、leｓion损害33、lexｉcaｌdｅciｓion词汇判断;词汇确定法3４、lｏbes叶,身体器官得由表面得沟裂分出得部分３５、lｏngiｔuｄinaｌfissurｅ纵裂36、MagnetｉｃResonａｎce Iｍａｇing磁共振成像37、neｕｒon神经细胞,神经元3８、mｉnimaｌａｔｔachment priｎｃiｐle最低限度结合原则３９、modｕle模块；组块40、non－flueｎt ａpｈasiａ失语症４1、oｃcipｉtal lobe枕叶大脑半球得后叶,呈三面得锥形, 与前方得顶叶与下方得颞叶没有明显得界限４2、ｐａrietal ｌobe顶叶Pｏsitron emiｓsｉon Toｍｏｇｒaｐhy正电子发射X射线层析照相术;计算机辅助正电子发射断层扫描技术43、phoｌogicaｌdyｓｌeｘｉa拼音性失读症４4、primiｎg启动45、primiｎg eｆｆeｃt启动效应46、ｐｒiming eｘpeｒiment启动实验４7、right eaｒadvantａgｅ右耳优势;右耳听力强48、ｓelｅctional restｒictｉoｎ选择限制49、sentencｅａｍbiguiｔy句子歧义５０、“Sｏdｉｕm Ａmyｓtaｌ“Ｔest阿米妥纳实验Spooneｒiｓｍ斯本内现象51、spliｔbrain ｓtudｉｅs裂脑研究52、sｕｌｃｕs沟53、suｒface dyｓlexia浅层诵读困难54、syntａｃtic pａrｓer句法处理器55、tｅｍpoｒａｌlobe颞叶56、ｔimed-ｒeａding ｅxｐeｒiment限时阅读实验57、top-dｏｗn ｐrocｅsｓinｇ自上而下处理过程58、Werniｃke’s apｈａsia韦尼克失语症。
1. 语言的普遍特征：任意性arbitrariness双层结构duality 既由声音和意义结构多产性productivity移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西文化传播性cultural transmission2。
语言的功能：传达信息功能informative人济功能：interpersonal行事功能：Performative表情功能：Emotive寒暄功能：Phatic娱乐功能recreatinal元语言功能metalingual3. 语言学linguistics：包括六个分支语音学Phonetics音位学phonology形态学Morphology句法学syntax语义学semantics语用学pragmatics4. 现代结构主义语言学创始人：Ferdinand de saussure提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：语言与言语language and parole ，语言之语言系统的整体，言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语5. 语法创始人：Noam Chomsky提出概念语言能力与语言运用competence and performance1. Which of the following statements can be used to describe displacement. one of the unique properties of language:a. we can easily teach our children to learn a certain languageb. we can use both 'shu' and 'tree' to describe the same thing.c. we can u se language to refer to something not presentd. we can produce sentences that have never been heard before.2.What is the most important function of language?a. interpersonalb. phaticc. informatived.metallingual3.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it ?"is __a informativeb. phaticc. directived. performative4.The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by __a saussureb. hallidayd. the prague school5. Who put forward the distinction between language and parole?a. saussureb. chomskyc. hallidayd anomymous第二节语音学1.发音器官由声带the vocal cords和三个回声腔组成2.辅音consonant：there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract.3.辅音的发音方式爆破音complete obstruction鼻音nasals破裂音plosives部分阻塞辅音partial obstruction擦音fricatives破擦音affricates等4.辅音清浊特征voicing辅音的送气特征aspiration5.元音vowel分类标准舌翘位置，舌高和嘴唇的形状6双元音diphthongs,有元音过渡vowel glides1. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies __.a. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechb. the perception of soundsc. the combination of soundsd. the production of sounds2. The distinction between vowel s and consonants lies in __a. the place of articulationb.the obstruction f airstreamc. the position of the tongued. the shape of the lips3. What is the common factor of the three sounds: p, k ta. voicelessb. spreadc.voicedd.nasal4. What phonetic feature distinguish the p in please and the p in speak?a. voicingb. aspirationc.roundnessd. nasality5.Which of the following is not a distinctive feature in English?a. voicingc. approximationd. aspiration6.The phonological features of the consonant k are __a. voiced stopb. voiceless stopc. voiced fricatived. voiceless fricative7.p is divverent from k in __a. the manner of articulationb. the shape of the lipsc. the vibration of the vocal cordsd.the palce of articualtion8.Vibration of the vocal cords results in __a. aspirationb.nasalityc. obstructiond. voicing第三节音位学phonology1.音位学与语音学的区别：语音学着重于语音的自然属性，主要关注所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音；音位学则强调语音的社会功能，其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音。
英语语言学名词解释2009-09-30 13:54Synchronic: said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “point” in time. Diachronic: said of the study of development of language and languages over time. Arbitrariness: the absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals and the entities to which they refer.Duality: the structural organization of language into two abstract levels; meaningful units and meaningless segments .Competence: unconscious knowledge of the system of grammatical rules in a language. Performance: the language actually used by people in speaking or writing.Langue: the language system shared by a “speech community”.Parole: the concrete utterances of speaker.Morpheme: the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.Inflection: is the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and cases to which they are attached.Root: refers to the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without loss of identity. Stem:is any morpheme or combinations of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.Acronym:is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization,which has a heavily modified headword.Syntax: the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structure. Subordination: the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the other. Denotation: denotation involves the relationship between a linguistic unit and the non-linguistic entities to which it refers.Connotation: properties of the entity a word denote.Synonymy: synonymy is the technical name for one of the sense relations between linguistic units, namely the sameness relation.Hyponymy: the technical name for inclusiveness sense relation, is a matter of class membership. Entailment: This a logic relationship between two sentences in which the truth of the second necessarily follows from the truth of the first, while the falsity of the first follows from the falsity of the second.Traffic light does not have duality. Obviously, it is not a double-level system. There is onlyone-to-one relationship between signs and meaning but the meaning units cannot be divided into smaller meaningless elements further. So the traffic light only has the primary level and lacks the secondary level like animals’ call.Critical Period HypothesisThe critical period for language acquisition语言获得的关键期 Eric Lenneberg was a major proponent.The critical period hypothesis关键期假设It refers to a period in one’s life extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly, and without explicit instruction. It coincides with the process of brain lateralization. Prior to this period, both hemispheres are involved to some extent in language and one can take over if the other is damaged.「语言学习关键期」（the critical period）的争议。
英语语法专业术语表达英语语法包含一系列专业术语，这些术语在英语学习中起到至关重要的作用。
掌握这些专业术语有助于加深对语法的理解和运用。
以下是常见的英语语法专业术语及其解释：一、词汇1. Noun （名词）名词是表示人、事物、地方等具体或抽象实体的词语。
名词分为可数名词（countable nouns）和不可数名词（uncountable nouns）两种类型。
2. Pronoun （代词）代词用于代替名词或名词短语，如 he, she, it 等。
3. Verb （动词）动词是表示动作、状态或存在的词语。
动词分为不规则动词（irregular verbs）和规则动词（regular verbs）两种类型。
4. Adverb （副词）副词用于修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，表示时间、地点、方式等词语，如slowly, often, here 等。
5. Adjective （形容词）形容词用于修饰名词或代词，描述这些词的性质或状态，如 beautiful, red, small 等。
6. Preposition （介词）介词用于表示名词与其他词语之间的关系，如 in, on, at 等。
7. Conjunction （连词）连词用于连接单词、短语或从句，如 and, but, because 等。
8. Interjection （感叹词）感叹词用于表示惊讶、喜悦、痛苦等情感，如 oh, wow, alas 等。
二、语法1. Subject （主语）主语是句子中执行动作或是行为的人或事物。
例句：The cat eats fish.（那只猫吃一条鱼。
）中，“cat” 是主语。
2. Predicate （谓语）谓语是指主语所执行的动作或行为。
通常是一个动词。
例句：The cat eats fish.（那只猫吃一条鱼。
）中，“eats” 是谓语。
3. Object （宾语）宾语位于动词后面，表示动作的接受者或是动作对象。
GlossaryAAE: African American EnglishAAVE: African American Vernacular Englishaccent: aspects of pronunciation that identify where a speaker is from, incontrast to dialectacoustic phonetics:声学语音学；听觉发音学the study of the physical properties of speech as sound wavesacquisition: acquisition [,ækwi'ziʃən]n. 获得物，获得the gradual development of ability in a first or second languageby using it naturally in communicative situationsacronym:acronym ['ækrəunim]n. 首字母缩略词a new word formed from the initial letters of other words(e.g. NASA)active voice:主动语态the form of the verb used to say what the subject does (e.g. Hestole it)address term:称谓语 a word or phrase for the person being talked or written toadjective (Adj): a word such as happy or strange used with a noun to providemore informationadverb (Adv): a word such as slowly or really used with a verb or adjective toprovide more informationaffective factors: emotional reactions such as self-consciousness or negativefeelings that may influence learningaffix: a bound morpheme such as un- or -ed added to a word (e.g. undressed)affricate: a consonant produced by stopping then releasing the air flowthrough a narrow opening (e.g. the first and last sounds in church)African American Vernacular English (AAVE): the casual speech styleused by many African A mericans as a vernacularagent: the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying the one who performsthe action of the verb in an event (The boy kicked the ball)agrammatic s peech: the type of speech without grammatical markers, oftenassociated with Broca’s aphasiaagreement: the grammatical connection between two parts of a sentence, asin the connection between a subject (Cathy) and the form of a verb (loveschocolate)allomorph: one of a closely related set of morphsallophone: one of a closely related set of speech sounds or phonesalphabet (alphabetic writing): 拼音文字；字母文字a way of writing in which one symbol represents one sound segmentGlossaryalternate sign language: a system of hand signals used in a specific contextwhere speech cannot be used (by people who can speak), in contrast to aprimary sign languagealveolar: a consonant produced with the front part of the tongue on the alveolar ridge (e.g. the first and last sounds in dot)alveolar ridge: the rough bony ridge immediately behind the upper front teeth Ameslan (or ASL): A merican Sign Languageanalogy: a process of forming a new word to be similar in some way to an existing wordanaphora (anaphoric expressions): use of pronouns (it) and noun phrases with the (the puppy) to refer back to something already mentioned anomia: a language disorder in which it is difficult to find words, often associated with Wernicke’s aphasiaantecedent: the first mention of someone or something later referred to via anaphoraantonymy: the lexical relation in which words have opposite meanings(‘Shallow’ is an antonym of ‘deep’)aphasia: an impairment of language function due to localized brain damage that leads to difficulty in understanding and/or producing languageapplied linguistics: the study of a large range of practical issues involving language in general and second language learning in particular arbitrariness: a property of language describing the fact that there is no natural connection between a linguistic form and its meaningarcuate fasciculus: a bundle of nerve fibers connecting Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area in the left hemisphere of the brainarticle (Art): a word such as a, an or the used with a nounarticulatory parameters: the four key aspects of visual information used in the description of signs (shape, orientation, location and movement) articulatory phonetics: the study of how speech sounds are producedASL (or Ameslan): A merican Sign Languageaspiration: a puff of air that sometimes accompanies the pronunciationof a stopassimilation: the process whereby a feature of one sound becomes part of another during speech productionassociative meaning: the type of meaning that people might connect withthe use of words (e.g. needle = …painful‟) that is not part of conceptualmeaningaudiolingual method: a mid-twentieth-century approach to language teaching, with repetitive drills used to develop fluent spoken language as a set of habitsauditory phonetics: the study of the perception of speech sounds by the ear, also called …perceptual phonetics‟auxiliary verb (Aux): a verb such as will used with another verbGlossarybabbling: the use of syllable sequences (ba-ba) and combinations (ma-ga) by young children in their first yearback-channels: the use of words (yeah) and sounds (hmm) by listeners while someone else is speakingbackformation: the process of reducing a word such as a noun to a shorter version and using it as a new word such as a verb (e.g. babysit from babysitter)background knowledge: information that is not in a text, but is used from memory by a reader to understand the textbeats: gestures involving short quick movements of the hands or fingers that go along with the rhythm of talkbidialectal: being capable of speaking two dialectsbilabial: a consonant produced by using both lips (e.g. the first and last sounds in pub)bilingual: a term used to describe a native speaker of two languages or a country with two official languages, in contrast to monolingual bilingualism: the state of having two languagesblending: the process of combining the beginning of one word and the end of another word to form a new word (e.g. brunch from breakfast and lunch) borrowing: the process of taking words from other languagesbound morpheme: a morpheme such as un- or -ed that cannot stand alone and must be attached to another form (e.g. undressed)broadening: a semantic change in which a word is used with a more general meaning (e.g. foda (animal fodder)→food (any kind)), in contrast tonarrowingBroca’s aph asia: a language disorder in which speech production is typically reduced, distorted, slow and missing grammatical markersBroca’s area: a part of the brain in the left hemisphere involved in speech productioncalque: a type of borrowing in which each element of a word is translated into the borrowing language (e.g. gratte-ciel …scrape sky‟ for skyscraper) caregiver speech: speech addressed to young children by the adult(s) or older children who are looking after themcategory: a group with certain features in commoncharacters: forms used in Chinese writingclassifiers: grammatical markers that indicate the type or …class‟ of a noun clipping: the process of reducing a word of more than one syllable to a shorter form (e.g. ad from advertisement)co-articulation: the process of making one sound virtually at the same time as the next soundcoda: the part of a syllable after the vowelcognates: words in different languages that have a similar form and meaning (e.g. English friend and German Freund)cognitive category: a category used in the organization of how we think Glossarycoherence: the connections that create a meaningful interpretation of texts cohesion: the ties and connections that exist within textscohesive ties: the individual connections between words and phrases in a text co-hyponyms: words in hyponymy that share the same superordinate(‘Daffodil’ and ‘rose’ are co-hyponyms of ‘flower’)coinage: the invention of new words (e.g. xerox)collocation: a relationship between words that frequently occur together (e.g. salt and pepper)communication strategy: a way of overcoming a gap between communicative intent and a limited ability to express that intent, as part of strategic competencecommunicative approaches: approaches to language teaching that are based on learning through using language rather than learning about language communicative competence: the general ability to use language accurately, appropriately and flexiblycommunicative signals: behavior used intentionally to provide information comparative reconstruction: the creation of the original form of an ancestor language on the basi s of comparable forms in languages that are descendantscomplementizer (C): a word such as that introducing a complement phrase complement phrase (CP): a structure such as that Mary helped George used to complete a construction beginning with a structure such as Cathy knew completion point: in conversation, the end of a turn, usually marked by a pause at the end of a phrase or sentencecompounding: the process of combining two (or more) words to form a new word (e.g. waterbed)conceptual meaning: the basic components of meaning conveyed by the literal use of wordsconduction aphasia: a language disorder associated with damage to the arcuate fasciculus in which repeating words or phrases is difficult conjunction: a word such as and or because used to make connections between words, phrases and sentencesconsonant: a speech sound produced by restricting the air flow in some way consonantal alphabet: a way of writing in which each symbol represents a consonant soundconsonant cluster: two or more consonants in sequencecontext: either the physical context or the linguistic context (co-text) in which words are usedconvergence: adopting a speech style that attempts to reduce social distance by using forms that are similar to those used by the person being talked to, as a type of speech accommodation, in contrast to divergence conversation analysis: the study of turn-taking in conversation conversion: the process of changing the function of a word, such as a noun to a verb, as a way of forming new words, also known as …category Glossarychange‟ or …functional shift‟ (e.g. vacation in They’re vacationing in Florida)cooing: the earliest use of speech-like sounds by an infant in the first few monthsco-operative principle: an underlying assumption of conversation that you will “make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stageat which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange i n which you are engaged” (Grice, 1975: 45)corpus linguistics: the study of language in use by analyzing the occurrence and frequency of forms in a large collection of texts typically stored in a computerco-text: the set of other words used in the same phrase or sentence, also called the linguistic contextcountable: type of noun that can be used in English with a/an and the plural (e.g. a cup, two cups), in contrast to non-countablecovert prestige: the status of a speech style or feature as having positive value, but which is …hidden‟ or not valued similarly among the larger community, in contrast to overt prestigecreole: a variety of a language that developed from a pidgin and is used as a first language by a population of native speakerscreolization: the process of development from a pidgin to a creole, in contrast to decreolizationcritical period: the time from birth to puberty during which normal first language acquisition can take placecultural transmission: the process whereby knowledge of a language is passed from one generation to the nextculture: socially acquired knowledgecuneiform: a way of writing created by pressing a wedge-shaped implement into soft claydecreolization: the process whereby a creole is used with fewer distinct creole features as it becomes more like a standard variety, in contrast to creolizationdeep structure: the underlying structure of sentences as represented by phrase structure rulesdeictics: gestures used to point at things or peopledeixis (deictic expressions): using words such as this or here as a way of …pointing‟ with languagedental: a consonant produced with the tongue tip behind the upper front teeth (e.g. the first sound in that)derivation: the process of forming new words by adding affixes derivational morpheme: a bound morpheme such as -ish used to make new words or words of a different grammatical category (e.g. boyish), in contrastto an inflectional morpheme Glossarydescriptive approach: an approach to grammar that is based on a description of the structures actually used in a language, not what should be used, in contrast to the prescriptive approachdiachronic variation: differences resulting from change over a period of time, in contrast to synchronic variationdialect: aspects of the grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation of a variety of a language, in contrast to accentdialect boundary: a line representing a set of isoglosses, used to separate one dialect area from anotherdialect continuum: the gradual merging of one regional variety of a language into anotherdialectology: the study of dialectsdichotic listening: an experiment in which a listener hears two different sounds simultaneously, each through a different earphonediglossia: a situation where there is a …high‟ or special variety of a l anguage used in formal situations (e.g. Classical Arabic), and a …low‟ variety used locally and informally (e.g. Lebanese Arabic)diphthong: a sound combination that begins with a vowel and ends with a glide (e.g. boy)direct speech act: an action in which the form used (e.g. interrogative) directly matches the function (e.g. question) performed by a speaker with an utterance, in contrast to an indirect s peech actdiscourse analysis: the study of language beyond the sentence, in text and conversationdis placement: a property of language that allows users to talk about things and events not present in the immediate environmentdivergence: adopting a speech style that emphasizes social distance by using forms that are different from those used by the person being talked to, as a form of speech accommodation, in contrast to convergenceduality: a property of language whereby linguistic forms have two simultaneous levels of sound production and meaning, also called …double articulation‟elision: the process of leaving out a sound segment in the pronunciation of a wordemblems: non-verbal signals such as “thumbs up” (= things are good) thatfunction like fixed phrases with conventional interpretationsepenthesis: a sound change involving the addition of a sound to a word (e.g.timr→timber)eponym: a word derived from the name of a person or place (e.g. sandwich) etymology: the study of the origin and history of wordsexperiencer: the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying the entity that has the feeling, perception or state described by the verb (e.g. The boy feelssad) Glossaryexternal change: influences from the outside that cause changes in a language, in contrast to internal changeface: a person‟s public self-image as described in the study of politeness face-saving act: saying something that reduces a possible threat to another person‟s self-imageface-threatening act: saying something that represents a threat to another person‟s self-imagefilled pause: a break in the flow of speech, using sounds such as em and er finger-spelling: a system of hand configurations used to represent the letters of the alphabet in sign languagefixed reference: a property of a communication system whereby each signal is fixed as relating to one particular object or occasionflap: a sound produced with the tongue tip briefly touching the alveolar ridgeforeigner talk: a way of using a language with non-native speakers that is simpler in structure and vocabularyfossilization: the process whereby an interlanguage, containing manynon-L2 features, stops developing toward more accurate forms of the L2 free morpheme: a morpheme that can stand by itself as a single word fricative: a consonant produced by almost blocking the air flow (e.g. the first and last sounds in five)functional morpheme: a free morpheme that is used as a function word, such as a conjunction (and) or a preposition (in)gender: a term used in three ways: (1) a biological distinction between male and female, also called natural gender; (2) a distinction between classes of nouns as masculine, feminine (or neuter), also called grammatical gender;(3) a distinction between the social roles of men and women, also called social gendergenerative grammar: a set of rules defining the possible sentences in a languagegestures: use of the hands, typically while speakingglides: sounds produced with the tongue in motion to or from a vowel sound, also called …semi-vowels‟ or …approximants‟ (e.g. the first sounds in wet, yes)glottal: a sound produced in the space between the vocal cords (e.g. the first sound in hat)glottal stop: a sound produced when the air passing through the glottis is stopped completely then releasedglottis: the space between the vocal cordsgoal: the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying where an entity moves to (e.g. The boy walked to the window)gradable antonyms: words with opposite meanings along a scale (e.g.big–small) Glossarygrammar: the analysis of the structure of phrases and sentencesgrammar–translation method: the traditional form of language teaching, with vocabulary lists and sets of grammar rulesgrammatical competence: the ability to use words and structures accurately as part of communicative competencegrammatical gender: a grammatical category designating the class of a noun as masculine or feminine (or neuter), in contrast to other types of gender hedge: a word or phrase used to indicate that you are not really sure that what you are saying is sufficiently correct or completehierarchical organization: the analysis of constituents in a sentence showing which constituents are higher than and contain other constituents holophrastic (utterance): a single form functioning as a phrase or sentence in the early speech of young childrenhomonyms: two words with the same form that are unrelated in meaning (e.g. mole (on skin) –mole (s mall animal))homophones: two or more words with different forms and the same pronunciation (e.g. to–too–two)hypocorism: a word-formation process in which a longer word is reduced to a shorter form with -y or -ie at the end (e.g. telly, movie)hyponymy: the lexical relation in which the meaning of one word is included in the meaning of another (e.g. ‘Daffodil’ is a hyponym of ‘flower’) iconics: gestures that seem to echo or imitate the meaning of what is said ideogram (ideographic writing): a way of writing in which each symbol represents a conceptidiolect: the personal dialect of an individual speakerimmediate constituent analysis: a grammatical analysis of how s mall constituents go together to form larger constituents in sentences implicature: an additional meaning conveyed by a speaker adhering to theco-operative principleindirect speech act: an action in which the form used (e.g. interrogative) does not directly match the function (e.g. request) performed by a speaker withan utterance, in contrast to a direct s peech actinference: additional information used by a listener/reader to create a connection between what is said and what must be meantinfix: a morpheme that is inserted in the middle of a word (e.g. -rn- in the Kamhmu word srnal)inflectional morpheme: a bound morpheme used to indicate the grammatical function of a word, also c alled an …inflection‟ (e.g. dogs, walked)informative signals: behavior that provides information, usually unintentionallyinnateness hypothesis: the idea that humans are genetically equipped to acquire language Glossaryinput: the language that an acquirer/learner is exposed to, in contrast tooutputinstrument: the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying the entity that is used to perform the action of the verb (e.g. The boy cut the rope witha razor)instrumental motivation: the desire to learn an L2, not to join the community of L2-users, but to achieve some other goal, in contrast to integrative motivationintegrative motivation: the desire to learn an L2 in order to take part in the social life of the community of L2-users, in contrast to instrumental motivationinterdental: a consonant produced with the tongue tip between the upper and lower teeth (e.g. the first sound in that)interlanguage: the interim system of L2 learners, which has some features of the L1 and L2 plus some that are independent of the L1 and the L2internal change: change in a language that is not caused by outside influence, in contrast to external changeisogloss: a line on a map separating two areas in which a particular linguistic feature is significantly different, used in the study of dialectjargon: special technical vocabulary associated with a specific activity or topic as part of a registerL1: first language, acquired as a childL2: second languagelabeled and bracketed sentences: a type of analysis in which constituents in a sentence are marked off by brackets with labels describing each type of constituentlabiodental: a consonant produced with the upper teeth and the lower lip (e.g. the first sounds in very funny)language planning: choosing and developing an official language or languages for use in government and educationlarynx: the part of the throat that contains the vocal cords, also called the voice boxlateralization (lateralized): divided into a left side and a right side, with control of functions on one side or the other (used in describing the human brain)learning: the conscious process of accumulating knowledge, in contrast to acquisitionlexicalized: expressed as a single word, in contrast to non-lexicalizedlexical morpheme: a free morpheme that is a content word such as a noun or verblexical relations: the relationships of meaning, such as synonymy, between wordslexical rules: rules stating which words can be used for constituents generated by phrase structure rules Glossarylexifier (language): the main source (language) of words in a pidgin linguistic context: the set of other words used in the same phrase or sentence, also called co-textlinguistic determinism: the idea that we can only think in the categories provided by our language, in contrast to linguistic relativitylinguistic geography: the study of language variation based on where different varieties of the language are usedlinguistic relativity: the idea that, to some extent, we think about the world using categories provided by our language, in contrast to linguistic determinismlinguistic variable: a feature of language use that distinguishes one group of speakers from anotherliquid: a sound produced by letting air flow around the sides of the tongue (e.g. the first sound in lip)loan translation: a type of borrowing in which each element of a word is translated into the borrowing language, also called calquelocalization view: the belief that specific aspects of linguistic ability have specific locations in the brainlocation (in semantics): the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying where an entity is (e.g. The boy is sitting in the classroom)location (in sign language): an articulatory parameter of AS L identifying the place where hands are positioned in relation to the head and upper bodyof the signerlogogram (logographic writing): a way of writing in which each symbol represents a wordmajority principle: in comparative reconstruction, the choice of the form that occurs more often than any other form in the set of descendant languagesmalapropis m: a speech error in which one word is used instead of another with a similar beginning, end and number of syllables (e.g. medication used instead of …meditation‟)manner maxim: the assumption in conversation that you will “be clear, brief and orderly” (Grice, 1975: 46)maxim: one of four assumptions in conversation connected to theco-operative principlemetathesis: a sound change involving the reversal in position of two sounds (e.g. hros→horse)metonymy: a word used in place of another with which it is closely connected in everyday experience (e.g. He drank the whole bottle (= the liquid))Middle English: the form of English in use between 1100 and 1500minimal pair (set): two (or more) words that are identical in form except for a contrast in one phoneme in the same position in each word (e.g. bad, mad)monolingual: having, or being able to use, only one language, in contrastto bilingual Glossarymorph: an actual form used as part of a word, representing one version ofa morphememorpheme: a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function morphology: the analysis of the structure of wordsmost natural development principle: in comparative reconstruction, the choice of older versus newer forms on the basis of commonly observedtypes of sound changemotor cortex: a part of the brain that controls muscle movement movement: an articulatory parameter in AS L describing the type of motion used in forming signsnarrowing: a semantic change in which a word is used with a less generalmeaning (e.g. mete (any type of food)→meat (only animal flesh)), incontrast to broadeningnasal: a sound produced through the nose (e.g. the first sounds in my name) nasalization: pronunciation of a sound with air flowing through the nose, typically before a nasal consonantnatural gender: a distinction based on the biological categories of male, female or neither, in contrast to other types of gendernegative face: the need to be independent and free from imposition, in contrast to positive facenegative transfer: the use of a feature from the L1 (that is really different from the L2) while performing in the L2, in contrast to positive transfer negotiated input: L2 material that an acquirer/learner is exposed to when active attention is drawn to that material during interaction in the L2 neologism: a new wordneurolinguistics: the study of the relationship between language and the brain non-countable: type of noun that is not used in English with a/an or the plural (e.g. ∗a furniture, ∗two furnitures), in contrast to countablenon-gradable antonyms: words which are direct opposites (e.g. alive–dead) non-lexicalized: not expressed as a single word, in contrast to lexicalized NORMS: …non-mobile, older, rural, male speakers‟ selected as informan ts in dialect surveysnoun (N): a word such as boy, bicycle or freedom used to describe a person, thing or ideanoun phrase (NP): a phrase such as the boy or an old bicycle, containing a noun plus other constituentsnucleus: the vowel in a syllablenumber: the grammatical category of nouns as singular or pluralOld English: the form of English in use before 1100one-word stage: the period in L1 acquisition when children can produce single terms for objectsonomatopoeia (onomatopoeic): words containing sounds similar to the noises they describe (e.g. bang, cuckoo) Glossaryt: the part of the syllable before the voweloralism: a method designed to teach deaf students to speak and read lips rather than use sign languageorientation: the way the hand is positioned as an articulatory parameterof ASLoutput: the language produced by an acquirer/learner, in contrast to input overextension: in L1 acquisition, using a word to refer to more objects than is usual in the language (ball used to refer to the moon) overgeneralization: in L1 acquisition, using an inflectional morpheme on more words than is usual in the language (e.g. two foots)overt prestige: status that is generally recognized as …better‟ or more positively valued in the larger community, in contrast to covert prestige palate: the hard part of the roof of the mouthpalatal: a consonant produced by raising the tongue to the palate, also called …alveo-palatal‟ (e.g. the first sounds in ship and yacht)passive voice: the form of the verb used to say what happens to the subject (e.g. The car was stolen)person: the grammatical category distinguishing first person (involving the speaker, me), second person (involving the hearer, you) and third person (involving any others, she, them)person deixis: using words such as him or them as a way of …pointing‟ to a person with languagepharyngeal: a sound produced in the pharynxpharynx: the area inside the throat above the larynxphilology: the study of language history and changephone: a physically produced speech sound, representing one version ofa phonemephoneme: the smallest meaning-distinguishing sound unit in the abstract representation of the sounds of a languagephonetic alphabet: a set of symbols, each one representing a distinct sound segmentphonetics: the study of the characteristics of speech soundsphonology: the study of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in languagesphonotactics: constraints on the permissible combination of sounds in a languagephrase structure rules: rules stating that the structure of a phrase of a specific type consi sts of one or more constituents in a particular order physical context: the situation, time or place in which words are used pictogram (pictographic writing): a way of writing in which apicture/drawing of an object is used to represent the object。
